UCL INSTITUTE OF ARCHAEOLOGY
ARCL 3074
The Emergence of
Bronze Age Aegean Civilisation
2013-2014
Term 1
Undergraduate Year 2 or 3 option, 0.5 unit
Co-ordinator and teacher: Todd Whitelaw
t.whitelaw@ucl.ac.uk
Room 207; Tel: 020 7679 (2)7534
1. Overview
Short Description
This course provides a survey of Aegean prehistory from earliest times until c. 1500-1400
BC. It focuses on the origins of complex societies during the 3 rd millennium BC and the
dynamics of the Minoan palatial, state-level societies that followed. It provides a broadly
chronologically-ordered overview of the region’s long-term transformations and the
remarkably rich data (material, iconographic and archival) on which interpretations are
based, and encourages thematic treatment, within a theoretically informed, problemoriented framework, of major social, political and economic processes including: state
formation, elaboration and collapse; production, trade and consumption in and beyond
the Aegean; archaeologies of cult and death; the interpretation of symbols and images;
and the place of the prehistoric Aegean within the wider Mediterranean and Near Eastern
world. The course equally emphasises the need to understand how interpretations and
data collection strategies have developed, and the impact this has had on accounts of
Aegean prehistory. Please note: a companion 0.5-unit course covering the period 15001100 BC, with its emphasis on Mycenaean palatial societies (including integration of
Linear B texts, and wider east Mediterranean perspectives), will be offered in 2014-15.
Week-by-week summary (lectures are Fridays, 9-11am, in Room 410).
Date
Session Topic
04 Oct. 1
Introduction: approaches to the Aegean Bronze Age.
2
Aegean space, time and environments.
11 Oct.. 3
Colonisations by early foraging and farming societies.
4
The transition to the Early Bronze Age: models and evidence.
18 Oct.
No lectures (all displaced 1 week).
25 Oct. 5
EBA comparative perspectives: the Greek mainland and Eastern Aegean.
6
EBA comparative perspectives: Crete.
01 Nov. 7
EBA comparative perspectives: the Cyclades, maritime trade and the end
of the EBA.
8
Models for the emergence of the Minoan states.
Reading week:
Optional visit to the BM Aegean gallery (day/time to be scheduled).
07 Nov. 9
Contingent complexity and divergent developments.
10
Discussion: Pre-state societies and the emergence of the state in the
Aegean:
how and why was Crete different?
15 Nov. 11
Protopalatial Crete: an overview.
12
Neopalatial Crete: an overview.
22 Nov. 13
Knossos: palace, city and polity.
14. Palaces, polities and administration in Neopalatial Crete: a dynamic view.
29 Nov. 15. Art, ritual and power in palatial Crete.
16. ‘Minoanisation’: trade, power, colonisation and networks in the southern
Aegean.
06 Dec. 17. The mainland transformed: Middle Helladic Greece and the early
Mycenaean world.
18. Palatial Crete and the eastern Mediterranean world.
13 Dec. 19. Two catastrophes: the Theran eruption and the end of Neopalatial Crete.
20. Discussion: Expanding networks: palatial Crete, the Aegean and the east
Mediterranean.
Basic texts and handbooks
Warren, P.M. 1989. The Aegean Civilisations (revised edition; short book-length
introduction). Issue desk WAR; DAG 10 Qto WAR; YATES Qto A 22 WAR
Dickinson, O.T.P.K. 1994. The Aegean Bronze Age (long the standard textbook, divided
by themes rather than periods). IoA Issue Desk DIC; DAE 100 DIC.
Fitton, J.L. 2002. Minoans. London: British Museum. DAG 14 FIT.
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Bintliff, J.L. 2012. The Complete Archaeology of Greece. From hunter-gatherers to the
20th century A.D. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell. DAE 100 BIN.
Broodbank, C. 2013. The Making of the Middle Sea. London: Thames and Hudson.
Cline, E. (ed.) 2010. The Oxford Handbook of the Bronze Age Aegean (ca. 3000-1000
BC). Oxford: OUP. ISSUE DESK IoA CLI 2
Shelmerdine, C. (ed.) 2008. The Cambridge Companion to the Aegean Bronze Age.
Cambridge: CUP. ISSUE DESK IoA SHE 16; DAG 100 SHE
Methods of assessment
This course is assessed by means of two pieces of coursework, each of c. 2500 words,
which together constitute 100% of the final grade for the course. If you are unclear about
the nature of an assignment, you should discuss this with the Course Co-ordinator. The
Course Co-ordinator is willing to discuss an outline of your approach to the assignment,
provided that this is planned suitably in advance of the submission date. There is no
unseen examination element to this course.
Teaching methods
This course comprises 18 1-hour lectures and 2 1-hour discussion classes in which ideas
presented in the lectures can be reviewed, consolidated, questioned and debated.
Sessions are organised in 2-hour blocks, and there will be short break in the middle of
each 2-hour slot. There will be, in addition, one optional visit to the British Museum
Prehistoric Aegean Gallery during Reading Week, the date and time of which will be
arranged early in the course, in order to increase students’ familiarity with material
culture of the Bronze Age Aegean.
Workload
There are 18 hours of lectures and 2 hours of classes for this course. In addition, you are
expected to undertake around 100 hours of reading to keep pace with the lectures and
classes, plus 70 hours preparing for and producing the assessed work. This adds up to a
total workload of some 190 hours for the course.
Prerequisites
This course has no prerequisites, and no knowledge of foreign languages is required.
However, it may be an advantage, in terms of easing comprehension of the material and
ideas presented, to have already taken one or more courses in Mediterranean, Greek,
Egyptian or Western Asian archaeology at first- or second- to third-year level, or the
Aegean companion course ARCL 3082 (taught in alternating years). Any students who
are unsure whether they will be able to make the most of this course are welcome to
contact the Course Co-ordinator at an early date to discuss matters. If you have a chance
to visit Aegean sites and museums (or participate in fieldwork) before or after taking this
course, it can only improve the overall experience.
2. Aims, Objectives and Assessment
Aims
• To provide an overview of the main issues, themes and theories in the archaeology of
the early prehistoric Aegean.
• To ensure a familiarity with the material culture, imagery and texts of the period and
alternative ways of interpreting them.
• To encourage a comparative approach to Aegean societies in relation to neighbouring
societies in the Mediterranean with which they interacted.
Objectives
On successful completion of this course you should have gained an overview of the major
developments and interpretative issues in early Aegean prehistory, as well as the data
that underpin them, within the date-range covered by the course. You will be aware of,
and be able to engage in, critically informed discussion of central problems such as the
origins of farming communities, the emergence of the state-level societies on Crete, and
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the role of eastern Mediterranean societies in Aegean cultural developments. You will also
be familiar with thematic issues involving the interpretation of the Aegean material
record, such as analysis of settlement patterns, economic organisation, cult and ideology.
You will understand the models of change proposed and will be able to recognise, and
know the social significance of, a range of Aegean material culture.
Learning Outcomes
At the end of the course, you will have improved your critical skills in reading and debate
through assessment and evaluation of alternative interpretations, and recognised the
linkages between data, methods and ideas in archaeological interpretation. You will be
able to apply methods and theories in archaeological and anthropological analysis to a
specific regional database, broadened your experience in integrating a variety of evidence
from different disciplines into overall interpretations, and developed your proficiency in
setting out information and ideas clearly in written form.
Coursework
Assessment tasks
The assessed coursework consists of two essays, each of c. 2,500 words. Both
assessments should be presented according to the guidelines available on the Institute
intranet (<http://www.ucl.ac.uk/archaeology/ administration/ students/handbook) and in
your Degree Handbook.
The purpose of the assessments is to demonstrate your
understanding of the issues and the relevant Aegean data, so descriptions of evidence
should be concise and focused on what needs to be presented to explicitly answer the
question set. You are encouraged to include illustrations if relevant to making your
argument clearly; general background illustrations are not necesaary.
Choose one essay title from each of the two groups listed below. Readings should be
drawn as appropriate from the relevant session bibliographies, though should not be
limited to those sources. Additional readings are organised thematically on the course
Moodle site.
Essay 1:
1. Is the concept of a ‘Neolithic revolution’ appropriate in an Aegean context?
Reading: Sessions 1-4.
2. Compare and contrast the evidence for the social organisation of Early Bronze Age
societies in two of the following areas (i) southern mainland Greece, (ii) the east Aegean
and western Anatolia, (iii) the Cyclades, (iv) Crete.
Reading: Sessions 4-8.
3. How convincing is Renfrew’s identification of Aegean Early Bronze Age communities as
'proto-urban'?
Reading: Sessions 4-9.
4. How important were metals and maritime travel for the trading patterns of the
prepalatial Aegean?
Reading: Sessions 4-9.
5. What is meant by a 'redistributive economy', and what evidence is there that this
model applies to any prepalatial Aegean societies?
Reading: selectively Sessions 4-9.
6. Why did the earliest Aegean palace-states emerge on Crete, and only on Crete, at the
start of the 2nd millennium BC?
Reading: Sessions 1, 4-9.
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Essay 2:
1. Compare the economic and political organisation of Crete during the Protopalatial and
Neopalatial periods.
Reading: Sessions 11-15.
2. To what extent should we interpret Cretan cult practices in the first half of the 2 nd
millennium BC as part of palatial ideology?
Reading: Sessions 11-15.
3. Does the concept of ‘minoanisation’ help or hinder our understanding of relations
between communities in Crete and the rest of the southern Aegean in the first half of the
2nd millennium BC?
Reading: Sessions 16-17.
4. Can we understand the significance of Aegean wallpaintings to a Bronze Age viewer?
Use specific images from one site as an example in your answer.
Reading: Sessions 11-18.
5. How crucial for the cultural development of palatial Crete was interaction with the east
Mediterranean?
Reading: Sessions 1, 8-9 and 18.
6. Why does the absolute date of the eruption of the Thera volcano matter?
Reading: Session 19.
7. What caused the collapse of Neopalatial political systems on Crete?
Reading: Session 19.
8. What do the Grave Circles at Mycenae tell us about social dynamics in the early
Mycenaean period?
Reading: Session17.
9. In what ways was warfare and violence important in the development of early
Mycenaean society?
Reading: Sessions 15, 17.
The proposed deadlines for the assessed essays (to be confirmed in the first session) are:
Monday 25th November 2013
Monday 20th January 2014
If any changes need to be made to these or other course arrangements, these will be
communicated by e-mail. It is essential that you consult your UCL e-mail regularly.
If you are unclear about the nature of an assignment, you should discuss this with the
Course Co-ordinator.
Students are not permitted to re-write and re-submit essays in order to try to improve
their marks. However, you may, in advance of the deadline for a given assignment,
submit for comment a brief outline of your planned approach to the assignment.
Coursework content
Your essays need to directly address the question set. If you think your approach may be
somewhat tangential, discuss your planned approach with the course co-ordinator. Like
almost any satisfactory piece of academic writing, your essays should present an
argument supported by analysis. Typically your analysis will include a critical evaluation
(not simply description) of the principal or most relevant previous ideas and arguments
relevant to the question, and develop your own reasoned argument, supporting,
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critiquing, or combining elements of earlier scholarship, or developing a new perspective
or synthesis. You should draw upon readings from multiple seminars, examine some of
the primary literature in addition to secondary literature and use references to that
literature to support your assertions.
Some guidelines on academic essay writing will be circulated closer to the essay
submission date, but two points relevant to all essay writing deserve mention now. First,
express your arguments in your own words; your essay is meant to demonstrate your
understanding of an issue.
Many essays are essentially a string of quotations
illustrating what others have said, but demonstrate no critical assessment of their claims,
or clear understanding of the issues. The worst end up being little more than a
paraphrase of very general sources. These simply demonstrate that you’ve read those
sources, not that you understand them. Use a range of sources to engage with different
perspectives on a topic, and you’ll have something to critically assess and adjudicate
between, or even pick and choose points from, and synthesise your own perspective.
Second, unless they are a field project's own web-site reporting on their own work, websites are not acceptable as academic sources. There is no vetting system on the
web (unlike academic publications), so anyone can publish whatever nonsense they wish.
You should be extremely cautious about relying on information from websites, and should
not, normally, use them as sources for academic essays; the reliable information in them
has almost invariably come from some other source, and if they are academically
reputable sites, they should be properly referenced, so you can chase ideas back to the
original source. If you feel information from a website is essential and you cannot track it
back to an original printed source, ask the Course Co-ordinator whether it is reputable,
before citing it.
Please see the general notes in your degree handbook (also available on the IoA website)
concerning coursework originality, plagiarism, presentation, referencing, anonymity,
submission, use of Turnitin, penalties for late submission, extensions, assessment,
grading, return of marked coursework, re-submission, and return for second-marking.
UCL regulations impose penalties on assessed work that exceeds the prescribed word
limit. For this course, these will be imposed if an essay exceeds 2,625 words. For work
that exceeds these limits by less than 10%, the mark will be reduced by ten percentage
marks, but the penalised mark will not be reduced below the pass mark, assuming the
work merits a pass. For work that exceeds the specified limit by 10% or more, a mark of
zero will be recorded. The word-count should not include the bibliography or the captions
and contents of any tables and figures. Illustrations are welcome, but only if they are
directly relevant to your argument (i.e. not as generic filler).
Please do not use fancy fonts or, for the text, a font size less than 11 point, and use
1.15-1.5 line spacing to allow the marker to make corrections to the text. A smaller font
size and 1.0 line height may be used for the bibliography, as long as it is still readable (to
reduce printing costs), and two-sided printing is welcome (to save costs and trees).
Please leave at least 1inch/2.5 cm margins to allow room for comments. There is no need
to use a separate title page for essays (why pay for the extra page), and please do not
use plastic folders, covers, etc. (I just have to take them off to read it).
If any procedures or details are not clear, please discuss these with the Course Coordinator.
Submission procedures
Students are required to submit hard copy of all coursework to the Course Co-ordinator's
pigeon hole via the Red Essay Box at Reception by the specified deadline. The
coursework must be stapled to a completed coversheet (available from the web, from
outside Room 411A or from the library). Please fill in all information on the coversheet.
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Late submission will be penalized in accordance with these regulations unless permission
has been granted for later submission, and an Extension Request Form (ERF) completed
and agreed and signed by the Course Co-ordinator and your Personal Tutor.
Date-stamping will be via ‘Turnitin’, so in addition to submitting a hard copy, students
must also submit their work to Turnitin by midnight on the day of the deadline.
Students who encounter technical problems submitting their work to Turnitin should
email the nature of the problem to ioa-turnitin@ucl.ac.uk in advance of the deadline in
order that the Turnitin Advisers can notify the Course Co-ordinator that it may be
appropriate to waive the late submission penalty. If you have such problems, and are nto
able to submit your essay on time vis Turnitin, it is advised that you e-mail a copy of the
essay to the Course Co-ordinator, to demonstrate that it was completed on time.
If there is any other unexpected crisis on the submission day, students should e-mail the
Course Co-ordinator, and follow this up with a completed ERF. You should not presume
that an ERF will be accepted automatically - 'crisis' really means 'crisis'.
Please see the Coursework Guidelines on the IoA website (or your Degree Handbook) for
further
details
of
penalties
(<http://www.ucl.ac.uk/archaeology/administration/
students/handbook/submission>).
The Turnitin 'Class ID' is 594881 and the 'Class Enrolment Password' is IoA1314. Further
information is given on the IoA website (<http://www.ucl.ac.uk/archaeology/
administration/students/handbook/turnitin>). Turnitin advisors will be available to help
you with technicalities via email (ioa-turnitin@ucl.ac.uk) if needed, though they are
unlikely to be available to respond immediately, so plan ahead.
Timescale for return of marked coursework to students.
You can expect to have your marked work returned within four calendar weeks of the
official submission deadline. If you do not receive your work within this period, or a
written explanation from the marker concerning any delay, you should notify the IoA’s
Academic Administrator, Judy Medrington.
Keeping Copies
Please note that it is an Institute requirement that you retain a copy (this can be
electronic) of all coursework submitted. When your marked essay is returned to you, you
should return it to the Course Co-ordinator within two weeks. You are advised to keep a
copy of the comments if you are likely to wish to refer to these later.
Citing of Sources
Coursework should be expressed in your own words giving the exact source of any ideas,
information, diagrams, etc., that are taken from the work of others. Any direct
quotations from the work of others must be indicated as such by being placed
between quotation marks. Plagiarism is an examination offense (cheating) and
is regarded as a very serious irregularity which can carry very heavy penalties,
including failure for the course. It is your responsibility to read and abide by the
requirements for presentation, referencing and avoidance of plagiarism to be found in the
Coursework Guidelines document on the IoA website (<http://www.ucl.ac.uk/
archaeology/administration/students/handbook>).
On-line course support
The on-line Moodle site for this course (accessed as ARCL3074) will eventually have the
course handbook, additional bibliographies, and following each lecture, the lecture
Powerpoint. Please use normal e-mail, not via Moodle, for communication with the
Course Co-ordinator.
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3. Course syllabus and teaching schedule
Lectures and classes
The standard weekly sessions take place on Fridays 9-11 am during Term I, in Room 410.
Please note, however, that sessions 10 and 20 are discussions for reviewing,
consolidating and debating topics recently covered. The Course Co-ordinator will not be
available on 18 October, so all sessions for that week and the following two, will be
moved forward by one week, catching-up during Reading Week. The optional session in
the British Museum will take place at a time to be mutually agreed, ideally during
Reading Week.
Lecture syllabus
The following is a session outline for the course, and identifies essential readings relevant
to each session. Information is provided as to where in the UCL library system individual
readings are available; their location and Teaching Collection (TC) number, and status
(whether out on loan) can be accessed on the UCL Explore computer catalogue system
(http://library.ucl.ac.uk/). The essential readings are considered necessary to keep up
with the topics covered in the lectures; ideally, you will have read these prior to the
lecture under which they are listed. Copies of individual articles and chapters identified as
essential reading are in the Teaching Collection in the Institute library, in volumes held
hehind the Issue Desk, or are articles which are available to be downloaded via the library
website (marked <www>). There may also be additional copies of the volumes available
on the normal library shelves; you can find out what is available via UCL Explore.
Recommended readings are noted simply as a starting point for students to follow up
particular issues in which they are interested and to give a broader range of references to
start to explore for essay writing.
Session 1: October 4
Introduction: approaches to the Aegean Bronze Age.
The Aegean Bronze Age stands at a crossroads between different regional and intellectual
traditions. This lecture examines the challenges and the opportunities that this creates,
and why the Aegean therefore provides a rich area for archaeological investigation and
research. In particular, it looks at how the Aegean’s significance in the wider world has
been understood by archaeologists writing over the last fifty years. Childe, Renfrew and
Sherratt should ideally be read in sequence, to appreciate the succession of paradigms.
The Hamilakis paper gives a flavour for some of the critiques and debates increasingly
voiced, addressed at fundamental assumptions underlying much research in the field.
Essential
Childe, V.G. 1957. The Dawn of European Civilisation (6th edition): chapter 2 (also 3-5 if
time). [ISSUE DESK IoA CHI 9 and 13; DA 100 CHI] The diffusionist approach; be
wary, details and dates have changed (in many cases radically) since he wrote, so read
this for the way in which he is seeing the Aegean within its wider context, rather than
for the archaeological details.
Renfrew, A.C. 1972. The Emergence of Civilisation: The Cyclades and the Aegean in the
Third Millennium BC: chapters 1-4, which outline Renfrew's approach. [TC 498; ISSUE
DESK IoA REN 7; DAG 100 REN; Yates A22 REN] In reaction to Childe, Renfrew
stresses the developmental autonomy of Aegean civilisation, using a systems approach
to explain the rise of complexity as an endogenous process. You will read more of this
work as we move into the EBA; for now, explore how he conceives of social change and
casts doubt on the primary role of the Near East.
Sherratt, A. 1993. ‘What would a Bronze Age world-system look like? Relations between
temperate Europe and the Mediterranean in late prehistory.' Journal of European
Archaeology:1-57. [INST ARCH Pers] Sherratt emphasises the insufficiencies of
Renfrew’s model, and returns to connections with the East and the location of the
8
Aegean relative to Europe. Although indebted to Childe, he understands linkages not in
terms of diffusion but in the guise of a world-system, in which economic and cultural
interactions generate change.
Hamilakis, Y. 2002. 'What future for the ‘Minoan’ past? Rethinking Minoan archaeology.'
In Y. Hamilakis (ed.) Labyrinth Revisited. Rethinking ‘Minoan’ archaeology. Oxford:
Oxbow Books:2-28. [TC 2743; ISSUE DESK IoA HAM; DAG 14 HAM] Draws on a
range of post-processual approaches for the study of Aegean prehistory, considering its
role in the present, and the agendas of modern archaeologists.
Recommended
Barrett, J. and Halstead, P. (eds) 2004. The Emergence of Civilisation Revisited. Oxford.
(Particularly Preface, chapters by Cherry, Halstead, Renfrew.)
Cherry, J., D. Margomenou and L. Talalay (eds) 2005. Prehistorians Round the Pond:
Reflections on Aegean Prehistory as a Discipline.
Hamilakis, Y. and N. Momigliano (eds) 2006. Archaeology and European Modernity.
Producing and consuming the Minoans. (Creta Antica 7.) Padua.
Kardulias, P.N. 1994. ‘Paradigms of the past in Greek Archaeology’, in P.N. Kardulias
(ed.) Beyond the Site: Regional Studies in the Aegean Area:1-23.
Kotsakis, K. 1991. ‘The powerful past: theoretical trends in Greek archaeology.’ In I.
Hodder (ed.) Archaeological Theory in Europe: The Last Three Decades:65-90.
Lefkowitz, M.R. & G.M. Rogers (ed.) 1996. Black Athena Revisited.
MacEnroe, J. 1995. ‘Sir Arthur Evans and Edwardian archaeology.’ Classical Bulletin
71:3-18. <www>
McNeal, R. 1972. ‘The Greeks in history and prehistory.’ Antiquity 46:19-28. <www>
McNeal, R. 1973. The legacy of Arthur Evans. California Studies in Classical Antiquity
6:205-20. [STORE]
Morris, I. 2000. Archaeology as Cultural History: Chapter 2, 37-76.
Morris, S. 1990. ‘Greece and the East.' Journal of Mediterranean Archaeology 3:57-66.
[INST ARCH Pers]
Papadopoulos, J. 2005. ‘Inventing the Minoans: archaeology, modernity and the quest
for European identity.' Journal of Mediterranean Archaeology 18:87-149. <www>
Ramsdorf, L. 2011. Re-integrating ‘diffusion’: the spread of innovations among the
Neolithic and Bronze Age societies of Europe and the Near East. In T. Wilkinson, S.
Sherratt and J. Bennet (eds) Interweaving worlds: systemic interactions in Eurasia, 7th
to 1st millennia BC. Oxford: Oxbow Books:100-20.
Renfrew, A.C. 1980. ‘The great tradition versus the great divide: archaeology as
anthropology?’ American Journal of Archaeology 84:287-98. <www>
Session 2: October 4
Aegean space, time and environments.
Aegean societies need to be understood in relation to the space and environment that
they were shaped by and which they in turn shaped. This lecture sets out the main
elements of the Aegean region, its climates and ecologies, emphasising both the
constraints and opportunities that these entail. It also establishes the chronological
framework for the course, looking at how Aegean time has been measured, and at the
terminologies in use. Chronology is heavy going and steeped in controversy, but do not
get bogged down: it is more important to maintain a grasp of the overall scheme than to
enter the intricacies of a particular problem. In Session 19 we return to chronology in the
context of the debate over the date of the eruption of the Thera volcano, and its
implications. For any students who are unfamiliar with dating techniques in archaeology,
A.C. Renfrew and P. Bahn’s standard textbook Archaeology: Theories, Methods and
Practice has a good summary of the key principles.
