UCL - INSTITUTE OF ARCHAEOLOGY
ARCL 1009
INTRODUCTION TO EGYPTIAN AND NEAR EASTERN ARCHAEOLOGY
2015-16
Year 1 Option
0.5 unit
Turnitin Class ID: 2970078
Turnitin Password : IoA1516
Co-ordinator: Dr Mark Altaweel
m.altaweel@ucl.ac.uk
Room 103. Tel: 020 7679 74607 (Internal: 24607)
Left: An archaeological mound in Iraqi Kurdistan. Right: The temple of Edfu, Egypt.
OVERVIEW
DESCRIPTION
To provide an introduction to the archaeology of Egypt and the Near East from the early
prehistory, that is the beginning of the Holocene Epoch (nearly 12,000 years ago) to the
dawning of the 20th century AD, with a focus on historical periods between 3000 BC to 330
BC.
Some of the major aims of the course are:
§
To provide an introduction to the archaeology and early history of the Near East, with
emphasis on the civilizations of Egypt, Mesopotamia, the Levant, Anatolia, and Iran.
§
To consider the nature and interpretation of archaeological and textual sources in
approaching the past of Egypt and the Near East.
§
To consider major issues in the development of human society in Egypt and the Near
East, including the origins and evolution of sedentism, agriculture, complex societies,
urbanism, literacy, and empires.
Major issues including the development of interest in Egypt and the Near East and its legacy
are also included.
The course is taught through two-hour lectures over Term II
Assessment will be through two essays, each of about 2500 words.
This course is normally a prerequisite for the second/third year course options including
ARCL2033 Archaeology of the Near East from Prehistory to 2000 BC and ARCL2034
Archaeology of the Near East 2000-300 BC.
OBJECTIVES
On successful completion of this course a student should:
•
Have a broad overview of the archaeology of Egypt and the Near East, with a
focus on specific themes that shaped the region and beyond.
•
Appreciate the significance of the archaeology of Egypt and the Near East
within the broad context of the development of human society.
•
Appreciate the importance of critical approaches to archaeological and textual
sources.
•
Contextualise our modern world with relevance to the ancient societies of Egypt
and the Near East.
LEARNING OUTCOMES
By the end of the course students should be able to demonstrate: Understanding and critical
awareness of arrange of primary and secondary sources.
• Written and oral skills in analysis and presentation.
• Appreciation of and ability to apply methods and theories of archaeological and
historical analysis.
COURSE INFORMATION
This handbook contains the basic information about the content and administration of the
course. See also http://www.ucl.ac.uk/archaeology/handbook/common/ for general
information common to all courses. Additional subject-specific reading lists and individual
session handouts will be given out at appropriate points in the course. If students have
queries about the objectives, structure, content, assessment or organisation of the course,
they should consult the course coordinator.
TEACHING METHODS
The course is taught over Term II through two-hour lectures, which include a major
element of discussion.
PREREQUISITES
There are no formal prerequisites for this course.
WORKLOAD
There will be 20 hours of lectures, including discussion. Students will be expected to
undertake around 80 hours of reading for the course, plus 40 hours preparing for and
producing the assessed work. This adds up to a total workload of 140 hours for the course.
METHODS OF ASSESSMENT
a)
two written essays (2,375-2,625 words, each 50% of course-mark);
If students are unclear about the nature of an assignment, they should discuss this with the
course coordinator.
The nature of the assignment and possible approaches to it will be discussed in class, in
advance of the submission deadline. See below for the questions and details on the
assignments.
ATTENDANCE
A register will be taken at each class. If you are unable to attend a class, please notify the
lecturer by email. Departments are required to report each student’s attendance to UCL
Registry at frequent intervals throughout each term. Students are expected to attend at least
70% of classes.
INFORMATION FOR INTERCOLLEGIATE/INTERDEPARTMENTAL
STUDENTS
Students enrolled in Departments outside the Institute should collect hard copy of the
Institute’s coursework guidelines from Judy Medrington’s office (411A).
LIBRARIES
The library of the Institute of Archaeology will be the principal resource for this course.
Please note that the required readings for this course will largely placed on Moodle.
MOODLE
Please note that materials relevant to this course can be found on UCL’s Virtual Learning
Environment at Moodle: http://moodle.ucl.ac.uk/. This course can be found by looking for
its title and course number (ARCL1009). Access to this course is obtained by enrolling
using the following key: IoA1516. For help with Moodle, please contact the course
coordinator.
WEEK-BY-WEEK SCHEDULE
THE FRAMEWORK
Lecture 1: 15th January 2016
Aims and Objectives
Geography and Time
Egypt and the Near East in World Archaeology
Lecture 2: 22rd January 2016
Big Discoveries: The Wider Context
FOUNDATION OF CIVILIZATION
Lecture 3: 29th January 2016
The Neolithic Revolution
Lecture 4: 5th February 2016
The Early States
Lecture 5: 12th February 2016
Sacred Kingship
Reading Week (February 15-19, 2016)
EARLY COMPLEX SOCIETIES
Lecture 6: 26th February 2016
Origin of the Urban World
Lecture 7: 4th March 2016
Archaeology of the Middle Class
Lecture 8: 11th March 2016
Globalization
FROM EAST TO WEST: THE IRON AGE AND BEYOND
Lecture 9: 18th March 2016
The Earliest Universal Empires
Lecture 10: No Lecture (materials posted online)
Current Research Projects
The Intellectual Heritage of Egypt and the Ancient Near East
Lecturers: All lectures will be by Dr. Mark Altaweel
Basic Texts
See also “Digital resources” listed at the end of this handbook.
Basic texts, Egypt and Near East:
Frankfort, H. (1948). Kingship and the gods: A Study of Ancient Near Eastern Religion as
the Integration of Society and Nature. Chicago, London: University of Chicago
Press. INST ARCH DBA 200 FRA
Frankfort, H. (1951). The Birth of Civilization in the Near East. London: Williams &
Norgate. INST ARCH DBA 100 FRA
Kuhrt, A. (1995) The Ancient Near East, c. 3000-330 BC. London: Routledge. INST
ARCH DBA 100 KUH
Sasson, J. (ed.) (1995) Civilizations of the Ancient Near East, New York: Scribners. INST
ARCH DBA 100 SAS
Scarre, C. (ed.) (2005/2009) The Human Past. World Prehistory and the Development of
Human Societies. London: Thames and Hudson. INST ARCH BC 100 SCA. See also
the associated website:
http://www.thamesandhudsonusa.com/web/humanpast/
Wengrow, D. 2010. What Makes Civilization? The Ancient Near East and the Future of
the West. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Issue desk WEN 8; INST ARCH DBA
100.
Basic texts, Near East:
Bryce, T. (2009) The Peoples and Places of Ancient Western Asia, London: Routledge.
ANC HIST B2 BRY.
Chavalas, M. W. (2006) The Ancient Near East. Historical Sources in Translation.
Oxford: Blackwell. MAIN ANC HIST B 4 CHA
Levy, T.E. (1998) The Archaeology of Society in the Holy Land, London: Leicester
University Press. INST ARCH DBE 100 LEV; ISSUE DESK IOA LEV 3
Lloyd, S. (1978) The Archaeology of Mesopotamia from the Old Stone Age to the Persian
Conquest, London: Thames and Hudson. INST ARCH ISSUE DESK DBB 100 LLO
Meyers, E.M. (ed.) (1997) The Oxford Encyclopedia of Archaeology in the Near East,
New York: Oxford University Press. INST ARCH DBA 100 MEY
Potts, D.T. (1999) The Archaeology of Elam. Formation and Transformation of an Ancient
Iranian State, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. INST ARCH DBG 100 POT;
ISSUE DESK DBG 100 POT
Potts, D.T. (e.d.). 2012. A Companion to the Archaeology of the Ancient Near East.
Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell. INST ARCH DBA 100 POT
Pritchard, J.B. (ed.) (1955) Ancient Near Eastern Texts, Princeton: Princeton University
Press. INST ARCH DBA 600 Qto PRI
Roaf, M. (1990) Cultural Atlas of Mesopotamia and the Ancient Near East, Oxford: Facts
on File. INST ARCH DBA 100 Qto ROA
Sagona, A. and P. Zimansky (2009) Ancient Turkey, London: Routledge. INST ARCH
DBC 100 SAG
Snell, D. C. (ed.) (2005) A Companion to the Ancient Near East. Oxford: Blackwell.
MAIN ANC HIST B 5 SNE
Van De Mieroop, M. (2007) A History of the Ancient Near East ca. 3000-323 BC, Second
edition. Oxford: Blackwell. INST ARCH DBA 100 MIE
Wilkinson, T.J. (2003) Archaeological Landscapes of the Near East. Tucson, AZ:
University of Arizona Press.
Basic Texts, Egypt:
Baines, J. and J. Málek (2000) Cultural atlas of Ancient Egypt. Revised edition. New
York: Fact on file. EGYPTOLOGY QUARTOS A 2 BAI; ISSUE DESK IOA BAI
2
*Bard, K. 2007. An Introduction to the Archaeology of Ancient Egypt. Malden, Mass.,
Oxford: Blackwell. EGYPTOLOGY A 5 BAR, ISSUE DESK IOA BAR 29
Brewer, D. J. (2012). The Archaeology of Ancient Egypt: Beyond Pharaohs. Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press. EGYPTOLOGY E 5 BRE
*Kemp, B.J., 2006. Ancient Egypt. Anatomy of a Civilization. 2nd edition. London:
Routledge. INST ARCH ISSUE DESK KEM; EGYPTOLOGY B 5 KEM
Lloyd, A. B. (ed.) (2010) A Companion to Ancient Egypt. 2 volumes. Chichester: WileyBlackwell. EGYPTOLOGY A 5 LLO
Nicholson, P. T. and I. Shaw (eds) (2000). Ancient Egyptian Materials and Technology.
Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. EGYPTOLOGY QUARTOS S 5 NIC
*Shaw, I. (ed.) (2000) The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt. Oxford: Oxford University
Press. EGYPTOLOGY B 5 SHA, ISSUE DESK SHA
*Trigger, B. G. and A. Lloyd, B. Kemp, D. O’Connor (1983) Ancient Egypt. A social
history. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. EGYPTOLOGY B 5 TRI, ISSUE
DESK IOA TRI 1
Van de Mieroop, M. (2011). A History of Ancient Egypt. Malden – Oxford: Blackwell.
EGYPTOLOGY B 5 MIE
*Wendrich, W. (ed.) (2010) Egyptian Archaeology. Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell.
EGYPTOLOGY A 6 WEN
Wilkinson, T. (ed.) (2007) The Egyptian World. London: Routledge. EGYPTOLOGY A 5
WIL, ISSUE DESK WIL 10
Wilkinson R. H. (ed.) (2008) Egyptology Today. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
EGYPTOLOGY A 9 WIL, ISSUE DESK WIL 16
Encyclopedias, Egypt:
Bard, K. (ed.) (1999) Encyclopedia of the Archaeology of Ancient Egypt. London:
Routledge. EGYPTOLOGY A 2 BAR; ISSUE DESK IOA BAR 17
Redford, D. B. (ed.) (2001) The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt. Oxford: Oxford
University Press. EGYPTOLOGY A 2 OXF
Texts in translation, Egypt:
Allen, J. P. (2005) The ancient Egyptian pyramid texts. Atlanta, Georgia: Society of
Biblical Literature. EGYPTOLOGY V 30 ALL
Breasted, J. H. (2001 [1906-7]) Ancient Records of Egypt: Historical documents from the
earliest times to the Persian conquest. Chicago: Chicago University Press/Urbana:
University of Illinois EGYPTOLOGY T 6 BRE
Faulkner, R. O. (2004 [1973]). The ancient Egyptian coffin texts: spells 1-1185 and
indexes. Oxford: Aris and Phillips. EGYPTOLOGY V 30 FAU
Frood, E. (2007) Biographical texts from Ramessid Egypt. Atlanta: Society of Biblical
Literature. EGYPTOLOGY B 20 FRO
Kitchen, K. A. (1993-2012) Ramesside Inscriptions: Translated and Annotated. Vol. 1-6.
Oxford: Blackwell.
*Lichtheim, M. and H.-W. Fischer-Elfert (2006) Ancient Egyptian literature: a book of
readings. Berkeley, California: University of California Press. EGYPTOLOGY V
20 LIC
*Lichtheim, M. and A. Loprieno (2006) Ancient Egyptian literature: a book of readings.
Berkeley, California: University of California Press. EGYPTOLOGY V 20 LIC
*Lichtheim, M. and J. G. Manning (2006) Ancient Egyptian literature: a book of readings.
Berkeley, California: University of California Press. EGYPTOLOGY V 20 LIC
Murnane, W. J. (1995) Texts from the Amarna period in Egypt. Altanta, GA: Scholars
Press. EGYPTOLOGY V 50 MUR
*Pritchard, J. B. (1955) Ancient Near Eastern texts relating to the Old Testament, 2nd
edition. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. INST ARCH DBA 100
QUARTOS PRI
Quirke, S., (2004) Egyptian literature 1800 BC: Questions and readings. London: Golden
House Publications. EGYPTOLOGY QUARTOS V 50 QUI
Ritner, R. K. (2009) The Libyan anarchy: Inscriptions from Egypt’s Third Intermediate
Period. Atlanta: Society of Biblical Literature. EGYPTOLOGY T 6 RIT
*Simpson, W. K. and R. K. Ritner (2003) The literature of ancient Egypt: An anthology of
stories, instructions, and poetry. 3rd ed . New Haven, Connecticut, London: Yale
University Press. EGYPTOLOGY V 20 SIM
Strudwick, N. (2005) Texts from the pyramid age. Atlanta: Society of Biblical Literature.
EGYPTOLOGY T 6 STR
Tailor, J. H. (2010) Journey through the afterlife: ancient Egyptian Book of the Dead.
London: British Museum Press. EGYPTOLY QUARTOS V 50 BOO
Wente, E. F. (1990) Letters from ancient Egypt. Atlanta, Georgia.: Scholars Press.
EGYPTOLOGY V 50 WEN
METHODS OF ASSESSMENT
ASSESSMENT DETAILS
The deadlines for submission of assessed work are:
Essay A:
Thursday 25th February 2016
Essay B:
Wednesday 27st April 2016
Choose one of the following for Essay A.
Essay Titles
Section A
(A1) How have modern scientific techniques and research questions shaped archaeology
in the Near East and Egypt in a way that is different than archaeology in the 19th and
early 20th centuries? Use case studies from Egypt and the Near East and discuss (See
reading list for session 1)
(A2) Gift or curse? Explore the benefit of the river Nile for Egyptian society and the
problems arising from the inundation. Use at least one site and one ancient text to
develop your argument. (See reading list for session 1)
(A3) How have big discoveries in the Near East and Egypt, such as the discovery of
writing or even ancient stories like the “Flood”, shaped scholarship over the decades?
