Baran Group Meeting 4/12/14 Hydrogen Atom Transfer Julian Lo 1. Introduction 2. Polarity Reversal Catalysis Hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) is a concerted movement of a proton and an electron (i.e., H•) in a single kinetic step from one group to another. (Mayer, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2007, 5153) A useful concept in HAT is radical polarity. Despite being uncharged species, radicals can have nucleophilic or electrophilic tendancies. A—H + B• A• + B—H By definition, HAT is intimately linked to organic free readical chemistry, with one of the most useful hydrogen atom transfers in organic synthesis being the termination of a carbon centered radical with Bu 3SnH. (Curran, Tetrahedron Lett. 1985, 4991) Me Me Br nBu 3SnH AIBN PhH, 80 °C Me Me H Me Me HH H Some practice: nBu 3SnH Me Me HH tBuO Me nucleophilic radicals H tBu more stable Although nBu 3SnH is a great hydrogen atom donor (BDE = 78 kcal/mol), it's toxicity is a well-known problem and it can be difficult to purify nBu 3SnX byproducts away from the desired product. - e– nucleophilic radical HAT H Me 9(12) ∆ -capnellene A + e– electrophilic radicals A A qualitative approach to determining the "philicity" of a radical 1. Consider the oxidized (cationic) and reduced (anionic) forms of A• 2. Determine which of the forms is more stable 3. Assign the "philicity" of the radical: a. If A+ is more stable, A• is a nucleophilic radical because it wants to lose an e – b. If A– is more stable, A• is an electrophilic radical because it wants to gain an e – Me Me H Me Me Me H - e– A Et 3Si more stable - e– nucleophilic radical - e– nucleophilic radical tBuO + e– tBuO electrophilic more stable radical Quantitative treatments of radical "philicities" have also been developed. (Fisher, + e– Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. tBu tBu electrophilic 2001, 1340; Héberger, J. radical Org. Chem. 1998 , 8646; De Proft, Org. Lett. 2007, 2721) + e– Et 3Si Et 3Si electrophilic radical Just like Sn2 reactions, polarities of the reactants should be matched for favorable reactivity. Procedures that are catalytic in tin have been developed. (Fu, J. Org. Chem. 1996, 6751) O Me Me nBu 3SnH (10 mol%) PhSiH 3 (1.2 eq.) Me Me AIBN, PhMe, ∆ Me O El • + Nuc–H Nuc• + El–H El–H El1• + El 2 –H Me (80%) Several reviews have been published on alternatives to Bu 3SnH and other stannane reducing agents; several of these topics will not be discussed. (Walton, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 1998, 3072; Studer, Synthesis 2002, 835; Chatgilialagou, Chem. Eur. J. 2008, 2310) Nuc1• + Nuc 2 –H + Nuc• Nuc–H + El • El1 –H + El 2• Nuc1 –H + Nuc 2• favored disfavored These classifactions represent polar effects in the transition states E.g., trialkyl silanes are typically awful at homolytic reduction of functional groups via HAT. Et 3Si• + R–X R • + Et 3Si–H Nuc1• Nuc 2–H fast unfavorable polarity mismatch R• Et 3Si–X + R–H Nuc1 –H + Et 3Si• Nuc 2• Replace with two steps that are polarity matched? Adding a catalyst that replaces the polarity mismatched step with two polarity matched ones should yield a net favorable reaction. This known as polarity reversal catalysis (PRC). R• + Nuc• R'S–H El–H R–H Nuc–H favorable R'S • + Et 3Si–H El• Nuc–H R'S–H El–H favorable R'S • El• + + Et 3Si• Nuc• Me Br Me tC12H 25SH (1 mol%) C6H12, ∆ H O Me O H O O O Ph 3SiH TBHN O MeS O Me O H Me 1,4-dioxane 60 °C Me S In situ formation of polarity reversal catalyst: O -MeSSiPh3 