Essential
Dickinson, O. 1994. The Aegean Bronze Age. Cambridge. (Chapters 1-2 for chronology
and the basics on the environment.) [ISSUE DESK IoA DIC; DAE 100 DIC]
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Manning, S. 2010. Chronology and terminology. In E. Cline (ed.) The Oxford Handbook
of the Bronze Age Aegean (ca. 3000-1000 BC). Oxford:11-28. [ISSUE DESK IoA CLI
2]
Bintliff, J. 2012. Chapter 1: The dynamic land. In J. Bintliff, The Complete Archaeology
of Greece. From hunter-gatherers to the 20th century. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell:11-27.
[INST ARCH DAE 100 BIN]
Halstead, P. 1994. The north-south divide: regional paths to complexity in prehistoric
Greece. In C. Mathers and S. Stoddart (eds) Development and Decline in the
Mediterranean Bronze Age. Sheffield:195-219. [ISSUE DESK IoA MAT 2; DA Qto MAT]
Recommended
Chronology
Kitchen, K. 2007. 'Egyptian and related chronologies - look, no science, no pots!' In M.
Bietak and E. Czerny (eds) The Synchronisation of Civilisations in the eastern
Mediterranean in the Second Millennium B.C. II. Vienna:163-71.
Manning, S. 1994. The Absolute Chronology of the Aegean Early Bronze Age:
Archaeology, Radiocarbon and History. Sheffield.
Manning, S. 2007. 'Clarifying the 'high', v. 'low' Aegean/Cypriot chronology for the mid
second millennium BC: assessing the evidence, interpretive fframeworks, and current
state of the debate.' In M. Bietak and E. Czerny (eds) The Synchronisation of
Civillisations in the eastern Mediterranean in the Second Millennium B.C. II.
Vienna:101-37.
Renfrew, A.C. 1973. Before Civilization: The Radiocarbon Revolution and Prehistoric
Europe. London.
Warren, P. 2006. 'The date of the Thera eruption in relation to Aegean-Egyptian
interconnections and the Egyptian historical chronology.' In E. Czerny et al. (eds)
Timelines. Studies in Honour of Manfred Bietak, Vol. 2. Leuven:305-21.
Warren, P. and V. Hankey 1989. Aegean Bronze Age Chronology. Bristol.
Wiener, M. 2007. 'Times change:
the current state of the debate in Old World
chronology.' In M. Bietak and E. Czerny (eds) The Synchronisation of Civilisations in
the eastern Mediterranean in the Second Millennium B.C. II. Vienna:25-47.
Environment and ecology
Barker, G. 2005. 'Agriculture, pastoralism, and Mediterranean landscapes in prehistory.'
In E. Blake and A.B. Knapp (eds) The Archaeology of Mediterranean Prehistory.
Malden:46-76.
Braudel, F. 1972. The Mediterranean and the Mediterranean World in the Age of Philip II,
Part I. (Much later period but Braudel’s pioneering consideration of topography,
environment and ecology remains of seminal importance.)
Broodbank, C. 2009. The Mediterranean and its hinterland. In B. Cunliffe, C. Gosden and
R, Joyce (eds) The Oxford Handbook of Archaeology. Oxford: Oxford University
Press:677-722.
Broodbank, C. 2010. ‘Ships a-sail from over the rim of the sea’: voyaging, sailing and the
making of Mediterranean societies c. 3500-500 BC. In A. Anderson, G. Barker (ed.)
The Global Origins of Seafaring (McDonald Institute Monographs). Cambridge:
McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research.
Forbes, H. 1992. ‘The ethnoarchaeological approach to Greek agriculture.’ In B. Wells
(ed.) Agriculture in Ancient Greece:87-104. [Main ANCIENT HISTORY QUARTOS P 67
WEL]
Grove, A.T. and O. Rackham 2001. The Nature of Mediterranean Europe: An Ecological
History. (Chapters 1-6, 9-11.)
Halstead, P. 1987. ‘Traditional and ancient rural economy in Mediterranean Europe: plus
ça change?’ Journal of Hellenic Studies 107:77-87. <www>
Halstead, P. 2004. 'Life after Mediterranean polyculture: the subsistence subsystem and
the emergence of civilization revisited.' In J. Barrett and P. Halstead (eds) The
Emergence of Civilisation Revisited.
(Sheffield Studies in Aegean Archaeology)
Oxford:189-206.
10
Halstead, P. and C. Frederick 2000. Landscape and Land Use in Postglacial Greece.
(Sheffield Studies in Aegean Archaeology) Sheffield. (Especially chapters by Moody,
Frederick and Krachtopoulou, Forbes, Halstead.)
Higgins, M. and R. Higgins 1996. A Geological Companion to Greece and the Aegean.
Horden, P. and N. Purcell 2000. The Corrupting Sea: A Study in Mediterranean History.
(Especially chapters VI, and III-V.)
Osborne, R. 1987. Classical Landscape with Figures: The Ancient Greek City and its
Countryside. (Chapters 2-3: later date, but many factors still apply.)
Rackham, O. and J. Moody 1996. The Making of the Cretan Landscape.
Session 3: October 11
Colonisations by early foraging and farming societies.
Although Aegean prehistory has devoted most attention to its later phases, the huntergatherer past stretches back over 200,000 years, and even the Neolithic encompasses
four millennia. This lecture explores the deep-time backdrop to the Bronze Age, with
specific emphasis on the beginnings of farming, as well as the cultural and social diversity
of the Neolithic societies that flourished in the Aegean, and their trading relations within
and beyond the Aegean.
Essential
Halstead, P. 1996. ‘The development of agriculture and pastoralism in Greece: when,
how, who and what.' In D. Harris (ed.) The Origins and Spread of Agriculture and
Pastoralism in Eurasia:296-309. [ISSUE DESK HAR; INST ARCH AH HAR]
Perles, C. 2003. 'An alternate (and old-fashioned) view of Neolithisation in Greece.'
Documenta Praehistorica 30:99-114. [INST ARCH Per]
Demoule, J.-P. and C. Perlès 1993. ‘The Greek Neolithic: a new review.' Journal of World
Prehistory 7:355-416. [TC 3079; INST ARCH Per; <www>]
Halstead, P. 2011. Farming, material culture and ideology: repackaging the Neolithic of
Greece (and Europe). In A. Hadjikoumis, E. Robinson and S. Viner (eds). The
dynamics of Neolithisation in Europe. Studies in honour of Andrew Sherratt. Oxford:
Oxbow Books:131-51.
Papathanassopoulos, G. (ed.) 1996. Neolithic Culture in Greece (for images).
Recommended
Palaeolithic
Bintliff, J. 2012. Chapter 2: Hunter-gatherers: the Palaelithic and Epipalaeolithic in
Greece. In J. Bintliff, The Complete Archaeology of Greece. From hunter-gatherers to
the 20th century. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell:28-45. [INST ARCH DAE 100 BIN]
Douka, K., C. Perlès, H. Valladas, M. Vanhaeren, and R. E. M. Hedges. 2011. Franchthi
Cave revisited: the age of the Aurignacian in south-eastern Europe. Antiquity 85:113150.
Papagianni, D. 2009. Mediterranean southeastern Europe in the Late Middle and Early
Upper Palaeolithic: modern human route to Europe or Neanderthal refugium? In M.
Camps and C. Szmidt, eds. The Mediterranean from 50,000 to 25,000 BP: Turning
Points and New Directions. Oxford: Oxbow Books:115-36.
Runnels, C. 1995. ‘Review of Aegean prehistory IV: the stone age of Greece from the
Palaeolithic to the advent of the Neolithic.’ American Journal of Archaeology 99:699728 <www>; reprinted with update, in T. Cullen (ed.) 2001 Aegean Prehistory: A
Review (American Journal of Archaeology Supplement 1.)
Runnels, C. 2003. The History and Future Prospects of Paleolithic Archaeology in Greece.
In , J. Papadopoulos and R. Leventhal, eds. Theory and Practice in Mediterranean
Archaeology: Old World and New World Perspectives. An Advanced Seminar in Honor of
Lloyd Cotsen Los Angeles, Cotsen Institute of Archaeology, UCLA, CIOA Seminar,
1:181-93,
11
Stiner, M. and N. Munro 2011. On the evolution of diet and landscape during the Upper
Palaeolithic through Mesolithic at Franchthi Cave (Peloponnese, Greece). Journal of
Human Evolution 60:618-36.
Tourloukis, V. 2010. The Early and Middle Pleistocene archaeological record of Greece.
Current status and future prospects. (Archaeological Studies Leiden University 23.)
Leiden: Leiden University Press.
Mesolithic
Galanidou, N. and C. Perlès 2003. 'An introduction to the Greek Mesolithic.' In N.
Galanidou and C. Perlès (eds) The Greek Mesolithic. Problems and Perspectives.
(BSA Studies 10) London:27-32.
Perlès, C. 2003. The Mesolithic at Franchthi: an overview of the data and problems. In N.
Galanidou and C. Perlès, eds. The Greek Mesolithic: Problems and Perspectives,
London: The British School at Athens, British School at Athens Studies 10:79-87,
Runnels, C. 2009. Mesolithic Sites and Surveys in Greece: A Case Study from the
Southern Argolid. JMA 22:57-73.
Strasser, T. et al. 2010. Stone Age seafaring in the Mediterranean: evidence from the
Plakias region for Lower Palaeolithic and Mesolithic habitation of Crete. Hesperia
79:145-90. <www>
Neolithisation
Broodbank, C. 2000. Chapters 4-5. An Island Archaeology of the Early Cyclades.
Cambridge.
Broodbank, C. 2006. ‘The origins and early development of Mediterranean maritime
activity.' Journal of Mediterranean Archaeology 19:199-230. <www>
Broodbank, C. and T. Strasser 1991. 'Migrant farmers and the neolithic colonization
of Crete.' Antiquity 65:233-45. <www>
Broodbank. C. 1999. 'Colonization and configuration in the insular Neolithic of the
Aegean.' In P. Halstead (ed.) Neolithic Society in Greece. (Sheffield Studies in
Aegean Archaeology 2) Sheffield:15-41.
Colledge, S. and J. Conolly 2007. A review and synthesis of the evidence for the origins
of farming on Cyprus and Crete. In S. Colledge and J. Conolly (eds) The origins and
spread of domestic plants in Southwest Asia and Europe. Walnut Creek: Left Coast
Press:53-74.
Colledge, S., J. Conolly and S. Shennan 2004. Archaeobotanical evidence for the spread
of farming in the eastern Mediterranean.
Current Anthropology 45 (Special
Issue):S35-58.
Colledge, S., J. Conolly and S. Shennan 2005. The evolution of Neolithic farming from
SW Asian origins to NW European limits. European Journal of Archaeology 8:137-56.
Kotsakis, K. 2001. 'Mesolithic to Neolithic in Greece. Continuity, discontinuity or change
of course?' Documenta Praehistorica 28:63-74.
Kotsakis, K. 2003. From the Neolithic side: the Mesolithic/Neolithic interface in Greece.
The Greek Mesolithic: Problems and Perspectives, Galanidou, Nena, and Catherine
Perlès, eds. London: The British School at Athens, British School at Athens Studies 10,
217-221..
Kotsakis, K. 2008. 'A sea of agency: Crete in the context of the earliest Neolithic in
Greece.' In V. Isaakidou and P. Tomkins (eds) Escaping the Labyrinth. The Cretan
Neolithic in Context. Oxford:49-72.
Manning, K., B. Stopp, S. Colledge, S. Downey, J. Conolly, K. Dobney and S. Shennan
2013. Animal exploitation in the Early Neolithic of the Balkans and central Europe. In
S. Colledge et al. (eds). The origins and spread of domestic animals in Southwest Asia
and Europe. Walnut Creek: Left Coast Press:237-52.
Özdogan, M. 1997. ‘The beginning of Neolithic economies in southeastern Europe: an
Anatolian perspective.' Journal of European Archaeology 5:1-33. <www>
Perles, C. 2005. 'From the Near East to Greece: let’s reverse the focus - cultural
elements that didn’t transfer.' In C. Lichter (ed.) How did farming reach Europe?
(BYZAS 2) Istanbul:275-90.
12
Runnels, C. 2003. The Origins of the Greek Neolithic: A Personal View. In A. Ammerman,
Albert J. and Paolo Biagi, eds. The Widening Harvest. The Neolithic Transition in
Europe: Looking Back, Looking Forward. Boston, Archaeological Institute of America,
Colloquia and Conference Papers, 6. ISBN 1-931909-05-9. p. 121-132.
Valamoti, S.-M. and K. Kotsakis 2007. Transitions to agriculture in the Aegean: the
archaeobotanical evidence. In S. Colledge and J. Conolly (eds) The origins and spread
of domestic plants in Southwest Asia and Europe. Walnut Creek: Left Coast Press:7591
van Andel, T.J. and C. Runnels 1995. ‘The earliest farmers in Europe.’ Antiquity 69:48198. <www>
Neolithic
Andreou, S., M. Fotiadis, and K. Kotsakis 1996. ‘Review of Aegean prehistory V: the
Neolithic and Bronze Age of northern Greece.' American Journal of Archaeology
100:537-97 <www>; reprinted with update, in T. Cullen (ed.) 2001. Aegean
Prehistory: A Review (American Journal of Archaeology Supplement 1).
Cavanagh, W. 2004. 'WYSIWYG: settlement and territoriality in southern Greece
during the Early and Middle Neolithic periods.' Journal of Mediterranean
Archaeology 17:165-89. <www>
Halstead, P. 2006. ‘Sheep in the garden: the integration of crop and livestock husbandry
in early farming regimes of Greece and southern Europe.' In D. Serjentson and D. Field
(eds) Animals in the Neolithic of Britain and Europe:42-55.
Halstead, P. (ed.) 1999. Neolithic Society in Greece (Sheffield Studies in Aegean
Archaeology 2) Sheffield. (Especially papers by Broodbank, Halstead, Kotsakis, Pappa
and Besios, and Perlès and Vitelli.)
Halstead, P. 1989. 'The economy has a normal surplus: economic stability and social
change among early farming communities of Thessaly, Greece.' In P. Halstead and
J. O'Shea (eds) Bad Year Economics: Cultural Responses to Risk and Uncertainty.
Cambridge:68-80.
Halstead, P. 1994. ‘The north-south divide: regional paths to complexity in prehistoric
Greece.' In C. Mathers and S. Stoddart (eds) Development and decline in the
Mediterranean Bronze Age. Sheffield:195-219.
Halstead, P. 1995. From Sharing to Hoarding: The Neolithic Foundations of Aegean
Bronze Age Society. Laffineur, Robert and Wolf-Dietrich Niemeier, eds., Politeia:
Society and State in the Aegean Bronze Age. Vol I., Aegaeum 12. Université de
Liège:11-21.
Halstead, P. 1999. 'Neighbours from Hell? The household in Neolithic Greece.' In P.
Halstead (ed.) Neolithic Society in Greece. (Sheffield Studies in Aegean
Archaeology 2) Sheffield:77-95.
Halstead, P. 2004. 'Farming and feasting in the Neolithic of Greece: the ecological context
of fighting with food.' Documenta Praehistorica 31:153-61.
Halstead, P. 2006. What's ours is mine? : village and household in early farming society
in Greece. [ISSUE DESK IoA HAL; INST ARCH DAE 100 HAL]
Halstead, P. and V. Isaakidou 2013. Early stock-keeping in Greece. In S. Colledge et al.
(eds). The origins and spread of domestic animals in Southwest Asia and Europe.
Walnut Creek: Left Coast Press:129-43.
Isaakidou, V. 2011. Farming regimes in Neolithic Europe: gardening with cows and other
models. In A. Hadjikoumis, E. Robinson and S. Viner (eds).
The dynamics of
Neolithisation in Europe. Studies in honour of Andrew Sherratt. Oxford: Oxbow
Books:90-112
Isaakidou, V. and P. Tomkins (eds) Escaping the Labyrinth (Sheffield Studies in Aegean
Archaeology 8.) Oxford.
Johnson, M. 2006-07. Early farming in the land of springs. Settlement patterns and
agriculture in Neolithic Greece. Opuscula Atheniensia 31-32:131-70.
Johnson, M. and C. Perlès. 2004. An Overview of Neolithic Settlement Patterns in Eastern
Thessaly. In J. Cherry, C. Scarre, and S. Shennan (eds) Explaining social change:
studies in honour of Colin Renfrew. (McDonald Institute Monographs). Cambridge:
McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research:65-79.
13
Kotsakis, K. 1999. What Tells Can Tell: Social Space and Settlement in the Greek
Neolithic. Halstead, Paul. Ed. Neolithic Society in Greece. Sheffield: Sheffield Academic
Press. Sheffield Studies in Aegean Archaeology 2. p. 66-76.
Nanoglou, S. 2001. ‘Social and monumental space in Neolithic Thessaly, Greece.' Journal
of European Archaeology 4:303-22. <www>
Papathanassopoulos, G. (ed.) 1996. Neolithic Culture in Greece. Athens.
Perlès, C. 1992. ‘Systems of exchange and organization of production in Neolithic Greece.’
Journal of Mediterranean Archaeology 5:115-64. [INST ARCH Pers]
Perlès, C. 2001. The Early Neolithic in Greece: The First Farming Communities in Europe.
Cambridge.
Perlès, C. and K.D. Vitelli. 1999 Craft specialization in the Neolithic of Greece. In P.
Halstead (ed.) Neolithic Society in Greece. (Sheffield Studies in Aegean
Archaeology 2) Sheffield:96-107.
Phoca-Cosmetatou, N. 2011. Initial occupation of the Cycladic islands in the Neolithic:
strategies for survival.
In N. Phoca-Cosmetatou (ed.) The first Mediterranean
islanders: initial occupation and survival strategies.
(Oxford: School of
Archaeology:77-97.
Souvatzi, S. 2007. 'Social complexity is not the same as hierarchy.' In S. Kohring and S.
Wynne-Jones (eds) Socialising Complexity: structure, interaction and power in
archaeological discourse. Oxford:37-59.
Souvatzi, S. 2008. A Social Archaeology of Households in Neolithic Greece: An
Anthropological Approach. Cambridge.
Tomkins, P. 2010. Neolithic Antecedents. The Oxford Handbook of the Bronze Age Aegean
(ca. 3000-1000 BC), Cline, Eric H., ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-019-536550-4. p. 31-49.
Urem-Kotsou, D. and K. Kotsakis. 2007. Pottery, cuisine and community in the Neolithic
of north Greece. Cooking up the Past: Food and Culinary Practices in the Neolithic and
Bronze Age Aegean, Mee, Christopher and Josette Renard, eds. Oxford: Oxbow Books.
ISBN 978-1-84217-227-8 and ISBN 1-84217-227-1. p. 225-246.
Session 4: October 11
The transition to the Early Bronze Age: models and evidence.
Since the appearance of Renfrew’s Emergence (1972), the Early Bronze Age (c. 32002000 BC) has, rightly or wrongly, been the focus of most attempts to explain the social
processes that generated the Minoan palace-states by the start of the 2nd millennium BC.
Before several sessions on EBA regional patterns and interaction, we need to explore the
Neolithic to EBA transition, establish the overall features of the latter, and outline the
main models and frameworks of explanation that have been proposed for this critical
period.
Essential
Renfrew, A.C. 1972. The Emergence of Civilisation: The Cyclades and the Aegean in
the Third Millennium BC. [ISSUE DESK IoA REN 7; DAG 100 REN; YATES A22 REN;
Science ANTHROPOLOGY C7 REN] (Part II, Chapters 14-21, where each chapter
covers a major theme, culminating in Chapter 21 with Renfrew’s systemic model for
the rise of Aegean complex society; work your way gradually through.)
Halstead, P. 2004. 'Life after Mediterranean polyculture: the subsistence subsystem and
the emergence of civilization revisited.' In J. Barrett and P. Halstead (eds) The
Emergence of Civilisation Revisited.
(Sheffield Studies in Aegean Archaeology)
Oxford:189-206. [ISSUE DESK IoA BAR 19; INST ARCH DAG 100 BAR]
Halstead, P.L.J. and V. Isaakidou
2011.
Revolutionary secondary products: the
development and significance of milking, animal-traction and wool-gathering in later
Prehistoric Europe and the Near East. In T. Wilkinson, S. Sherratt and J. Bennet (eds)
Interweaving worlds: systemic interactions in Eurasia, 7th to 1st millennia BC. Oxford:
Oxbow Books:61-76.
14
Broodbank, C.
2000.
Chapter 9. An Island Archaeology of the Early Cyclades.
Cambridge. [IoA ISSUE DESK BRO; DAG 10 BRO]
Nakou, G. 1995. ‘The cutting edge; a new look at early Aegean metallurgy.’ Journal of
Mediterranean Archaeology 8:1-32. [TC 993; INST ARCH Pers]
Recommended
Barrett, J. and P. Halstead (eds) 2004. The Emergence of Civilisation Revisited (Sheffield
Studies in Aegean Archaeology 6) Oxford. (Especially Preface and chapters by Cherry,
Halstead, Renfrew and Whitelaw.)
Cherry, J.F. 1983 'Evolution, revolution and the origins of complex society in Minoan
Crete.' In O. Krzyszkowska and L. Nixon (eds) Minoan Society. Bristol:33-45.
Day, P. and R. Doonan (eds) Metallurgy in the Early Bronze Age Aegean (Sheffield
Studies in Archaeology 7.) Oxford.
Halstead, P, 1994. ‘The north-south divide: regional paths to complexity in prehistoric
Greece.’ in C. Mathers and S. Stoddart (eds) Development and Decline in the
Mediterranean Bronze Age. Sheffield:195-219.
Halstead, P.
1996.
'Pastoralism or household herding?
Problems of scale and
specialisation in early Greek animal husbandry.'
World Archaeology 28:20-42.
<www>
Halstead, P. 2006. ‘Sheep in the garden: the integration of crop and livestock husbandry
in early farming regimes of Greece and southern Europe.’ in D. Serjentson and D. Field
(eds) Animals in the Neolithic of Britain and Europe. Oxford:42-55.
Halstead, P. 1995. ‘Plough and power: the economic and social significance of cultivation
with the ox-drawn ard in the Mediterranean.’ Bulletin of Sumerian Agriculture 8:11-21.
Halstead, P. 2011. 'Redistribution in Aegean Palatial Societies: Terminology, Scale, and
Significance.' American Journal of Archaeology 115:229-35.
Hamilakis, Y. 1999. ‘Food technologies/technologies of the body: the social context of
wine and oil production and consumption in Bronze Age Crete.’ World Archaeology
31:38-52. <www>
Hansen, J. 1988. 'Agriculture in the prehistoric Aegean: data versus speculation.'
American Journal of Archaeology 92:39-52. <www>
Isaakidou, V. 2008. ''The fauna and economy of Neolithic Knossos' revisited.' In V.
Isaakidou and P. Tomkins (eds) Escaping the Labyrinth. The Cretan Neolithic in
Context. Oxford:90-114.
Isaakidou, V. 2006. 'Ploughing with cows: Knossos and the secondary products
revolution.' In D. Serjentson and D. Field (eds) Animals in the Neolithic of Britain
and Europe. Oxford:95-112.