Discuss using selected evidence and specific discoveries.
(See reading list for sessions 2)
(A4) Compare the object biographies of the Rosetta Stone and the Memnon head
displayed in the Egpytian Sculpture Gallery of the British Museum. Which aspects do
they reflect of a) ancient Egyptian society, b) the “birth of Egyptology”, and c)
modern society? (See reading list for session 2)
(A5) Why did it take so long for domesticated agriculture to be an ingrained part of the
cultural landscape in the Near East even after domestication had taken root in some
places?
(See reading list for session 3)
(A6) What are the key developments of the Neolithic in Egypt? Discuss, using Badari,
the Western desert, and the Fayum as your major case studies. (See reading list for
session 3)
(A7) What are some of the evidence used to describe societies as becoming more
socially complex starting in the Ubaid and continuing through the Uruk period?
Discuss using case studies and with specific examples from material culture (i.e.,
artefacts, settlements, architecture, etc.)?
(See reading list for session 4)
(A8) Compare and contrast the evidence of state formation at Abydos and Hierakonpolis.
Which new perspectives arise from a view from the Delta? (See reading list for
session 4)
(A9) Discuss continuity and change of Egyptian royal display during the Bronze Age.
Use the pyramids of the Old Kingdom and the Karnak temple of the New Kingdom as
points of departure. (See reading list for session 5)
(A10) In the cases where we do see Mesopotamian kings claiming divinity, why did they
do this and why was kingship not generally considered a divine position in
Mesopotamia? (See reading list for session 5)
Choose one of the following for Essay B.
Essay Titles
Section B.
(B1)
Would you say that the evidence of the workmen settlement at Giza solves the
“town problem” (Bietak) in third millennium Egypt? (See reading list for session
6)
(B2)
What motivated the development of early cities such as Tell Brak and Uruk in the 4th
and 3rd millennium BC? (See reading list for sessions 6)
(B3)
How would you characterise the role of “nomarchs” in the Egyptian society of the
Middle Kingdom? Explore the archaeological evidence of Beni Hassan and discuss
wider. (See reading list for session 7)
(B4)
How did writing enable households to accumulate wealth and make trade links
across the Near East? (See reading list for sessions 7)
(B5)
To what extent do the Amarna letters shed light on Egyptian imperial practices in
adjacent countries? (See reading list for session 8)
(B6)
What motivated the larger and smaller states, such as the Hittites and Alalakh, to
form mutually beneficial relationships? (See reading list for session 8)
(B7)
How was the Neo-Assyrian empire different from previous empires in the Near
East in terms of their administrative and military practices? Did that fundamentally
change the Near East’s social makeup? (See reading list for session 9)
(B8)
What cultural and technical innovations from the Near East and Egypt have most
influenced Western societies. Give specific examples (See reading list for sessions
10)
(B9) Discuss the primary research aims of the projects conducted by UCL in Egypt and
the Near East? What is motivating these endeavours? (see lecture and readings in
session 10).
GENERAL ASSIGNMENT INFORMATION
If students are unclear about the nature of an assignment, they should discuss this with the
Course Co-ordinator.
Students are not permitted to re-write and re-submit essays or other coursework in order to
try to improve their marks. Students may be permitted, in advance of the deadline for a
given assignment, to submit for comment a brief outline of the assignment.
The course co-ordinator is willing to discuss an outline of the student's approach to the
assignment, provided this is planned suitably in advance of the submission date.
WORLD-COUNT
Strict new regulations with regard to word-length were introduced UCL-wide with effect
from 2013:
Penalties for Over-length Coursework
Penalties will only be imposed if you exceed the upper figure in the range. There is no
penalty for using fewer words than the lower figure in the range: the lower figure is simply
for your guidance to indicate the sort of length that is expected. The following applies:
i) The length of coursework will normally be specified in terms of a word count
ii) Assessed work should not exceed the prescribed length.
iii) For work that exceeds the specified maximum length by less than10% the mark will be
reduced by ten percentage marks; but the penalised mark will not be reduced below the
pass mark, assuming the work merited a pass.
iv) For work that exceeds the specified maximum length by 10% or more, a mark of zero
will be recorded.
vii) In the case of coursework that is submitted late and is also overlength, the lateness
penalty will have precedence.
The following should not be included in the word-count: title page, contents pages, lists of
figure and tables, abstract, preface, acknowledgements, bibliography, captions and
contents of tables and figures, appendices, and wording of citations.
SUBMISSION PROCEEDURES
Students are required to submit hard copy of all coursework to the course co-ordinator’s
pigeon-hole via the Red Essay Box at Reception by the appropriate deadline. The
coursework must be stapled to a completed coversheet (available from the web, from
outside room 411A or from the library). Late submission will be penalized in accordance
with these regulations unless permission has been granted by college. Please note the
stringent penalties for late submission that have been introduced (UCL-wide) from 201213. Additionally, please use Turnitin on the course Moodle site (i.e., not the Turnitin site).
Students should put their Candidate Number on all coursework. This is a 5 digit
alphanumeric code and can be found on Portico: it is different from the Student Number/
ID. Please also put the Candidate Number and course code on each page of the work.
It is also essential that students put their Candidate Number at the start of the title line on
Turnitin, followed by the short title of the coursework.. – e.g., YBPR6 Funerary practices
Please note the stringent UCL-wide penalties for late submission given below. Late
submission will be penalized in accordance with these regulations unless permission has
been granted and an Extension Request Form (ERF) completed.
Please see the Coursework Guidelines on the IoA website (or your Degree Handbook) for
further details of penalties.
http://www.ucl.ac.uk/archaeology/administration/students/handbook/submission
Hard copy will no longer be date-stamped.
Date-stamping will be via ‘Turnitin’ (see below), so in addition to submitting hard copy,
students must also submit their work to Turnitin by midnight on the day of the deadline.
FOR THIS COURSE YOU CAN UTILIZED THE TURNITIN SUBMISSION LINKS
FOR EACH ASSIGNMENT. PLEASE NOT THIS LIKELY DIFFERS FROM YOUR
OTHER COURSES.
Students who encounter technical problems submitting their work to Turnitin should email
the nature of the problem to ioa-turnitin@ucl.ac.uk in advance of the deadline in order that
the Turnitin Advisers can notify the course co-ordinator that it may be appropriate to waive
the late submission penalty.
If there is any other unexpected crisis on the submission day, students should telephone or
(preferably) e-mail the course co-ordinator, and follow this up with a completed ERF.
UCL-WIDE PENALTIES FOR LATE SUBMISSION OF COURSEWORK
UCL regulation 3.1.6 Late Submission of Coursework
Where coursework is not submitted by a published deadline, the following penalties will
apply:
i) A penalty of 5 percentage marks should be applied to coursework
submitted the calendar day after the deadline (calendar day 1).
ii) A penalty of 15 percentage marks should be applied to coursework submitted on
calendar day 2 after the deadline through to calendar day 7.
iii) A mark of zero should be recorded for coursework submitted on calendar day 8 after
the deadline through to the end of the second week of third term. Nevertheless, the
assessment will be considered to be complete provided the coursework contains material
than can be assessed.
iv) Coursework submitted after the end of the second week of third term will not be
marked and the assessment will be incomplete.
vii) Where there are extenuating circumstances that have been recognised by the Board of
Examiners or its representative, these penalties will not apply until the agreed extension
period has been exceeded.
viii) In the case of coursework that is submitted late and is also over length, only the
lateness penalty will apply.
Please see the Coursework Guidelines document at
http://www.ucl.ac.uk/archaeology/handbook/common/ (or your degree programme
handbook) for further details of the required procedure and of penalties.
MOODLE AND TURNITIN
The ‘Class Enrolment Password’ is IoA1516 for Moodle. Please upload assignments to
Turnitin via the Moodle site for this course. Moodle will be the primary way in which you
will be able to upload assignments, receive course information, and have access to
additional resources about the course.
Further information is given here:
http://www.ucl.ac.uk/archaeology/handbook/common/cfp.htm
Turnitin advisers will be able to help you via email: ioa-turnitin@ucl.ac.uk if you need
help generating or interpreting the reports.
TIMESCALE OF MARKED COURSEWORK
You can expect to receive your marked work within four calendar weeks of the official
submission deadline. If you do not receive your work within this period, or a written
explanation from the marker, you should notify the IoA’s Academic Administrator, Judy
Medrington.
KEEPING COPIES
Please note that it is an Institute requirement that you retain a copy (this can be electronic)
of all coursework submitted. When your marked essay is returned to you, you should
return it to the course co-ordinator within two weeks.
CITING OF SOURCES
Coursework should be expressed in a student’s own words giving the exact source of any
ideas, information, diagrams etc. that are taken from the work of others. Any direct
quotations from the work of others must be indicated as such by being placed
between inverted commas. Plagiarism is regarded as a very serious irregularity,
which can carry very heavy penalties. It is your responsibility to read and abide by the
requirements for presentation, referencing and avoidance of plagiarism to be found in the
IoA ‘Coursework Guidelines’ on the IoA website.
http://www.ucl.ac.uk/archaeology/administration/students/handbook.
Strict new penalties for plagiarism have been introduced since the 2012-13 session.
For guidelines on referencing in assessed work, please see:
http://www.ucl.ac.uk/archaeology/handbook/common/referencing.htm
For guidance on the use of illustrations in your essays, please see:
http://www.ucl.ac.uk/archaeology/handbook/common/illustrations.htm
AVOIDING PLAGIARISM
The term “plagiarism” means presenting material (words, figures etc.) in a way that allows
the reader to believe that it is the work of the author he or she is reading, when it is in fact
the creation of another person.
In academic and other circles, plagiarism is regarded as theft of intellectual property. UCL
regulations, all detected plagiarism is to be penalized and noted on the student’s record,
irrespective of whether the plagiarism is committed knowingly or unintentionally. The
whole process of an allegation of plagiarism and its investigation is likely to cause
considerable personal embarrassment and to leave a very unpleasant memory in addition to
the practical consequences of the penalty. The penalties can be surprisingly severe and
may include failing a course or a whole degree. It is thus important to take deliberate steps
to avoid any inadvertent plagiarism.
Avoiding plagiarism should start at the stage of taking notes. In your notes, it should be
wholly clear what is taken directly from a source, what is a paraphrase of the content of a
source and what is your own synthesis or original thought. Make sure you include sources
and relevant page numbers in your notes.
When writing an essay any words and special meanings, any special phrases, any clauses
or sentences taken directly from a source must be enclosed in inverted commas and
followed by a reference to the source in brackets. It is not generally necessary to use direct
quotations except when comparing particular terms or phrases used by different authors.
Similarly, all figures and tables taken from sources must have their origin acknowledged in
the caption. Captions do not contribute to any maximum word lengths.
Paraphrased information taken from a source must be followed by a reference to the
source. If a paragraph contains information from several sources, it must be made clear
what information comes from where: a list of sources at the end of the paragraph is not
sufficient. Please cite sources of information fully, including page numbers where
appropriate, in order to avoid any risk of plagiarism: citations in the text do not contribute
to any maximum word count.
To guard further against inadvertent plagiarism, you may find it helpful to write a plan of
your coursework answer or essay and to write the coursework primarily on the basis of
your plan, only referring to sources or notes when you need to check something specific
such as a page number for a citation.
COLLUSION, except where required, is also an examination offence. While discussing
topics and questions with fellow students is one of the benefits of learning in a university
environment, you should always plan and write your coursework answers entirely
independently.
GENERAL MATTERS
ATTENDANCE: A minimum attendance of 70% is required, except in case of illness or
other adverse circumstances which are supported by medical certificates or other
documentation. A register will be taken at each class. If you are unable to attend a class,
please notify the lecturer by email.
DYSLEXIA: If you have dyslexia or any other disability, please discuss with your
lecturers whether there is any way in which they can help you. Students with dyslexia
should indicate it on each coursework cover sheet.
SCHEDULE AND SYLLABUS
TEACHING SCHEDULE
Lectures will be held as follows:
Term II
Fridays 2.00-4.00 PM
G6, Institute of Archaeology
WEEK-BY-WEEK SYLLABUS
The following is an outline for the course as a whole, and identifies essential and
supplementary readings relevant to each session. Information is provided as to where in
the UCL library system individual readings are available; their location and Teaching
Collection (TC) number, and status (whether out on loan) can also be accessed on the
eUCLid computer catalogue system. Readings marked with an * are considered essential to
keep up with the topics covered in the course. Student, however, should utilise all readings
for possible research topics.
Lecture 1: 15th January 2016
Aims and Objectives
Geography and Time
Egypt and Near East in World Archaeology
The Ancient Near East and Egypt are the oldest “civilizations” on the globe and are deeply
ingrained in Western thought. This lecture outlines how scholars found their way into an
archaeological engagement with Egypt and the Ancient Near East and describes the
different environmental and chronological settings of Mesopotamia, Iran, Anatolia, the
Levant, and Egypt.
Reading:
Essential Readings:
Baines, J. and N. Yoffee, 1998. Order, Legitimacy, and Wealth in Ancient Egypt and
Mesopotamia. In Feinman, G. and J. Marcus, J. (eds.), Archaic States, 199-260.
Santa Fe: SAR Press. INST ARCH BD FEI
Meskell, L (e.d.). 1998. Archaeology Under Fire: Nationalism, Politics and Heritage in
the Eastern Mediterranean and Middle East. Chapters 5. Routledge, London.
ISSUE DESK IOA MES 2
Murnane, 1995. The History of Ancient Egypt: An Overview. In Sasson, J. (ed.) (1995)
Civilizations of the Ancient Near East II, 691-718. New York: Scribners. INST
ARCH DBA 100 SAS
Wilkinson, T.J. 2003. Archaeological Landscapes of the Near East. Tucson, AZ:
University of Arizona Press. Pages 15-32. ISSUE DESK IOA WIL 20
Further Readings:
Introduction and Geography of the Near East
Cordova, Carlos E. (2005) “The degradation of the ancient Near Eastern environment” in A
Companion to the Ancient Near East. Daniel C. Snell (ed.). Malden, MA: Blackwell.
Pages 109-125. ANCIENT HISTORY B 5 SNE
Issar, A. and Zohar, M. 2007. Climate Change: Environment and History of the Near East.
INST ARCH DBA 100 ISS.
Pollock, S. and Bernbeck, R. 2005. Archaeologies of the Middle East: Critical
Perspectives. Chapters 3-6. Blackwell Publishing, Oxford. ISSUE DESK IOA POL 4
Potts, D.T. (e.d.). 2012. A Companion to the Archaeology of the Ancient Near East.
Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell. INST ARCH DBA 100 POT (Chapters 1-6).