Ph 3Si• O C S MeS SSiPh 3 90% O H O -CO polarity Ph 3SiS H reversal cat. Ph 3SiH Ph 3SiS• H 2O Me CO2R O Me Me O O 1 30 Me 25 1 Me 3N BH 2Thx H H H 2 (tBuO) 2 140 °C R 26–57% tBuO Me CO2R CN CN -CO2 -PhMe O competitive processes: Me CO2R CO2R -Me 2 R catalyzed CN + tBuO• Me Me Me Nuc• CN MeSH or Ph 3SiSH polarity reversal cat. uncatalyzed O (anti)aromaticity of the oxidized and reduced forms of the radicals can be used to rationalize the outcome + Me 3N BH 2Thx "Pro-aromaticity" can be used to drive radical chain reactions. (Walton, J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun. 1995, 27) SSiPh 3 H H Me 3N B Me HAT Me (tBuO) 2, hυ 3. Reagents Derived from 1,4-Cyclohexadiene O H O Catalyst-controlled enantioselective HAT utilizing a polarity reversal catalyst. (Roberts, J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 1 1998, 2881) R Ph 3SiH R R OAc TBHN R OAc H AcO O 1 (5 mol%) O O AcO SH O O 60 °C SiPh 3 1 84%, 76% ee R = Me 90%, 95% ee R = Ph Amine-alkylboranes can be used to alter regioselectivity of HAT via PRC. (Roberts, J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 2 1989, 1953) Me 3N B H O 86% Me Me MeS Me Me 3N BH 2Thx H no cat. cat. O Ph 3SiS H + O O (tBuO) 2, hυ H H no catalyst gives O complex mixture only radical observed An example that can best be rationalized by radical "philicities." (Roberts, J. Chem. Res. (S) 1988, 264) Me Me O Me R H H 99% vs 10% Br H without RSH However, using R 3SiH in Barton-McCombie reactions proceeds very efficiently. (Roberts, Tetrahedron Lett. 2001, 763) Me Me R Me Favorable polar effects in the transition states for the two PRCed steps lowers the E a of the overall unfavorable transformation Thus, adding a catalytic amount of thiol to Et 3SiH reductions of alkyl halides dramatically improves the yield. (Roberts, J. Chem. Soc. Perkin Trans. 1 1991, 103) Me R Et 3SiH Me H DLP (2 mol%) Me Me Baran Group Meeting 4/12/14 Hydrogen Atom Transfer Julian Lo R up to 51% R 2 R H up to 37% Replacing Me in 2 with Ph led to a cleaner reaction. (Walton, J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 1 2002, 304) O Ph O O tBuO2Bz tAmylOH 100 °C 66% no observed loss of Ph• + Ph Ph O low (~20%) yields of intermolecular additions The "pro-aromaticity" concept can also be applied to generate carbamoyl radicals. (Walton, J. Org. Chem. 2004, 5926) OTr N DLP Me cat. RSH O Bn N PhH, ∆ N Me Bn Mech? O 68% The BDE of H 2O was proposed to decrease upon complexation with TiIII. (Oltra, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2006, 5522) R2 Cp Cl Cp Cl Cp H R2 H 2O R1 R 3 Ti Ti + Cp O Ti Cl Cp O H Cp R1 R 3 H H BDE calc = 49.4 kcal/mol And the system was found to be applicable to reductive openings of other epoxides. Me AcO Cp 2 Cp Me alkyl radicals hydroxyformyl radicals CO2Me radical hydroamination Bu 3SnH substitute transfer hydrosilation Me Me O Cp2TiCl THF O anhydrous with H 2O (28 eq.) with D 2O (28 eq.) H Me 3 4 97 15 25 3 85 75 (70% D) [TiIV ] O AcO H Me Me Cl Ti O H H H H ML n ML n H Me H Me O 4 Me Me O nC10H 21 OH 85% H or H H R R R or R H R O Cp2TiCl2 (10 mol%) Mn 0, Coll•HCl, H 2 (4 atm) HO RhCl(PPh 3)3 (5 mol%) Me Cl 9 Proposed mechanism: OH [TiIV ] + Collidine Coll•HCl O H R R [RhII ] H H R [TiIV ] Cl R 0 0.5 Mn 0.5 MnCl 2 H Me O H Me Me 43% R R R Me OH Me O 3 Me Me O + O nC10H 21 Works with Pd/C, Pd/Al 2O 3, Pd(dba) 2, Wilkinson, Lindlar A similar reductive epoxide opening has been developed that occurs via a catalytic bimetallic system using H 2 as the terminal