Kassianidou, V. and A. B. Knapp 2005. ‘Archaeometallurgy in the Mediterranean: the
social context of mining, technology, and trade.’ In E. Blake and A.B. Knapp (eds) The
Archaeology of Mediterranean Prehistory:215-51.
Muhly, J. 2002. 'Early metallurgy in Greece and Cyprus.' In U. Yalcin (ed.) Anatolian
Metal II. (Der Anschnitt 15) Bochum:77-82.
Muhly, J. 2004. 'Chrysokamino and the beginnings of metal technology on Crete and in
the Aegean.' In L.P. Day, M. Mook and J.D. Muhly (eds) Crete beyond the Palaces:
Proceedings of the Crete 2000 conference. Philadelphia:283-90.
Nakou, G. 1997. 'The role of Poliochni and the north Aegean in the development of
Aegean metallurgy.' In C. Doumas and V. La Rosa (eds) I Poliochni kai i Proimi
Epochi tou Chalkou sto Voreio Aigaio. Athens:634-48.
Papadatos, Y. 2007. ‘Beyond cultures and ethnicity: a new look at material culture
distribution and inter-regional interaction in the Early Bronze Age southern Aegean.’ In
S. Antoniadou and A. Pace (eds) Mediterranean Crossroads:419-51.
Papadatos, Y and P. Tomkins 2013. Trading, the longboat, and cultural interaction in the
Aegean during the late fourth millennium B.C.E.: the view from kephala Petras, East
Crete. AJA 117:353-81.
Pullen, D. 1992. ‘Ox and plow in the Early Bronze Age Aegean.’ American Journal of
Archaeology 96:45-54. <www>
15
Pullen, D. 2011. 'Before the palaces: redistribution and chiefdoms in mainland Greece.'
American Journal of Archaeologgy 115:185-95. <www: American Journal of
Archaeologgy web-site>
Sherratt, A. 1981. ‘Plough and pastoralism: aspects of the secondary products revolution.’
in I. Hodder, G. Isaac and N. Hammond (eds) Pattern of the Past. Cambridge:261-305.
Terral, J.-F. et al. 2004. ‘Historical biogeography of olive domestication (Olea europaea l.)
as revealed by geometrical morphology applied to biological and archaeological
material.’ Journal of Biogeography 31:63-77. <www>
Van Andel, T. and C. Runnels 1988. 'An essay on the ‘emergence of civilisation’ in the
Aegean world.' Antiquity 62:234-47. <www>
Zachos, K and Douzougli, A. 1999. ‘Aegean metallurgy: how early and how independent?’
in P. Betancourt, V. Karageorghis, R. Laffineur and W.-D. Niemeier (eds) Meletemata
(Aegaeum 20) Liège:959-68.
Zachos, K. 2007. 'The Neolithic background: a reassessment.' In P. Day and R.
Doonan (eds) Metallurgy in the Early Bronze Age Aegean. Oxford:168-206.
October 18: No lectures
Session 5: October 25
EBA comparative perspectives (i): the Greek mainland and the eastern Aegean.
Many of the overall characteristics of EBA change outlined in the previous lecture can be
exemplified and refined by comparative examination of regional patterns on the southern
Greek mainland, and in the eastern Aegean and western Anatolia including at the site of
Troy. Comparison between these regions also forces us to ask whether any distinctions
point to differing emphases in modern investigation or in EBA behaviour and social
trajectories, the latter potentially linked to contrastive locations with respect to the world
beyond. Key issues are settlement size, monumental buildings, craft specialisation and
conspicuous metallurgy as indices of change.
Essential
Pullen, D. 2007. ‘The Early Bronze Age in Greece.’ In C. Shelmerdine (ed.) The
Cambridge Companion to the Aegean Bronze Age. Cambridge:19-46. [ISSUE DESK IoA
SHE 16; DAG 100 SHE]
Pullen, D. 2011. 'Before the palaces: redistribution and chiefdoms in mainland Greece.'
American Journal of Archaeology 115:185-95. [<www>]
Wiencke, M.H. 1989. ‘Change in Early Helladic II.’ American Journal of Archaeology
93:495-509. [<www>]
Sagona, A. and P. Zimansky 2009. Ancient Turkey:172-224. [ISSUE DESK IoA SAG; DBC
100 SAG]
Antonova, I., V. Tolstikov and M. Triester 1996. The Gold of Troy: Searching for Homer’s
Fabled City. (For images.) [AD 10 SCH]
Recommended
Southern Greek mainland
Cavanagh, W. 2012. The Early Bronze Age in Lakonia. A good story with a beginning, a
middle and an end. Pharos 18:53-78.
Forsen, J. 1992. The Twilight of the Early Helladics: A Study of the Disturbances in Eastcentral and Southern Greece towards the End of the Early Bronze Age. Jonsered.
Forsen, J. 2010. 'Early Bronze Age: Mainland Greece.' In E. Cline (ed.) The Oxford
Handbook of the Bronze Age Aegean (ca. 3000-1000 BC). Oxford:53-65.
Nilsson, M. 2004. A Civilization in the making: a contextual study of Early Bronze Age
Corridor Buildings in the Aegean. Goteborg.
Pullen, D. 1994. 'Modeling Mortuary Behavior on a Regional Scale: A Case Study from
Mainland Greece in the Early Bronze Age.' In P.N. Kardulias (ed.) Beyond the Site.
Regional Studies in the Aegean Area. London:113-36.
16
Pullen, D. 2003. 'Site size, territory, and hierarchy: measuring levels of integration and
social change in Neolithic and Bronze Age Aegean societies.' In K. Foster and R.
Laffineur (eds)
METRON.
Measuring the Aegean Bronze Age.
(Aegaeum 24)
Liège:29-36.
Pullen, D. 1994. ‘A lead seal from Tsoungiza, ancient Nemea, and Early Bronze Age
Sealing Systems.’ American Journal of Archaeology 98:35-52. <www>
Pullen, D. 2011. 'Picking out Pots in Patterns: Feasting in Early Helladic Greece.' In W.
Gauss, M. Lindblom, R.A. Smith and J. Wright (eds) Our Cups Are Full: Pottery and
Society in the Aegean Bronze Age. Oxford:217-26. [On order]
Rutter, J. 1993. ‘Review of Aegean Prehistory II: the prepalatial Bronze Age of the
southern and central Greek mainland.’ American Journal of Archaeology 97:745-97
(focus on 758-74 for the EBA.) [TC 538; <www>] Reprinted with update, in T. Cullen
(ed.) 2001. Aegean Prehistory: A Review (American Journal of Archaeology
Supplement 1.) [ISSUE DESK IoA CUL 4; INST ARCH DAG 100 CUL]
Shaw, J. 1987. ‘The Early Helladic corridor house: development and form.’ American
Journal of Archaeology 91: 59-79. <www>
Weiberg, E. 2007. Thinking the Bronze Age: Life and Death in Early Helladic Greece
(Uppsala Studies in Ancient Mediterranean and Near Eastern Civilisations 29.)
Weiberg, E. 2009. The invisible dead. The case of the Argolid and Corinthia during the
Early Bronze Age. Honouring the Dead in the Peloponnese. Proceedings of the
conference held in Sparta 23-25 April 2009, Cavanagh, Helen, William Cavanagh, and
James Roy, eds. CSPS Online Publication 2, Nottingham: CSPS. Centre for Spartan and
Peloponessian Studies:781-796
Weiberg, E. 2010. Pictures and people. Seals, figurines and Peloponnesian imagery.
OpAthRom 3. p. 185-218.
Weiberg, E. and M. Finné. 2013. Mind or Matter? People-Environment Interactions and the
Demise of Early Helladic II Society in the Northeastern Peloponnese. AJA 117.1. p. 131.
Weingarten, J. 1997. 'Another look at Lerna: an EHIIB trading post?' Oxford Journal of
Archaeology 16:147-66. <www>
Weingarten, J. 2000. ‘Lerna: sealings in a Landscape.’ In M. Perna (ed.) Administrative
Documents in the Aegean and Their Near Eastern Counterparts:103-23. [Institute of
Classical Studies]
The eastern Aegean and western Anatolia
Bachhuber, C. 2011. Negotiating metal and the metal form in the royal tombs of
Alacahoyuk in north-central Anatolia. In T. Wilkinson, S. Sherratt and J. Bennet (eds)
Interweaving worlds: systemic interactions in Eurasia, 7th to 1st millennia BC. Oxford:
Oxbow Books:158-75.
Bachhuber, C. 2009. The treasure deposits of Troy: rethinking crisis and agency on the
Early Bronze Age citadel. AnatSt 59. p. 1-18.
Bachhuber, C. 2009. The treasure deposits of Troy: rethinking crisis and agency on the
Early Bronze Age citadel. AnatSt 59. p. 1-18.
Blegen, C.W. 1963. Troy and the Trojans (Chapters 2-5; dated since the start of the new
excavations but still the best introductory overview.)
Cevik, O. 'The emergence of different social systems in Early Bronze Age Anatolia:
urbanisation versus centralisation.' Anatolian Studies 57:131-40. <www>
Efe, T. 2007. ‘The theories of the ‘great caravan route' between Cilicia and Troy: the Early
Bronze Age III period in inland western Anatolia.’ Anatolian Studies 57:47-64. <www>
Kouka, O. 2013. Against the gaps: the Early Bronze Age and the transition to the Middle
Bronze Age in the northern and eastern Aegean/western Anatolia. AJA 117:569-80.
Kouka, O. 2009. 'Third millennium BC Aegean chronology: old and new data from the
perspective of the third millennium AD.' In S. Manning and M. Bruce (eds) Tree-rings,
kings, and Old World archaeology and environment. Oxford:133-49.
Nakou, G. 1997. ‘The role of Poliochni and the north Aegean in the development of
Aegean metallurgy.’ in C. Doumas and V. La Rosa (eds) I Poliochni kai i Proimi Epochi
tou Chalkou sto Voreio Aigaio. Athens:634-48. [TC 1956]
17
Ramsdorf, L. 2011. Re-integrating ‘diffusion’: the spread of innovations among the
Neolithic and Bronze Age societies of Europe and the Near East. In T. Wilkinson, S.
Sherratt and J. Bennet (eds) Interweaving worlds: systemic interactions in Eurasia, 7th
to 1st millennia BC. Oxford: Oxbow Books:100-20.
Reinholt, C. 2003. ‘The Aegean and western Anatolia: social forms and cultural
relationships.’ in J. Aruz (ed.) Art of the First Cities: The Third Millennium B.C. from the
Mediterranean to the Indus. New York:255-9.
Sahoglu, S. (ed.) 2011. Across. The Cyclades and Western Anatolia during the 3 rd
millennium BC. Istabul.
Sahoglu, V. 2005. ‘The Anatolian trade network and the Izmir region during the Early
Bronze Age.’ Oxford Journal of Archaeology 24:339-61. <www>
Session 6: October 25
EBA comparative perspectives (ii): Crete.
Continuing our survey of EBA diversity, we anticipate that Crete will be different from the
other regions examined, but does this account for the subsequent divergence which
resulted, ca. 2000 BC, in the emergence of the first palatial Aegean societies? An
overview will be presented of the nature of the evidence available, both settlement-based
and mortuary, and how it has been interpreted.
Essential
Tomkins, P. and Schoep, I. 2010. 'Early Bronze Age: Crete.' In E. Cline (ed.) The Oxford
Handbook of the Bronze Age Aegean (ca. 3000-1000 BC). Oxford:66-82. [ISSUE DESK
IoA CLI 2]
Legarra Herrero, B. 2012. The Construction, Destruction and Non-construction of
Hierarchies in the Funerary Record of Prepalatial Crete. Back to the Beginning:
Reassessing Social and Political Complexity on Crete during the Early and Middle
Bronze Age, Schoep, I., P. Tomkins, and J. Driessen, eds. Oxford: Oxbow Books:325–
57.
Whitelaw, T. 2004. ‘Alternative pathways to complexity in the southern Aegean.' In J.
Barrett and P. Halstead (eds) The Emergence of Civilisation Revisited. Sheffield:23256. [TC 2974; ISSUE DESK IoA BAR ; INST ARCH DAG 100 BAR]
Sbonias, K. 1999 ‘Social development, management of production, and symbolic
representation in Prepalatial Crete.' In A. Chaniotis (ed.) From Minoan farmers to
Roman traders. Sidelights on the economy of ancient Crete. Stuttgart:25-51. [TC
2169; INST ARCH DAG 14 CHA]
Recommended
Watrous, L.V. 1993 ‘Review of Aegean prehistory III: Crete from earliest prehistory
through the Protopalatial period.’ American Journal of Archaeology 98:695-753.
[<www>] Reprinted with update, in T. Cullen (ed.) 2001. Aegean Prehistory: A Review
(American Journal of Archaeology Supplement 1.) [ISSUE DESK IoA CUL 4; INST ARCH
DAG 100 CUL]
Tomkins, P. 2012. Behind the Horizon: Reconsidering the Genesis and Function of the
'First Palace' at Knossos (Final Neolithic IV–Middle Minoan IB). In I. Schoep, P Tomkins
and J Driessen, eds. Back to the Beginning: Reassessing Social and Political Complexity
on Crete during the Early and Middle Bronze Age. Oxford: Oxbow Books:32–80.
Todaro, S. 2012. Craft Production and Social Practices at Prepalatial Phaistos: the
Background to the First 'Palace'. In I. Schoep, P Tomkins and J Driessen, eds. Back to
the Beginning: Reassessing Social and Political Complexity on Crete during the Early
and Middle Bronze Age. Oxford: Oxbow Books:195–235.
Sbonias, K. 2012. Regional Elite-Groups and the Production and Consumption of Seals in
the Prepalatial period. A Case-Study of the Asterousia Region. In I. Schoep, P Tomkins
and J Driessen, eds. Back to the Beginning: Reassessing Social and Political Complexity
on Crete during the Early and Middle Bronze Age. Oxford: Oxbow Books:273–89.
18
Alexiou, S. and P. Warren 2004. The Early Minoan Tombs of Lebena, Southern Crete
(SIMA 30.) Jonsered.
Betancourt, P. 2008. The Bronze Age Begins: The Ceramics Revolution of Early Minoan I
and the New Forms of Wealth that Transformed Prehistoric Society. Philadelphia.
Branigan, K. 1988. Pre-palatial: The Foundations of Palatial Crete. Amsterdam. (Update of
his original 1970 Foundations..., with Chapter 10 providing a summary update.)
Branigan, K. 1991. ‘Mochlos: an early Minoan 'gateway community'?.’ In R. Laffineur and
L. Basch (eds) Thalassa: L'Egée Préhistorique et la Mer (Aegaeum 7) Liège:97-105.
Branigan, K. 1992. Dancing with Death: Life and Death in Southern Crete ca. 30002000 BC. Amsterdam. (An update and re-write of: K. Branigan 1970. The Tombs of
Mesara. London.)
Carter, T. 1998 ‘Reverberation of the International spirit: Thoughts upon 'Cycladica' in the
Mesara.’ in K. Branigan (ed.) Cemetery and Society in the Aegean Bronze Age
(Sheffield Studies in Aegean Archaeology 2.) Sheffield.
Day, P., Relaki, M. and Todaro, S. 2010. 'Living from pots? Ceramic perspectives on the
economies of Prepalatial Crete.' In D. Pullen (ed.) Political Economies of the Aegean
Bronze Age. Oxford:205-29.
Day, P. and D. Wilson 2002. 'Landscapes of memory, craft and power in Prepalatial and
Protopalatial Knossos.' In Y. Hamilakis (ed.) Labyrinth Revisited. Rethinking ‘Minoan’
archaeology. Oxford:143-66.
Day, P. and Wilson, D. 2004. ‘Ceramic change and the practice of eating and drinking in
Early Bronze Age Crete.’ in P. Halstead and J. Barrett (eds) Food, Cuisine and Society
in Prehistoric Greece (Sheffield Studies in Aegean Archaeology 5.) Oxford:45-62.
Dimopoulou-Rethemiotaki, N., D. Wilson and P. Day. 2007. ‘The earlier Prepalatial
settlement of Poros-Katsambas: craft production and exchange at the harbour town of
Knossos.’ In P. Day and R. Doonan (eds) Metallurgy in the Early Bronze Age Aegean.
Oxford:84-97.
Driessen, J. 2007. 'IIb or not IIb: On the Beginnings of Minoan Monument Building.' In J.
Bretschneider, J. Driessen and K. van Lerberghe (eds) Power and Architecture:
Monumental Public Architecture in the Bronze Age Near East and Aegean. (Orientalia
Lovaniensia Analecta 156) Leuven:73-92.
Hamilakis, Y. 1998. 'Eating the Dead: Mortuary Feasting and the Politics of Memory in
the Aegean Bronze Age Societies.' In K. Branigan (eds) Cemetery and Society in the
Aegean Bronze Age. (Sheffield Studies in Aegean Archaeology 1) Sheffield:115-32.
Legarra Herrero, B. 2009. 'The Minoan fallacy: cultural diversity and mortuary behaviour
on Crete at the beginning of the Bronze Age.' Oxford Journal of Archaeology 28:29-57.
Legarra Herrero, B. 2011. 'The secret lives of the Early and Middle Minoan tholos
cemeteries: Koumasa and Platanos.' In J. Murphy (ed.) Prehistoric Crete. Regional
and diachronic studies on mortuary systems. Philadelphia:49-84.
Murphy, J. 1998. ‘Ideology, rites and rituals: A view of Prepalatial Minoan tholoi.’ in K.
Branigan (ed.), Cemetery and Society in the Aegean Bronze Age. (Sheffield Studies in
Aegean Archaeology 1) Sheffield:27-40.
Murphy, J. 2011. Landscape and Social Narratives: A Study of Regional Social Stuctures
in Prepalatial Crete. In J. Murphy (ed.) Prehistoric Crete. Regional and diachronic
studies on mortuary systems. Philadelphia:23-47.
Papadatos, Y. 2007. ‘Beyond cultures and ethnicity: a new look at material culture
distribution and inter-regional interaction in the Early Bronze Age southern Aegean.’ In
S. Antoniadou and A. Pace (eds) Mediterranean Crossroads:419-51.
Schoep, I. 2007. 'Architecture and Power: The Origins of the Minoan 'Palatial
Architecture.' In J. Bretschneider, J. Driessen and K. van Lerberghe (eds) Power and
Architecture: Monumental Public Architecture in the Bronze Age Near East and Aegean.
(Orientalia Lovaniensia Analecta 156) Leuven:213-36.
Soles, J. 1988. ‘Social ranking in prepalatial cemeteries.’ in E.B. French and K.A. Wardle
(eds) Problems in Greek Prehistory. Bristol:49-61.
Stos-Gale, Z. 1993 'The Origin of Metal Used for Making Weapons in Early and Middle
Minoan Crete.' In C. Scarre and F. Healey (eds) Trade and Exchange in Prehistoric
Europe. Oxford:115-29.
19
Watrous, L.V., Hadzi-Vallianou, D. and Blitzer, H. 2004. The Plain of Phaistos. Cycles of
complexity in the Mesara region of Crete. Los Angeles. (Chapters 8-9.)
Whitelaw, T.M. 1983. 'The settlement at Fournou Korifi, Myrtos and aspects of Early
Minoan social organization.' In O. Krzyszkowska and L. Nixon (eds) Minoan Society.
Bristol:323-45. [TC 526]
Whitelaw, T., P. M. Day, E. Kiriatzi, V. Kilikoglou and D. E. Wilson 1997. ‘Ceramic
Traditions at EM IIB Myrtos, Fournou Korifi.’ in R. Laffineur and P.P. Betancourt (eds),
TEXNH: Craftsmen, Craftswomen and Craftsmanship in the Aegean Bronze Age
(Aegaeum 16) Liège:265-74.
Wilson, D.E. 1992. ‘Knossos before the palaces: an overview of the Early Bronze Age (EM
I-III).’ In D. Evely, H. Hughes-Brock and N. Momigliano (eds) Knossos: A Labyrinth of
History. Oxford:23-44.
Wilson, D. 2007. ‘Early Prepalatial Crete’ in C. Shelmerdine (ed.) The Cambridge
Companion to the Aegean Bronze Age. Cambridge:77-104.
Session 7: November 1
EBA comparative perspectives (iii): The Cyclades, maritime trade and the end of
the EBA.
Following the peopling of the Cyclades in the later Neolithic, EBA communities in this
agriculturally marginal island cluster developed maritime cultures oriented towards interisland exchange networks. Settlements were mainly small, and typically paired with
cemeteries. It is from these cemeteries that most finds of prestige material culture have
come, notably the famous marble figurines. Wider inter-regional maritime trade created a
so-called ‘international spirit’ of shared styles, especially in drinking vessels. The
circulation of metals was one crucial factor in the dynamics of inter-regional interaction.
Essential
Broodbank, C. 2008. ‘The Early Bronze Age in the Cyclades.’ in C. Shelmerdine (ed.) The
Cambridge Companion to the Aegean Bronze Age. Cambridge:47-76. [TC 3532; IoA
ISSUE DESK SHE 16; DAG 100 SHE]
Broodbank, C. 2000. An Island Archaeology of the Early Cyclades. Cambridge. (Chapters
7-9.) [ISSUE DESK IoA BRO 9; INST ARCH DAG 10 BRO]
Papadatos, Y. 2007. ‘Beyond cultures and ethnicity: a new look at material culture
distribution and inter-regional interaction in the Early Bronze Age southern Aegean.’ In
S. Antoniadou and A. Pace (eds) Mediterranean Crossroads:419-51. [TC 3717; INST
ARCH DAG 100 ANT]
Wiener, M. 2013. Gaps, destructions, and migrations in the Early Bronze Age Aegean:
causes and cansequences. AJA 177:581-92.
Recommended
The Cyclades
Broodbank, C. 2000. An Island Archaeology of the Early Cyclades. Cambridge.
Davis, J.L. 1992. ‘The islands of the Aegean.’ American Journal of Archaeology 96:699756. [TC 500; <www>] Reprinted with update, in T. Cullen (ed.) 2001. Aegean
Prehistory: A Review (American Journal of Archaeology Supplement 1.) [ISSUE DESK
IoA CUL 4; INST ARCH DAG 100 CUL]
Doumas, C. 1977. Early Bronze Age Burial Habits in the Cyclades. (SIMA 48.) Goteborg.
Gill, D. & C. Chippindale 1993. ‘Material and intellectual consequences of esteem for
Cycladic figures.’ American Journal of Archaeology 97:601-59. <www>
Renfrew, A.C. 2008. The Keros Hoard: remaining questions. AJA 112:295-98.
Renfrew, C., M. Boyd and N. Brodie 2012. The oldest maritime sanctuary? Dating the
sanctuary t Keros and the Cycladic Early Bronze Age. Antiquity 86:144-60.
Sahoglu, S. (ed.) 2011. Across. The Cyclades and Western Anatolia during the 3rd
millennium BC. Istabul.
Sotirakopoulou, P. 2008. The Keros Hoard: some further questions. AJA 112:279-94.
20
Whitelaw, T. 2000. 'Settlement instability and landscape degradation in the southern
Aegean in the third millennium BC.' In P. Halstead and C. Frederick (eds) Landscape
and Landuse in Postglacial Greece. (Sheffield Studies in Aegean Archaeology 3)
Sheffield:135-61.
Whitelaw, T. 2004. 'The Development of an Island Centre: Urbanization at Phylakopi on
Melos.' In J. Cherry, C. Scarre and S. Shennan (eds) Explaining social change: studies
in honour of Colin Renfrew. Cambridge:149-66.