Redman, C.L. 1978. The Rise of Civilization. From Early Farmers to Urban Society in the
Ancient Near East, San Francisco: W.H. Freeman. Pages 16-49. INST ARCH DBA
100 RED
Egyptian Archaeology and Geography
Baines, J. and J. Málek (2000) Cultural atlas of Ancient Egypt. Revised edition. New
York: Fact on file. EGYPTOLOGY QUARTOS A 2 BAI; ISSUE DESK IOA BAI
2
Bell, B. 1975. Climate and History of Egypt: The Middle Kingdom. American Journal of
Archaeology 79/3: 223-269. Available through www.jstor.org
Butzer, K. W. 1960. Archaeology and Geology in Ancient Egypt. Science, New Series 132
(no. 3440, Dec. 2): 1617-1624. Available through www.jstor.org
Butzer, K. W. 1984. Long-term Nile flood variation and political discontinuities in
pharaonic Egypt. In Clark, J. D. and S. A. Brandt (eds.), From hunters to farmers:
The causes and consequences of food production in Africa, 102-112. Berkley,
London: University of California Press. INST ARCH DC 100 CLA
Hassan, F. A. 1997. The Dynamics of a Riverine Civilization: A Geoarchaeological
Perspective on the Nile Valley, Egypt. World Archaeology 29/1: 51-74. Available
through www.jstor.org
Jeffreys, D. 2007. The Nile Valley. In Wilkinson, T. (ed.), The Egyptian World, 7-14.
EGYPTOLOGY A 5 WIL, ISSUE DESK WIL 10
Murnane, 1995. The History of Ancient Egypt: An Overview. In Sasson, J. (ed.) (1995)
Civilizations of the Ancient Near East II, 691-718. New York: Scribners. INST
ARCH DBA 100 SAS
Parcak, S. 2010. The Physical Context of Egypt. In Lloyd, A. B. (ed.), A Companion to
Ancient Egypt I, 3-22. Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell. EGYPTOLOGY A 5 LLO,
available online via SFX
Redford, D. B. 2008. History and Egyptology. In Wilkinson, R. (ed.), Egyptology Today,
23-35. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press EGYPTOLOGY A 9 WIL
Spalinger, A. J. 2001. Chronology and Periodization. In Redford, D. B. (ed.), The Oxford
encyclopedia of ancient Egypt, Vol. I, 264-268. Oxford University Press.
EGYPTOLOGY A 2 OXF
Wilson, P. 2007. The Nile Delta. In Wilkinson, T. (ed.), The Egyptian World, 15-28.
Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. EGYPTOLOGY A 5 WIL, ISSUE DESK
WIL 10
Lecture 2. 22nd January 2016:
Big Discoveries: The Wider Context
While many major globally relevant discoveries have been found in the Near East and
Egypt, such as the first writing, first cities, first law code, etc., how do these discoveries fit
the wider context of understanding these regions in their archaeological and social context?
Additionally, we will examine how modern techniques shape our understanding of
discoveries made recently and long ago.
Reading:
Essential Readings:
Jeffreys, D. 2003. Introduction – Two Hundred Years of Ancient Egypt: Modern History
and Ancient Archaeology. In Jeffreys, D. (ed.). Views of ancient Egypt since
Napoleon Bonaparte. Imperialism, conolialism and modern appropriations, 1-18.
London: UCL Press.
Said, E. 1985. Orientalism reconsidered. Cultural Critique 1:89-107.
Trigger, B. 1984. Alternative archaeologies: Nationalist, colonialist, imperialist. Man
19(3):355-370.
Wengrow, D. 1999. The intellectual adventure of Henri Frankfort: A missing chapter in the
history of archaeological thought. American Journal of Archaeology 103(4):597-613.
Further Readings:
Bednarski, A. 2010. The Reception of Egypt in Europe. In Lloyd, A. (ed.), A companion to
Ancient Egypt, volume 2, 1086-1108. Oxford, Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell.
EGYTPOLOGY A 5 LLO, available online via SFX
Bohrer, F.N. 2003. Orientalism and visual culture: Imaging Mesopotamia in the
Nineteenth-Century Europe. Cambridge University Press. ANCIENT HISTORY D 52
BOH.
Bright, J. 1942. Has archaeology found evidence of the flood. The Biblical Archaeologist
5(4):55-62+72. INST Pers.
British Museum 1972. Treasures of Tutankhamun. London: British Museum Press.
Clayton, P. A. 1982. The rediscovery of Egypt: artists and travellers in the 19th century.
Hampshire: Thames & Hudson. EGYPTOLOGY A 8 CLA
Colla, E. 2007. Conflicted antiquities: Egyptology, Egyptomania, Egyptian modernity.
Durham, NC, London: Duke University Press. (Chapter 1 on the Memnon head)
EGYPTOLOGY A 8 COL
Cooper, J et al. 1996. The study of the ancient Near East in the twenty-first century: the
William Foxwell Albright Centennial Conference. Eisenbrauns. ISSUE DESK IOA
COO 4.
Fagan, B. 2004. The rape of the Nile: tomb robbers, tourists, and archaeologists in Egypt.
Oxford, Boulder, CO: Westview Press. EGYPTOLOGY A 8 FAG
Hassan, F. A. 2010. Egypt in the memory of the world. In Wendrich, W. (ed.), Egyptian
Archaeology, 259-273. Oxford, Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell. EGYPTOLOGY A 6
WEN
Kuklick, B. 1996. Puritans in Babylon : the ancient Near East and American intellectual
life, 1880-1930. Princeton University Press. INST ARCH AG 10 KUK.
Montserrat, D. 2000. Akhenaten: history, fantasy and ancient Egypt. London: Routledge.
EGYPTOLOGY B 12 MON
Moreno-Garcia, J. C. 2014. The cursed discipline? The peculiarities of Egyptology at the
turn of the Twenty-First century. In Carruthers, W. (ed.), Histories of Egyptology:
Interdisciplinary Measures, 50-63. Routledge: London.
Moser, S. 2006. Wondrous curiosities: ancient Egypt at the British Museum. Chicago,
London: University of Chicago Press. EGYPTOLOGY C 10 BM
Ray, J. D. 2007. The Rosetta Stone and the rebirth of ancient Egypt. London: Profile
books.
Parkinson, R. 2005. The Rosetta Stone. London: British Museum Press. INST ARCH
EGYPTOLOGY T 30 ROS, IOA ISSUE DESK PAR 4.
Said, E. 2003. Orientalism. Penguin: London. HISTORY 6 A SAI.
Pritchard, J.B. 1958. The Ancient Near East: Anthology of Texts and Pictures. Princeton
University Press. INST ARCH DBA 100 PRI
Reid, D.M. 1985. Indigenous Egyptology: The decolonization of a profession. Journal of
the American Oriental Society 105: 233-246. Available through www.jstor.org
Reid, D. M. 2002. Rediscovering Ancient Egypt: Champollion and al-Tahtawi. In Reid, D.
M. (ed.), Whose Pharaohs? Archaeology, Museums, and Egyptian National Identity
from Napoleon to World War I, 21-63. Berkeley, Los Angeles, London: University of
California Press. EGYPTOLOGY A 8 REI
Trigger, B. G. 2006. A history of archaeological thought. 2nd edition. Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press. INST ARCH AG TRI
Lecture 3. 29th January 2016:
The Neolithic
Gordon Childe coined the term of the “Neolithic Revolution” for describing developments
such as the beginning of sedentism and domestication of animals and plants, pivotal for the
emergence of larger polities. The Ancient Near East is the birthplace of “modern” ways of
life adopted later also in other areas of the world such as in Egypt. Childe’s model has a
great explanatory power but is now controversially debated with new data from across the
globe. The lecture sets recent archaeological results against a wider discussion of the
“Neolithisation” of the world.
Reading:
Essential Readings:
Köhler, E. Christiana. 2011. Neolithic in the Nile Valley (Fayum A, Merimde, el-Omari,
Badarian). Archéo-Nil 21, 17-20. INST ARCH PERS
Byrd, B.F. 2005. Reassessing the emergence of village life in the Near East. Journal of
Archaeological Research 13(3):231-290.
Watkins, T. 2009. ‘From foragers to complex societies in Southwest Asia’, in C. Scarre
(ed.) The Human Past. World Prehistory and the Development of Human Societies.
London: Thames and Hudson, Pages 200-233. INST ARCH BC 100 SCA
Wengrow, D. 2006. Neolithic economy and society. In Wengrow, D., The Archaeology of
Early Egypt: Social Transformation in North-East Africa, 10,000 to 2650 BC, pp.
41-62. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. EGYPT B 11 WEN, ISSUE
DESK IOA WEN 7
Further Readings:
Early villages in the ‘Fertile Crescent’
Bar-Yosef, O. and Meadow, R.H. (1995) ‘The origins of agriculture in the Near East’, in
D.T. Price and A.B. Gebauer (eds.) Last Hunters, First Farmers: New Perspectives on
the Prehistoric Transition to Agriculture, Santa Fe, New Mexico: School of American
Research Press (School of American Research Advanced Seminar Series): 39-94.
INST ARCH HA PRI
Barker, G. (2009) ‘Early farming and domestication’, in B. Cunliffe, C. Gosden and R. A.
Joyce (eds) The Oxford Handbook of Archaeology, Oxford: University Press: 445-483.
INST ARCH AH CUN
Braidwood, R (1958) 'Near Eastern prehistory' Science 127(3312):1419-1430.
Kuijt, I. (2000) ‘Keeping the peace: ritual, skull caching and community integration in the
Levantine Neolithic’, in I. Kuijt (ed), Life in Neolithic Farming Communities, 137164. Kluwer Academic/Plenum, New York. INST ARCH DBA 100 KUI; ISSUE
DESK
Neolithic life in Anatolia
Atalay, S. and Hastorf, C.A. (2006) 'Food, meals, and daily activities: Food Habitus at
Neolithic Çatalhöyük.' American Antiquity 71(2):283-319.
Esin, U. and Harmankaya, S. (1999) ‘Aşıklı’, in M. Özdoğan and N. Başgelen (eds.)
Neolithic In Turkey: The Cradle of Civilization, Istanbul: Arkeoloji ve Sanat Yayınları
(Ancient Anatolian Civilizations Series 3): 115-132. INST ARCH ISSUE DESK IOA
OZD
Hauptmann, H. (1999) ‘The Urfa region’, in M. Özdoğan and N. Başgelen (eds.) Neolithic
in Turkey: The Cradle of Civilization, Istanbul: Arkeoloji ve Sanat Yayınları (Ancient
Anatolian Civilizations Series 3): 65-86. INST ARCH ISSUE DESK IOA OZD
Mellaart, J. (1967) Çatal Hüyük; A Neolithic Town in Anatolia, London: Thames and
Hudson. Pages 1-32 and illustrations. INST ARCH DBC 10 MEL
Rosenberg, M. and Redding, R.W. (2000) ‘Hallan Çemi and early village organization in
eastern Anatolia’, in I. Kuijt (ed.) Life in Neolithic Farming Communities. Social
Organization, Identity, and Differentiation, New York: Kluwer: 39-61. INST ARCH
DBA 100 KUI
*Sagona, A. and P. Zimansky (2009) Ancient Turkey, London: Routledge. Pages 37-123.
INST ARCH DBC 100 SAG
The Neolithic of Iran
Mathews, R., Y. Mohammadifar, W. Matthews, A. Motarjem (2010) ‘Investigating the
Early Neolithic of Western Iran: The Central Zagros Archaeological Project (CZAP).’
Antiquity 084 (323). http://www.antiquity.ac.uk/projgall/matthews323/.
Weeks, L. (2006) ‘The Neolithic settlement of highland SW Iran’, Iran 44: 1-31. INST
ARCH Pers
The Neolithic in Egypt and the Sudan (see also lecture 3 “Egypt and Africa”)
Bard, K. 2007. An Introduction to the Archaeology of Ancient Egypt, chapter 4. Malden,
Mass., Oxford: Blackwell. EGYPTOLOGY A 5 BAR, ISSUE DESK IOA BAR 29
Brunton, G and G. Caton-Thompson 1928. The Badarian civilization and prehistoric
remains near Badari. London: Quaritch. EGYPTOLOGY QUARTOS E 30 [46]
Hendrickx, S. and D. Huyge, W. Wendrich 2010. Worship without writing. In Wendrich,
W. (ed.), Egyptian Archaeology, 15-35. Oxford, Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell.
EGYPTOLOGY A 6 WEN
Kabaciński, J. and M. Chłodnicki, M. Kobusiewicz (eds.) (2012). Prehistory of
Northeastern Africa: New Ideas and Discoveries. Poznań: Muzeum
Archeologiczne w Poznaniu. INST ARCH DC 100 KAB
Nicoll, K. (2004). Recent environmental change and prehistoric human activity in Egypt
and Northern Sudan. Quaternary Science Reviews 23: 561-580. Kuper, R. and S.
Kröpelin 2006. Climate-Controlled Holocene Occupation in the Sahara: Motor of
Africa’s Evolution. Science 313: 803-807. Accessible online.
Shirai, N. 2013. Was Neolithisation a struggle for existence and the survival of the fittest,
or merely the survival of the luckiest? A case study of socioeconomic and cultural
changes in Egypt in the Early-Middle Holocene. In Shirai, N. (ed.) Neolithisation
of Northeastern Africa, 213-236. Berlin: Ex Oriente. (On Fayum) DC 100
QUARTOS SHI
Tassie, G. J. 2014. Prehistoric Egypt: socioeconomic transformations in north-east Africa
from the last glacial maximum to the Neolithic, 24,000 to 6,000 cal BP. London:
Golden House Publications. EGYPTOLOGY B 11 TAS
Wendorf, F. and R. Schild (1998). Nabta Playa and its role in Northeastern African
Prehistory. Journal of Anthropologcial Archaeology 17.2: 97-123. Available
through SFX
Wendorf, F. and R. Schild (2004). The Western Desert during the 5th and 4th millennia
BC: the Late and Final Neolithic in the Nabta-Kiseiba Area. Archéo-Nil 14: 13-30.
Lecture 4. 5th February 2016:
The Formation of Early States
The Fourth millennium sees the formation of regionally specific styles of visual display,
material culture, increasing social hierarchies and early urbanisation ultimately leading in
some regions of the Ancient Near East to early states. This is coupled with the invention of
writing and bureaucracy, usually seen as key factors for the “Great Divide” between Prehistory and History. The lecture summarises the major developments in Egypt and
Mesopotamia and concludes with some critical comments on the underpinnings of
archaeological discussions on the period.
Reading:
Essential Readings:
Algaze, G. 2012. Expansionary dynamics of some early pristine states. American
Anthropologists 95(2):304-333.
Köhler, E. C. 2010. Theories of state formation. In Wendrich, W. (ed.), Egyptian
Archaeology, 36-54. Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell. EGYPTOLOGY A 6 WEN
Levy, T. 1995. Cult, metallurgy and rank societies: Chalcolithic period. In The
Archaeology of Society in the Holy Land (ed. T. Levy). Leicester, pp. 226-243.