reductant (Gansäuer, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2008, 6916) 4. HAT from Unlikely Sources The identification of a trace byproduct led to an interesting discovery. (Oltra, J. Org. Chem. 2002, 2566) OH O Me O O OH Me Double HAT from the same Ti complex to conventional [H] catalysts allowed for alkene and alkyne reduction. (Oltra, Org. Lett. 2007, 2195) Several other 1,4-cyclohexadiene derived reagents have been developed. (Walton, Acc. Chem. Res. 2005, 794) Me NHBoc R CO2H Ph CO2H Me TBS MeO OMe Me Baran Group Meeting 4/12/14 Hydrogen Atom Transfer Julian Lo IV [TiIII ] [Ti ] O R R R [RhI ] [TiIV ] R O R R III H [Rh ] H O R R O Cl 9 H2 [TiIV ] H A similar system employing IrCl(CO)(PPh 3 )2 allows for cyclization of radical intermediate onto alkenes and alkynes. (Gansäuer, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2011, 416) A curious observation was made en route to the phomoidrides. (Wood, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2005, 12513) E Et O O O E desired E E C 4H 9 R 3B C 4H 9 C 4H 9 E Et O E C 4H 9 not desired Me H B O Me H Me B O Me H Me Me -Me H O 99% for Me 3B Me B O For entire process, Me H ∆H calc = 73 kcal/mol The reaction was shown to be general. Me O Me H O O SMe SMe O O O Me Me Me R S Me 91% Me 77% Me SMe S S H SMe H O S C12H 25 H O 71% B OMe O OH B R R H R Me Me (cat)BH MeOH DMA (10 mol %) air, DCM, ∆ Me Me B O OH SH 2 Schwartz's reagent was found to serve as an efficient HAT donor in radical cyclizations. (Oshima, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2001, 3137) H O O O O competitive Cp2ZrCl2/Red-Al hydrozirconation R 72–94% X was rarely Et 3B, air, THF H H observed! R R R X = Br, I O Proposed mechanism: O O R X H Cp2ZrIV Cl Et Et R R + Cp2ZrIV Cl O H Cl O R O H R X R O 1 Cp2ZrIV Cp2ZrIII Cl + 9 O X H Me Me Me OH 4-tert-Butylcatecol was shown to be superior to catechol (J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2011, 5913) O Me Me O O R It was found that B-alkylcathecholboranes could be reduced to alkanes via a radical decomposition pathway. (Renaud, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2005, 14204) R O O 42% Me + (MeO) 3B OH A similar system was used to reduce alkyl iodides (3º, 2º, 1º) to the corresponding alkanes in good yields (65–97%). (Wood, Org. Lett. 2007, 4427) B(cat) OH MeOH O OH BDE calc = 86 kcal/mol O O Therefore, the following mechanism was proposed: O Upon extensive deuterium labeling studies, authors found that adventitious H 2O was the H• source, and proposed: Me H 2O B Me Me OMe H O O Me not observed! B O O The authors originally proposed an "ate" complex to be responsible for HAT, but it was not observed by 11B NMR—only the methanolysis products were. (Renaud, Chem. Commun. 2010, 803) O O E air, PhH S Et E Et SMe Me Baran Group Meeting 4/12/14 Hydrogen Atom Transfer Julian Lo H R Cp2ZrIV H Cl H O H R R 5. Olefin Reduction by Transition Metal Hydrides A general mechanism for HAT reduction of activated alkenes was supported by CIDNP effects. (Halpen, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1977, 8335) Mn(CO) 5 Me Me Me + HMn(CO) 5 + Mn(CO) 5 cage Ph Ph Me Ph Me escape solvent caged ("geminate") radical pair HMn(CO) 5 fast Deuterium studies with DMn(CO) 5: 1. First HAT to alkene is reversible 2. Inverse deuterium effect observed Mn (CO) 2 10 consistant with the proposed RDS (C–H bond being formed is stronger than the M–H bond being broken) fast H Me Mn(CO) 5 + Ph Against hydrometallation mech.: HCo(CO) 4 