Aegean trade
Agourides, C. 1997. ‘Sea routes and navigation in the third millennium Aegean.’ Oxford
Journal of Archaeology 16:1-24. <www>
Betancourt, P. 2003. ‘The impact of Cycladic settlers on Early Minoan Crete.’
Mediterranean Archaeology and Archaeometry 3:3-12. <www: journal web-site>
Branigan, K. 1991. ‘Mochlos” and early Aegean ‘gateway community’?.’ in R. Laffineur
and L. Basch (eds) Thalassa: L’Egée préhistorique et al mer (Aegaeum 7) Liège:97105.
Brogan, T. 2013. Reexamining the Early Cycladic III ‘gap’ from the perspective of Crete:
a regional approach to relative chronology, networks, and complexity in the late
Prepalatial period. AJA 117:555-67.
Broodbank, C. 2013. Gaps, destructions and migrations in the early Bronze Age Aegean:
causes and consequences. AJA 177:581-92.
Broodbank, C. 2000. Chapter 9. An Island Archaeology of the Early Cyclades. Cambridge.
Broodbank, C. 2010. ''Ships a-sail from over the rim of the sea': voyaging, sailing and
the making of Mediterranean societies c. 3500-500 BC.’ In A. Anderson, J.H. Barrett
and K. Boyle (eds) The Global Origins of Seafaring. (McDonald Institute
Monographs) Cambridge:249-64.
Broodbank, C. and E. Kiriatzi 2007. ‘The first 'Minoans' of Kythera revisited: technology,
demography, and landscape in the Prepalatial Aegean.’ American Journal of
Archaeology 111:241-74.
Carter, T. 1998 ‘Reverberation of the International spirit: Thoughts upon 'Cycladica' in the
Mesara.’ in K. Branigan (ed.) Cemetery and Society in the Aegean Bronze Age
(Sheffield Studies in Aegean Archaeology 2.) Sheffield.
Carter, T. 2004. 'Mochlos and Melos: a special relationship? Creating identity and status
in Minoan Crete.' In L. Day, M. Mook and J. Muhly (eds) Crete Beyond the Palaces:
Proceedings of the Crete 2000 Conference. (Prehistory Monographs 10.)
Philadelphia:291-307.
Day, P., D. Wilson and E. Kiriatzi 1998. 'Pots, labels and people: burying ethnicity in
the cemetery at Aghia Photia, Siteias.' In K. Branigan (ed.) Cemetery and Society in
the Aegean Bronze Age. (Sheffield Studies in Aegean Archaeology 1) Sheffield:13349.
Dimopoulou-Rethemiotaki, N., D. Wilson and P. Day. 2007. 'The earlier Prepalatial
settlement of Poros-Katsambas: craft production and exchange at the harbour town of
Knossos.' In P. Day and R. Doonan (eds) Metallurgy in the Early Bronze Age Aegean.
Oxford:84-97.
Maran, J. 2007. Seaborne Contacts between the Aegean, the Balkans and the Central
Mediterranean in the 3rd Millennium BC: The Unfolding of the Mediterranean World.
Between the Aegean and Baltic Seas: Prehistory Across Borders. Galanaki, Ioanna,
Helena Tomas, Yannis Galanakis and Robert Laffineur, eds. Aegaeum 27, Liège: 3-21
Nakou, G. 1997. 'The role of Poliochni and the north Aegean in the development of
Aegean metallurgy.' In C. Doumas and V. La Rosa (eds) I Poliochni kai i Proimi
Epochi tou Chalkou sto Voreio Aigaio. Athens:634-48.
Papadatos, Y and P. Tomkins 2013. Trading, the longboat, and cultural interaction in the
Aegean during the late fourth millennium B.C.E.: the view from kephala Petras, East
Crete. AJA 117:353-81.
Ramsdorf, L. 2011. Re-integrating ‘diffusion’: the spread of innovations among the
Neolithic and Bronze Age societies of Europe and the Near East. In T. Wilkinson, S.
Sherratt and J. Bennet (eds) Interweaving worlds: systemic interactions in Eurasia, 7th
to 1st millennia BC. Oxford: Oxbow Books:100-20.
21
Reinholt, C. 2003. ‘The Aegean and Western Anatolia: social forms and cultural
relationships.’ in J. Aruz (ed.) Art of the First Cities: The Third Millennium B.C. from
the Mediterranean to the Indus, Aruz. New York:255-9.
Metals
Bachhuber, C. 2011. Negotiating metal and the metal form in the royal tombs of
Alacahoyuk in north-central Anatolia. In T. Wilkinson, S. Sherratt and J. bennet (eds)
Interweaving worlds: systemic interactions in Eurasia, 7th to 1st millennia BC. Oxford:
Oxbow Books:158-75.
Bachhuber, C. 2009. The treasure deposits of Troy: rethinking crisis and agency on the
Early Bronze Age citadel. AnatSt 59. p. 1-18.
Day, P. and R. Doonan (eds) Metallurgy in the Early Bronze Age Aegean (Sheffield
Studies in Archaeology 7.) Oxford.
Dimopoulou-Rethemiotaki, N., D. Wilson and P. Day. 2007. 'The earlier Prepalatial
settlement of Poros-Katsambas: craft production and exchange at the harbour town of
Knossos.' In P. Day and R. Doonan (eds) Metallurgy in the Early Bronze Age Aegean.
Oxford:84-97.
Gale, N. M. Kayafa and Z. Stos-Gale 2008. Early Helladic Metallurgy at Raphina, Attica,
and the role of Lavrion. In I. Tzachili (ed.) Aegean Metallurgy in the Bronze Age.
Athens: Ta Pramata:87-104.
Georgakopoulou, M., Bassiakos, Y. and Philaniotou, O. 2011. 'Seriphos surfaces: a study
of copper slag heaps and copper sources in the context of Earlly Bronze Age Aegean
metal production.' Archaeometry 53:123-45. <www>
Muhly, J. 208. Ayia Photia and the Cycladic element in Early Minoan metallurgy. In I.
Tzachili (ed.) Aegean metallurgy in the Bronze Age. Rethymnon: Ta Pramata:69-74.
Muhly, J. 2004. ‘Chrysokamino and the beginnings of metal technology on Crete and in
the Aegean.’ in L. Day, M. Mook and J.D. Muhly (eds) Crete Beyond the Palaces.
Philadelphia:283-90.
Muhly, J. and E. Pernicka. 1992. 'Early Trojan Metallurgy and Metals Trade.' In J.
Herrmann (ed.)
Heinrich Schliemann.
Grundlagen und Ergebnisse moderner
Archäologie 100 Jahre nach Schliemanns Tod. Berlin:309-18. STORE 04-0616.
Nakou, G. 1997. ‘The role of Poliochni and the north Aegean in the development of
Aegean metallurgy.’ in C.G. Doumas & V. La Rosa (eds) I Poliochni kai i Proimi Epochi
tou Chalkou sto Voreio Aigaio. Athens:634-48. [TC 1956]
Nakou, G. 2007. 'Absent presences: metal vessels in the Aegean at the end of the
third millennium.' In P. Day and R. Doonan (eds) Metallurgy in the Early Bronze
Age Aegean. Oxford:224-44.
Philaniotou, O., Y. Bassiakos and M. Georgakopoulou 2011. Early Bronze Age copper
smelting on Seriphos (Cyclades, Greece). In P. Betancourt and S. Ferrece (eds)
Metallurgy: understanding how, learning why. Studies in honor of James D. Muhly.
Philadelphia: INSTAP Academic Press:157-64.
Pigott, V. 2011. Sources of tin and the tin trade in Southweat Asia: recent research and
its relevance to current understanding.
In P. Betancourt and S. Ferrece (eds)
Metallurgy: understanding how, learning why. Studies in honor of James D. Muhly.
Philadelphia: INSTAP Academic Press:275-94.
Pigott, V. 2011. On ancient tin and tin-bronze in the Asian Old World: further comments.
In V. Kassianidou and G. Papasavvas (eds). Eastern Mediterranean metallurgy and
metalwork in the second millennium BC. Oxford: Oxbow:222-36.
Stos-Gale, Z. 2001. 'Minoan foreign relations and copper metallurgy in Protopaalatial and
Neopalatial Crete.' In A. Shortland (ed.) The Social Context of Technological Change.
Egypt and the Near East, 1650-1550 BC. Oxford:195-210.
Tzachili, I. (ed.) 2008. Aegean Metallurgy in the Bronze Age. Athens.
The end of the EBA
Brogan, T. 2013. Reexamining the Early Cycladic III ‘gap’ from the perspective of Crete:
a regional approach to relative chronology, networks, and complexity in the late
Prepalatial period. AJA 117:555-67.
22
Broodbank, C. 2000.
An Island Archaeology of the Early Cyclades. Cambridge.
(Chapters 10-11.)
Broodbank, C. 2013. Thinking about change in Early Cycladic island societies from a
comparative perspective. AJA 177:535-43.
Forsen, J. 2010. 'Early Bronze Age: Mainland Greece.' In E. Cline (ed.) The Oxford
Handbook of the Bronze Age Aegean (ca. 3000-1000 BC). Oxford: OUP:53-65.
Kouka, O. 2013. Against the gaps: the Early Bronze Age and the transition to the Middle
Bronze Age in the northern and eastern Aegean/western Anatolia. AJA 117:569-80.
Manning, S. 1997. Cultural Change in the Aegean c. 2200 BC. In, H.N. Dalfes, G. Kukla,
and H. Weiss (eds.) Third Millennium BC Climate Change and Old World Collapse.
(NATO Scientific Affairs Division ASI Series Volume I.49) Berlin: Springer:149-71. TC
2182; BA 40 DAL.
Nakou, G. 2007. 'Absent presences: metal vessels in the Aegean at the end of the
third millennium.' In P. Day and R. Doonan (eds) Metallurgy in the Early Bronze
Age Aegean. Oxford:224-44.
Pullen, D. 2013. Bridging the gaps in cultural change within the Early Bronze Age
Aegean. AJA 117:545-53.
Weiberg, E. and M. Finné. 2013. Mind or Matter? People-Environment Interactions and the
Demise of Early Helladic II Society in the Northeastern Peloponnese. AJA 117.1. p. 131.
Whitelaw, T. 2000. 'Settlement instability and landscape degradation in the southern
Aegean in the third millennium BC.' In P. Halstead and C. Frederick (eds) Landscape
and Landuse in Postglacial Greece. (Sheffield Studies in Aegean Archaeology 3)
Sheffield:135-61.
Session 8: November 1
Models for the emergence of the Minoan palace-states.
The end of the EBA appears to be marked by a widespread horizon of collapse, but at the
beginning of the Middle Bronze Age, Crete, uniquely in the Aegean, witnessed the
emergence of state-leve, palace-centred entities. How and why this transformation
occured is a key question in Aegean prehistory, and returns us to paradigms outlined at
the start of the course: the diffusionist, indigenous, and core-periphery models.
Essential
Cherry, J.F. 1984. ‘The emergence of the state in the prehistoric Aegean.’ Proceedings of
the Cambridge Philological Society 30:18-48. [TC 11; Main CLASSICS Pers]
Manning, S. 2007. 'Protopalatial Crete. Formation of the palaces.' In C. Shelmerdine
(ed.) The Cambridge Companion to the Aegean Bronze Age. Cambridge:105-20.
[ISSUE DESK IoA SHE 16; DAG 100 SHE]
Watrous, L.V. 1998. 'Egypt and Crete in the Early Middle Bronze Age: A Case of Trade and
Cultural Diffusion.' In E. Cline and D. Harris-Cline (eds) The Aegean and the Orient in
the Second Millennium. (Aegaeum 18) Liège:19-28. [ISSUE DESK IoA CLI]
Whitelaw, T. 2004. Alternative pathways to complexity in the southern Aegean. In, J.
Barrett and P. Halstead (eds) The Emergence of Civilisation Revisited. (Sheffield
Studies in Aegean Archaeology) Oxford: Oxbow Books:232-56. INST ARCH DAG 100
BAR. TC 2974.
Recommended
Betancourt, P. 2008. The Bronze Age Begins: The Ceramics Revolution of Early Minoan I
and the New Forms of Wealth that Transformed Prehistoric Society. Philadelphia.
Bevan, A. 2004. 'Emerging civilized values? The consumption and imitation of Egyptian
stone vessels in EMII-MMI Crete and its wider Eastern Mediterranean context.' In J.
Barrett and P. Halstead (eds) The Emergence of Civilisation Revisited. (Sheffield
Studies in Aegean Archaeology.) Oxford:107-26.
Cherry, J. 1983 'Evolution, revolution and the origins of complex society in Minoan Crete.'
In O. Krzyszkowska and L. Nixon (eds) Minoan Society. Bristol:33-45.
23
Colburn, C. 2008. 'Exotica and the Early Minoan elite: eastern imports in Prepalatial
Crete.' American Journal of Archaeology 112:203-24. [INST ARCH Pers]
Day, P., Relaki, M. and Todaro, S. 2010. 'Living from pots? Ceramic perspectives on the
economies of Prepalatial Crete.' In D. Pullen (ed.) Political Economies of the Aegean
Bronze Age. Oxford:205-29.
Day, P. and D. Wilson 2002. 'Landscapes of memory, craft and power in Prepalatial and
Protopalatial Knossos.' In Y. Hamilakis (ed.) Labyrinth Revisited. Rethinking ‘Minoan’
archaeology. Oxford:143-66.
Driessen, J. 2007. 'IIb or not IIb: On the Beginnings of Minoan Monument Building.' In J.
Bretschneider, J. Driessen and K. van Lerberghe (eds) Power and Architecture:
Monumental Public Architecture in the Bronze Age Near East and Aegean. (Orientalia
Lovaniensia Analecta 156) Leuven:73-92.
Haggis, D. 1999. 'Staple finance, peak sanctuaries and economic complexity in late
Prepalatial Crete.' In A. Chaniotis (ed.) From Minoan farmers to Roman traders.
Sidelights on the economy of ancient Crete. Stuttgart:53-85.
Haggis, D. 2002. 'Integration and complexity in the late Prepalatial period: a view from
the countryside in Eastern Crete.'
In Y. Hamilakis (ed.)
Labyrinth Revisited.
Rethinking ‘Minoan’ archaeology. Oxford:120-42.
Halstead, P. 1988. ‘On redistribution and the origin of Minoan-Mycenaean palatial
economies.’ In E.B. French and K.A. Wardle (eds) Problems in Greek Prehistory.
Bristol:63-71.
Halstead, P. 2011. 'Redistribution in Aegean Palatial Societies: Terminology, Scale, and
Significance.' American Journal of Archaeology 115:229-35. <www: from American
Journal of Archaeology web-site>
Hamilakis, Y. 1998. 'Eating the Dead: Mortuary Feasting and the Politics of Memory in
the Aegean Bronze Age Societies.' In K. Branigan (eds) Cemetery and Society in the
Aegean Bronze Age. (Sheffield Studies in Aegean Archaeology 1) Sheffield:115-32.
Manning, S. 1997. ‘Cultural Change in the Aegean c. 2200 BC.’ In H.N. Dalfes, G.
Kukla, and H. Weiss (eds) Third Millennium BC Climate Change and Old World
Collapse. (NATO Scientific Affairs Division ASI Series Volume I.49):149-71. [TC 2182]
Papadatos, Y. 2007. ‘Beyond cultures and ethnicity: a new look at material culture
distribution and inter-regional interaction in the Early Bronze Age southern Aegean.’ in
S. Antoniadou and A. Pace (eds) Mediterranean Crossroads:419-51.
Phillips, J. 1996. 'Egypto-Aegean relations up to the 2nd millenniun B.C.' In L.
Krzyzaniak, K. Kroeper and M. Kobusiewicz (eds) Interregional Contacts in the Later
Prehistory of Northeastern Africa:459-70.
Sbonias, K. 1999. 'Social development, management of production, and symbolic
representation in Prepalatial Crete.' In A. Chaniotis (ed.) From Minoan farmers to
Roman traders. Sidelights on the economy of ancient Crete. Stuttgart:25-51.
Schoep, I. 1999. 'The origins of writing and administration on Crete.' Oxford Journal of
Archaeology 18:265-76. <www>
Schoep, I. 2007. 'Architecture and Power: The Origins of the Minoan 'Palatial
Architecture.' In J. Bretschneider, J. Driessen and K. van Lerberghe (eds) Power and
Architecture: Monumental Public Architecture in the Bronze Age Near East and Aegean.
(Orientalia Lovaniensia Analecta 156) Leuven:213-36.
Schoep, I. and C. Knappett. 2004. 'Dual emergence: evolving heterarchy, exploding
hierarchy.' In J. Barrett and P. Halstead (eds) The Emergence of Civilisation Revisited.
(Sheffield Studies in Aegean Archaeology.) Oxford:21-37.
Tomkins, P. and Schoep, I. 2010. 'Early Bronze Age: Crete.' In E. Cline (ed.) The Oxford
Handbook of the Bronze Age Aegean (ca. 3000-1000 BC). Oxford:66-82.
Watrous, L.V. 2005. 'Cretan international relations during the Middle Minoan IA period
and the chronology of Seager’s finds from the Mochlos tombs.' In R. Laffineur and E.
Greco (eds) 2005. Emporia. Aegeans in the Central and Eastern Mediterranean.
(Aegaeum 25) Liège:107-16.
Watrous, L.V., Hadzi-Vallianou, D. and Blitzer, H. 2004. The Plain of Phaistos. Cycles of
complexity in the Mesara region of Crete. Los Angeles. (Chapters 8 and 9.)
24
Wengrow, D. 2010. ‘The voyages of Europa: ritual and trade in the eastern
Mediterranean, circa 2300–1850 BC.’ in W. Parkinson and M. Galaty (eds) Archaic
State Interaction: the Eastern Mediterranean in the Bronze Age. Santa Fe.
Whitelaw, T. 2004. ‘Alternative pathways to complexity in the southern Aegean.' In J.
Barrett and P. Halstead (eds) The Emergence of Civilisation Revisited. Oxford:232-56.
Session 9: November 7
Contigent complexity and divergent developments.
Approaches to explaining the development of the Minoan states are increasingly trying to
define a middle ground, between the diffusionist and isolationist perspectives, recognising
the interplay of local context and exogenous contacts, both within and beyond the
Aegean. At the same time, there still remain significant contrasts between gradualist vs
transformational models. Complicating the picture is increasing recognition of the
diversity of developmental patterns within Crete. These debates will be reviewed.
Essential
Parkinson, W. and M. Galaty 2007. 'Secondary states in perspective: an integrated
approach to state formation in the prehistoric Aegean.' American Anthropologist
109:113-29. [Main ANTHROPOLOGY Pers; <www>]
Schoep, I. and C. Knappett. 2004. 'Dual emergence: evolving heterarchy, exploding
hierarchy.' In J. Barrett and P. Halstead (eds) The Emergence of Civilisation Revisited.
(Sheffield Studies in Aegean Archaeology.) Oxford:21-37.
Whitelaw, T. 2012. 'The urbanisation of prehistoric Crete: settlement perspectives on
Minoan state formation.' In P. Tomkins, I. Schoep and J. Driessen (eds) Back to the
Beginning: Reassessing Social and Political Complexity on Crete during the Early and
Middle Bronze Age. Oxford:114-76 [In press: Pdf will be provided.]
Legarra Herrero, B. 2011. New kid on the block: the nature of the first systemic contacts
between Crete and the eastern Mediterranean around 2000 BC. In T. Wilkinson, S.
Sherratt and J. Bennet (eds). Interweaving worlds: systemic interactions in Eurasia,
7th to 1st millennia BC. Oxford: Oxbow books:266-81.
Recommended
Bevan, A. 2004. 'Emerging civilized values? The consumption and imitation of Egyptian
stone vessels in EMII-MMI Crete and its wider Eastern Mediterranean context.' In J.
Barrett and P. Halstead (eds) The Emergence of Civilisation Revisited. (Sheffield
Studies in Aegean Archaeology.): Oxford:107-26.
Brogan, T. 2013. Reexamining the Early Cycladic III ‘gap’ from the perspective of Crete:
a regional approach to relative chronology, networks, and complexity in the late
Prepalatial period. AJA 117:555-67.
Cherry, J. 1983 'Evolution, revolution and the origins of complex society in Minoan Crete.'
In O. Krzyszkowska and L. Nixon (eds) Minoan Society. Bristol:33-45.
Cherry, J. 1984. ‘The emergence of the state in the prehistoric Aegean.’ Proceedings of
the Cambridge Philological Society 30:18-48. [TC 11; Main CLASSICS Pers]
Cherry, J. 2010. 'Sorting out Crete's Prepalatial off-island interactions.' In W.
Parkinson and M. Galaty (eds) Archaic State Interaction: the Eastern Mediterranean
in the Bronze Age. Santa Fe:237-307. [ISSUE DESK IoA PAR 10]
Colburn, C. 2008. 'Exotica and the Early Minoan elite: eastern imports in Prepalatial
Crete.' American Journal of Archaeology 112:203-24.
Day, P. and D. Wilson 2002. 'Landscapes of memory, craft and power in Prepalatial and
Protopalatial Knossos.' In Y. Hamilakis (ed.) Labyrinth Revisited. Rethinking ‘Minoan’
archaeology. Oxford:143-66
Legarra Herrero, B. 2011. 'The secret lives of the Early and Middle Minoan tholos
cemeteries: Koumasa and Platanos.' In J. Murphy (ed.) Prehistoric Crete. Regional
and diachronic studies on mortuary systems. Philadelphia:49-84.
25
Legarra Herrero, B. 2011. 'The secret lives of the Early and Middle Minoan tholos
cemeteries: Koumasa and Platanos.' In J. Murphy (ed.) Prehistoric Crete. Regional
and diachronic studies on mortuary systems. Philadelphia:49-84.
Legarra Herrero, B. 2012. The Construction, Destruction and Non-construction of
Hierarchies in the Funerary Record of Prepalatial Crete. In I. Schoep, P. Tomkins, and
J. Driessen, eds. Back to the Beginning: Reassessing Social and Political Complexity on
Crete during the Early and Middle Bronze Age. Oxford: Oxbow Books:325–57.
Manning, S. 2007. 'Protopalatial Crete. Formation of the palaces.' In C. Shelmerdine
(ed.) The Cambridge Companion to the Aegean Bronze Age. Cambridge:105-20.
Relaki, M. 2009. Rethinking administration and seal use in third millennium Crete.
Creta Antica 10:353-72.
Sbonias, K. 1999. 'Social development, management of production, and symbolic
representation in Prepalatial Crete.' In A. Chaniotis (ed.) From Minoan farmers to
Roman traders. Sidelights on the economy of ancient Crete. Stuttgart:25-51. [TC
2169]
Sbonias, K. 2000. 'Specialization in the Early Minoan Seal Manufacture: Craftsmen,
Settlements and the Organization of Production.' In W. Müller (ed.) Minoischmykenische Glyptik: Stil, Ikonographie, Funktion. (CMS Beiheft.) Berlin:277-93.
[Institute of Classical Studies]
Sbonias, K. 2010. 'Diversity and Transformation. Looking for Meanings in the Prepalatial
Seal Consumption and Use.' In W. Müller (ed.) Die Bedeutung der minoischen und
mykenischen Glyptik. (CMS Beiheft 8.) Mainz am Rhein:349-62.
