ASPEN CASEBOOK SERIES
CONSTITUTIONAL LAW:
CASES, MATERIALS, & PROBLEMS
SECOND EDITION
RUSSELL
L. WEAVER
PROFESSOR OF LAw & DISTINGmSHED UNWERSITY SCHOLAR
UNWERSITY OF LomsVILLE
Loms D. BRANDEIS SCHOOL OF LAw
STEVEN
I.
FRIEDLAND
PROFESSOR OF LAw AND SENIOR SCHOLAR
ELON UNWERSITY SCHOOL OF LAw
CATHERINE HANCOCK
GEOFFREY C. BIBLE & MURRAY H. BRING
PROFESSOR OF CONSTITUTIONAL LAw
ThLANE UNWERSITY SCHOOL OF LAw
BRYAN FAIR
THOMAS E. SKINNER PROFESSOR OF LAw &
UNWERSITY OF AlABAMA SCHOOL OF LAw
JOHN KNECHTLE
PROFESSOR OF LAw
FLORIDA COASTAL SCHOOL OF LAw
RICHARD
D.
ROSEN
PROFESSOR OF LAw
IEXAS IECH UNWERSITY SCHOOL OF LAw
~ Wolters Kluwer
Law & Business
AUSTIN
BOSTO N
CHICAGO
NEW YORK
TH E NETHE RLA NDS
TABLE OF CONTENTS
xvu
xzx
Preface
The Constitution of the United States
I.
JUDICIAL REVIEW
A.
B.
C.
Marbury and "The Power to Say What the Law Is"
Restraints on Judicial Authority
1. Practical Limitations on Judicial Authority
2. Congressional Control over Federal Court Jurisdiction
3. The Political Question Doctrine
The Case or Controversy Requirement
1. The Prohibition Against Advisory Opinions
2. Ripeness
3. Mootness
4. Standing
1
2
14
15
16
22
28
28
30
36
40
II.
NATIONAL
LEGISLATIVE POWER
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
The Necessary and Proper Clause
The Commerce Clause
1. Early Cases
2. Early Twentieth-Century Cases
3. The Constitutional Crisis
4. Post-Switch Expansion of Federal Power: A Half Century of
Deference
5. Revolution and Retreat?
The Taxing Power
Power to Spend for the General Welfare
The War Power and Treaty Power
1. The War Power
2. The Treaty Power
105
108
123
123
130
140
150
162
185
190
199
200
203
Xl
xii
F.
Contents
Congressional Power to Enforce Civil Rights
1. Early Developments
2. Modern Civil Rights Cases
3. Congressional Enforcement of the Right to Vote
4. Religious Freedom and Congressional Fourteenth Amendment
Enforcement Power
209
213
215
218
222
III.
THE FEDERAL
E XECUTIVE PoWERS
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
F.
G.
H.
I.
J.
Implied Presidential Powers
The Volatile Boundary Between Executive and Legislative Powers
Additional Separation of Powers Issues Between the Executive and
the Legislature: Nondelegation, Veto, and Appointment and Removal
1. The "Nondelegation" of Powers Doctrine
2. The Veto Power
The President' s Appointment and Removal Powers
1. The President's Recess Appointment Power
Foreign Affairs, War, and Treaty Powers
1. Foreign Affairs Powers
2. War and the Commander-in-Chief Power- An Illustration of
Formalism Versus Functionalism
The President's Power to Fight Terrorism
1. The President's Powers to Detain Alleged Terrorists
2. Detention of U.S. Citizens as Alleged Terrorists
3. The War on Terror's Impact on Privacy
The Treaty Power
Executive Agreements
Executive Privilege and Immunity from Suit
1. Executive Privilege
2. Immunity from Suit
The Pardon Power
1. Commutation of Sentences
233
236
238
249
250
253
266
277
283
283
286
288
288
290
313
314
317
322
322
327
331
331
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE STATES
AND THE FEDERAL GoVERNMENT
A.
B.
C.
D.
State Power to Tax the Federal Government
Federal Power to Tax the States
State Immunity from Federal Regulation
Federal Commandeering of State Resources
333
334
337
343
358
Contents
xiii
v.
STATE POWER TO
REGULATE COMMERCE
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
F.
Early Cases
Discrimination Against Interstate Commerce
1. Facial Discrimination
2. Facially Neutral Statutes with Discriminatory Purposes or Effects
Nondiscriminatory Burdens on Interstate Commerce
1. The Scope of Judicial Review
2. Modern Applications of the S. Pacific Test
The State as a Market Participant
Interstate Privileges and Immunities Clause
Preemption
379
382
388
388
403
411
411
420
431
439
448
VI.
STATE ACTION
A.
B.
C.
Requiring State Action
Government Function
1. Company Towns
2. Party Primaries
3. Utility Service
4. Schools and School Associations
State Involvement or Encouragement
1. Government Regulation
2. Judicial Involvement
3. Government Funding
4. Quasi-Government Corporations
465
466
470
470
474
477
480
490
491
500
516
520
VII.