N 2 or CO DCM, 0 °C Ph H Ph krel(N2) = 1.0 krel(CO) = 1.1 solvent krel DCM hexanes acetone MeCN 1.0 1.1 0.9 0.9 Ph Me DWCp(CO) 3 or DMoCp(CO) 3 Ph D Ph not observed! krel substrate Ph Me 1 Me N tBu Ph HMn(CO) 5 and HCo(CO) 4 can also undergo a HAT to allenes. (Garst, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1986, 1689) H H Me Me Me Me Me Me ML n Me Me Me Me Me Me Me Me ~0.02 Me nC5H11 24 CO2Me The kinetic data was used to develop substrates that could participate in a HAT-mediated cyclization. (Norton, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2007, 770 and Tetrahedron 2008, 11822) O MeO 2C D Ph observed! R Ph HCrCp(CO) 3 (7 mol%) Ph 2 atm H 2 50 °C CO2Me MeO 2C Me Ph Me Ph R MOMO R R = H, 4 days, 62% R = CO2Me, 1.5 days 95% R Me CO2Me (23%) HCrCp(CO) 3 was also shown to reduce alkynes, but the substitution pattern on the alkyne sometimes led to odd products. (Norton, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2012, 15512) Me Me Me Ph Me MeO 2C Me ≤5 x 10 -4 CO2Me ≤5 x 10 -3 HCrCp(CO) 3 Ph Ph + PhH 9 Me CO2Me Me Me ≤2 x 10 -4 tBu N O 27 Ph Ph Ph DCrCp(CO) 3 134 Me 780 nC6H13 CO2Me Ph krel substrate Ph But failed radical trapping: Me krel substrate Ph But revealed that the reversibility of the 1st HAT was dependent on the TM–H. (Sweany, J. Organomet. Chem. 1981, 57; Norton, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2007, 234) Me Like most other reactions, the rate of HAT reduction by HCrCp(CO) 3 was substantially affected by olefin substitution. (Norton, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2007, 234) Ph Against polar mech.: Ph H Differences in deuterium labeling studies showed that HAT to the allene was irreversible. D Me Me DCo(CO) 4 Me D/H? Me Me Me Me Me DCo(CO) 4 Me D Me Me Me Me Me Later studies on different early TM–H generally supported analogous mechanisms and provided additional evidence to disprove alternative pathways... (Orchin, J. Organomet. Chem. 1979, 299) Ph Baran Group Meeting 4/12/14 Hydrogen Atom Transfer Julian Lo CO2Me HCrCp(CO) 3 PhH Ph Me 1 CO2Me CO2Me Different mechanisms were proposed to account for the different outcomes: HCrCp(CO) 3 + R R' SET E E R = CO2Me R' = CO2Me Additionally, a later report provided evidence for a radical-based pathway initiated by HAT. (Isayama, J. Synth. Org. Chem. Jpn. 1992, 190) HAT Ph R = Ph R' = H PhO 2SN E E Ph H OC Cr OC CO Ph high [HCrCp(CO) 3] Ph HO cage escape low [HCrCp(CO) 3] H Ph Ph Ph Ph 6. Olefin Hydrofunctionalizations A simple olefin hydration has spurred a plethora of research in the area of HAT-based olefin hydrofunctionalizations. (Mukaiyama, Chem. Lett. 1989, 1071) 4 OH Ph PhSiH 3, O2 THF, rt O O 4 O The intermediacy of a cobalt peroxide adduct was suggested: O R R O Me O + Ph O R SiPhH2 Me 4 O 84% O O 14% OH CoL2 Me R Me CoLn Me O H R Me O -H• R PhO 2SN Me Me Me 50% Co(acac)2 + NaBH 4 L nCo–H (Chung, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1979, 1014) cat. Mn(dpm) 2 R1 PhSiH 3, O2 CO2R cat. Mn(dpm) 2 PhSiH 3, O2 R1 = Ph R1 = Me R2 2 R = Ph R2 = H Selectivity seems to follow Norton's observations! OH Me CO2Bn 91%, exclusive Mn(dpm) 3 also catalyzed the same reaction, but the products formed were dependent on the presence or absence of oxygen. (Magnus, Tetrahedron Lett. 2000, 9725 and Tetrahedron Lett. 2000, 9731) HO Me Co(acac)2 (5 mol%) CO2Et Ph Ph 73%, exclusive Ph Ph OH PhO 2SN Electron difficient olefins were also hydrated, but some substrate dependent regioselectivity was observed. (Mukaiyama, Chem. Lett. 