DBE 100 LEV and Issue Desk
Wenke, R. J. 1991. The evolution of early Egyptian civilization: issues and evidence.
Journal of World Prehistory 5: 279-329. Available through SFX
Further Readings:
Late Neolithic and Chalcolithic societies in the Levant
Banning, E.B., Rahimi, D., and Siggers, J. (1994) 'The late Neolithic of the southern
Levant: Hiatus, settlement shift, or observer bias? The perspective from Wadi Ziqlab.'
Paléorient 20(2):151-164.
Rowan, Y.M. And Golden, J. (2009) 'The Chalcolithic period of the southern Levant: A
synthetic review,' Journal of World Prehistory 22(1):1-92.
Chalcolithic Societies of Mesopotamia and Iran
Curtis, J. (ed.) (1993) Early Mesopotamia and Iran, London: British Museum. Pages 23-30.
INST ARCH DBA 100 CUR
Nissen, H. (1986) Early History of the Ancient Near East, Chicago: University of Chicago
Press. INST ARCH DBA 600 NIS
Nissen, H.J., Damerow, P. and Englund, R.K. (1993) Archaic Bookkeeping: Early Writing
and Techniques of Economic Administration in the Ancient Near East, Chicago:
University of Chicago Press. INST ARCH DBA 600 NIS
Oates, D. and Oates, J. (1980) The Rise of Civilization, Oxford: Elsevier Phaidon. INST
ARCH DBA 100 Qto OAT
Pollock, S. (1999) Ancient Mesopotamia, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Pages
5-6, 93-116, 149-72. INST ARCH DBB 100 POL; ISSUE DESK IOA POL
Potts, D.T. (1999) The Archaeology of Elam. Formation and Transformation of an Ancient
Iranian State, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. INST ARCH DBG 100 POT;
ISSUE DESK DBG 100 POT
Redman, C.L. (1978) The Rise of Civilization. From Early Farmers to Urban Society in
the Ancient Near East, San Francisco: W.H. Freeman. Pages 198-201. INST ARCH
DBA 100 RED
Safar, F., Mustafa, M.A., and Lloyd, S. (1981) Eridu. Republic of Iraq, Ministry of Culture
and Information, State Organization of Antiquites and Heritage.
Stein, G. (1994) 'Economy, ritual, and power in 'Ubaid Mesopotamia.' In G. Stein and M.S.
Rothman (eds.), Chiefdoms and Early States in the Near East: The Organizational
Dynamics of Complexity. Monographs in World Archaeology, No. 18. Madison, WI:
Prehistory Press. Pages 35-46.
Stein, G. (2007) ‘Local identities and interaction spheres: Modeling regional variation in
the Ubaid horizone,’ in: Beyond the Ubaid: Transformations and Integration in the
Late Prehistoric Societies of the Middle East, Robert Carter and Graham Philip (eds.).
SAOC 63. Pages 23-44. (see: http://oi.uchicago.edu/pdf/saoc63.pdf).
Predynastic and Early Dynastic periods in Egypt
Archéo-Nil: Revue de la société pour l'étude des cultures prépharaonique de la vallée du
Nil. (This journal offers papers on Egyptian Prehistory to Early Dynastic Egypt in
English, French, and German. Each volume concludes with bibliographic review
providing easy access to recent literature in the field.) INST ARCH PERS
Bard, K.A., 1994. From Farmers to Pharaohs. Mortuary Evidence for the Rise of Complex
Society in Egypt. Sheffield: Sheffield Academic Press. EGYPTOLOGY
QUARTOS E 7 BAR
van den Brink, E. C. M. and T. Levy (eds.) 2002. Egypt and the Levant: Interrelations
from the 4th through the early 3rd Millennium BC. London, New York: Leicester
University Press. INST ARCH BRI 7, ISSUE DESK IOA BRI 7
Craig Patch, D. (ed.) (2011). Dawn of Egyptian Art. New York: Metropolitan Museum of
Art. EGYPTOLOGY M 5 PAT
Koehler, E. C. 2010. Prehistoy. In Lloyd, A. B. (ed.), A Companion to Ancient Egypt I, 2547. Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell. EGYPTOLOGY A 5 LLO, available online via
SFX
Midant-Reynes, B. 2000. The Prehistory of Egypt from the First Egyptians to the First
Pharaohs. Translated from the French by Ian Shaw. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers.
EGYPTOLOGY B 11 MID
Teeter, E. (ed) 2011. Egypt Before the Pyramids. The Origins of Egyptian Civilization.
Chicago: Oriental Institute. EGYPTOLOGY QARTOS B 11 TEE and available
online: http://oi.uchicago.edu/research/pubs/catalog/oimp/oimp33.html
Wengrow, D. 2006. The Archaeology of Early Egypt. Cambridge: Cambridge University
Press. EGYPTOLOGY B 11 WEN, ISSUE DESK IOA WEN 7
Wenke, R. J. 2009. The ancient Egyptian state: the origins of Egyptian culture (c. 8002000 BC). New York: Cambridge University Press. EGYPTOLOGY B 6 WEN
Yoffee, N. 2005. Myths of the archaic state: Evolution of the earliest cities, states, and
civilizations. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. INST ARCH BC 100 YOF
State formation, general and Egypt
Anđelković, B. 2006. Models of state formation in Predynastic Egypt. In Kroeper, K. And
C. Marek, M. Kobusiewicz (eds.), Archaeology of early Northeastern Africa: In
Memory of lech Krzyżaniak, 593-609. Poznan: Archaeological Museum. INST
ARCH DC 100 KRO, ISSUE DESK IOA KRO 1
Anđelković, B. 2011. Factors of state formation in Protodynastic Egypt. In Friedman, R.F.
and P. N. Fiske (eds.), Egypt at its origins 3: Proceedings of the Third
International Conference „Origin of the state: Predynastic and early dynastic
Egypt“, London 27th July - 1st August 2008, 1219-1228. Leuven: Peeters.
EGYPTOLOGY A 6 FRE
Campagno, M. 2011. Kinship, concentration of population and the emergence of the state
in the Nile Valley. In Friedman, R.F. and P. N. Fiske (eds.), Egypt at its origins 3:
Proceedings of the Third International Conference „Origin of the state:
Predynastic and early dynastic Egypt“, London 27th July - 1st August 2008, 12291242. Leuven: Peeters. EGYPTOLOGY A 6 FRE
Feinman, G. M. and J. Marcus (ed.) (1998). Archaic States. Santa Fee, NM: School of
American Research Press. INST ARCH BD FEI
Grajetzki, W. 2004. Tarkhan: A cemetery at the time of Egyptian state formation. London:
Golden House Publications. EGYPTOLOGY E 7 GRA
Guksch, G. E. (1991). Ethnological models and processes of state formation: Chiefdom
survivals in the Old Kingdom. Göttinger Miszellen 125: 37-50.
*Köhler, E. C. (2010). Theories of State Formation. In Wendrich, W. (ed.), Egyptian
Archaeology, 36-54. Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell. EGYPTOLOGY A 6 WEN
Smith, M. E. (ed.) (2012). The Comparative Archaeology of Complex Societies. New
York, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. INST ARCH AH SMI#
Egypt and Africa
Celenko, T. (ed.) (1996). Egypt in Africa. Indianapolis: Indianapolis Museum of Art.
EGYPTOLOGY QUARTOS B20 CEL
Davies, W. V. (ed.) (1999). Egypt and Africa: Nubia from Prehistory to Islam. London:
British Museum Press. EGYPTOLOGY QUARTOS B 60 DAV
Derricourt, R. 2011. Ancient Egypt and African sources of civilisation. In Derricourt, R.,
Inventing Africa: History, archaeology and ideas, 103-119. New York: Pluto
Books. INST ARCH DC 100 DER
Edwards, D. N. (2004). The Nubian Past: An Archaeology of the Sudan. London:
Routledge. EGYPTOLOGY E 120 EDW
Edwards, D. N. (2007). The Archaeology of Sudan and Nubia. Annual Review of
Anthropology 36: 211-228. Available through SFX (an introductory overview of
Nubian history)
Exell, Karen (ed.) (2011). Egypt in its African context: proceedings of the conference held
at The Manchester Museum, University of Manchester, 2-4 October 2009. Oxford:
Archaeopress. EGYPTOLOGY QUARTOS B 20 EXE
Howe, S. (1998). Afrocentrism: Mythical Pasts and Imagined Homes. London, New York:
Verso. INST ARCH DC 200 HOW
Levkowitz, M. (1997). Not out of Africa: How Afrocentrism Became an Excuse to Teach
Myth as History. Princeton: Princeton University Press. Main library ANCIENT
HISTORY P 72 LEF
O’Connor, D. (1990). Egyptology and Archaeology: An African Perspective. In
Robertshaw, P. (ed.), A History of African Archaeology, 236-251. London: Currey.
INST ARCH DC 100 ROB, ISSUE DESK IOA ROB 4
O’Connor, D. (1993). Ancient Nubia: Egypt’s Rival in Africa. Philadelphia, PA: University
of Pennsylvania EGYPTOLOGY QUARTOS B 60 OCO
Roth, A. M. (1995). Building bridges to Afrocentrism. Newsletter of the American
Research Center in Egypt 167.1: 14-17 and 168.1:12-15. See also online:
http://www.africa.upenn.edu/Articles_Gen/afrocent_roth.html
Shaw, T. (ed.) (1993). The Archaeology of Africa: Food, Metals and Towns. London:
Routledge. INST ARCH DC SHA
Tőrők. L. 2009). Bewteen Two Worlds: The Frontier Region Between Ancient Nubia and
Egypt, 3700 BC – 500 AD. Brill: Leiden. EGYPTOLOGY B 20 TOR
William, A. Y. (1977). Nubia: Corridor to Africa. London: Allen Lane. EGYPTOLOGY
B 60 ADA
Lecture 5. 12th February 2016:
Sacred Kingship: Temples, Palaces, and Pyramids
One of the fundamental social innovations of early states is the emergence of a new type of
rule characterised by the association of kings with the gods and monumental display.
While social developments are similar in the Ancient Near East and Egypt monumental
display takes individual shapes in different areas reflected in the material record. The
lecture compares some of the most iconic monuments of the pre-classical worlds and
outlines shared trajectories and unique features.
Reading:
Essential Readings:
Baines, J. 1995. Palaces and Temples of Ancient Egypt. In Sasson, J. (ed.), Civilizations of
the Ancient Near East I, 303-318. New York: Scribners. INST ARCH DBA 100
SAS
Lehner, M., 1997. The Complete Pyramids, chapter IV "The Living Pyramid", p. 200-243.
London: Thames and Hudson. EGYPTOLOGY K 7 LEH The book is onlinve
available via https://archive.org/
Potts, D. 1997. Mesopotamian Civilization: The Material Foundations. Chapter 9. INST
ARCH DBB 200 POT
Van De Mieroop, M. 2007. A History of the Ancient Near East ca. 3000-323 BC, Oxford:
Blackwell. Pages 39-58. INST ARCH DBA 100 MIE
Further Readings:
Mesopotamia and Beyond
Aruz, J. (ed.) (2003) Art of the First Cities. The Third Millennium B.C. from the
Mediterranean to the Indus, New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art. INST ARCH
DBA 300 Qto ARU
Kuhrt, A. (1995) The Ancient Near East, c. 3000-330 BC, London: Routledge. Pages 2744. INST ARCH DBA 100 KUH.
Liverani, M. (1993) ‘Akkad: An introduction’, in M. Liverani (ed.) Akkad. The First World
Empire, (History of the Ancient Near East Studies 5) Padova: Sargon srl: 1-10. INST
ARCH DBB 200 LIV
Pollock, S. (1999) Ancient Mesopotamia, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Pages
205-217. INST ARCH DBB 100 POL; ISSUE DESK IOA POL
Potts, D.T. (1999) The Archaeology of Elam. Formation and Transformation of an Ancient
Iranian State, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. INST ARCH DBG 100 POT;
ISSUE DESK DBG 100 POT. Chapter 4.
Postgate, J.N. (1992) Early Mesopotamia. Society and Economy at the Dawn of History,
London: Routledge. Pages 25-40. INST ARCH DBB 100 POS; ISSUE DESK IOA
POS 2
Woolley, L. and Moorey, P.R.S. (1982) Ur ‘of the Chaldees’, Ithaca: Cornell University
Press. INST ARCH DBB 10 WOO
Zettler, R. L. and Horne, L. (eds) (1998) Treasures from the Royal Tombs of Ur.
Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Museum. INST ARCH DBB 300 ZET
Egyptian kingship
Richards, J. (2010). Kingship and Legitimation. In Wendrich, W. (ed.), Egyptian
Archaeology, 55-84. Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell. EGYPTOLOGY A 6 WEN
O’Connor, D. and D. P. Silverman (eds.) (1995). Ancient Egyptian Kingship. Leiden, New
York, Cologne: E. J. Brill. EGYPTOLOGY B 20 OCO
Frankfort, H. (1948). Kingship and the gods: A Study of Ancient Near Eastern Religion as
the Integration of Society and Nature. Chicago, London: University of Chicago
Press. INST ARCH DBA 200 FRA
Leprohon, R. J. (1995). Royal Ideology and State Administration in Ancient Egypt. In
Sasson, J. (ed.) (1995) Civilizations of the Ancient Near East I, 273-288. New
York: Scribners. INST ARCH DBA 100 SAS
Egyptian pyramids, tombs, and funerary practice
Assmann, J., 2005. Death and salvation in ancient Egypt. Translated from the German by
D. Lorton. London: Cornell University Press. EGYPTOLOGY R 5 ASS
Baines, J. and P. Lacovara 2002. Burial and the dead in ancient Egyptian society: respect,
formalism, neglect. Journal of social archaeology 2/1: 5-36. Online Reading List
ARCLG197
Bard, K. 2007. An Introduction to the Archaeology of Ancient Egypt, chapter 6, p. 121-166.
Malden, Mass., Oxford: Blackwell. EGYPTOLOGY A 5 BAR, ISSUE DESK IOA
BAR 29
Dodson, A. and S. Ikram 2008. The tomb in ancient Egypt: Royal and private sepulchers
from the early dynastic period to the Romans. London: Thames and Hudson.
EGYPTOLOGY E 7 DOD
Dodson, A. and S. Ikram 1998. The mummy in ancient Egypt: Equipping the dead for
eternity. London: Thames and Hudson. EGYPTOLOGY E 7 IKR
Grajetzki, W. 2004. Harageh: An Egyptian burial ground for the rich, around 1800 BC.