Sbonias, K. 2012. Regional Elite-Groups and the Production and Consumption of Seals in
the Prepalatial period. A Case-Study of the Asterousia Region. In I. Schoep, P.
Tomkins, and J. Driessen, eds. Back to the Beginning: Reassessing Social and Political
Complexity on Crete during the Early and Middle Bronze Age. Oxford: Oxbow
Books:273–289.
Schoep, I. 1999. 'The origins of writing and administration on Crete.' Oxford Journal of
Archaeology 18:265-76. <www>
Schoep, I. 2012. Bridging the divide between the 'Prepalatial' and the 'Protopalatial'
periods? In I. Schoep, P. Tomkins, and J. Driessen, eds. Back to the Beginning:
Reassessing Social and Political Complexity on Crete during the Early and Middle
Bronze Age. Oxford: Oxbow Books:403–428.
Schoep, I. and C. Knappett. 2004. 'Dual emergence: evolving heterarchy, exploding
hierarchy.' In J. Barrett and P. Halstead (eds) The Emergence of Civilisation Revisited.
(Sheffield Studies in Aegean Archaeology.) Oxford:21-37.
Todaro, S. 2012. Craft Production and Social Practices at Prepalatial Phaistos: the
Background to the First 'Palace'. In I. Schoep, P. Tomkins, and J. Driessen, eds. Back
to the Beginning: Reassessing Social and Political Complexity on Crete during the Early
and Middle Bronze Age. Oxford: Oxbow Books:195–235.
Tomkins, P. 2012. Behind the Horizon: Reconsidering the Genesis and Function of the
'First Palace' at Knossos (Final Neolithic IV–Middle Minoan IB). In I. Schoep, P.
Tomkins, and J. Driessen, eds. Back to the Beginning: Reassessing Social and Political
Complexity on Crete during the Early and Middle Bronze Age. Oxford: Oxbow
Books:32–80.
Watrous, L. V., 2012. ‘An overview of secondary state formation on Crete: the Mirabello
region during the Bronze Age’, in E. Mantzourani and P. Betancourt (eds), Philistor:
Studies in Honor of Costis Davaras. Prehistory Monographs 36. Philadelphia: 273–82.
Watrous, L.V. 2005. 'Cretan international relations during the Middle Minoan IA period
and the chronology of Seager’s finds from the Mochlos tombs.' In R. Laffineur and E.
Greco (eds) Emporia. Aegeans in the Central and Eastern Mediterranean. (Aegaeum
25) Liège:107-16.
Watrous, L.V. 1998. 'Egypt and Crete in the Early Middle Bronze Age: A Case of Trade and
Cultural Diffusion.' In EH. Cline and D. Harris-Cline (eds) The Aegean and the Orient in
the Second Millennium. (Aegaeum 18) Liège:19-28.
Watrous, L.V., et al.
2012.
An archaeological survey of the Gournia landscape.
Philadelphia: INSTAP Academic Press.
26
Watrous, L.V., Hadzi-Vallianou, D. and Blitzer, H. 2004. The Plain of Phaistos. Cycles of
complexity in the Mesara region of Crete. Los Angeles:chapters 8 and 9.
Wengrow, D. 2010. ‘The voyages of Europa: ritual and trade in the eastern
Mediterranean, circa 2300–1850 BC.' In W. Parkinson and M. Galaty (eds) Archaic
State Interaction: the Eastern Mediterranean in the Bronze Age. Santa Fe.
Whitelaw, T. 2004. ‘Alternative pathways to complexity in the southern Aegean.’ In J.
Barrett and P. Halstead (eds) The Emergence of Civilisation Revisited. (Sheffield
Studies in Aegean Archaeology.) Oxford:232-56. [TC 2974; ISSUE DESK IoA BAR 19;
INST ARCH DAG 100 BAR]
Session 10: November 7
Discussion: Pre-state societies and the emergence of the state in the Aegean:
how and why was Crete different?
Session 11: November 12
Protopalatial Crete: society, culture and ideology.
Protopalatial Crete has long been overshadowed by the better preserved and extensively
exposed remains of the Neopalatial period at the major sites. Recently, recognising the
need to explain both the emergence, and continuing development, of palatial systems,
attention has begun to focus on the earlier phase, notably taking advantage of good
preservation and extensive exposure at Mallia. We look at the major sites, the range of
evidence available for Protopalatial society and culture, the economic foundations of the
palatial institutions on a local and larger scale, and the construction of ideologies through
the manipulation of material culture, ideology and symbols.
Essential
Cherry, J.F. 1986 Polities and palaces: some problems in Minoan state formation. In, C.
Renfrew and J.F. Cherry (eds.) Peer Polity Interaction and Socio-Political Change : 1945. INST ARCH TC83; Issue desk REN 10.
Knappett, C. 1999. 'Assessing a polity in protopalatial Crete: the Malia-Lasithi state.'
American Journal of Archaeology 103:615-39. [<www>]
Peatfield, A. 1990. 'Minoan peak sanctuaries: history and society.' Opuscula Atheniensa
17:117-31. [TC 533; Institute of Classical Studies]
Schoep, I. 2002. 'Social and political organization in Crete in the Proto-Palatial period:
the case of Middle Minoan II Malia.' Journal of Mediterranean Archaeology 15:101-32.
[INST ARCH Pers]
See also Myers, J.W., E.E. Myers and G. Cadogan 1992. The Aerial Atlas of Ancient Crete.
(Excellent aerial photos of the major Cretan sites, and short summaries.)
Recommended
Betancourt, P.P. 1985. The History of Minoan Pottery, chapters 6-8.
Branigan, K. 1987. The economic role of the first palaces. In R. Hägg and N. Marinatos
(eds) The Function of the Minoan Palaces. (Quarto Series 35) Stockholm:245-9. IoA
ISSUE DESK YATES Qto A6 FUN
Cadogan, G. 1994. 'An Old Palace period Knossos state?.' In D. Evely, H. Hughes-Brock
and N. Momigliano (eds) Knossos: A Labyrinth of History.
Papers Presented in
Honour of Sinclair Hood. Oxford:57-69. DAG 14 HOO
Cherry, J. 1986 'Polities and palaces: some problems in Minoan state formation.' In C.
Renfrew and J.F. Cherry (eds) Peer Polity Interaction and Socio-Political Change.
Cambridge:19-45.
Day, P., M. Relaki and E. Faber 2006. 'Pottery making and social reproduction in the
Bronze Age Mesara.' In M. Wiener et al. (eds) Pottery and Society. Boston:22-72.
Kanta, A. 1999. 'Monastiraki and Phaistos, elements of protopalatial history.' In P.P.
Betancourt, V. Karageorghis, R. Laffineur, and W.-D. Niemeier (eds) Meletemata:
27
Studies in Aegean Archaeology Presented to Malcolm H. Wiener as He Enters His 65th
Year. Liège:387-93.
Knappett, C. 2002. 'Mind the gap: between pots and politics in Minoan studies.' In Y.
Hamilakis (ed.) Labyrinth Revisited. Rethinking ‘Minoan’ archaeology. Oxford:167-88.
Knappett, C. 2004. 'Technological innovation and social diversity at Middle Minoan
Knossos.' In G. Cadogan, E. Hatzaki and A. Vasilakis (eds) Knossos: Palace, City,
State. London:257-66.
Knappett, C. 2008. 'Protopalatial Crete: The material culture.' In C. Shelmerdine (ed.)
The Cambridge Companion to the Aegean Bronze Age. Cambridge:121-39.
Knappett, C. and I. Schoep 2000. 'Continuity and change in Minoan palatial power.'
Antiquity 74:365-71. [INST ARCH Per; <www>]
Knappett, C. 2012. A Regional Network Approach to Protopalatial Complexity. In I.
Schoep, P. Tomkins, and J. Driessen, eds. Back to the Beginning: Reassessing Social
and Political Complexity on Crete during the Early and Middle Bronze Age. Oxford:
Oxbow Books:384–402.
Macdonald, C. 2012. Palatial Knossos: the Early Years. In I. Schoep, P. Tomkins, and J.
Driessen, eds. Back to the Beginning: Reassessing Social and Political Complexity on
Crete during the Early and Middle Bronze Age. Oxford: Oxbow Books:81–113.
Militello, P. 2012. Emerging Authority: A Functional Analysis of the MM II Settlement of
Phaistos. In I. Schoep, P. Tomkins, and J. Driessen, eds. Back to the Beginning:
Reassessing Social and Political Complexity on Crete during the Early and Middle
Bronze Age. Oxford: Oxbow Books:236–272.
Olivier, J.-P. 1986. 'Cretan writing in the second millennium BC.' World Archaeology
17:377-89. <www>
Peatfield, A. 1987. 'Palace and peak: the political and religious relationship between
palaces and peak sanctuaries.' In R. Hägg and N. Marinatos (eds) The Function of the
Minoan Palaces. Stockholm:89-93. [TC 510]
Peatfield, A. 1992. 'Rural ritual in Bronze Age Crete: the peak sanctuary at Atsipadhes.'
Cambridge Archaeological Journal 2:59-87. [TC 2186; <www>]
Poursat, J.-C. 2012. The Emergence of Elite Groups at Protopalatial Malia. A Biography of
Quartier Mu. In I. Schoep, P. Tomkins, and J. Driessen, eds. Back to the Beginning:
Reassessing Social and Political Complexity on Crete during the Early and Middle
Bronze Age. Oxford: Oxbow Books:177–183.
Relaki, M. 2012. The Social Arenas of Tradition. Investigating Collective and Individual
Social Strategies in the Prepalatial and Protopalatial Mesara. In I. Schoep, P. Tomkins,
and J. Driessen, eds. Back to the Beginning: Reassessing Social and Political
Complexity on Crete during the Early and Middle Bronze Age. Oxford: Oxbow
Books:290–324.
Schoep, I. 1999 'The origins of writing and administration on Crete.' Oxford Journal of
Archaeology 18:265-76. <www>
Schoep, I. 2002. 'The state of the Minoan palaces or the Minoan palace-state?' In J.
Driessen, I. Schoep and R. Laffineur (eds) Monuments of Minos. Rethinking the
Minoan Palaces. (Aegaeum 23) Liège:15-33.
Schoep, I. 2004. 'Assessing the role of architecture in conspicuous consumption in the
Middle Minoan I-II periods.' Oxford Journal of Archaeology 23:243-69. <www>
Schoep, I. 2006. 'Looking beyond the first palaces: elites and the agency of power in
EMIII-MMII Crete.' American Journal of Archaeology 110:37-64. [INST ARCH Pers]
Schoep, I. 2009. 'Social and Political Aspects of Urbanism in Middle Minoan I-II Crete:
Towards a Regional Approach.' In S. Owen and L. Preston (eds) Inside the City in the
Greek World: Studies of Urbanism from the Bronze Age to the Hellenistic Period.
(University of Cambridge Museum of Classical Archaeology Monographs 1) Oxford:2740.
Schoep, I. 2010. 'Making elites: political economy and elite culture(s) in Middle Minoan
Crete.' In D. Pulllen (ed.) Political Economies of the Aegean Bronze Age. Oxford:6685.
Schoep, I. 2010. 'Middle Bronze Age: Crete.' In E. Cline (ed.) The Oxford Handbook of the
Bronze Age Aegean (ca. 3000-1000 BC). Oxford:113-125.
28
Watrous, L.V. 1993 'Review
through the Protopalatial
[<www>] Reprinted with
Review. (American Journal
DAG 100 CUL]
For external relations see also
of Aegean prehistory III: Crete from earliest prehistory
period.' American Journal of Archaeology 98:695-753
update, in T. Cullen (ed.) 2001. Aegean Prehistory: A
of Archaeology Supplement 1) [ISSUE DESK IoA CUL 4;
reading for Sessions 16-18.
Session 12: November 15
Neopalatial Crete: an overview.
The Neopalatial period is the most thoroughly explored phase of Cretan prehistory, and
that to which the majority of the architecture and museum material that is visible on the
island today dates. Given that we spend the remainder of this term largely on this period,
the aim of this lecture, and its readings, is to provide an initial overview of some of the
main sites, debates and categories of material culture.
Essential
Younger, J. and Rehak, P. 2008.
'Minoan culture: religion, burial customs and
administration.' In C. Shelmerdine (ed.) The Cambridge Companion to the Aegean
Bronze Age. Cambridge:165-85. [ISSUE DESK IoA SHE 16; DAG 100 SHE]
Younger, J. and Rehak, P. 2008. 'The material culture of Neopalatial Crete.' In C.
Shelmerdine (ed.) The Cambridge Companion to the Aegean Bronze Age.
Cambridge:140-64. [ISSUE DESK IoA SHE 16; DAG 100 SHE]
Adams, E. 2006. 'Social Strategies and Spatial Dynamics in Neopalatial Crete: An Analysis
of the North-Central Area.' American Journal of Archaeology 110:1-36. [INST ARCH
Pers]
Whitelaw, T. 2001. ‘From sites to communities: defining the human dimensions of Minoan
urbanism.’ in K. Branigan (ed.) Urbanism in the Aegean Bronze Age. (Sheffield Studies
in Aegean Archaeology 4.) Oxford:15-37. [TC 2771; ISSUE DESK BRA; DAE 100 BRA]
See also Myers, J.W., E.E. Myers and G. Cadogan 1992. The Aerial Atlas of Ancient Crete.
(Excellent aerial photos of the major Cretan sites and summaries.)
Recommended
Adams, E. 2004. 'Power and ritual in Neopalatial Crete: a regional comparison.' World
Archaeology 36:26-42. <www>
Adams, E. 2004. ‘Power relations in Minoan palatial towns: an analysis of Neopalatial
Knossos and Malia.’ Journal of Mediterranean Archaeology 17:191-222. [INST ARCH
Pers; <www>].
Adams, E. 2007. ''Time and Chance': Unraveling Temporality in North-Central Neopalatial
Crete.' American Journal of Archaeology 111:391-421.
Adams, E. 2007. 'Approaching monuments in the prehistoric built environment: new light
on the Minoan palaces.' Oxford Journal of Archaeology 26:359-94. <www>
Betancourt, P. 1985. The History of Minoan Pottery. Princeton:chapters 9-11.
Cadogan, G. 1976. Palaces of Minoan Crete. London:50-91.
Christakis, K. 2008. The Politics of Storage: Storage and Sociopolitical Complexity in
Neopalatial Crete. Prehistory Monographs 25, Philadelphia: INSTAP Academic Press.
Christakis, K. 2011. Archaeological Deposit Formation Processes and the Study of the
Domestic Sector of Late Minoan IB Society. In K. Glowacki and N. Vogeikoff-Brogan,
eds. Στέγα: The Archaeology of Houses and Households in Ancient CreteHesperia
Supplement 44, Princeton: American School of Classical Studies at Athens:213-17.
Dimopoulou, N. 1997. ‘Workshops and craftsmen in the harbour town of Knossos at Poros
Katsambas.’ in R. Laffineur and P.P. Betancourt (eds) TEXNH: Craftsmen,
Craftswomen, and Craftsmanship in the Aegean Bronze Age (Aegaeum 16) Liège:4338.
Driessen, J., I. Schoep and R. Laffineur (eds) Monuments of Minos. Rethinking the Minoan
Palaces. (Aegaeum 23.) Liège.
Graham, J.W. 1986. The Palaces of Crete.
29
Hägg, R. (ed.) 1997. The Function of the ‘Minoan villa’. Stockholm.
Hägg, R. and N. Marinatos (eds) 1987. The Function of the Minoan Palaces. Stockholm.
Hallager, E. 2010. Late Bronze Age: Crete. In E. Cline (ed.) The Oxford Handbook of the
Bronze Age Aegean (ca. 3000-1000 BC). Oxford:149-59.
Halstead, P. 2011. 'Redistribution in Aegean Palatial Societies: Terminology, Scale, and
Significance.' American Journal of Archaeology 115:229-35. <www: from American
Journal of Archaeology web-site>
Hamilakis, I. 1996. ‘Wine, oil and the dialectics of power in Bronze Age Crete: a review of
the evidence.’ Oxford Journal of Archaeology 15:1-32. <www>
Knappett, C. and I. Schoep 2000. ‘Continuity and change in Minoan palatial power.’
Antiquity 74:365-71. <www>
McEnroe, J. 1982 A typology of Minoan Neopalatial houses. American Journal of
Archaeology 86: 3-19.
Moody, J. 1987 The Minoan palace as a prestige artefact. In, R. Hägg and N. Marinatos
(eds.) The Function of the Minoan Palaces:235-41.
Niemeier, W.-D. 1994 'Knossos in the New Palace period (MM III - LM IB).' In D.Evely, H.
Hughes-Brock and N. Momigliano (eds) Knossos: A Labyrinth of History. Oxford:71-88.
Platon, N. 1971. Zakros: The Discovery of a Lost Palace of Ancient Crete. London.
Rehak, P. and J. Younger 1998. ‘Neopalatial, Final Palatial, and Postpalatial Crete.’
American Journal of Archaeology 102:91-173. [<www>] Reprinted with update, in T.
Cullen (ed.) 2001. Aegean Prehistory: A Review (American Journal of Archaeology
Supplement 1.) [ISSUE DESK IoA CUL 4; INST ARCH DAG 100 CUL]
Sakellarakis, J. and E. Sapouna-Sakellaraki 1997. Archanes: Minoan Crete in a New Light.
Athens.
Van de Moortel, A. 2002. 'Pottery as a barometer of economic change from the
Protopalatial to the Neopalatial society in central Crete.' In Y. Hamilakis (ed.)
Labyrinth Revisited. Rethinking ‘Minoan’ archaeology.
Oxford:189-211. DAG 14
HAM; IoA ISSUE DESK HAM.
Whitelaw, T. 2004. 'Estimating the population of Neopalatial Knossos.' In G. Cadogan, E.
Hatzaki and A. Vasilakis (eds) Knossos: Palace, City, State. London:147-58. [TC 2975]
Session 13: November 25
Knossos: palace, city and polity.
The first discovered of the Minoan palace centres, Knossos and its investigation has been
central to our understanding of Minoan Crete since the first year of the 20th century. It
is the largest of the Late Bronze Age palaces, and is the focal point of the largest Late
Bronze Age community in the Aegean. This lecture will provide an overview of the site,
assessing the evidence for its role as a demographic, social, political, ritual and economic
centre.
Essential:
Niemeier, W-D. 1994. Knossos in the New Palace period (MM III - LM IB). In, D.Evely,
H. Hughes-Brock and N. Momigliano (eds.) Knossos: A Labyrinth of History. 71-88.
INST ARCH DAG 14 HOO
Hood, M.S.F. and D. Smyth 1981. Archaeological Survey of the Knossos Area (British
School at Athens Supplement 14):1-15. INST ARCH DAG 14 Qto HOO; Yates QTO E
12 KNO
Whitelaw, T. 2004. 'Estimating the population of Neopalatial Knossos.' In G. Cadogan, E.
Hatzaki and A. Vasilakis (eds) Knossos: Palace, City, State. London:147-58. [TC 2975]
Soles, J. 1995 The functions of a cosmological center: Knossos in palatial Crete. In, R.
Laffineur and W-D. Niemeier (eds.). Politeia: Society and State in the Aegean Bronze
Age (Aegaeum 12). Liege:II:405-414. Issue Desk INST ARCH LAF
See entries for individual buildings in:
Driessen, J. and MacDonald, C. 1997 The Troubled Island: Crete Before and After the
Santorini Eruption (Aegaeum 17) Liege. INST ARCH DAE Qto DRI
30
Recommended:
Adams, E. 2004. Power and ritual in Neopalatial Crete: a regional comparison. WorldArch
36.1. p. 26-42.
Adams, E. 2006. Social Strategies and Spatial Dynamics in Neopalatial Crete: An Analysis
of the North-Central Area. AJA 110.1. p. 1-36.
Adams, E. 2007. 'Time and Chance': Unraveling Temporality in North-Central Neopalatial
Crete. AJA 111.3. p. 391-421.
Alexiou, S. 1987 Minoan palaces as centers of trade and manufacture. In, R. Hägg and
N. Marinatos (eds.) The Function of the Minoan Palaces:251-253.
Betancourt, P. 2004. Knossian expansion in Late Minoan IB: the evidence of the Spirals
and Arcading Group. In G. Cadogan, E. Hatzaki and A. Vasilakis (eds) Knossos: Palace,
City, State. London:295-298,
Brown, A. 1983 Arthur Evans and the Palace of Minos. Ashmolean Museum.
Cadogan, G. 1976 Palaces of Minoan Crete. London:50-91.
Cadogan, G., E. Hatzaki and A. Vasilakis, eds. 2004. Knossos: Palace, City, State.
Proceedings of the Conference in Herakleion organised by the British School at Athens
and the 23rd Ephoreia of Prehistoric and Classical Antiquities of Herakleion, in
November 2000, for the Centenary of Sir Arthur Evans's Excavations at Knossos.
London, The British School at Athens, British School at Athens Studies 12,
Christakis, K. 2004. Palatial economy and storage in Late Bronze Age Knossos. In G.
Cadogan, E. Hatzaki and A. Vasilakis (eds) Knossos: Palace, City, State. London:299309,
Chryssoulaki,S. and Platon,N. 1987 Relations between the town and palace of Zakro.
In, R. Hägg and N. Marinatos (eds.) The Function of the Minoan Palaces:77-84.
Davis, E. 1987 The Knossos miniature frescoes and the function of the central courts.
In, R. Hägg and N. Marinatos (eds.) The Function of the Minoan Palaces:157-161.
Dimopoulou, N. 2011. Metallurgy and metalworking in the harbor town of Knossos at
Poros-Katsambas. In V. Kassianidou and G. Papasavvas (eds). Eastern Mediterranean
metallurgy and metalwork in the second millennium BC. Oxford: Oxbow:135-41.
Dimopoulou, N. 1997. Workshops and Craftsmen in the Harbour-Town of Knossos at
Poros-Katsambas. In R. Laffineur and P. Betancourt, eds. TEHNI: Craftsmen,
Craftswomen and Craftsmanship in the Aegean Bronze Age. Aegaeum 16. Liège:433438.
Dimopoulou, N. 1999. The Neopalatial Cemetery of the Knossian Harbour-Town at Poros:
Mortuary Behaviour and Social Ranking. Eliten in der Bronzezeit: Ergebnisse zweier
Kolloquien in Mainz und Athen, Various Authors, Vol. 1. Mainz: Verlag der RömischGermanischen Zentralmuseums in Kommission bei Dr. Rudolf Habelt GmbH, RömischGermanisches Zentralmuseum Forschungsinstitut für Vor- und Frühgeschichte,
Monographien 43:27-36,
Driessen, J. and Schoep, I. 1995 The architect and the scribe. Political implications of
architectural and administrative changes on MM II - LM IIIA Crete. In, R. Laffineur
and W-D. Niemeier (eds) Politeia: Society and State in the Aegean Bronze Age
(Aegaeum 12). Liege:II:649-664.
Driessen, J. 2004. The Central Court of the Palace at Knossos. In G. Cadogan, E. Hatzaki
and A. Vasilakis (eds) Knossos: Palace, City, State. London:75-82,
Evans, A.J. 1921-36. The Palace of Minos Vols 1-4 (the primary source, a period-piece).
Farnoux, A. 1996. Knossos: Searching for the Legendary Palace of King Minos. New York:
Abrams.
Graham, J.W. 1986. The Palaces of Crete (revised edition). Chs 2.1, 3.3-8. Yates E 10
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Hägg, R. 1987 On the reconstruction of the west facade at Knossos. In, R. Hägg and N.