1990, 1869) The product distribution arising from the reduction of PhC≡CPh was dependent on time. O PhSiH 3, O2 DME, rt Could a cobalt hydride be responsible for HAT? Ph E O2 or CoLnOO• cat. Co(acac)2 HAT E H Ph Baran Group Meeting 4/12/14 Hydrogen Atom Transfer Julian Lo Me O cat. Mn(dpm) 3 PhSiH 3 with O 2 iPrOH Me Me O cat. Mn(dpm) 3 PhSiH 3 O without O 2 iPrOH Me Me "We have also observed that the way in which the reaction flask is washed influences the product distribution." Authors proposed that oxygen activation of the Mn hydride is responsible for the divergent outcomes: R2 no H R 2 iPrOH R2 O R1 O2 O O Mn (dpm) 2Mn O O O R1 O R1 H O O Mn R2 O O H HO 1 O O R 2 P(OEt) 3 R2 O2 O R O O Mn O O (dpm) 2Mn O O R1 O R1 O Baran Group Meeting 4/12/14 Hydrogen Atom Transfer Julian Lo Additionally, similar conditions have been shown to proceed through a HAT mechanism. (Shenvi, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2014, 1300) Me CO2Et H Me cat. Mn(dpm) 3 Me PhSiH 3 CO2Et CO2Et CO2Et Me TBHP iPrOH Me H Me 10:1 dr 7. Transition Metal Oxo Compexes When the rates of benzylic C–H oxidation by MnO 4- in nonaqueous solutions were examined, they were found to show a Polanyi relationship. (Mayer, Inorg. Chem. 1997, 2069) O Me rt O + O + nBu 4NMnO 4 MnO 2 + 1 week (31%) A hydrohydrazidonization and hydroazidonation using similar conditions have been reported. (Carreira, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2006, 11693) Boc N N Boc cat. Mn(dpm) 3 or 5 PhSiH 3 0 °C or rt Mn(dpm) 3: 5: Some opening of vinyl cyclopropanes was observed, suggesting that radical intermediates are involved. The Polanyi relationship is specific to HATs that states for a given system, there is a linear relationship between activation parameters (log k) and BDEs (∆H°) of the substrates L H O N Co Me O N Me O Boc N NHBoc Me Me 5 98% 66% OO So if a Polanyi relationship is observed, the reaction is likely to involve a HAT as the ratedeterming step Boc Ph N NHBoc + ring-opened mixture Me Ph 5: Mn(dpm) 3: 48% 60% 20–30% 20% A HAT mechanism (molecule-assisted homolysis) was proposed to occur based on the Polanyi relationship and other kinetic evidence. (Mayer, Science 1995, 1849) H H However, neither of the proposed mechanisms invoked HAT : Boc H N R N Boc SiPhH2 N Boc EtOH Boc N R Me R Ph CoIII H R N N CoII Me CoIII H Boc Boc Boc N N R Boc Me path A CoIII R + O MnO 3 Ph path B H R CoII Me Boc H H H O MnO 3 Ph + HO MnO 3 ... but two radical species generated? For metal oxo species, HAT reactivity is determined by strength of bond being formed, not electronic structure of oxidant. PhSiH 3 CoIII N Boc Boc N R H H H no radical character... Me (trace) N N Boc The bond strength of the formed H–OMnO 3- was calculated to be 80 kcal/mol [between that of ROOH (89 kcal/mol) and HI (70 kcal/mol)] Another Polanyi relationship shows that MnO 4 abstracts H• at approximately the same rate as a theoretical O-centered radical that also has a O–H BDE of 80 kcal/mol Hydrogen Atom Transfer Julian Lo Other transition metal oxo complexes that react via HAT mechanisms: O W O N N Fe N N N Cyclohexane oxidation (Que, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2004, 472) Ar Ar O N N Mn N N Ar F O O O O W O O O W O W O O O W O O O O O W O O O O W O W O O O W O O O O O W O Multiple HAT-initiated transformations (Hill, Synlett 1995, 127) O Ar Aliphatic C–H bond fluorination (Groves, Science 2012, 3122) Drug metabolism (Cytochrome P450 enzymes) Baran Group Meeting 4/12/14