London: Golden House Publications. EGYPTOLGY E 7 GRA
Grajetzki, W. 2005. Sedment: Burials of Egyptian farmers and noblemen over the
centuries. London: Golden House Publications. EGYPTOLOGY E 7 GRA
Hays, H. M. 2010. Funerary Rituals (Pharaonic Period). In Dieleman, J. and W. Wendrich
(eds.),
UCLA
Encyclopedia
of
Egyptology,
Los
Angeles.
http://escholarship.org/uc/item/1r32g9zn
Hornung, E. & Lorton, D., 1999. The ancient Egyptian books of the afterlife. Ithaca, N.Y:
Cornell Univ. Press. EGYPTOLOGY V 50 HOR
Ikram, S., 2007. Afterlife Beliefs and Burial Customs. In Wilkinson, T. (ed.), The Egyptian
World, 340-351, London and New York: Routledge. EGYPTOLOGY A 5 WIL
Kanawati, N. 2001. The Tomb and beyond. Burial customs of the Egyptian officials.
Warminster: Aris and Phillips. EGYPTOLOGY QUARTOS E 7 KAN
Montserrat, D. and L. Meskell 1997. Mortuary Archaeology and Religious Landscape at
Graeco-Roman Deir el-Medina. The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology 83: 179-197.
Available through JSTOR
Parker Pearson, M. 1999. The archaeology of death and burial. Stroud: Sutton. INST
ARCH AH PAR; ISSUE DESK IOA PAR 8 (This is an excellent background
reading on funerary archaeology more generally.)
Redford, D. B., 2001. The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt, vol. III, Oxford: Oxford
University Press. EGYPTOLOGY A 2 OXF
Weeks, K. R., Tombs: An Overview, 418-425
Arnold, D., Tombs: Royal Tombs, 425-433
Dodson, A., Tombs: Private Tombs, 433-442
Redford, D. B., 2001. The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt, vol. I, Oxford: Oxford
University Press. EGYPTOLOGY A 2 OXF
Lesko, L. H., Funerary Literature, 570-575
Richards, J. E. 2005. Society and death in ancient Egypt: mortuary landscapes of the
Middle Kingdom. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. EGYPTOLOGY E 7
RIC
Riggs, C. 2010. Body. In Frood, E. and W. Wendrich (eds.), UCLA Encyclopedia of
Egyptology, Los Angeles. http://escholarship.org/uc/item/0n21d4bm
Riggs, C. 2010. Funerary Rituals (Ptolemaic and Roman Periods). In Dieleman, J. and W.
Wendrich (eds.), UCLA Encyclopedia of Egyptology, Los Angeles.
http://escholarship.org/uc/item/1n10x347
Smith, M. 2009. Democratization of the Afterlife. In Dieleman, J. and W. Wendrich (eds.),
UCLA
Encyclopedia
of
Egyptology,
Los
Angeles.
http://escholarship.org/uc/item/70g428wj
Snape, S. 2011. Ancient Egyptian tombs: The culture of life and death. Malden, Mass.:
Wiley-Blackwell. EGYPTOLOGY E 7 SNA
Stevenson, A. 2009. Predynastic Burials. In Wendrich, W. (ed.), UCLA Encyclopedia of
Egyptology, Los Angeles. http://escholarship.org/uc/item/2m3463b2
Egyptian temples and religious practice
http://dlib.etc.ucla.edu/projects/Karnak/
Baines, J. 1997. Temples as symbols, guarantors and participants in Egyptian civilization.
In Quirke, S. (ed.), The temple in ancient Egypt: new discoveries and recent
research, 216-241. London: British Museum Press.
Bussmann, R. 2011. Local traditions in early Egyptian temples. In Friedman, R. F. and P.
N. Fiske (eds.), Egypt at its origins 3: Proceedings of the Third International
Conference “Origin of the State. Predynastic and Early Dynastic Egypt”, 747-762.
Leuven, Paris, Walpole: Peeters Publishers. EGYPTOLOGY A 6 FRI, available on
academia.edu
O’Connor 1995. The Social and Economic Organization of Ancient Egyptian Temples. In
Sasson, J. et al. (eds), Civilizations of the Ancient Near East I, 319-329. Peabody,
Mass.: Hendrickson. INST ARCH DBA 100 SAS; ANCIENT HISTORY
QUARTOS B 5 SAS
Goebs, K. 2007. Kingship. In Wilkinson, T. (ed.), The Egyptian World, 275-295. London,
New York: Routledge. EGYPTOLOGY A 5 WIL, ISSUE DESK WIL 10
Gundlach, R. and K. Spence (eds) 2011. Palace and Temple: Architecture – Decoration –
Ritual. Proceedings of the 5th Smyposium on Egyptian Royal Ideology.
Harrassowitz: Wiesbaden. EGYPTOLOGY K 7 GUN
Egyptian palaces
Baines, J. (1995). Palaces and Temples of Ancient Egypt. In Sasson, J. (ed.), Civilizations
of the Ancient Near East I, 303-318. New York: Scribners. INST ARCH DBA 100
SAS
Bietak, M. (ed.) (1996). House and Palace in Ancient Egypt / Haus und Palast im alten
Ägypten. Vienna: Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften.
EGYPTOLOGY QUARTOS K 6 BIE
Lacovara, p. (1997). The New Kingdom Royal City. London: Kegan Paul. EGYPTOLOGY
K 5 LAC
Lecture 6. 26th February 2016
The Origin of the Urban World: The Third Millennium
The modern world across the globe is widely characterised by cities allowing for complex
social interaction. The first developments towards urbanism can be seen in the
Mesopotamian city state civilization while the urban nature of Egypt has been debated
controversially for a long time. Most cities are inhabited over many centuries and
developed into urban mounds archaeologists call “tells”. Other cities, like Amarna, are
short-lived allowing archaeologists to explore urban life in the plain. The lecture presents
key sites in the discussion and demonstrates the potential of settlement archaeology and
related methods.
Reading:
Essential Readings:
Adams, R. 2012. Ancient Mesopotamian urbanism and blurred disciplinary boundaries.
Annual Review of Anthropology 41:1-20
Bietak, M. 1979. Urban Archaeology and the “Town Problem” in Ancient Egypt. In
Weeks, K. (ed.), Egyptology and the social sciences: Five studies. 97-144. ISSUE
DESK IOA WEE; EGYPTOLOGY A 6 WEE
Lehner, M. 2008. Villages and the Old Kingdom. In Wendrich, W. (ed.), Egyptian
Archaeology, 85-101. Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell. EGYPTOLOGY A 6 WEN
Potts, D.T. (e.d.). 2012. A Companion to the Archaeology of the Ancient Near East.
Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell. INST ARCH DBA 100 POT. Pp. 556-574.
Further Readings:
Early Urbanism in the Near East
Adams, R. 2008. An interdisciplinary overview of a Mesopotamian city and its hinterlands Cuneiform Digital Library Journal
http://cdli.ucla.edu/pubs/cdlj/2008/cdlj2008_001. html (accessed 10 January 2008).
Aruz, J. (ed.) (2003) Art of the First Cities. The Third Millennium B.C. from the
Mediterranean to the Indus, New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art. INST ARCH
DBA 300 Qto ARU. Read Cities of the South and Cities of the North chapters.
Crawford, H. 2004. Sumer and the Sumerians. 2nd edition. INST ARCH DBB 100 CRA.
Chapter 3.
Finkelstein, I and Gophna, R. 1993. Settlement, demographic, and economic patterns in the
highlands of Palestine in the Chalcolithic and Early Bronze Periods and the
beginning of urbanism. Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research
289:1-22.
Kolinski. R. The upper Khabur region in the second part of the third millennium BC.
Altorientalische Forschungen 34(2):342-369.
Steadman, S., McMahon, G., McMahon, J.G. 2011. The Oxford Handbook of Ancient
Anatolia. New York: Oxford University Press. Chapters 10-12. ISSUE DESK IOA
STE 17.
Weiss, H. 1985. Excavations at Tell Leilan and the origins of the north Mesopotamian
cities in the third millennium BC. Paléorient 9(2):39-52.
Weiss, H. (e.d.). 1986. The Origins of Cities in Dry-Farming Syria and Mesopotamia in
the Third Millennium B.C. Four Quarters Publishing. See Moodle site.
Egypt in the Old Kingdom (see also “Basic texts, Egypt” for overivews)
Bárta, M. (ed.) (2006). The Old Kingdom Art and Archaeology: Proceedings of the
Conference Held in Prague, May 31-June 4. Prague: Czech Institute of
Archaoelogy. EGYPTOLOGY QUARTOS B 12 BAR
Lupo, S. (2007). Territorial Appropriation during the Old Kingdom (XXVIIIth-XXIIrd
Centuries BC): The Royal Necropolises and the Pyramid Towns in Egypt.
Archaeopress: Oxford. EGYPTOLOYG QUARTOS E 7 LUP
Metropolitan Museum of Art (ed.) (1999). Egyptian Art in the Age of the Pyramids. New
York: Metropolitan Museum of Art. EGYPTOLOGY QUARTOS M 5 MET
Vymazalová, H., and M. Báarta (eds.) (2008). Chronology and Archaeology in Ancient
Egypt: The Third Millennium. Prague: Czech Institute of Archaoelogy.
EGYPTOLOGY QUARTOS B 10 VYM
Strudwick, N. and H. Strudwick (eds) (2011). Old Kingdom, New Perspectives: Egyptian
Art and Archaeology 2750-2150 BC. Oxford: Oxbow. EGYPTOLOGY QUARTOS
A 6 STR
Settlement Archaeology in Egypt:
Hassan, F. 1993. Town and village in ancient Egypt: Ecology, society and urbanization. In
Shaw, T. (ed.), The archaeology of Africa: Food, metals and towns, 551-569.
London: Routledge.
Lehner, M. 2010. Villages and the Old Kingdom. In Wendrich, W. (ed.), Egyptian
Archaeology, 85-101. Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell. EGYPTOLOGY A 6 WEN
Lehner, M. and A. Tavares 2010. Walls, ways and stratigraphy: signs of social control in
an urban footprint at Giza. In Bietak, M. and E. Czerny (eds.) 2010. Cities and
urbanism in ancient Egypt, 171-216. Wien: Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie
der Wissenschaften. EGYPTOLOGY QUARTOS E 20 BIE
Kemp, B. J. 1977. The city of el-Amarna as a source for the study of urban society in
ancient Egypt. World Archaeology 9: 124-139. INST ARCH PERS and available
online through SFX
Kemp, B. J. 1977. The early development of towns in Egypt. Antiquity 51: 185-200.
Available online through SFX
Kemp, B.J., 2006. Ancient Egypt. Anatomy of a Civilization. 2nd edition. Chapter „Model
communities“. London: Routledge. INST ARCH ISSUE DESK KEM;
EGYPTOLOGY B 5 KEM
Mumford, G. D. 2010. Settlements – Distribution, Structure, Architectonic: Pharaonic. In
Lloyd, A. B. (ed.), A Companion to Ancient Egypt I, 326-349. Chichester: WileyBlackwell. EGYPTOLOGY A 5 LLO, available online via SFX
Seidlmayer, S. J. 1996. Town and state in the early Old Kingdom: A view from
Elephantine. In Spencer, A. J. (ed.), Aspects of early Egypt, 108-127. London:
British Museum Press.
Wenke, R., 1998. City-States, Nation-States, and Territorial States. The problem of Egypt.
In Nichols, D. L. and T. H. Charlton (eds.), The archaeology of city-states: Crosscultural approaches, 27-49. London: Smithsonian Institution Press. INST ARCH
BD NIC
Yoffee, N. 2005. The meaning of cities in the earliest states and civilizations. In Yoffee,
N., Myths of the archaic state: Evolution of the earliest cities, states, and
civilizations, 42-90. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. INST ARCH BC 100
YOF
Wengrow, D. 2010. What Makes Civilization? The Ancient Near East and the Future of
the West, Chapters 4-5 ‘The First Global Village’ and ‘Origin of Cities’. Oxford:
Oxford University Press. Issue desk WEN 8; INST ARCH DBA 100.
Online Sites:
http://www.aeraweb.org/
http://www.amarnaproject.com/index.shtml Amarna Project
http://oi.uchicago.edu/research/projects/edfu/ Edfu Project
http://www.dainst.org/en/project/elephantine?ft=33 Elephantine
http://www.oeai.at/index.php/335.html Website of the Austrian Archaeological Institute
Tell el Dabba
http://www.auaris.at/html/index_en.html Website of excavation project and bibliography
Tell el Dabba
http://www.farkha.org/english/english.html Tell el-Farkha
Urbanism in the Ancient World
Auffrecht, W. E. and N. A. Mirau, S. W. Gauley (eds) (1997). Urbanism in Antiquity:
From Mesopotamia to Crete. Sheffield: Sheffield Univesity Press. ISSUE DESK
IOA AUF
Marcus, A. and J. A. Sabloff (eds) (2008). The Ancient City: New Perspectives on
Urbanism in the Old and New World. Santa Fe: School for Advanced Research
Press. INST ARCH BC 100 MAR
Storey, G.R. (ed.) (2006). Urbanism in the Preindustrial World: Cross-cultural
Approaches. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press.
Ucko, P. J. and R. Tringham, G. W. Dimbleby (eds.) (1972). Man, settlement and
urbanism: Proceedings of a meeting of the Research Seminar in Archaeology and
Related Subjects held at the Institute of Archaeology, London University. London:
Duckworth. INST ARCH BC 100 UCK
Lecture 7. 4th March 2016
Archaeology of the Middle Class
A consequence of social complexity is growing social inequality reflected in the material
record, such as different house sizes, burial equipment, differentiation of the sexes, and
access to prestige goods that are apparent in the Bronze Age. However, we also see the rise
of a “middle class” in some periods, where new forms of household wealth are displayed
and become prominent.
Reading:
Essential Readings:
Baines, J. and N. Yoffee, (1998). Order, Legitimacy, and Wealth in Ancient Egypt and
Mesopotamia. In Feinman, G. and J. Marcus, J. (eds.), Archaic States, 199-260.
Santa Fe: SAR Press. INST ARCH BD FEI
Levy, T. (ed.) 1995. The Archaeology of Society in the Holy Land, Leicester: Leicester
University Press. Articles by Gophna (esp. last 2 pages – on Egypt); Ilan (pp. 297319); and Bunimovitz (pp. 320-331). INST ARCH DBE 100 LEV; ISSUE DESK
Pinnock, F. 2001. The urban landscape of Old Syrian Ebla. Journal of Cuneiform Studies
53:13-33.
Willems, H. 2010. The First Intermediate Period and the Middle Kingdom. In Lloyd, A. B.
(ed.), A Companion to Ancient Egypt I, 81-100. Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell.
EGYPTOLOGY A 5 LLO. Available online through SFX.
Further Readings:
Inequality in Bronze Age Levant, Anatolia, and Mesopotamia
Curtis, A. (1985) Ugarit, Cambridge: Lutterworth Press. INST ARCH DBD 10 CUR
Dever, W. (1987) ‘The Middle Bronze Age: The zenith of the urban Canaanite era’, Biblical
Archaeologist (now renamed Near Eastern Archaeology) 50: 148-177. INST ARCH
Periodicals B
Feldman, M.H. 2009. Hoarded treasures: The Megiddo ivories and the end of the Bronze
Age. Levant 41(2):175-194.