Marinatos (eds.) The Function of the Minoan Palaces:129-134.
Hallager, E. 1987 A harvest festival room in the Minoan palaces? An architectural study
of the pillar crypt area at Knossos. In, R. Hägg and N. Marinatos (eds.) The Function
of the Minoan Palaces:169-187.
Hatzaki, E. 2005. Knossos: The Little Palace. London, British School at Athens,
Krzyszkowska, Olga, ed., BSA Supplementary Volume 38.
31
Hatzaki, E. 2005. Crete and Knossos. In E. Calligas and J. Whitley, eds. On Site: British
Archaeologists in Greece, Athens: Motibo and British School at Athens:68-87.
Hatzaki, E. 2009. Structured Deposition as Ritual Action at Knossos. In A.-L. D'Agata and
A. Van de Moortel, eds. Archaeologies of Cult: Essays on Ritual and Cult in Crete in
Honor of Geraldine C. Gesell, Hesperia Supplement 42, Princeton: The American School
of Classical Studies at Athens:19-30.
Hatzaki, E. 2011. Defining 'Domestic' Architecture and 'Household' Assemblages in Late
Bronze Age Knossos. In K. Glowacki and N. Vogeikoff-Brogan, eds. Στέγα: The
Archaeology of Houses and Households in Ancient Crete, Hesperia Supplement 44,
Princeton: American School of Classical Studies at Athens:247-62.
Hood, M.S.F. and W. Taylor 1981. The Bronze Age Palace at Knossos (British School at
Athens Supplement 13):.
Knappett, C., I. Mathioudaki and C. Macdonald 2013. Stratigraphy and ceramic typology
in the Middle Minoan III palace at Knossos. In C. Macdonald and C. Knappett (eds)
Intermezzo. Intermediacy and regeneration in Middle Minoan III palatial Crete. BSA
Studies 21. London: British School at Athens:9-20.
Macdonald, C. 2002. The Neopalatial Palaces of Knossos. Monuments of Minos. Rethinking
the Minoan Palaces. Proceedings of the International Workshop “Crete of the hundred
Palaces?” held at the Université Catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, 14-15
December 2001, Driessen, Jan, Ilse Schoep, and Robert Laffineur, eds. Liege:
Université de Liège, Aegaeum 23. p. 35-54,
Macdonald, C. and Driessen, J. 1988 The drainage system of the Domestic Quarter in the
palace at Knossos. BSA 83:235-258.
Macdonald, C. 2005. Knossos. London, The Folio Society Ltd.
Macdonald, C. 2012. Palatial Knossos: the Early Years. In I. Schoep, P. Tomkins and J.
Driessen, eds. Back to the Beginning: Reassessing Social and Political Complexity on
Crete during the Early and Middle Bronze Age. Oxford: Oxbow Books:81–113.
Macdonald, C. 2010. Knossos. The Oxford Handbook of the Bronze Age Aegean (ca. 30001000 BC), Cline, Eric H., ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-5365504. p. 529-542.
Marinatos, M. 1987 Public festivals in the west courts of the palaces. In, R. Hägg and N.
Marinatos (eds.) The Function of the Minoan Palaces:135-142.
Marinatos, N. and Hägg, R. 1986 On the ceremonial function of the Minoan polythyron,
Opuscula Atheniensia 16:57-73.
McEnroe, J. 1982 A typology of Minoan Neopalatial houses. American Journal of
Archaeology 86: 3-19.
Moody, J. 1987 The Minoan palace as a prestige artefact. In, R. Hägg and N. Marinatos
(eds.) The Function of the Minoan Palaces:235-41.
Mountjoy, P. 2003. Knossos: The South House. London: The British School at Athens,
BSA Supplementary Volume 34.
Niemeier,W.-D. 1987 On the function of the 'throne room' in the palace at Knossos. In,
R. Hägg and N. Marinatos (eds.) The Function of the Minoan Palaces:163-168.
Palyvou, C. 1987 Circulatory patterns in Minoan architecture. In, R. Hägg and N.
Marinatos (eds.) The Function of the Minoan Palaces:195-203.
Platon, N. 1983 The Minoan palaces: centres of organization of a theocratic social and
political system. In, O. Krzyszkowska and L. Nixon (eds.) Minoan Society:273-276.
Poursat, J.-C. 1995 L'essor du systeme palatial en Crìte: l'état et les artisans. In, R.
Laffineur and W-D. Niemeier (eds.). Politeia: Society and State in the Aegean Bronze
Age (Aegaeum 12). Liege:I:185-188.
Preston, L. 2013. The Middle Minoan III funerary landscape of Knossos. In C. Macdonald
and C. Knappett (eds) Intermezzo. Intermediacy and regeneration in Middle Minoan
III palatial Crete. BSA Studies 21. London: British School at Athens: 57-70.
Warren, P. 1985 Minoan Palaces. Scientific American 253:94-103.
Warren, P. 1994 The Minoan roads of Knossos. In, D.Evely, H. Hughes-Brock and N.
Momigliano (eds.) Knossos: A Labyrinth of History:189-210. INST ARCH DAG 14 HOO
Warren, P. 2004. Terra cognita? The territory and boundaries of the early Neopalatial
Knossian state. In G. Cadogan, E. Hatzaki and A. Vasilakis (eds) Knossos: Palace, City,
State. London:159-168.
32
Wiener, M. 2007. Neopalatial Knossos: Rule and Role. In P. Betancourt, M. Nelson and H.
Williams, eds. Krinoi kai Limenes: Studies in Honor of Joseph and Maria Shaw,
Prehistory Monographs 22, Philadelphia: INSTAP Academic Press:231-242.
Session 14: November 22
Palaces, polities and administration in Neopalatial Crete: a dynamic view.
Protopalatial Knossos, Phaistos and Mallia are often taken to approximate to a ‘peer
polity’ model, of equal, politically independent, yet culturally inter-related states. After
the Neopalatial period, Linear B tablets reveal that much of the island was controlled from
Knossos. But what of the Neopalatial phase, archaeologically the most prominent on
Crete? Here, opinions are strongly divided. We explore alternative perspectives, involving
analyses of settlement, architecture and material culture in regional context, as well as
the evidence for administrative practices.
Essential
Schoep, I. 1999. ‘Tablets and territories? Reconstructing Late Minoan IB political
geography through undeciphered documents.’ American Journal of Archaeology
103:201-21. [<www>]
Bevan, A. 2010. ‘Political Geography and Palatial Crete.’ Journal of Mediterranean
Archaeology 23:27-54. [INST ARCH Pers; <www>]
Wiener, M. 2007. ‘Neopalatial Knossos: rule and role’. In P. Betancourt, M. Nelson and H.
Williams (eds) Krinoi kai Limenes. Studies in Honor of Joseph and Maria Shaw.
Philadelphia:231-42. [TC XXX; INST ARCH DAE 100 BET]
Whitelaw, T. In press. 'Recognising polities in prehistoric Crete.' In M. Relaki and Y.
Papadatos (eds) From the Foundation to the Legacy of Minoan Society. (Sheffield
Studies in Aegean Archaeology.) Oxford. [In press, pdf will be supplied]
Recommended
Adams, E. 2004. 'Power relations in Minoan palatial towns: an analysis of Neopalatial
Knossos and Malia.' Journal of Mediterranean Archaeology 17:191-222. <www>
Adams, E. 2006. ‘Social strategies and spatial dynamics in Neopalatial Crete: an analysis
of the north-central area.’ American Journal of Archaeology 110:1-36. [INST ARCH
Per]
Bennet, J. 1990. 'Knossos in context: comparative perspectives on the Linear B
administration of LM II-III Crete.' American Journal of Archaeology 94:193-211.
<www>
Cherry, J. 1986. ‘Polities and palaces.’ in A.C. Renfrew and J.F. Cherry (eds) Peer Polity
Interaction and Socio-political change. Cambridge:19-45.
Christakis, K. 2008. The Politics of Storage: Storage and Sociopolitical Complexity in
Neopalatial Crete,. Prehistory Monographs 25, Philadelphia: INSTAP Academic Press.
Christakis, K. 2011. Redistribution and Political Economies in Bronze Age Crete. AJA
115.2. p. 197-205.
Driessen, J. 2001. 'Centre and periphery: some observations on the administration of the
kingdom of Knossos.' In S. Voutsaki and J.T. Killen (eds) Economy and Politics in the
Mycenaean Palace States. (Supplementary Volume 27.) Cambridge:96-111.
Goren, Y. and Panagiotopoulos, D. 2009. 'The 'Lords of the Rings': An Analytical Approach
to the Riddle of the 'Knossian Replica Rings'.’ Bulletin of the Institute of Classical
Studies 52:257-58. <www>
Hallager, B. and E. Hallager 1995. 'The Knossian Bull - Political Propaganda in NeoPalatial Crete?.' In R. Laffineur and W-D. Niemeier (eds) POLITEIA. Society and State
in the Aegean Bronze Age. (Aegaeum 12) Liège:547-56.
Hamilakis, Y. 2002. ‘Too many chiefs? Factional competition in Neopalatial Crete.’ in J.
Driessen, I. Schoep and R. Laffineur (eds) Monuments of Minos. Rethinking the Minoan
Palaces (Aegaeum 23) Liège:179-99.
Knappett, C. and I. Schoep 2000. 'Continuity and change in Minoan palatial power.'
Antiquity 74:365-71. <www>
33
Schoep, I. 2001. 'Managing the hinterland: the rural concerns of urban administration.' In
K. Branigan (ed.) Urbanism in the Aegean Bronze Age. (Sheffield Studies in Aegean
Archaeology 4.) Sheffield:87-102.
Schoep, I. 2002. 'The state of the Minoan palaces or the Minoan palace-state?' In J.
Driessen, I. Schoep and R. Laffineur (eds) Monuments of Minos. Rethinking the Minoan
Palaces. (Aegaeum 23) Liège:15-33.
Shaw, J. 2003. 'Palatial proportions: a study of the relative proportions between Minoan
palaces and their settlements.'
In K. Foster and R. Laffineur (eds)
METRON.
Measuring the Aegean Bronze Age. (Aegaeum 24.) Liège:239-46.
Tsipopoulou, M. 1999. 'From Local Centre to Palace: the Role of Fortification in the
Economic Transformation of the Siteia Bay Area, East Crete.' In R. Laffineur (ed.)
POLEMOS: Le contexte guerrier en Égée á l'âge du Bronze (Aegaeum 19) Liège:17989.
Tsipopoulou, M. 2002. 'Petras, Siteia: the palace, the town, the hinterland and the
Protopalatial background.'
In J.
Driessen, I. Schoep and R. Laffineur (eds)
Monuments of Minos. Rethinking the Minoan Palaces. (Aegaeum 23) Liège:133-44.
Tsipopoulou, M. 1997. 'Palace-Centered Polities in Eastern Crete: Neopalatial Petras and
Its Neighbors.' In W. Aufrecht, N. Mirau and S. Gauley (eds) Urbanism in Antiquity:
From Mesopotamia to Crete. Sheffield:263-77.
Van de Moortel, A. 2002. 'Pottery as a barometer of economic change from the
Protopalatial to the Neopalatial society in central Crete.' In Y. Hamilakis (ed.)
Labyrinth Revisited. Rethinking ‘Minoan’ archaeology. Oxford:189- 211.
Warren, P. 2004. 'Terra cognita: The territory and boundaries of the early Neopalatial
Knossian state.' In G. Cadogan, E. Hatzaki and A. Vasilakis (eds) Knossos: Palace, City,
State. London:159-68.
Watrous, L.V., et al.
2012.
An archaeological survey of the Gournia landscape.
Philadelphia: INSTAP Academic Press.
Watrous, L.V., Hadzi-Vallianou, D. and Blitzer, H. 2004. The Plain of Phaistos. Cycles of
complexity in the Mesara region of Crete. Los Angeles.
Weingarten, J. 1987. ‘Seal-use at Late Minoan IB Ayia Triada: a Minoan elite in action. I.
administrative considerations.’ Kadmos 26:1-38. [STORES]
Weingarten, J. 1990. ‘Three upheavals in Minoan sealing administration: evidence for
radical change.’ in T.G. Palaima (ed.) Aegean Seals, Sealing and Administration
(Aegaeum 5) Liège:106-20 (with discussion.) [TC 2223]
Weingarten, J. 2010. 'Corridors of Power: A Social Network Analysis of the Minoan
'Replica Rings'.' In W. Müller (ed.) Die Bedeutung der minoischen und mykenischen
Glyptik: VI. (CMS Beiheft 8.) Mainz am Rhein:395-412. [Institute of Classical Studies]
Session 15: November 29
Art, ritual and power in palatial Crete.
The Neopalatial period sees an explosion of imagery in palatial culture, notably in figural
wallpaintings and seals, alongside an increasing prominence for evidence of ritual action.
We look at how we can attempt to decode the meanings of prehistoric Aegean images, by
looking at a series of examples, examine the role of images in projections of political or
ritual power and also focus on the archaeology of cult, considering how we can attempt to
investigate religious practices and belief.
Essential
Cain, C.D. 2001. ‘Dancing in the dark: deconstructing a narrative of epiphany on the
Isopata ring.’ American Journal of Archaeology 105:27-49. [<www>]
Davis, E.N. 1995. ‘Art and politics in the Aegean: the missing ruler.’ In P. Rehak (ed.) The
Role of the Ruler in the Prehistoric Aegean (Aegaeum 11) Liège:11-19. [TC 2189;
ISSUE DESK IoA REH 2]
Driessen, J. 2002. '‘The King must die.' Some observations on the use of Minoan court
compounds.' In J. Driessen, I. Schoep and R. Laffineur (eds) Monuments of Minos.
Rethinking the Minoan Palaces. (Aegaeum 23) Liège:1-13. [ISSUE DESK IoA DRI 4]
34
Bevan, A. 2003. 'Reconstructing the role of Egyptian culture in the value regimes of
the Bronze Age Aegean: stone vessels and their social contexts.' In R. Matthews
and C. Roemer (eds) Ancient Perspectives on Egypt. London:57-74. [ISSUE DESK
IoA MAT 7; EGYPTOLOGY B 20 MAT]
Recommended
Adams, E. 2004. 'Power and ritual in Neopalatial Crete: a regional comparison.' World
Archaeology 36:26-42. <www>
Adams, E. 2007. 'Approaching monuments in the prehistoric built environment: new light
on the Minoan palaces.' Oxford Journal of Archaeology 26:359-94. <www>
Alberti, B. 2002. ‘Gender and the figurative art of Late Bronze Age Knossos.’ in Y.
Hamilakis (ed.) Labyrinth Re-visited: Rethinking ‘Minoan’ Archaeology. Oxford:98-117.
Bennet, J. 2008. 'Now You See It; Now You Don't! The Disappearance of the Linear A
Script on Crete.' In J. Baines, J. Bennet and S. Houston (eds) The Disappearance of
Writing Systems. Perspectives on Literacy and Communication. London:1-29. [TC
3656]
Bevan, A. 2007. Stone Vessels and Values in the Bronze Age Mediterranean. Cambridge.
Briault, C. 2007. 'Making mountains out of molehills in the Bronze Age Aegean:
visibility, ritual kits and the idea of a peak sanctuary.' World Archaeology 39:122-41.
<www>
Cameron, M. 1987. 'The ‘palatial’ thematic system in the Knossos murals. Last notes on
Knossos frescoes.' In R. Hägg and N. Marinatos (eds) The Function of the Minoan
Palaces. (Quarto Series 35) Stockholm:320-8.
Chapin, A. 2004. 'Power, Privilege, and Landscape in Minoan Art.' In A Chapin (ed.)
Χάρις: Essays in Honor of Sara A. Immerwahr. (Hesperia Supplement 33.)
Princeton:47-64. <www>
Chapin, A. 2007. 'A Man's World? Gender and Male Coalitions in the West House Miniature
Frescoes.' In P. Betancourt, M. Nelson and H. Williams, (eds) Krinoi kai Limenes:
Studies in Honor of Joseph and Maria Shaw. (Prehistory Monographs 22.)
Philadelphia:139-44.
Chapin, A. 2008. 'The Lady of the Landscape: An Investigation of Aegean Costuming and
the Xeste 3 Frescoes.' In C. Colburn and M. Heyn (eds) Reading a Dynamic Canvas:
Adornment in the Ancient Mediterranean World. Newcastle:48-83. [Main ANCIENT
HISTORY A 65 COL]
Chapin, A. 2009. 'Constructions of male youth and gender in Aegean art: the evidence
from Late Bronze Age Crete and Thera.' In K. Kopaka (ed.) Fylo: Engendering
Prehistoric 'Stratigraphies' in the Aegean and the Mediterranean. (Aegaeum 30.)
Liège:175-82.
Davis, E. 1987. 'The Knossos miniature frescoes and the function of the central courts.'
In R. Hägg and N. Marinatos (eds) The Function of the Minoan Palaces. (Quarto Series
35) Stockholm:157-61.
Gates, C. 2004. 'The Adoption of Pictorial Imagery in Minoan Wall Painting: A
Comparativist Perspective.' In A Chapin (ed.) Χάρις: Essays in Honor of Sara A.
Immerwahr. (Hesperia Supplement 33.) Princeton:27-46. <www>
Hägg, R. 1985. ‘Pictorial programmes in the Minoan palaces and villas.’ In P. Darcque &
J.-C. Poursat (eds) L'Iconographie Minoenne. Paris:219-242.
Hägg, R. and N. Marinatos (eds) 1981. Sanctuaries and Cults in the Aegean Bronze Age.
Stockholm.
Hallager, B. and E. Hallager 1995. 'The Knossian Bull - Political Propaganda in NeoPalatial Crete?.' In R. Laffineur and W-D. Niemeier (eds) POLITEIA. Society and State
in the Aegean Bronze Age. (Aegaeum 12) Liège:II.547-56. IoA ISSUE DESK LAF 4.
Hallager, E. 1985. The Master Impression (Studies in Mediterranean Archaeology 69.)
Herva, V.-P. 2006. 'Flower lovers, after all? Rethinking religion and human-environment
relations in Minoan Crete.' World Archaeology 38:586-98. <www>
Higgins, R. 1997. Minoan and Mycenaean Art. London.
Immerwahr, S. 1991. Aegean Painting in the Bronze Age.
Koehl, R.B. 1986. 'The chieftain cup and a Minoan rite of passage.' JHS 106:99-110.
<www>
35
Krzyszkowska, O. 2005. Aegean Seals: An Introduction (BICS Supplement 85.)
London:chapters 6-7.
Leteson, Q. and K. Vansteenhuyse 2006. Towards an archaeology of perception: ‘looking’
at Minoan palaces. JMA 19:91-119.
Logue, W. 2004. 'Set in stone: the role of relief-carved stone vessels in Neopalatial
Minoan elite propaganda.' Annual of the British School at Athens 99:149-72. <www>
Lupack, S. 2010. 'Minoan religion.' In E. Cline (ed.) The Oxford Handbook of the Bronze
Age Aegean (ca. 3000-1000 BC). Oxford:251-62.
Marinatos, N. 1993. Minoan Religion: Ritual, Image and Symbol.
Marinatos, N. 2010. Minoan kingship and the solar goddess: a Near Eastern koine.
Urbana.
McEnroe, J. 2010. Architecture of Minoan Crete: Constructing Identity in the Aegean
Bronze Age. Austin.
Morgan, L. 1985. 'Idea, idiom and iconography.' In P. Darcque and J.-C. Poursat (eds)
L'Iconographie Minoenne. (BCH Supplément 11) Paris:5-19. [TC 93]
Niemeier, W.-D. 1987. ‘On the function of the 'throne room' in the palace at Knossos.’ in
R. Hägg and N. Marinatos (eds) The Function of the Minoan Palaces. Stockholm:163-8.
Niemeier, W.-D. 1988. ‘The 'priest-king' fresco from Knossos: a new reconstruction
and interpretation.’ in E. French and K.A. Wardle (eds) Problems in Greek
Prehistory. Bristol.
Peatfield, A. 1992. 'Rural ritual in Bronze Age Crete: the peak sanctuary at Atsipadhes.'
Cambridge Archaeological Journal 2:59-87. <www>
Peatfield, A. 1987. ‘Palace and peak: the political and religious relationship between
palaces and peak sanctuaries.’ in R. Hägg and N. Marinatos (eds) The Function of the
Minoan Palaces. Stockholm:89-93. [TC 510]
Peatfield, A. 1990. ‘Minoan peak sanctuaries: history and society.’ Opuscula Atheniensa
17:117-31. [TC 533]
Peatfield, A. 2000. 'Minoan Religion.' In D. Huxley (ed.) Cretan Quests: British Explorers,
Excavators and Historians. London:138-50.
Poursat, J.-C. 2008. L'art égéen. Volume 1: Grèce, Cyclades, Crète jusqu'au milieu du IIe
millénaire av. J.-C. Paris.
Renfrew, A.C. 1985. The Archaeology of Cult: The Sanctuary at Phylakopi. London:1-4,
11-26.
Rutkowski, B. 1986. Cult Places of the Aegean. (Chapter 4 for caves and 5 for peak
sanctuaries.)
Schoep, I. 1994. ‘Ritual, politics and script on Minoan Crete.’ Aegean Archaeology 1: 725.
Shapland, A. 2010. ‘Wild nature? Human-animal relations in Neopalatial Crete’,
Cambridge Archaeological Journal 20: 109-127.
Thomas, H. 2010. 'Cretan Heiroglyphic and Linear A.' In E. Cline (ed.) The Oxford
Handbook of the Bronze Age Aegean (ca. 3000-1000 BC). Oxford:340-55.
Tyree, L. 2001. 'Diachronic changes in Minoan cave cult.' In R. Laffineur and R. Hägg
(eds) POTNIA. Deities and Religion in the Aegean Bronze Age. (Aegaeum 22) Liège:3950.
Warren, P.M. 1988. Minoan Religion as Ritual Action. (SIMA-PB 72) Gotenborg.
Warren, P.M. 1969. Minoan Stone Vases.
Warren, P.M. 1985. ‘The fresco of the garlands from Knossos.’ in P. Darcque & J.-J.
Poursat (eds) L'iconographie Minoenne, Paris:187-208.
Weingarten, J. 2010. 'Minoan seals and sealings.' In E. Cline (ed.) The Oxford Handbook
of the Bronze Age Aegean (ca. 3000-1000 BC). Oxford:317-28.
Younger, J. and P. Rehak. 2007. 'Minoan culture: religion, burial customs and
administration.' In C. Shelmerdine (ed.) The Cambridge Companion to the Aegean
Bronze Age. Cambridge:165-85.
36
Session 16: November 29
‘Minoanisation.’ Trade, power, colonization and networks in the southern
Aegean.
In addition to close trading connections, marked Cretan influence is seen during the
Neopalatial period on a range of social and technological traits in southern Aegean island
communities. This ‘minoanisation’ has been variously explained through the acculturation
of local societies or as indicative of Cretan colonies or rule, perhaps even the
‘thalassocracy’ mentioned in later Greek tradition. We explore the diversity of patterning
on Thera, Melos, Kea, Rhodes and Kythera, and consider the most plausible explanatory
models.