PROCEDURAL
DUE PROCESS
A.
B.
Legislative Determinations
Adjudicative Determinations
1. Foundational Principles
2. Procedural Requirements
527
528
531
532
541
xiv
Contents
VIII.
SUBSTANTIVE PROTECTION
OF ECONOMIC RIGHTS
A.
B.
C.
Substantive Due Process: From Allgeyer to Lochner to Nebbia
The Takings Clause
The Contract Clause
563
566
579
630
IX.
SUBSTANTIVE DUE PROCESS:
MODERN fuNDAMENTAL RIGHTS
A.
B.
643
645
654
654
668
705
710
715
720
732
Incorporation
The Right of Privacy
1. Seminal Developments
2. Abortion
3. Family Liberty
4. The Right to Marry
5. Parental Rights
6. Sexual Orientation
7. Right to Die
X.
EQUAL PROTECTION
A.
B.
c.
D.
E.
State Economic Regulations
Racial Classifications
1. Separate but Equal
2. Desegregation
3. Diversity
Gender
1. Early Gender Jurisprudence
2. Doctrinal Turmoil and Evolution
3. Recognition of Differences
4. Discrimination Against Men
5. Gender Classification in Context
The Rights of Aliens
1. The Right to Receive Social Welfare Benefits, to Practice Law, and
to Seek Employment in the Civil Service
2. Restrictions Based on the "Political Function" Doctrine
3. Federal Regulation of Aliens
The Rights of Unmarried Parents and Their Children
1. Inheritance Rights
2. Rights to Sue and to Receive Government Benefits
757
760
766
771
778
818
833
833
836
841
852
861
870
871
874
879
881
882
884
Contents
3.
F.
G.
H.
Rights of Unmarried Parents to Retain Custody of Their
Children
4. Immigration Preferences
The Rights of Persons with Mental Disabilities
Sexual Orientation/Sexual Preference
The Fundamental Rights Strand of Equal Protection
1. Freedom of Speech
2. Access to the Justice System: The Right to Counsel
3. The Right to Travel
4. Voting
5. Education
xv
893
893
894
901
905
906
906
911
921
960
XI.
FREEDOM OF SPEECH
A
B.
C.
D.
E.
F.
G.
H.
Historical Intentions and Underlying Values
1. Framers' Intent
2. Underlying Values
Categories of Speech
1. Advocacy of Illegal Action
2. Fighting Words and Hostile Audiences
3. Offensive Speech
4. Defamatory Statements
5. Privacy
6. Emotional Distress
7. Obscenity
8. Child Pornography
9. Pornography That Degrades Women
10. Near Obscene
11 . "Hate" Speech
12. Crush Videos
13. Commercial Speech
Symbolic Speech
Overbreadth and Vagueness
Prior Restraints
1. Licensing
2. Injunctions
The Press
1. Does the Constitution Grant the Press a Privileged
Position?
2. Does the Press Have Special Immunities?
3. Access to Judicial Proceedings
4. Access to Prisons
5. The Press and Due Process
6. Due Process and Prior Restraints
Access to Government Property
First Amendment Rights of Public Employees
1. Prohibiting Electioneering
983
984
984
985
992
992
1022
1036
1043
1069
1075
1079
1100
1119
1126
1142
1166
1172
1185
1217
1236
1236
1243
1264
1264
1265
1271
1275
1278
1285
1290
1322
1322
xvi
I.
J.
K.
L.
M.
Contents
2. Other Employee Speech
3. Associated Rights
Government Support of Speech
Broadcast Regulation
Advancing Technology
Freedom of Association
1. The Right to Associate
2. The Right "Not to Speak"
Campaign Finance Laws
1326
1346
1353
1368
1381
1404
1404
1424
1441
XII.
THE RELIGION CLAUSES
A.
B.
C.
The Establishment Clause
1. Financial Aid to Religion
2. School Prayer
3. Curricular Issues
4 . Official Acknowledgment
The Free Exercise Clause
1. Burdens on Religion
2. Discrimination Against Religion
Establishment: Free Exercise and Free Speech Tension
1495
1496
1496
1527
1540
1549
1583
1583
1607
1617
XIII.
THE RIGHT TO KEEP
AND
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
F.
G.
BEAR ARMs
Introduction
Early Cases
The Meaning of the Second Amendment Between 1939 and 2008
The Heller Revolution
What Is the Scope of the Right?
What Is the Standard of Review?
1. Heller's Limited Guidance
2. Application of the Right to Arms in the Lower Courts
3. Heller's Effect on Gun Regulations
4 . The Second Amendment's Reach
Does the Right Apply to the States?
Table of Cases
Index
1639
1640
1641
1642
1649
1664
1664
1664
1665
1668
1668
1670
1687
1705