Knapp, A.B. (1992) ‘Bronze Age Mediterranean island cultures and the ancient Near East,
Parts 1-2’, Biblical Archaeologist (now renamed Near Eastern Archaeology 55 (2): 5273 and 55(3): 112-129 INST ARCH Periodicals B
Maeir, A.M 2000. The political and economic status of MB II Hazor and MB II Trade: An
inter- and intra-regional view. Palestine Exploration Quarterly 132(1):37-58.
Moorey, P.R.S. (1975) Biblical Lands, Oxford: Bedrick. pp. 41-64 & 33-40. INST ARCH
DBE 100 MOO; MAIN ANC HIST Qto B52 MOO
Ristvet, L. 2008. Legal and archaeological territories of the second millennium BC in
northern Mesopotamia. Antiquity 82:585-599.
Sasson, J. (ed.) (1995) Civilizations of the Ancient Near East, New York: Scribners.
Articles by Milano, Vol. II: 1219-1230, Soldt, Vol. II: 1255-1266. INST ARCH DBA
100 SAS
Tubb, J. (1999) The Canaanites, London: British Museum. INST ARCH DBE 100 TUB
Yener, A.K. 2007. The Anatolian Middle Bronze Age kingdoms and Alalakh: Mukish,
Kanesh and Trade. Anatolian Studies 57:151-160.
Civilization, general (see also lecture 3 “State Formation”)
Flannery, K. V. (1972). The cultural evolution of civilizations. Annual Review of Ecology
and Systematics 3: 399-426. Available through SFX (outdated but useful as an
introduction to social evolution)
Flannery, K. and J. Marcus 2013. The Creation of Inequality: How our Prehistorical
Ancestors Set the Stage for Monarchy, Slavery, and Empire. Cambridge (MA):
Harvard University Press. INST ARCH BC 100 FLA.
Frankfort, H. (1951). The Birth of Civilization in the Near East. London: Williams &
Norgate. INST ARCH DBA 100 FRA
Wengrow, D. 2010. What Makes Civilization? The Ancient Near East and the Future of
the West, Chapters 4-5 ‘The First Global Village’ and ‘Origin of Cities’. Oxford:
Oxford University Press. Issue desk WEN 8; INST ARCH DBA 100.
Smith, M. E. (ed.) (2012). The Comparative Archaeology of Complex Societies. New
York, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. INST ARCH AH SMI
Trigger, B. 2003. Understanding Early Civilizations: A comparative study. Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press. INST ARCH BC 100 TRI; ISSUE DESK IOA TRI 8
Egyptian Society
Allen, J. P. 2002. The Heqanakht papyri. New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art. ISSUE
DESK IOA ALL
Bourriau, J. 1988. Pharaohs and mortals: Egyptian art in the Middle Kingdom. Catalogue
by Janine Bourriau with a contribution by Stephen Quirke. Cambridge: Cambirdge
University Press. EGYPTOLOGY C 12 FIT
Franke, D. 1995. The Middle Kingdom in Egypt. In Sasson, J. et al. (eds), Civilizations of
the Ancient Near East II, 735-748. Peabody, Mass.: Hendrickson. INST ARCH
DBA 100 SAS; ANCIENT HISTORY QUARTOS B 5 SAS
Garstang, J. 1907. The burial customs of ancient Egypt as illustrated by tombs of the
Middle Kingdom. Being a report of the excavations made in the Necropolis of Beni
Hassan during 1902-3-4. London: Constable. EGYPTOLOGY E 100 GAR
Grajetzki, W. 2006. The Middle Kingdom of ancient Egypt: history, archaeology and
society. London: Duckworth. EGYPTOLOGY B 12 GRA
Grajetzki, W. 2010. Class and Society: Position and Possessions. In Wendrich, W. (ed.),
Egyptian Archaeology, 180-199. Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell. EGYPTOLOGY A
6 WEN
Kamrin, J. 1999. The cosmos of Khnumhotep II at Beni Hassan. London: Kegan Paul.
EGYPTOLOGY E 7 KAM
Kemp, B. J. 1983. Old Kingdom, Middle Kingdom and Second Intermediate Period c.
2686-1552 BC. In Trigger, B. G., Kemp, B. J., O’Connor, D., Lloyd, A. (eds.),
Ancient Egypt: a social history, 71-182. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
EGYPTOLOGY B 5 TRI
Kemp, B. J., 1995. How religious were the ancient Egyptians? Cambridge Archaeological
Journal 5: 25-54. INST ARCH PERS and available online through SFX.
Quirke, S. 2005. Lahun: A town in Egypt 1800 BC, and the history of its landscape.
London: Golden House Publications. (Egyptian Sites). INST ARCH
EGYPTOLOGY E 100 QUI
Richards, J. 1997. Ancient Egyptian mortuary practice and the study of socio-economic
differentiation. In Lustig, J. (ed.), Anthropology and Egyptology: a developing
dialogue, 33-42. Sheffield: Sheffield University Press. EGYPTOLOGY
QUARTOS A 9 LUS
Richards, J. 2005. Society and death in ancient Egypt: Mortuary landscapes of the Middle
Kingdom. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Seidlmayer, S. 2003. The First Intermediate Period (c. 2160-2055). In Shaw, I. (ed.), The
Oxford History of Ancient Egypt, 108-136. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
EGYPTOLOGY B 5 SHA, ISSUE DESK SHA
Seidlmayer, S. J. 2006. People at Beni Hassan: Contributions to a Model of Ancient
Egyptian Rural Society. In Hawass, Z. and J. Richards (eds.), The Archaeology and
Art of Ancient Egypt. Essays in Honor of David B. O’Connor, volume 2, 351-368.
Cairo: Supreme Council of Antiquities. EGYPTOLOGY A 6 OCO
Wegner, J. 2010. Tradition and Innovation: The Middle Kingdom. In Wendrich, W. (ed.),
Egyptian Archaeology, 119-142. Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell. EGYPTOLOGY A
6 WEN#
Willems, H. (ed.) 2001. Social aspects of funerary culture in the Egytian [sic] Old and
Middle Kingdoms. Leuven: Peeters. EGYPTOLOGY B 20 WIL
Willems, H. 2007. Dayr al-Barsha. With the collaboration of Lies Op de Beeck. Leuven:
Peeters.
Lecture 8. 11th March 2016
Globalization
The Late Bronze Age is the first period of globalization and demarcates increased
interactions between elites and general trade. It is also a period of major states and new
empires, such as Egypt, Babylonia, Mitanni, and Hatti, which interacted in a variety of
ways, including warfare, diplomacy, trade, and migration. Textual and material evidence
reflect a rich record demonstrating that the Levant is a pivotal zone of exchange. The
lecture reviews key pieces of evidence in light of recent archaeological discussions on
large-scale interaction.
Reading:
Essential Readings:
Frank, A.G. et al. 1993. Bronze Age World System cycles [and comments and reply].
Current Anthropology 34(4):383-429.
Kemp, B. J. 1978. Imperialism and Empire in New Kingdom Egypt. In Barnsey, P. D. A.
and C. R. Whittaker (eds), Imperialism in the Ancient World, 7-57. Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press. Main Library ANCIENT HISTORY M 61 GAR
Liverani, M. 1987. ‘The collapse of the Near Eastern regional system at the end of the
Bronze Age: the case of Syria’, in M. Rowlands, M.T. Larsen, and K. Kristiansen
(eds) Centre and Periphery in the Ancient World, Cambridge: Cambridge
University Press: 66-73. INST ARCH AB ROW
Smith, S. T. 1997. State and Empire in the Middle and New Kingdoms. In Lustig, J. (ed.),
Egyptology and Anthropology: A Developing Dialogue, 66-89. Sheffield: Sheffield
Academic Press. EGYPTOLOGY QUARTOS A 9 LUS
Further Readings:
Trade and Diplomacy
Cline, E. 1994. Sailing the Wine-Dark Sea: International Trade and the Late Bronze Age
Aegean. George Washington University. INST ARCH DAG 100 Qto CLI
Haldane, C. 1993. Direct evidence for organic cargoes in the Late Bronze Age. World
Archaeology 24(3):348-360.
Vidal, J. 2006. Ugarit and the southern Levantine sea-ports. Journal of the Economic and
Social History of the Orient 49(3):269-279.
Westbrook, R. 2000. Babylonian diplomacy in the Amarna letters. Journal of the
American Oriental Society 120(3):377-382.
The end of the Bronze Age in the Near East
James, P.A. (1991) Centuries of Darkness, London: Jonathan Cape. INST ARCH BC 100
JAM
Neumann, J. and Parpola, S. (1987) ‘Climatic change and the eleventh-tenth century
eclipse of Assyria and Babylonia’, Journal of Near Eastern Studies 46: 161-182.
MAIN CLASSICS Pers
Pfälzner, P. (2006) Syria’s royal tombs uncovered, Current World Archaeology 15: 12-22.
INST ARCH Pers.
Singer, I (2000) New evidence on the end of the Hittite Empire. In E.O Oren (Ed.), The
Sea Peoples and their world: A Reassessment. University Museum Symposium Series
11. Philadelphia, PA: University Museum, pp. 21-33.
Ward, W.A. and Joukowsky, M.S. (eds) (1992) The Crisis Years: the Twelfth Century BC
from beyond the Danube to the Tigris, Dubuque: Kendall/Hunt. INST ARCH ISSUE
DESK IOA WAR 1
Wilhelm, G. (1995) The kingdom of Mitanni in second-millennium Upper Mesopotamia,
in J. M. Sasson (ed.) Civilizations of the Ancient Near East, New York: Scribner,
1243-54. INST ARCH DBA 100 SAS
Near Eastern Archaeology 63:4, December 2000. Special issue devoted to Ugarit. INST
ARCH Pers
Wilhelm, G. (1995) The kingdom of Mitanni in second-millennium Upper Mesopotamia,
in J. M. Sasson (ed.) Civilizations of the Ancient Near East, New York: Scribner,
1243-54. INST ARCH DBA 100 SAS
Near Eastern Archaeology 63:4, December 2000. Special issue devoted to Ugarit. INST
ARCH Pers
Egypt in the Late Bronze Age (see “Basic Texts” for overview of New Kingdom)
Assmann, J. (1995). Egyptian Solar Religion in the New Kingdom: Re, Amun and the
Crisis of Polytheism. Translated from the German by Anhtony Alcock. London:
Kegan Paul International. EGYPTOLOGY R 5 ASS
Bard, K. 2007. An Introduction to the Archaeology of Ancient Egypt, chapter 8, p. 207-262.
Malden, Mass., Oxford: Blackwell. EGYPTOLOGY A 5 BAR, ISSUE DESK IOA
BAR 29
Černý, J. (1973). A Community of Workmen at Thebes in the Ramesside Period. Cairo:
Institut Français d’Archéologie Orientale. EGYPTOLOGY E 28 CER
Janssen, J. J. (1975). Commodity Prices from the Ramessid Period. Leiden: Brill.
EGYPTOLOGY B 12 JAN
Kemp, B. J. (2012). The City of Akhenaten and Nefertiti: Amarna and its People. London:
Thames and Hudson. EGYPTOLOGY B 12 KEM
Kitchen, K. (1982). Pharaoh Triumphant: The Life and Times of Ramesses II, King of
Egypt. Warminster: Aris & Phillips. EGYPTOLOGY B 12 KIT
Kozloff, A. P. and B. M. Bryan, L. M. Berman (eds) (1992). Egypt’s Dazzling Sun:
Amenhotep III and His World. Cleveland: Cleveland Museum of Art in cooperation
with Indiana University Press. EGYPTOLOYG QUARTOS C 81 CLE
Lesko, L. H. (ed.) (1994). Pharaoh’s Workers: The Villagers of Deir el Medina. Ithaca:
Cornell University Press. EGYPTOLOGY B 20 LES
McDowell, A. G. (1999). Village Life in Ancient Egypt: Laundry Lists and Love Songs.
Oxford: Oxfrod University Press. EGYPTOLOGY B 20 MAC
Meskell, L. (2002). Private Life in New Kingdom Egypt. Princeton: Princeton University
Press. EGYPTOLOGY B 20 MES
O’Connor, D. and E. J. Cline. Amenhotep III: Perspectives on his reign. Ann Arbor:
University of Michigan Press. EGYPTOLOGY B 12 OCO
Reeves, C. N. (1990). Valley of the Kings: The Decline of a Royal Necropolis. London:
Thames and Hudson. EGYPTOLOGY E 100 REE
http://www.leidenuniv.nl/nino/dmd/dmd.html Deir el-Medine database
Egypt: Interregional interaction in the Bronze Age
Bevan, A. 2010. Making and marking relationships: Bronze Age brandings and
Mediterranean commodities. In Bevan, A., Wengrow, D. (eds.), Cultures of
commodity branding, 35-85. Walnut Creek, California: Left Coast. INST ARCH
AH BEV
Cohen, R. and R. Westbrook (eds) (1998). Amarna Diplomacy: The Beginnings of
International Relations. Baltimore, London: John Hopkins University Press
EGYPTOLOGY B 12 COH
O’Connor, D. and E. J. Cline. Amenhotep III: Perspectives on his reign. Ann Arbor:
University of Michigan Press. (chapter 7 “The world abroad”, multiple
contributors) EGYPTOLOGY B 12 OCO
Davies, W. V. and L. Schofield (eds.) (1995). Egypt, the Aegean and the Levant:
Interconnections in the Second Millennium BC. London: British Museum Press.
EGYPTOLOGY QUARTOS A 6 DAV
Feldman, Marian H. 2006. Diplomacy by design: luxury arts and an “international style”
in the ancient Near East, 1400-1200 BCE. Chicago, London: University of Chicago
Press.
Higginbotham, C. R. Egyptianization and elite emulation in Ramesside Palestine:
Governance and Accomodation on the imperial periphery. Boston: Brill. INST
ARCH DBE 100 HIG
Kemp, B. J. (2012). The City of Akhenaten and Nefertiti: Amarna and its People. London:
Thames and Hudson. (chapter 4) EGYPTOLOGY B 12 KEM
Moran, W. L. 1992. The Amarna letters. Baltimore, London: The John Hopkins University
Press. EGYPTOLOGY B 12 TEL
Moran, W. L. 2003. Some reflections on Amarna politics. In Moran, W. L., Amarna
studies: collected writing, 327-341. Edited by John Huehnegard and Shlomo
Isre’el. Winona Lake, IN: Eisenbrauns. EGYPTOLOGY B 12 MOR
Morris, E. F. (2005). The Architecture of Imperialism: Military Bases and the Evolution of
Foreign Policy in Egypt’s New Kingdom. Leiden: Brill. EGYTPOLOGY B20 MOR
Sherratt, A. and S. E. Sherratt (1991). From Luxuries to Commodities: The Nature of
Mediterranean Bronze Age Trading Systems. In Gale, N. H. (ed.). Bronze Age
Trade in the Mediterranean, 351-386. Jonsered: Åström. ISSUE DESK IOA GAL
3
Smith, S. T. (1997). State and Empire in the Middle and New Kingdoms. In Lustig, J.