Essential
Broodbank, C. 2004. ‘Minoanisation.’ Proceedings of the Cambridge Philological Society
50:46-91. [TC 3539; Main CLASSICS Per]
Wiener, M. 1990. ‘The isles of Crete? The Minoan Thalassocracy revisited.’ in D.A. Hardy
(ed.) Thera and the Aegean World III: Archaeology. London:128-61. [TC 495; DAG 10
THE]
Davis, J and E. Gorogianni. 2007. 'Potsherds from the edge: the construction of
identities and the limits of Minoanized areas of the Aegean.' In N. Brodie et al. (eds)
Horizon. Cambridge:339-48. [INST ARCH DAG 10 BRO]
Davis, J. 2007. 'Minoan Crete and the Aegean islands.' In C. Shelmerdine (ed.) The
Cambridge Companion to the Aegean Bronze Age. Cambridge:186-208. [ISSUE DESK
IoA SHE 16; DAG 100 SHE]
Recommended
General
Barber, R. 1987. The Cyclades in the Bronze Age (Chapter 7.)
Berg, I. 1999. 'The Southern Aegean System.' Journal of World Systems Research 5:
475-84. <www>
Berg, I. 2007. Negotiating Island Identities: The Active Use of Pottery in the Middle and
Late Bronze Age Cyclades. (Gorgias Dissertations 31.) Piscataway.
Branigan, K. 1981. ‘Minoan colonialism.’ Annual of the British School at Athens 76:23-33.
[<www>]
Davis, J. 1984. ‘Cultural innovation and the Minoan thalassocracy at Ayia Irini, Keos.’ In
R. Hägg & N. Marinatos (eds) The Minoan Thalassocracy: Myth and Reality.
Stockholm:159-65. [TC 505; Institute of Classical Studies]
Davis, J. 1992. 'Review of Aegean prehistory I: the islands of the Aegean.' American
Journal of Archaeology 96:699-756. [TC 500; <www>] Reprinted with update, in T.
Cullen (ed.) 2001. Aegean Prehistory: A Review. (American Journal of Archaeology
Supplement 1.)
Davis, J. 2007. 'Minoan Crete and the Aegean islands.' In C. Shelmerdine (ed.) The
Cambridge Companion to the Aegean Bronze Age. Cambridge:186-208. [ISSUE DESK
IoA SHE 16; DAG 100 SHE]
Davis, J. and J. Cherry 1990. ‘Spatial and temporal uniformitarianism in Late Cycladic I:
perspectives from Kea and Milos on the prehistory of Akrotiri.’ in D.A. Hardy (ed.)
Thera and the Aegean World III. London:185-200.
Dietz, S. 1998. The Cyclades and the Mainland in the Shaft Grave Period - A Summary.
Proceedings of the Danish Institute at Athens 2:9-36.
Graziadio, G. 1998. 'Trade Circuits and Trade-Routes in the Shaft Grave Period.' Studi
Micenei ed Egeo-Anatolici 40:29-76. [Institute of Classical Studies]
Hägg, R and N. Marinatos (eds) 1984. The Minoan Thalassocracy: Myth and Reality.
Stockholm. (Chapters by Branigan, Coldstream and Huxley, Davis and Warren are
particularly useful.) [Institute of Classical Studies 102B, X102B]
Kardulias, P.N. 1999. 'Multiple Levels in the Aegean Bronze Age World-System.' In P.N.
Kardulias (ed.) World-Systems Theory in Practice:
Leadership, Production and
Exchange. Lanham:179-201.
37
Knappett, C., Rivers, R. and Evans, T. 2011. The Theran eruption and Minoan palatial
collapse: new interpretations gained from modelling the maritime network. Antiquity
85:1008-23. [<www>]
Knappett, C., T. Evans and R. Rivers. 2008. 'Modelling maritime interaction in the Aegean
Bronze Age.' Antiquity 82:1009-24. <www>
Knappett, K. and Nikolakopoulou, I. 2005. ‘Exchange and affiliation networks in the MBA
southern Aegean: Crete, Akrotiri and Miletus.’ In R. Laffineur and E. Greco (eds)
Emporia: Aegean in the Central and Eastern Mediterranean (Aegaeum 25) Liège:17584.
Macdonald, C., E. Halllager and W.-D. Niemeier (eds) 2009. The Minoans in the central,
eastern and northern Aegean - new evidence. (Monographs of the Danish Institute at
Athens 8.) Aarhus.
Melas, M. 1991. 'Acculturation and Social Mobility in the Minoan World.' In R. Laffineur
and L. Basch (eds) Thalassa. L'Egée préhistorique et la mer. (Aegaeum 7.) Liège:16988.
Renfrew, A.C. 1998. ‘Word of Minos: the Minoan contribution to Mycenaean Greek and the
linguistic geography of the Bronze Age Aegean.’ Cambridge Journal of Archaeology
8:239-64. [TC 2185; <www>]
Schofield, E. 1982. 'The western Cyclades and Crete: a special relationship.' Oxford
Journal of Archaeology 1:9-25. <www>
Schofield, E. 1983. ‘The Minoan Emigrant.’ In O. Krzyszkowska and L. Nixon (eds) Minoan
Society. Bristol:293-301.
Stos-Gale, Z. 2001. 'Minoan foreign relations and copper metallurgy in Protopalatial and
Neopalatial Crete.' In A. Shortland (ed.) The Social Context of Technological Change.
Egypt and the Near East, 1650-1550 BC. Oxford:195-210.
Akrotiri & Thera
Davis, E. 1990. 'The Cycladic style of the Thera frescoes.' In D. Hardy, C. Doumas, J.
Sakellarakis and P.M. Warren (eds) Thera and the Aegean World III. Vol. 1:
Archaeology. London:214-28.
Davis, J. and J. Cherry 1990. ‘Spatial and temporal uniformitarianism in Late Cycladic I:
perspectives from Kea and Milos on the prehistory of Akrotiri.’ in D.A. Hardy (ed.)
Thera and the Aegean World III. London:185-200.
Doumas, C. 1983. Thera: Pompeii of the Ancient Aegean. London. (Chapters 3-5.) [ISSUE
DESK IoA DOU 2; INST ARCH DAG 10 DOU]
Doumas, C. 1992. The Wall-Paintings of Thera. Athens.
Knappett, C. and I. Nikolakopoulou 2008. ‘Colonialism without colonies? A Bronze Age
case study from Akrotiri, Thera.’ Hesperia 77:1-42. <www>
Marinatos, N. 1984. Art and Religion in Thera. Reconstructing a Bronze Age Society.
Mathioulakis: Athens.
Niemeier, W.-D. 1992. 'Iconography and context: the Thera frescoes.' In R. Laffineur and
J. Crowley (eds) EIKON. Aegean Bronze Age Iconography: Shaping a Methodology.
(Aegaeum 8) Liège:97-104. DAE Qto INT
Palyvou, C. 2005. Akrotiri Thera. An architecture of affluence 3,500 years old. (Prehistory
Monographs 15) Philadelphia.
Sherratt, E.S. (ed.) 2000. The Wall Paintings of Thera. Athens.
Ayia Irini & Keos
Cherry, J., J. Davis and E. Mantzourani. 1991. 'Prehistoric Northern Keos: Analysis and
Interpretation of the Survey Finds.' In J.F. Cherry, J.L. Davis and E. Mantzourani (eds)
Landscape Archaeology as Long-Term History. Northern Keos in the Cycladic Islands
from Earliest Settlement until Modern Times. (Monumenta Archaeologica 16) Los
Angeles:217-32.
Cummer, W. and E. Schofield. 1983. Keos III. Ayia Irini: House A. Mainz.
Davis, J. 1980. 'Minoans and Minoanisation at Ayia Irini, Keos.' In C. Doumas (ed.) Thera
and the Aegean World II. London:257-60.
38
Davis, J. 1984. ‘Cultural innovation and the Minoan thalassocracy at Ayia Irini, Keos.’ In
R. Hägg & N. Marinatos (eds) The Minoan Thalassocracy: Myth and Reality.
Stockholm:159-65. [TC 505; Institute of Classical Studies]
Hitchcock, L. 1998. 'Blending the Local with the Foreign: Minoan Features at Ayia Irini,
House A.' In L.G. Mendoni and A. Mazarakis Ainian (eds) Kea-Kythnos: History and
Archaeology. (Meletimata 27) Athens:169-74.
Schofield, E. 1990. 'Evidence for Household Industries on Thera and Kea.' In D.A. Hardy,
C. Doumas, J.A. Sakellarakis, and P.M. Warren (eds) Thera and the Aegean World III.
Vol. 1: Archaeology. London:201-11.
Phylakopi & Melos
Davis, J. and J. Cherry 1990. ‘Spatial and temporal uniformitarianism in Late Cycladic I:
perspectives from Kea and Milos on the prehistory of Akrotiri.’ in D.A. Hardy (ed.)
Thera and the Aegean World III. London:185-200.
Mountjoy, P. 2004. 'Knossos and the Cyclades in Late Minoan IB.' In G. Cadogan, E.
Hatzaki and A. Vasilakis (eds) Knossos: Palace, City, State. London:399-404.
Mountjoy, P. and M. Ponting. 2000. The Minoan thalassocracy reconsidered: provenance
studies of LH II A/LM I B pottery from Phylakopi, Ay. Irini and Athens. BSA 95:141-84.
Renfrew, A.C. 1978. 'Phylakopi and the Late Bronze I period in the Cyclades.' In C.
Doumas (ed.) Thera and the Aegean World I. London:403-21.
Renfrew, A.C. and J.M. Wagstaff (eds) 1982. An Island Polity: The Archaeology of
Exploitation in Melos. Cambridge. (Chapters 4, 16.)
Whitelaw, T. 2005. 'A tale of three cities: chronology and Minoanisation at Phylakopi on
Melos.' In A. Dakouri-Hild and E.S. Sherratt (eds) Autochthon. Oxford:37-69.
Kastri & Kythera
Bevan, A. 2002. 'The rural landscape of Neopalatial Kythera: A GIS perspective.' Journal
of Mediterranean Archaeology 15:217-56.
Broodbank, C. 2000. 'Island dynamics and Minoan expansion in the Aegean: the Kythera
Island Project.' Archaeology International 3:1-3.
Broodbank, C. 2004. ‘Minoanisation.’ Proceedings of the Cambridge Philological Society
50:46-91. [TC 3539; Main CLASSICS Per]
Broodbank, C. and E. Kiriatzi 2007. ‘The first 'Minoans' of Kythera revisited: technology,
demography, and landscape in the Prepalatial Aegean.’ American Journal of
Archaeology 111:241-74.
Coldstream, J.N. and G. Huxley 1984. 'The Minoans of Kythera.' In R. Hägg and N.
Marinatos (eds) The Minoan Thalassocracy: Myth and Reality. (Quarto Series 32)
Stockholm:107-12. [Institute of Classical Studies 102B, X102B]
Sakellarakis, I. 1996. 'Minoan religious influence in the Aegean: the case of Kythera.'
Annual of the British Schoool at Athens 91:81-99. <www>
The Dodecanese and the Eastern Aegean
Furumark, A. 1950. 'The settlement at Ialysos and Aegean history c. 1550-1400 B.C.'
Opuscula Archaeologica 6:150-271. [STORES]
Macdonald, C., E. Halllager and W.-D. Niemeier (eds) 2009. The Minoans in the central,
eastern and northern Aegean - new evidence. (Monographs of the Danish Institute at
Athens 8.) Aarhus.
Marketou, T. 1998. 'Excavations at Trianda (Ialysos) on Rhodes: New Evidence for the
Late Bronze Age I Period.' RendLinc 9:39-82. [Institute of Classical Studies Periodicals]
Marketou, T. 2009. 'Ialysos and its neighbouring areas in the MBA and LBI periods: a
chance for peace. In C. Macdonald, E. Halllager and W.-D. Niemeier (eds) The Minoans
in the central, eastern and northern Aegean - new evidence. (Monographs of the
Danish Institute at Athens 8.) Aarhus: 73-96.
Melas, E. 1988. 'The Dodecanese and W. Anatolia in prehistory: interrelationships,
ethnicity and political geography.' Anatolian Studies 38:109-20. <www>
Momigliano, N. 2009. 'Minoans at Iasos?' In C. Macdonald, E. Halllager and W.-D.
Niemeier (eds) The Minoans in the central, eastern and northern Aegean - new
evidence. (Monographs of the Danish Institute at Athens 8.) Aarhus:121-40.
39
Niemeier, B. and W.-D. Niemeier 1999. ‘The Minoans of Miletus.’ in P. Betancourt, V.
Karageorghis, R. Laffineur & W.-D. Niemeier (eds) Meletemata: Studies in Aegean
Archaeology Presented to Malcolm H. Wiener (Aegaeum 20) Liège:543- 554. [TC 2204]
Session 17: December 6
The mainland transformed:
world.
Middle Helladic Greece and the early Mycenaean
The absence of palaces, towns and states on the Middle Helladic mainland contrasts with
contemporary Crete. Instead, the mainland is characterised by smaller settlements and a
prominent burial record, including tumuli. Diversity is increasingly apparent, in ceramics,
burial, and degrees of interaction with the southern Aegean. Towards the end of the
period, changes in mortuary practices, demography, trade, craft production, and the
deployment of iconography mark the transition to the early Mycenaean, ‘Shaft Grave’
period, in effect the late pre-palatial of the Greek mainland. This lecture looks at general
aspects of the transition; Lecture 13b focuses on the Shaft Graves at Mycenae.
Essential
Voutsaki, S. 2010. 'The Middle Bronze Age: Mainland Greece.' In E. Cline (ed.) The Oxford
Handbook of the Bronze Age Aegean (ca. 3000-1000 BC). Oxford:99-112. [ISSUE
DESK IoA CLI 2]
Voutsaki, S. 2010. 'From the kinship economy to the palatial economy: the Argolid in the
second millennium BC.' In D. Pullen (ed.) Political Economies of the Aegean Bronze
Age. Oxford:86-111. [INST ARCH DAG 100 PUL]
Wright, J. 2008. Early Mycenaean Greece. In C. Shelmerdine (ed.) The Cambridge
Companion to the Aegean Bronze Age. Cambridge:230-57. [ISSUE DESK IoA SHE 16;
DAG 100 SHE]
Maran, J. 2011. Lost in translation: the Early Mycenaean culture as a phenomenon of
glocalization. In T. Wilkinson, S. Sherratt and J. Bennet (eds) Interweaving worlds:
systemic interactions in Eurasia, 7th to 1st millennia BC. Oxford: Oxbow Books:282-94.
Recommended
General on Aegean burial
Cavanagh, W. & C. Mee 1998. A Private Place: Death in Prehistoric Greece (Studies in
Mediterranean Archaeology 125.) Goteborg.
Middle Helladic mainland
Niemeier, W.-D. 1995. ‘Aegina: first Aegean 'state' outside of Crete?.’ in R. Laffineur &
W.-D. Niemeier (eds) Politeia: Society and State in the Aegean Bronze Age (Aegaeum
12) Liège:73-80.
Nordquist, G. 1987. A Middle Helladic Village: Asine in the Argolid.
Philippa-Touchais, A., G. Touchais, S. Voutsaki, and J. Wright (eds) Mesohelladika. The
Greek Mainland in the Middle Bronze Age. (BCH Suppl. 52.) Athens.
Rutter, J. 1993. ‘Review of Aegean Prehistory II: the prepalatial Bronze Age of the
southern and central Greek mainland.’ American Journal of Archaeology 97: 745-97
(77-97 for MH and early Mycenaean.) [TC 538; <www>] Reprinted with update, in T.
Cullen (ed.) 2001. Aegean Prehistory: A Review (American Journal of Archaeology
Supplement 1.) [ISSUE DESK IoA CUL 4; INST ARCH DAG 100 CUL]
Sherratt, A. 1987. ‘Warriors and traders: Bronze Age chiefdoms in Central Europe.’ in B.
Cunliffe (ed.) Origins: The Roots of European Civilisation. London:54-66. [TC 430]
Wright, J. 2010. 'Towards a social archaeology of Middle Helladic Greece.' In A. PhilippaTouchais, G. Touchais, S. Voutsaki, and J. Wright (eds) Mesohelladika. The Greek
Mainland in the Middle Bronze Age. (BCH Suppl. 52.) Athens:803-15. [TC XXX; INST
ARCH DAE 100 PHI]
40
Transition to Mycenaean
Acheson, P. 1999. ‘The role of force in the development of early Mycenaean polities.’ in R.
Laffineur (ed.) Polemos: le contexte guerrier en Egée à l’âge du bronze (Aegaeum 19)
Liège:87-104.
Dickinson, O. 1989. ‘'The origins of Mycenaean civilisation' revisited.' In R. Laffineur (ed.)
Transition: Le monde Egéen du Bronze Moyen au Bronze Récent (Aegaeum 3)
Liège:131-6. [TC 514]
Dickinson, O. 1977. The Origins of Mycenaean Civilisation. Goteborg. (Esp chapters 2, 3,
8.)
Lambrinoudakis, V. 1981. ‘Remains of the Mycenaean period in the sanctuary of Apollon
Maleatas.’ in R. Hägg & N. Marinatos (eds) Sanctuaries and Cults of the Aegan Bronze
Age. Stockholm:59-65.
Voutsaki, S. 1995. Social and Political Processes in the Mycenaean Argolid: The Evidence
from the Mortuary Practices. In R. Laffineur and W.-Di. Niemeier (eds.) Politeia:
Society and State in the Aegean Bronze Age, Vol I. (Aegaeum 12.) Liège:55-66. [TC
1820; ISSUE DESK IoA LAF 3]
Voutsaki, S. 1997. ‘Mortuary evidence, symbolic meanings and social change: a
comparison between Messenia and the Argolid in the Mycenaean period.’ in K.
Branigan (ed.) Cemetery and Society in the Aegean Bronze Age. Sheffield:41-58. [TC
1821]
Voutsaki, S. 2010. Agency and personhood at the onset of the Mycenaean period.
Archaeological Dialogues 17:65-92.
Wolpert, A. 2004. 'Getting past consumption and competition: legitimacy and concensus
in the Shaft Graves.' In J. Barrett and P. Halstead (eds) The Emergence of Civilisation
Revisited. (Sheffield Studies in Aegean Archaeology) Oxford:127-44.
Wright, J. 1995. ‘From chief to king in Mycenaean Greece.’ in P. Rehak (ed.) The Role of
the Ruler in the Prehistoric Aegean (Aegaeum 11) Liège:63-80. [TC 3154]
Shaft Grave period trade
Berg, I. 1999. 'The Southern Aegean System.' Journal of World Systems Research 5:
475-84. <www>
Cadogan, G. and Kopaka, K. 2010. 'Coping with the offshore giant: Middle Helladic
interactions with Middle Minoan Crete.' In A. Philippa-Touchais, G. Touchais, S.
Voutsaki, and J. Wright (eds) Mesohelladika. The Greek Mainland in the Middle Bronze
Age. (BCH Suppl. 52.) Athens:847-58.
Cherry, J. and J. Davis 1982. ‘The Cyclades and the Greek mainland in LC I: the evidence
of the pottery.’ American Journal of Archaeology 86:333-41. <www>
Dickinson, O. 1984. ‘Cretan contacts with the mainland during the period of the shaft
graves.’ In R. Hägg & N. Marinatos (eds) The Minoan Thalassocracy: Myth and Reality.
Stockholm:117-120. [Institute of Classical Studies]
Dietz, S. 1998. 'The Cyclades and the Mainland in the Shaft Grave Period - A Summary.'
Proceedings of the Danish Institute at Athens 2:9-36.
Graziadio, G. 1998. 'Trade Circuits and Trade-Routes in the Shaft Grave Period.' Studi
Micenei ed Egeo-Anatolici 40:29-76. [Institute of Classical Studies]
Harding, A. 1984. The Mycenaeans and Europe. London:68-82 & 279-81.
Kiriatzi, E. 2010. 'Minoanising' pottery traditions in southwest Aegean during the Middle
Bronze Age: understanding the social context of technological and consumption
practices.' In A. Philippa-Touchais, G. Touchais, S. Voutsaki, and J. Wright (eds)
Mesohelladika. The Greek Mainland in the Middle Bronze Age. (BCH Suppl. 52.)
Athens:683-99.
Rutter, J. and C. Zerner 1984. ‘Early Hellado-Minoan contacts.’ in R. Hägg & N. Marinatos
(eds) The Minoan Thalassocracy: Myth and Reality. Stockholm:75-83. [Institute of
Classical Studies]
41
Session 18: December 6
Palatial Crete and the east Mediterranean world.
Palatial Crete is at one level the westernmost exemplar of a continuum of Bronze Age
palatial societies that extended as far as Mesopotamia, and from c. 2000 BC there is a
sharp rise in signs of Aegean contacts, trade, and cultural exchanges, notably with the
societies of the Levant, Cyprus and Egypt. This final lecture brings us back to the
fundamental question with which the course began: the place of Crete and the Aegean
generally in larger-scale frameworks of analysis.
Essential
Sherratt, A. and S. Sherratt 1989. ‘From luxuries to commodities: the nature of
Mediterranean Bronze Age trading systems.’ In N. Gale (ed.) Bronze Age Trade in the
Mediterranean (Studies in Mediterranean Archaeology 90) Goteborg:351-86. [TC 507;
ISSUE DESK DAG Qto STU 90]
Warren, P. 1995. Minoan Crete and pharaonic Egypt. In, W.V. Davies and L. Schofield
(eds.) Egypt, the Aegean and the Levant: Interconnections in the Second Millennium
BC. London:1-18. TC 2188; IoA Issue Desk DAV 5; Egyptology Qto A6 DAV.
Bietak, M. 2007. 'Bronze Age Paintings in the Levant: Chronological and Cultural
Considerations.' In M. Bietak and E. Czerny (eds) The Synchronisation of Civilisations
in the Eastern Mediterranean in the Second Millennium B.C. III. Vienna:269-300. [INST
ARCH DBA 100 Qto BIE]
Bevan, A. 2003. 'Reconstructing the role of Egyptian culture in the value regimes of the
Bronze Age Aegean: stone vessels and their social contexts.' In R. Matthews and C.
Roemer (eds) Ancient Perspectives on Egypt. London:57-74. [ISSUE DESK IoA MAT 7;
EGYPTOLOGY B 20 MAT]
Recommended
Watrous, L.V. 1998. 'Egypt and Crete in the Early Middle Bronze Age: A Case of Trade
and Cultural Diffusion.' In EH. Cline and D. Harris-Cline (eds) The Aegean and the
Orient in the Second Millennium. (Aegaeum 18) Liège:19-28. [ISSUE DESK IoA CLI]
Colburn, C. 2008. 'Exotica and the Early Minoan elite: eastern imports in Prepalatial
Crete.' American Journal of Archaeology 112:203-24.
Monroe, C. 2011. ‘From luxuries to anxieties’: a liminal view of the Late Bronze Age
world-system. In T. Wilkinson, S. Sherratt and J. Bennet (eds) Interweaving worlds:
systemic interactions in Eurasia, 7th to 1st millennia BC. Oxford: Oxbow Books:87-99.
Betancourt, P. 2012. Cyprus and Crete: the transformation of the Minoan metalworking
industry.
In V. Kassianidou and g. Papasavvas (eds).
Eastern Mediterranean
metallurgy and metalwork in the second millennium BC. Oxford: Oxbow:129-34.
Barber, E. 1991. Prehistoric Textiles:chapter 15.
Bevan, A. 2007. Stone Logics: Vessels and Values in the Bronze Age East Mediterranean.
Cambridge.
Beitak, M., N. Marinatos and C. Palyvou. 2007. Taureador Scenes in Tell el-Daba (Avaris)
and Knossos. Vienna.
Betancourt, P. 1998. 'Middle Minoan Objects in the Near East.' In EH. Cline and D.