(ed.), Egyptology and Anthropology: A Developing Dialogue, 66-89. Sheffield:
Sheffield Academic Press. EGYPTOLOGY QUARTOS A 9 LUS
Smith, S.T. (2003). Wretched Kush: Ethnic Identities and Boundaries in Egypt’s Nubian
Empire. London: Routledge. EGYPTOLOGY B 60 SMI
Spalinger, A. J. (2005). War in Ancient Egypt: The New Kingdom. Malden, MA, Oxford:
2005. EGYPTOLOGY B 20 SPA
Warburton, D. 2001. Egypt and the Near East: Politics in the Bronze Age. Neuchâtel,
Paris: Recherches et Publications. EGYTPOLOGY B 20 WAR
Yalçin, Ünsal (2006). The ship of Uluburun: A Comprehensive Compenium of the
Exhibition Catalogue „The Ship of Uluburun: World Trade 3000 Years Ago“.
Bochum: Deutsches Bergbau-Museum. ISSUE DESK IOA YAL 1
Lecture 9. 18th March 2016
Development of Empire: The Assyrian and Persian Empires
The empires of the Bronze Age collapse around 1000 BCE, an effect of wider social
developments in the Mediterranean world. During the First millennium, Assyria and
Persia establish successively new types of world empires spanning the entire Near East,
including Egypt. Ultimately, they are forced into the empires of Alexander the Great and
the Romans; however, these major empires left lasting legacies in the region.
Reading:
Essential Readings:
Bedford, P.R. 2009. The Neo-Assyrian Empire. In: The Dynamics of Ancient Empires, in:
Ian Morris and Walter Scheidel (eds.). Oxford University Press, New York. Pages
30-66. ANCIENT HISTORY A 61 MOR
Joffe, A. 2002. Rise of secondary states in the Iron Age Levant. Journal of the Economic
and Social History of the Orient 45(4):425-467.
Naunton, C. 2010. Libyans and Nubians. In Lloyd, A. B. (ed.), A Companion to Ancient
Egypt I, 120-139. Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell. EGYPTOLOGY A 5 LLO,
available online via SFX
Wilkinson, T.J. et al. 2005. Landscape and settlement in the Neo-Assyrian Empire‘.
Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research 340:23-56.
Further Readings:
Curtis, J. and Reade, J. (1995) Art and Empire. Treasures from Assyria in the British
Museum, London: The British Museum. INST ARCH DBB 300 CUR
Liverani, M. 1979.The Ideology of the Assyrian Empire, In M.T. Larsen (ed.), Power and
Propaganda: A Symposium on Ancient Empires. Copenhagen. Pp. 297-317. INST
ARCH DBA 200 LAR
Lloyd, S. (1978) The Archaeology of Mesopotamia from the Old Stone Age to the Persian
Conquest, London: Thames and Hudson. Pages 187-221. INST ARCH ISSUE
DESK DBB 100 LLO
Oates, J. and Oates, D. (2001) Nimrud. An Assyrian Imperial City Revealed, London:
British School of Archaeology in Iraq. INST ARCH DBB 10 OAT
Parker, B. 2001. The Mechanics of Empire: The Northern Frontier of Assyria as a Case
Study in Imperial Dynamics. University of Helsinki: Helsinki.
Parpola, S. and Porter, M. (2001) The Helsinki Atlas of the Near East in the Neo-Assyrian
Period, Helsinki: Neo-Assyrian Text Corpus Project. MAIN ANCIENT HISTORY
Qto B2 PAR
Radner, K. 2000. ‘How did the Assyrian king perceive his land and its Resources?’ Rainfall
and Agriculture in Northern Mesopotamia, in: R.M. Jas (ed.). Proceedings of the
Third MOS Symposium. Leiden. See: http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/86492/1/86492.pdf.
Reade, J. (1983) Assyrian Sculpture, London: British Museum. INST ARCH DBB 300 REA
Saggs, H.W.F. (1984) The Might that was Assyria, London: Sidgwick and Jackson. INST
ARCH DBB 100 SAG
Iron Age Iran and beyond – the Achaemenid empire
Curtis, J. (1989) Ancient Persia, London: British Museum. Pages 32-50. INST ARCH
DBG 100 CUR
Curtis, J. and N. Tallis (2005) Forgotten Empire. The World of Ancient Persia. London:
British Museum. INST ARCH DBG Qto CUR
Ferrier, R.W. (ed.) (1989) The Arts of Persia, London: chapter by M. Roaf. INST ARCH
DBG Qto FER
Harper, P.O., Aruz, J. and Tallon. F. (eds) (1992) The Royal City of Susa. Ancient Near
Eastern Treasures in the Louvre, New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art. Pages 215252. INST ARCH DBG 10 HAR
Kuhrt, A. (1995) The Ancient Near East, c. 3000-330 BC, London: Routledge. Pages 647701. INST ARCH DBA 100 KUH
Moorey, P.R.S. (1975) Biblical Lands, Oxford: Peter Bedrick Books. Pages 107-116; 117136. INST ARCH DBE 100 MOO
Nylander, C. (1965) Ionians at Pasargadae, London. INST ARCH DBG 10 NYL
Roaf, M. 1990. Cultural Atlas of Mesopotamia and the Ancient Near East, Oxford: Facts
on File. Pages 204-221. INST ARCH DBA 100 Qto ROA
Roaf, M. 1995. ‘Media and Mesopotamia: history and architecture’, in J. Curtis (ed.) Later
Mesopotamia and Iran, London: The British Museum: 54-66. INST ARCH DBA 100
CUR
Van De Mieroop, M. 2007. A History of the Ancient Near East ca. 3000-323 BC, Oxford:
Blackwell. Pages 267-80. INST ARCH DBA 100 MIE
Waters, M. (1999) The earliest Persians in Southwestern Iran: The textual evidence. Iranian
Studies 32(1):99-107.
Westenholz, J.G. 1996. Royal Cities of the Biblical World, Exhibition, Bible Lands Museum,
Jerusalem, 1996. Pages 234-83. INST ARCH DBA 100 WES
Egypt in the 1st millennium (see also “Basic Texts” for overviews)
Broekman, G. P. F. and R. J. Demaréee, O. (eds.) (2009). The Libyan Period in Egypt:
Historical and Cultural Studies into the 21st – 24th Dynasties. Leiden: Nederlands
Instituut voor her Nabije Oosten, Peeters. EGYPTOLOGY B 12 BRO
Kitchen, K. A. (1986). The Third Intermediate Period in Egypt (1100-650 B.C.). 2nd edition.
Warminster: Aris & Phillips. EGYPTOLOGY K 12 KIT
Leahy, M. A. (ed.) (1995). Libya and Egypt: ca. 1300-750 BC. London: SOAS Centre of
Near and Middle Eastern Studies and the Society for Libyan Studies EGYPTOLOGY B
20 LEA
Lewis, N. (2001). Greeks in Ptolemaic Egypt: Case Studies in the Social History of the
Hellenistic World. Oakville: American Society of Papyrologists. Main Library
ANCIENT HISTORY C 15 LEW
Morkot, R. G. (2000). The Black Pharaohs: Egypt’s Nubian Rulers. London: Rubicon
EGYPTOLOGY B 60 MOR
Morkot, R. 2001. Egypt and Nubia. In Alcock, S. E. (ed.), Empires: perspectives from
archaeology and history, 227-251. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. INST
ARCH BC 100 ALC
Morkot, R. 2013. From Conquered to Conqueror: The Organization of Nubia in the New
Kingdom and the Kushite Administration. In Moreno García, J. C. (ed.), Ancient Egyptian
Administration, 911-964. Leiden, Boston: Brill.
Myśliwiec, K. (2000). The Twilight of Ancient Egypt: First Millennium B.C.E. Translated
from the German by David Lorton. Ithaca, NY, London: Cornell University Press.
EGYPTOLOGY B 12 MYS
O’Connor, D. (1993). Ancient Nubia: Egypt’s Rival in Africa. Philadelphia, PA: University
of Pennsylvania EGYPTOLOGY QUARTOS B 60 OCO
Rainey, A. F. (ed.) (1987). Egypt, Israel, Sinai: Archaeological and Historical
Relationships in the Biblical Period. Jerusalem: Tel Aviv University. INST ARCH
DBA 100 EGY
Redford, D. B. (1992). Egypt, Canaan and Israel in Ancient Times. Princeton: Princeton
University Press. INST ARCH DBA 100 RED
Ruzicka, S. (2012). Trouble in the West: Egypt and the Persian Empire, 525-332. Oxford:
Oxford University Press. Main library ANCIENT HISTORY F 70 RUZ
Lecture 10. No lecture (lecture material will be posted on Moodle)
The Intellectual Heritage of Egypt and the Ancient Near East
Current Research Projects
The Ancient Near East and Egypt have produced a wide range of ideas weaved into
modern thought. The Great Flood, Moses the Egyptian, and the fairy tales of One
Thousand And One Nights have caught the imagination of people and are transmitted in the
Biblical, Classical, and Arabic Writings. Hellenistic and Arabic authors were also
impressed by the scientific achievements of civilizations that were already ancient for
them; more recent discoveries have also shown the deep roots of modern scientific ideas.
Initially, archaeologists have tried to prove these texts with the material record but have
then moved on to understanding the emergence of textual sources in their contemporary
environment. The lecture reviews some case-studies and outlines how an archaeological
response to these questions could potentially look like. The session also highlights current
research projects in the field, including excavations and projects that students can
participate in.
Reading:
Essential Readings:
Dalley, S (e.d.). 1989. Myths from Mesopotamia: Creation, the Flood, Gilgamesh, and
Others. Oxford University Press. Pp. 39-136. ANCIENT HISTORY D 4 DAL
el-Daly, O. 2003. Ancient Egypt in medieval Arabic writings. In Ucko, P. J. and T. C.
Champion, The wisdom of ancient Egypt: Changing visions through the ages, 3963. London: UCL Press, 2003. EGYPTOLOGY A 8 UCK
Steele, J.M (e.d.). 2007. Calendars and Years: Astronomy and Time in the Ancient Near
East. Pp. 115-132. Oxbow.
Ucko, Egypt Ancient and Modern. 2003. In Ucko, P. J. and T. C. Champion, The wisdom
of ancient Egypt: Changing visions through the ages, 1-22. London: UCL Press.
EGYPTOLOGY A 8 UCK Parts of this chapter are online available:
http://books.google.de/books?id=PWvVaDvvBTYC&pg=PA13&hl=de&source=gb
s_toc_r&cad=3#v=onepage&q&f=false.
Further Readings:
Astronomy
Steele, J.M. 2011. Visual aspects of the transmission of Babylonian astronomy and its
reception into Greek astronomy. Annals of Science 68(4):453-465.
Economy
Baumol, W.J. 2010. The invention of enterprise: Entrepreneurship from Ancient
Mesopotamia to modern times. Princeton University Press. ECONOMICS N 46
LAN.
Stolper, M.W. 1985. Entrepreneurs and empire: The Murashu Archive, the Murashu Firm,
and Persian Rule in Babylonia. Uitgaven van het Nederlands HistorischArchaeologisch Instituut te İstanbul. ANCIENT HISTORY F 14 STO
Technology and Medicine
Hatton, G.D. et al. 2008. The production technology of Egyptian blue and green frits from
second millennium BC Egypt and Mesopotamia. Journal of Archaeological Science
35(6):1591-1604.
Moorey, P.R.S. 1994. Ancient Mesopotamian Materials and Industries: The
Archaeological Evidence. Eisenbrauns. INST ARCH DBB 100 MOO
Robson, E. 2008. Mathematics in Ancient Iraq: A Social History. Princeton University
Press. ANCIENT HISTORY D 76 ROB
Soltysiak, A. 2001. Cereal grinding technology in ancient Mesopotamia: Evidence from
dental microwear. Journal of Archaeological Science 38(10):2805-2810.
Literature
George, A. 2010. The Epic of Gilgamesh. http://eprints.soas.ac.uk/8611/1/CUPGilg.pdf
Ancient Egypt in Arabic Thought
Broadhurst, R. J. C. (1952). The Travels of Ibn Jubayr. London: J. Cape. EGYPTOLGY A
30 IBN; Main Library HISTORY 53 e MUH
El-Daly, O. (2005). Egyptology: The Missing Millennium. Ancient Egypt in Medieval
Arabic Writings. London: UCL Press. EGPTOLOGY A 8 ELD
Haarman, U. (1996). Muslim Perceptions of Pharaonic Egypt. In Loprieno, A. (ed.),
Ancient Egyptian Literature: History and Forms, 605-627. Leiden: Brill.
EGYPTOLOGY V 10 LOP
Egypt in Western Thought (see also readings of lectures 6 “Civilization” and 9)
Assmann, J. (2002). The mind of Egypt: History and meaning in the time of the Pharaohs.
Translated from the German by Andrew Jenkins. New York: Metropolitan Books.
EGYPTOLOGY B 12 ASS
Assmann, J. (1997). Moses the Egyptian: The Memory of Egypt in Western Monotheism.
Cambridge, MA, London: Harvard University Press. EGYPTOLOGY R 80 ASS,
Main Library HEBREW QM 7 ASS
Assmann, J. (2011). Cultural memory and early civilization: Writing, remembrance, and
political imagination. Translated from the German. New York: Cambridge
University Press. INST ARCH AH ASS
Bernard, A. and D. Attwell (eds) (2013). Debating Orientalism. Basingstoke: Palgrave
Macmillan. Main library IN ACQUISITION
Buchwald, J. Z. and D. G, Josefowicz (2010). The Zodiac of Paris: How an Improbable
Controversy over an Ancient Egyptian Artifact Provoked a Modern Debate between
Religion and Science. Pinceton, NJ, Oxford: Princeton University Press.
EGYPTOLOGY A 8 BUC
Carrott, R. G. (1978). The Egyptian Revival: Its Sources, Monuments, and Meaning, 18081858. Berkeley, London: University of California Press. ARCHITECTURE B 8:81
CAR
Clayton, P. 1982. The Rediscovery of Ancient Egypt: Artists and Travellers in the 19th
Century. London: Thames & Hudson. ISSUE DESK IOA CAL 26
Copenhaver, B. P. (1992). Hermetica: The Greek Corpus Hermeticum and the Latin
Asclepius in a new English Tradition, with Notes and Introduction. Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press. Main library CLASSICS GM 16
Freeman, C. (1997). The Legacy of Ancient Egypt. New York: Facts on File.
EGYPTOLOGY QUARTOS B 5 FRE
Hassan, F. 2008. Egypt in the memory of the world. In Wendrich, W. (ed.), Egyptian
Archaeology, 259-273. Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell. EGYPTOLOGY A 6 WEN
Hornung, E. (2001). The Secret Lore of Egypt: Its Impact on the West. Translated from the
German by David Lorton. Ithaca, NY, London: Cornell University Press.
EGYPTOLOGY B 20 HOR
Iversen, E. (1961). The Myth of Egypt and its Hieroglyphs in European Tradition.
Copenhagen: Gad. EGYPTOLOGY A 8 IVE
Iversen, E. (1984). Egyptian and Hermetic Doctrine. Copenhagen: Museum Tusculanum
Press. Main library PAPYROLOGY PZ 20 IVE
MacDonald, S. and M. Rice (eds) (2003). Consuming Ancient Egypt. London: UCL Press.
EGYPTOLOGY A 6 MAC
Rice, M. (1997). Egypt’s Legacy: The Archetypes of Western Civilization 3000-30 BC.
London: Routledge. EGYPTOLOGY B 20 RIC
Said, E. W. (2003). Orientalism. London: Penguin. Main library HISTORY 6 a SAI
Stevens Curl, J. (2005). The Egyptian Revival: Ancient Egypt as the Inspiration for Design
Motifs in the West. London: Routledge. Main Library ART P 7 CUR
Trafton, S. (2004). Egypt Land: Race and Nineteenth-Century American Egyptomania.
Durham, NC, London: Duke University Press. EGYPTOLOGY A 8 TRA
The Black Athena Debate (see also readings of lecture 3 “Egypt and Africa”)
Bernal, M. (1991-2006). Black Athena: The Afroasiatic Roots of Classical Civilization.
Vol. 1-3. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press. INST ARCH DBA 200
BER
Binsbergen, W. M. J. (ed.) (2011). Black Athena Comes of Age: Towards a Constructive
Re-Assessment. Berlin: Lit.
Chioni Moore, D. (2001). Black Athena Writes Back: Martin Bernal Responds to his
Critics. Durham, NC: Duke University Press. INST ARCH DBA 200 BER
Levkowitz, M. and G. M. Rogers (eds) (1996). Black Athena Revisited. Chapel Hill,
London: University of North California Press. Main library ANCIENT HISTORY P
72 LEV
Egypt and the Classical World (see also readings of lecture 9)
Alvar Ezquerra, J. (2008). Romanising Oriental Gods: Myth, Salvation and Ethics in the
Cults of Cybele, Isis and Mithras. Leiden: Brill. Main Library ANCIENT HISTORY
R 74 ALV
Ashton, Sally-Ann (2004). Roman Egyptomania. London: Golden House. EGYPTOLOGY
QUAROTS M 5 ASH
Bricault, L. and M. J. Versluys, P. G. O. Meyboom (eds) (2007). Nile into Tiber: Egypt in
the Roman World. Leiden: Brill. EGYPTOLOGY R 5 BRI
Bricault, L. and M. J. Versluys (eds) (2010). Isis on the Nile: Egyptian God in Hellenistic
and Roman Egypt. Leiden; Brill. EGYPTOLOGY R 5 BRI
Kákosy, L. (1955). Egypt in Ancient Greek and Roman Thought. In Sasson, J. (ed.),
Civilizations of the Ancient Near East I, 3-14. New York: Scribners. INST ARCH
DBA 100 SAS
Matthews, R. and C. Roemer (eds.) (2003). Ancient Perspectives on Egypt. London: UCL
Press EGYPTOLOGY B 20 MAT, ISSUE DESK IOA MAT 7
Sarolta, A. T. (1995). Isis and Serapis in the Roman World. Main Library ANCIENT
HISTORY R 74 TAK
Egypt, the Bible and Christianity (see also readings of lecture 7-9)
Assmann, J. (2008). Of God and Gods: Egypt, Israel, and the Rise of Monotheism.
Madison, WIS: University of Wisconsin Press. EGYPTOLOGY R 5 ASS
Currid, J. D. (1997). Ancient Egypt and the Old Testabment. Grand Rapids, Mich.: Baker
Books. EGYPTOLOGY R 80 CUR
Hilhorst, A. and G. H. van Kooten (eds) (2005). The Wisdom of Egypt: Jewish, Early
Christian, and Gnostic Essays in Honour of Gerard P. Luttikhuizen. Leiden: Brill.
EGYPTOLOGY R 5 LUT
Hoffmeier, J. K. (2005). Ancient Israel in Sinai: The Evidence for the Authenticity of the
Wilderness Tradition. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Available online
http://www.oxfordscholarship.com/view/10.1093/acprof:oso/0195155467.001.000/ac
prof-9780195155464
King, L. W. (1918). Legends of Babylon and Egypt in Relation to Hebrew Tradition.
London: Oxford University Press. EYGPTOLOGY R 80 KIN (Note the date of
publication in the early 20th century!)
“Survivals” of Pharaonic Egypt into modern Egypt
Behlmer, H. 1996. Ancient Egyptian survivals in Coptic literature: An overview. In:
Loprieno, A. (ed.), Ancient Egyptian Literature: History and forms, 567-590.
Leiden, New York, Cologne: Brill. EGYPTOLOGY V 10 LOP
Haikal, Fayza M. 1999. The roots of modern Egypt : A proposal for an Encyclopaedia of
Survivals. Annales du Service des Antiquités de l'Égypte 74: 163-168 INST ARCH
PERS
Kákosy, L. 1994. Survivals of the ancient religion in Egypt. In Fodor, A. and A. Shivtiel
(eds.), Proceedings of the colloquium on popular customs and the monotheistic
religions in the Middle East and North Africa, Budapest 1993, 65-71. Budapest:
Eötvös Loránd University. British Library ORW.1994.a.251; INST ARCH PERS
(edited issue of the periodical “Studia Aegyptiaca”)
Naguib, S.-A. 2008. Survivals of Pharaonic Religious Practices in Contemporary Coptic
Christianity. In Dieleman, J. and W. Wendrich (eds.), UCLA Encyclopedia of
Egyptology, Los Angeles. http://escholarship.org/uc/item/27v9z5m8
Saphinaz-Amal, N. 1990. The festivals of Opet and Abul Haggag. Survival of an ancient
tradition? Temenos: Studies in Comparative Religion 26: 67-84. Stores STORE
PERS
Wickett, E. 2010. For the Living and the Dead: The Funerary Laments of Upper Egypt,
Ancient and Modern. London: Tauris. EGYPTOLOGY B 20 WIC
Recent UCL Projects in the Near East
Altaweel, et al. 2012. New investigations in the environment, history, and archaeology of
the Iraqi hilly flanks: Shahrizor Survey Project 2009-2011. Iraq 74:1-35.
Saber, et a. 2014. Report on the excavations at Tell Sitak: The 2010 season. Iraq 76:199223.
ADDITIONAL INFORMATION
Libraries
The library of the Institute of Archaeology UCL will be the principal resource for this
course. However, some materials will be found in History or other UCL library.
Dyslexia
If you have dyslexia or other relevant disability, please make your lecturer aware of this.
Please discuss with your lecturer whether there is any way in which they can help you.
Students with dyslexia are reminded to indicate this on each piece of coursework.
Support your local Egypt and Near Eastern societies
Please consider joining and thereby supporting the work of at least one of the major British
institutes and societies working in Egypt and the Near East today. Many produce an annual
journal as well as newsletters and other publications. They organise lectures on relevant
topics, usually held in London, and they have some funding to help students travel and
study in the modern countries of the region. More information can be found at their
websites:
British Institute for the Study of Iraq: http://www.bisi.ac.uk/
(listing of events, lectures, and other information about archaeology in Iraq):
The American Academic Research Institute in Iraq (U.S. sister institution to BISI and
about Iraq and archaeology): http://www.taarii.org/
British Association for Near Eastern Archaeology: http://banealcane.org/
http://ecai.org/iraq (extremely useful site devoted to the archaeology of Iraq)
http://www.mesopotamia.co.uk/ (British Museum site, basic introduction to ancient
Mesopotamia, including Sumer, Babylon, and Assyria)
http://www.etana.org/abzu/ (excellent resource covering all aspects of the ancient Near
East) http://www.assur.de/
(devoted to German excavations at the important Assyrian site of Assur)
http://www.utarp.org
(devoted to archaeological project on north Assyrian frontier)
http://www.learningsites.com/NWPalace/NWPalhome.html (reconstructions of the
Northwest Palace at Nimrud)
http://www .cba-inst.org (on-line version of Parpola, S. and Porter, M. (2001) The Helsinki
Atlas of the Near East in the Neo- Assyrian Period, Helsinki: Neo-Assyrian Text Corpus
Project)
http://cdli.ucla.edu/(project aiming to put on-line all cuneiform documents, about 120,000
of them, dating from 3200 – 2000 BC)
Feedback
In trying to make this course as effective as possible, we welcome feedback from students
during the course of the year. All students are asked to give their views on the course in an
anonymous questionnaire which will be circulated at one of the last sessions of the course.
These questionnaires are taken seriously and help the Course Co-ordinator to develop the
course. The summarised responses are considered by the Institute's Staff-Student
Consultative Committee, Teaching Committee, and by the Faculty Teaching Committee.
APPENDIX A: POLICIES AND PROCEDURES 2015-16 (PLEASE READ
CAREFULLY)
This appendix provides a short précis of policies and procedures relating to courses. It is
not a substitute for the full documentation, with which all students should become familiar.
For full information on Institute policies and procedures, see the following website:
http://wiki.ucl.ac.uk/display/archadmin
For UCL policies and procedures, see the Academic Regulations and the UCL Academic
Manual:
http://www.ucl.ac.uk/srs/academic-regulations ; http://www.ucl.ac.uk/academic-manual/
GENERAL MATTERS
ATTENDANCE: A minimum attendance of 70% is required. A register will be taken at
each class. If you are unable to attend a class, please notify the lecturer by email.
DYSLEXIA: If you have dyslexia or any other disability, please discuss with your
lecturers whether there is any way in which they can help you. Students with dyslexia
should indicate it on each coursework cover sheet.
COURSEWORK
SUBMISSION PROCEDURES: You must submit a hardcopy of coursework to the Coordinator's pigeon-hole via the Red Essay Box at Reception (or, in the case of first year
undergraduate work, to room 411a) by stated deadlines. Coursework must be stapled to a
completed coversheet (available from IoA website; the rack outside Room 411A; or the
Library). You should put your Candidate Number (a 5 digit alphanumeric code, found on
Portico. Please note that this number changes each year) and Course Code on all
coursework. It is also essential that you put your Candidate Number at the start of
the title line on Turnitin, followed by the short title of the coursework (example:
YBPR6 Funerary practices).
LATE SUBMISSION: Late submission is penalized in accordance with UCL regulations,
unless permission for late submission has been granted. The penalties are as follows: i) A
penalty of 5 percentage marks should be applied to coursework submitted the calendar day
after the deadline (calendar day 1); ii) A penalty of 15 percentage marks should be applied
to coursework submitted on calendar day 2 after the deadline through to calendar day 7; iii)
A mark of zero should be recorded for coursework submitted on calendar day 8 after the
deadline through to the end of the second week of third term. Nevertheless, the assessment
will be considered to be complete provided the coursework contains material than can be
assessed; iv) Coursework submitted after the end of the second week of third term will not
be marked and the assessment will be incomplete.
GRANTING OF EXTENSIONS: New UCL-wide regulations with regard to the granting
of extensions for coursework have been introduced with effect from the 2015-16 session.
Full details will be circulated to all students and will be made available on the IoA
intranet. Note that Course Coordinators are no longer permitted to grant extensions. All
requests for extensions must be submitted on a new UCL form, together with supporting
documentation, via Judy Medrington’s office and will then be referred on for
consideration. Please be aware that the grounds that are now acceptable are limited.
Those with long-term difficulties should contact UCL Student Support and Wellbeing to
make special arrangements.
TURNITIN: Date-stamping is via Turnitin, so in addition to submitting hard copy, you
must also submit your work to Turnitin by midnight on the deadline day. If you have
questions or problems with Turnitin, contact ioa-turnitin@ucl.ac.uk.
RETURN OF COURSEWORK AND RESUBMISSION: You should receive your
marked coursework within four calendar weeks of the submission deadline. If you do not
receive your work within this period, or a written explanation, notify the Academic
Administrator. When your marked essay is returned to you, return it to the Course Coordinator within two weeks. You must retain a copy of all coursework submitted.
WORD LENGTH: Essay word-lengths are normally expressed in terms of a
recommended range. Not included in the word count are the bibliography, appendices,
tables, graphs, captions to figures, tables, graphs. You must indicate word length (minus
exclusions) on the cover sheet. Exceeding the maximum word-length expressed for the
essay will be penalized in accordance with UCL penalties for over-length work.
CITING OF SOURCES and AVOIDING PLAGIARISM: Coursework must be
expressed in your own words, citing the exact source (author, date and page number;
website address if applicable) of any ideas, information, diagrams, etc., that are taken from
the work of others. This applies to all media (books, articles, websites, images, figures,
etc.). Any direct quotations from the work of others must be indicated as such by
being placed between quotation marks. Plagiarism is a very serious irregularity, which
can carry heavy penalties. It is your responsibility to abide by requirements for
presentation, referencing and avoidance of plagiarism. Make sure you understand
definitions of plagiarism and the procedures and penalties as detailed in UCL regulations:
http://www.ucl.ac.uk/current-students/guidelines/plagiarism
RESOURCES
MOODLE: Please ensure you are signed up to the course on Moodle. For help with
Moodle, please contact Nicola Cockerton, Room 411a (nicola.cockerton@ucl.ac.uk).
INSTITUTE OF ARCHAELOGY COURSEWORK PROCEDURES
General policies and procedures concerning courses and coursework, including submission
procedures, assessment criteria, and general resources, are available in your Degree
Handbook and on the following website: http://wiki.ucl.ac.uk/display/archadmin. It is
essential that you read and comply with these. Note that some of the policies and
procedures will be different depending on your status (e.g. undergraduate, postgraduate
taught, affiliate, graduate diploma, intercollegiate, interdepartmental). If in doubt, please
consult your course co-ordinator.
GRANTING OF EXTENSIONS: .
New UCL-wide regulations with regard to the granting of extensions for coursework have
been introduced with effect from the 2015-16 session. Full details are available here
http://www.ucl.ac.uk/srs/academic-manual/c4/extenuating-circumstances/
Note that Course Coordinators are no longer permitted to grant extensions. All requests for
extensions must be submitted on a new UCL form, together with supporting
documentation, via Judy Medrington’s office and will then be referred on for
consideration. Please be aware that the grounds that are now acceptable are limited.
Those with long-term difficulties should contact UCL Student Disability Services to make
special arrangements.