Harris-Cline (eds) The Aegean and the Orient in the Second Millennium. (Aegaeum
18) Liège:5-11.
Broodbank, C. 2010. ''Ships a-sail from over the rim of the sea': voyaging, sailing and
the making of Mediterranean societies c. 3500-500 BC.’ In A. Anderson, J.H. Barrett
and K. Boyle (eds) The Global Origins of Seafaring. (McDonald Institute
Monographs) Cambridge:249-64.
Carinci, F. 2000. 'Western Mesara and Egypt during the Protopalatial period: a
minimalist view.' In A. Karetsou (ed.) Kriti - Aigyptos. Politismikoi thesmoi triov
chietion. Athens:31-7.
Cherry, J. 2010. 'Sorting out Crete's Prepalatial off-island interactions.' In W.
Parkinson and M. Galaty (eds) Archaic State Interaction: the Eastern Mediterranean
in the Bronze Age. Santa Fe:237-307.
42
Cline, E. 1994. Sailing the Wine-Dark Sea: International Trade and the late Bronze Age
Aegean. (BAR International Series 591) Oxford.
Cline, E. 1999. 'The Nature of the Economic Relations of Crete with Egypt and the Near
East during the Late Bronze Age.' In A. Chaniotis (ed.) From Minoan Farmers to
Roman Traders: Sidelights on the Economy of Ancient Crete. Stuttgart:115-44.
Cline, E. 2005. 'The multivalent nature of imported objects in the ancient Mediterranean
world.' In R. Laffineur and E. Greco (eds) 2005. Emporia. Aegeans in the Central
and Eastern Mediterranean. (Aegaeum 25) Liège:45-52.
Cline, E. and D. Harris-Cline (eds) 1998. The Aegean and the Orient in the Second
Millennium (Aegaeum 18.) Liège.
Feldman, M. 2007. 'Frescoes, exotica, and the reinvention of the northern Levantine
kingdoms during the second millennium BCE.' In M. Heinz and M. Feldman (eds)
Representations of political power. Winona Lake:39-65. [INST ARCH DBA 100 HEI]
Gale, N. (ed.) 1991. Bronze Age Trade in the Mediterranean (Studies in Mediterraean
Archaeology 90) Goteborg. (Especially papers by Sherratt & Sherratt, Snodgrass,
Knapp, Gale, Stos-Gale and McDonald, and Wiener.
Kardulias, P.N. 1999. 'Multiple Levels in the Aegean Bronze Age World-System.' In
P.N. Kardulias (ed.) World-Systems Theory in Practice: Leadership, Production and
Exchange. Lanham:179-201.
Kemp, B. and R. Merrillees 1980. Minoan Pottery in Second Millennium Egypt.
Knapp, A.B. 1993. ‘Thalassocracies in Bronze Age East Mediterranean trade: making and
breaking a myth.’ World Archaeology 24:332-47. <www>
Knapp, A.B. 1998. 'Mediterranean Bronze Age trade: distance, power and place.' In E.
Cline and D. Harris-Cline (eds) The Aegean and the Orient in the Second Millennium.
(Aegaeum 18) Liège:193-210.
Larsen, M. 1987. ‘Commercial networks in the ancient Near East.’ in M. Rowlands, M.
Larsen & K. Kristiansen (eds) Centre and Periphery in the Ancient World.
Cambridge:47-56. [TC 537.]
Manning, S. and Hulin, L. 2005. 'Maritime Commerce and Geographies of Mobility in the
Late Bronze Age of the Eastern Mediterranean: Problematizations.' In E. Blake and A.B.
Knapp (eds) The Archaeology of Mediterranean Prehistory. Malden:270-302.
Merrillees, R. 2003. 'The First Appearances of Kamares Ware in the Levant.' Ägypten und
Levante 13:127-42.
Niemeier, B. and W.-D. Niemeier. 2000. 'Aegean Frescoes in Syria-Palestine: Alalakh
and Tel Kabri.' In E.S. Sherratt (ed.) The Wall Paintings of Thera, vol. 2. Athens:763802.
Panagiotopoulos, D. 2001. 'Keftiu in context: Theban tomb-paintings as a historical
source.' Oxford Journal of Archaeology 20:263-83. <www>
Phillips, J. 2006. 'Why?... And Why Not? Minoan Reception and Perceptions of Egyptian
Influence.' In E. Czerny, I. Hein, H. Hunger, D. Melman and A. Schwab (eds)
Timelines: Studies in Honour of Manfred Bietak, 2. (Orientalia Lovaniensia Analecta
149.) Leuven:293-300.
Phillips, J. 2008. Aegyptiaca on the island of Crete in their chronological context: a
critical review. Vienna.
Sherratt, A. and Sherratt, S. 2001. ‘Technological change in the east Mediterranean Late
Bronze Age: capital, resources and marketing.’ In A.J. Shortland (ed.) The Social
Context of Technological Change: Egypt and the Near East 1650-1550 BC. Oxford:1538.
Sherratt, A. and Sherratt, S. 1998. 'Small Worlds: Interaction and Identity in the Ancient
Mediterranean.' In E. Cline and D. Harris-Cline (eds) The Aegean and the Orient in the
Second Millennium. (Aegaeum 18.) Liège:329-43.
Stos-Gale, Z. 2000. 'Trade in metals in the Bronze Age Mediterranean: an overview of
lead isotope data for provenance studies.' In C. Pare (ed.) Metals Make the World Go
Round. Oxford:56-69.
Wachsmann, S. 1987. Aegeans in the Theban Tombs. (Chapters 1, 6-7.)
Wachsmann, S. 1998. Seagoing Ships and Seamanship in the Bronze Age Levant.
43
Warren, P.M. 1995. ‘Minoan Crete and Pharaonic Egypt.’ In W.V. Davies and L. Schofield
(eds) Egypt, the Aegean and the Levant: Interconnections in the Second Millennium
BC. London.
Warren, P. 2005. 'A Model of Iconographical Transfer. The Case of Crete and Egypt.' In I.
Bradfer-Burdet, B. Detournay and R. Laffineur (eds) Kris Technitis. L'Artisan Crétois.
(Aegaeum 26.) Liège:221-27.
Wengrow, D. 2010. ‘The voyages of Europa: ritual and trade in the eastern
Mediterranean, circa 2300–1850 BC.' In W. Parkinson and M. Galaty (eds) Archaic
State Interaction: the Eastern Mediterranean in the Bronze Age. Santa Fe.
Wiener, M. 1991. The Nature and Control of Minoan Foreign Trade. Gale, N.H., ed. Bronze
Age Trade in the Mediterranean. (SIMA 90.) Göteborg:325-50.
Session 19: December 13
Two catastrophes: the Theran eruption and the end of Neopalatial Crete.
Thera’s eruption in the mid-2nd millennium BC is central to two great debates in Aegean
archaeology. One concerns its implication in the end of Neopalatial Crete (attested by
many destructions in LM IB). The other concerns Aegean absolute chronology, for Theran
and other chronometric data may argue that traditional chronologies are too low (i.e.
late) by ca. 100 years. We explore these issues and look at alternative explanations for
the Cretan destructions, finally sketching an outline of Crete’s subsequent development,
and notably the rise of a major polity based at Knossos that kept records in a new, Greek,
script, known as Linear B.
Essential
Manning, S. 2010. 'Eruption of Thera/Santorini.' In E. Cline (ed.) The Oxford Handbook
of the Bronze Age Aegean (ca. 3000-1000 BC). Oxford:457-74. [ISSUE DESK IoA CLI
2]
Driessen, J. and C. MacDonald. 2000. ‘The eruption of the Santorini volcano and its
effects on Minoan Crete.’ In W.J. McGuire, D.R. Griffiths, P.L. Hancock and I.S. Stewart
(eds) The Archaeology of Geological Catastrophes (Geological Society Special
Publication 171):81-93. [TC 2187; BA 10 MCG]
Knappett, C., Rivers, R. and Evans, T. 2011. The Theran eruption and Minoan palatial
collapse: new interpretations gained from modelling the maritime network. Antiquity
85:1008-23. [INST ARCH Pers; <www>]
Preston, L. 2008. 'Late Minoan II to IIIB Crete.' In C. Shelmerdine (ed.) The Cambridge
Companion to the Aegean Bronze Age. Cambridge:310-26. [ISSUE DESK IoA SHE 16;
DAG 100 SHE]
Recommended
The nature and date of the Theran eruption, and its wider implications
Buckland, P. and A. Dugmore and K. Edwards 1997. ‘Bronze Age myths? Volcanic activity
and human response in the Mediterranean and North Atlantic regions.’ Antiquity
71:581-93. <www>
Driessen, J. and C. Langohr. 2007. Rallying 'round a 'Minoan' Past: The Legitimation of
Power at Knossos during the Late Bronze Age. In M. Galaty and W. Parkinson (eds)
Rethinking Mycenaean Palaces II. (Cotsen Institute of Archaeology at UCLA Monograph
60.) Los Angeles:178-89.
Driessen, J. and C. MacDonald 1997. The Troubled Island: Minoan Crete Before and After
the Santorini Eruption (Aegaeum 17.) Liège. (Especially Chapters 4-6.) [TC 2187]
Friedrich, W. 2000. Santorini: geology, natural history, mythology. Aarhus.
Pearson, C., D. Dale, P.Brewer, P. Kuniholm, J. Lipton and S. Manning 2009.
‘Dendrochemical analysis of a tree-ring growth anomaly associated with the Late
Bronze Age eruption of Thera.’ Journal of Archaeological Science 36:1206-14. <www>
Manning, S. 1999. A Test of Time: The Volcano of Thera and the Chronology and History
of the Aegean and East Mediterranean in the mid Second Millennium BC. Oxford.
44
Warren, P. 2006. 'The date of the Thera eruption in relation to Aegean-Egyptian
interconnections and the Egyptian historical chronology.' In E. Czerny et al. (eds)
Timelines. Studies in honour of Manffred Bietak, Vol. 2. Leuven:305-21.
Kitchen, K. 2007. 'Egyptian and related chronologies - look, no science, no pots!' In M.
Bietak and E. Czerny (eds) The Synchronisation of Civilisations in the Eastern
Mediterranean in the Second Millennium B.C. II. Vienna:163-71.
Wiener, M. 2007. 'Times change:
the current state of the debate in Old World
chronology.' In M. Bietak and E. Czerny (eds) The Synchronisation of Civilisations in
the Eastern Mediterranean in the Second Millennium B.C. II. Vienna:25-47.
Manning, S. 2007. 'Clarifying the 'high.’ v. 'low' Aegean/Cypriot chronology for the mid
second millennium BC: assessing the evidence, interpretive frameworks, and current
state of the debate.' In M. Bietak and E. Czerny (eds) The Synchronisation of
Civilisations in the Eastern Mediterranean in the Second Millennium B.C. II.
Vienna:101-37.
Warburton, D. (ed.) 2009. Time's Up! Dating the Minoan eruption of Santorini.
(Monographs of the Danish Institute at Athens 10.) Athens.
Crete after LM IB
Bennet, J. 1985. 'The structure of the Linear B administration at Knossos.' American
Journal of Archaeology 89:231-49. [TC 540; <www>]
Bennet, J. 1990. 'Knossos in context: comparative perspectives on the Linear B
administration of LM II-III Crete.' American Journal of Archaeology:193-211. <www>
Driessen, J. 2001. 'Centre and periphery: some observations on the administration of the
kingdom of Knossos.' In S. Voutsaki and J.T. Killen (eds) Economy and Politics in the
Mycenaean Palace States. (Supplementary Volume 27) Cambridge:96-111.
Driessen, J. and I. Schoep. 1999. 'The Stylus and the Sword: The Roles of Scribes and
Warriors in the Conquest of Crete.' In R. Laffineur (ed.) POLEMOS: Le contexte guerrier
en Égée á l'âge du Bronze. (Aegaeum 19) Liège:389-401.
Driessen, J. and C. Langohr. 2007. Rallying 'round a 'Minoan' Past: The Legitimation of
Power at Knossos during the Late Bronze Age. In M. Galaty and W. Parkinson, eds.
Rethinking Mycenaean Palaces II, Revised and expanded second ed, Cotsen Institute of
Archaeology at UCLA Monograph 60, Los Angeles: University of California:178-89.
Preston, L. 2004. 'A mortuary perspective on political changes in Late Minoan II-IIIB
Crete.' American Journal of Archaeology 108:321-48. <www>
Session 20: December 13th
Discussion: Expanding networks: palatial Crete, the Aegean and the east
Mediterranean
4. Academic Resources
General readings
This list is intended to help you to become familiar with the scope of the subject and
some of the questions and sites that we shall be exploring. The books are readable,
largely up-to-date, and do not require prior knowledge. You will find the course easier to
follow and more stimulating if you have read a few before we start, or soon after we
begin. Reading for specific topics is listed for each session.
Introductory volumes:
Dickinson, O.T.P.K. 1994. The Aegean Bronze Age. (Long the standard textbook, divided
by themes rather than periods.) [ISSUE DESK IoA DIC; DAE 100 DIC]
Warren, P.M. 1989. The Aegean Civilisations. (Revised edition; short book-length
introduction.) [ISSUE DESK IoA WAR; DAG 10 Qto WAR; YATES Qto A 22 WAR]
Fitton, J.L. 2002. Minoans. London: British Museum. [DAG 14 FIT]
45
Recent short surveys of the field
Bennet, J. 2007. ‘The Aegean Bronze Age.’ in W. Scheidel, I. Morris and R. Saller (eds)
The Cambridge Economic History of the Greco-Roman World:175-210. [TC 3635; Main
ANCIENT HISTORY M 64 SCH]
Tartaron, T. 2008. ‘Aegean prehistory as world archaeology: recent trends in the
archaeology of Bronze Age Greece.’ Journal of Archaeological Research 16: 83-161.
[INST ARCH Pers; <www>]
Historiographical surveys
Fitton, J.L. 1995. The Discovery of the Greek Bronze Age. [DAE 100 FIT]
McDonald, W.A. and C. Thomas 1990. Progress into the Past: The Rediscovery of
Mycenaean Civilization. (2nd edition.) [DAG 100 MAC]
Runnels, C. and P. Murray. 2001. Greece Before History: An Archaeological Companion
and Guide. [DAE 100 RUN]
Cherry, J.F., D. Margomenou and L. Talalay (eds) 2005. Prehistorians Round the Pond:
Reflections on Aegean Prehistory as a Discipline.
Darcque, P., Fotiadis, M, and O. Polychronopoulou (eds) 2006. Mythos. La préhistoire
égéene du XIXe au XXIe siècle après J.-C. (Bulletin de Correspondance Hellenique
Supplement 46.) Athens.
Hamilakis, Y. and N. Momigliano (eds) 2006. Archaeology and European Modernity.
Producing and consuming the Minoans. (Creta Antica 7.) Padua.
Recent handbooks
Cline, E. (ed.) 2010. The Oxford Handbook of the Bronze Age Aegean (ca. 3000-1000
BC). Oxford: OUP. [ISSUE DESK IoA CLI 2]
Shelmerdine, C. (ed.) 2008. The Cambridge Companion to the Aegean Bronze Age.
Cambridge: CUP. [ISSUE DESK IoA SHE 16; DAG 100 SHE]
Collections of high-quality photographs of Aegean material culture and sites:
Buchholz, H.-G. and V. Karageorghis 1973. Prehistoric Greece and Cyprus: An
Archaeological Handbook. [DAG 100 BUC]
Marinatos, S. and M. Hirmer 1960. Crete and Mycenae. [DAG 100 Qto MAR]
Myers, J.W., E.E. Myers and G. Cadogan 1992. The Aerial Atlas of Ancient Crete. [DAG 14
Qto MYE; YATES Qto E 10 MYE]
Papathanassopoulos, G. 1996. Neolithic Culture in Greece. [DAE 100 PAP]
Surveys of Aegean art and related material
Betancourt, P. 2007. Introduction to Aegean Art. [DAG 300 BET]
Doumas, C. 1992. The Wall Paintings of Thera. [ISSUE DESK IoA THE]
Higgins, R. 1997. Minoan and Mycenaean Art. [YATES A 22 HIG]
Krzyszkowska, O. 2005. Aegean Seals: An Introduction. [ISSUE DESK IoA KRZ; INST
ARCH KG KRZ]]
Preziosi, D. and L.A. Hitchcock 1999. Aegean Art and Architecture. [DAG 100 PRE]
McEnroe, John C. 2010. Architecture of Minoan Crete: Constructing Identity in the Aegean
Bronze Age. Austin: University of Texas Press. [INST ARCH DAG 14 Qto MCE]
Poursat, Jean-Claude. 2008. L'art égéen,. Volume 1: Grèce, Cyclades, Crète jusqu'au
milieu du IIe millénaire av. J.-C. Les manuels d'art d'archéologie antiques Paris:
Picard. [INST ARCH DAG 100 Qto POU]
Pottery handbooks
Betancourt, P. 1985. The History of Minoan Pottery. [DAG 14 BET; YATES Qtos P 20 BET]
Momigliano, N. (ed.) 2007. Knossos Pottery Handbook. Neolithic and Bronze Age
(Minoan). [DAG 14 Qto MOM]
The following UK museums have major holdings of prehistoric Aegean material:
• British Museum: the Aegean gallery to the left of the main entrance.
• Ashmolean Museum, Oxford: excellent colelctions, based on Arthur Evans' personal
collection.
46
• Fitzwilliam Museum, Cambridge: more modest but useful if you are in the area.
• In addition, there is a small collection of material held within the Institute, some on
display in the Leventis Gallery on the ground floor.
Additional resources on the prehistoric Aegean
The American Journal of Archaeology published seven reviews of Aegean prehistory,
region-by-region. These are excellent sources of information and have been brought
together and importantly, each up-dated with an addendum, in T. Cullen (ed.) 2001
Aegean Prehistory: A Review (American Journal of Archaeology Supplement 1) [ISSUE
DESK CUL 4; DAG 100 CUL]. The original individual reviews are listed below, and can be
accessed in the journal [STORES], or on the web. Those most relevant to the coverage of
this course are asterisked.
Davis, J. 1992. ‘Review of Aegean Prehistory I: The islands of the Aegean.’ American
Journal of Archaeology 96:699-756. TC 500.**
Rutter, J. 1993. ‘Review of Aegean Prehistory II: The prepalatial Bronze Age of the
southern and central Greek mainland.’ American Journal of Archaeology 97:745-97.
TC 538.**
Watrous, L.V. 1994. ‘Review of Aegean Prehistory III: Crete from earliest prehistory
through the Protopalatial period.’ American Journal of Archaeology 98:695-753.**
Runnels, C. 1995. ‘Review of Aegean Prehistory IV: The Stone Age of Greece from the
Palaeolithic to the advent of the Neolithic.’ American Journal of Archaeology 99:699728.*
Andreou, S., M. Fotiadis and K. Kotsakis 1996. ‘Review of Aegean Prehistory V: The
Neolithic and Bronze Age of Northern Greece.’ American Journal of Archaeology
100:537-97.*
Shelmerdine, C. 1997. ‘Review of Aegean Prehistory VI: The palatial Bronze Age of the
southern and central Greek mainland.’ American Journal of Archaeology 101:537-85.
Rehak, P. and J. Younger 1998. ‘Review of Aegean Prehistory VII: Neopalatial, Final
Palatial, and Postpalatial Crete.’ American Journal of Archaeology 102:91-173.**
Overall bibliographies with topic-oriented subdivisions
Dickinson, O. 1994. The Aegean Bronze Age. ISSUE DESK DIC; DAE 100 DIC.
Feuer, B. 2004. Mycenaean Civilization: A Research Guide (Second edition.) INST ARCH
DAE 100 FEU.
Nestor, produced by the Department of Classics at Cincinnati, is a monthly list of
publications in Aegean prehistory and related areas.
It is available as an extremely
useful on-line searchable cumulative index (see below) for 1956-2008. The issues for
2009-11 can be down-loaded from: <http://classics.uc.edu/nestor/index.php/issues>.
Site gazetteers
Hope Simpson, R. and O. Dickinson 1979. A Gazetteer of Aegean Civilisation in the
Bronze Age: Volume 1, The Mainland and Islands. DAG Qto STU 52.
Myers, J.W., E. Myers and G. Cadogan 1992. The Aerial Atlas of Ancient Crete. DAG 14
Qto MYE; YATES Qto E 10 MYE.
Simantoni-Bourina, E and L. Mendoni 1999. Archaeological Atlas of the Aegean: From
Prehistory to Late Antiquity. DAG 100 DOU.
Bibliographies for many sites may be chased through the now dated but still useful
volumes produced by Noyes Press:
Leekley, D. and Noyes, R. 1976. Archaeological Excavations in Southern Greece. DAE
10 LEE
Leekley, D. and Noyes, R. 1976. Archaeological Excavations in the Greek Islands. DAE
10 LEE
Leekley, D. and Efstratiou, N. 1976. Archaeological Excavations in Central and
Northern Greece. DAE 10 LEE
47
Reports on recent archaeological work
Archaeological
Reports
INST
ARCH
Pers
and
<http://uk.jstor.org/journals/05706084.html> and the ‘Chronique des Fouilles’ included
in the Bulletin de correspondance héllenique summarise work in Greece each year. Inst
Arch
Periodicals
and,
for
BCH:
<
http://www.persee.fr/web/revues/home/prescript/revue/bch>; Archaeological Reports
was published, until ca. 1955, as ‘Archaeology in Greece.’ in the Journal of Hellenic
Studies Main CLASSICS Periodicals and <http://uk.jstor.org/journals/00754269.html>.
Both institutions now jointly produce Archaeology in Greece Online: <
http://chronique.efa.gr/?cat_id=27>.
Series
Several conference or monograph series focus on Aegean prehistory. The Swedish
Institute at Athens organised thematic conferences, many on prehistoric themes, most
edited by Robin Hägg and co-editors. These are somewhat superseded by the biennial
conferences organised by Robert Laffineur and colleagues, and published in the series
Aegaeum; other conferences and monographs are also published in this series. Over the
past decade, an excellent series of thematic volumes have come out of an annual Round
Table at Sheffield University. A series of conferences have been organised around the site
of Akrotiri on Thera, and its interconnections with the rest of the Aegean. Finally, the
Mycenaean Seminar of the University of London has run an annual series of lectures for
over 50 years; abstracts appear in the Bulletin of the Institute of Classical Studies
<www>.
In addition to the Aegaeum series, many Aegean prehistory volumes have been published
as Studies in Mediterranean Archaeology (SIMA) or SIMA-Pocket Books, by Paul Åström,
or over the last three decades by British Archaeological Reports (BAR). Monograph series
have been established by various institutions and journals, such as the Institute for
Aegean Prehistory (INSTAP), British School at Athens, Archaeological Society of Athens,
Hesperia, American Journal of Archaeology, and Bulletin de correspondance héllenique.
Most are indexed and shelved in the Institute library individually as books.
Electronic journals
Most of the journals from which readings have been prioritised, are available in the library
of the Institute. For most only the last 20 years are on the shelves; earlier volumes can
be requested from store, on-line. The location of holdings for each journal can be
ascertained using UCL Explore. Journals which have articles on the reading lists and
which are available on-line, include the following, which you will have access to (short of
the last 2-5 years) if you locate them via the UCL library web-site and your UCL account.
Websites and other internet resources
An increasing number of resources are available on the web, but should be used with
caution; many are enthusiasts’ sites with holiday snaps, and some are worse; note that
there is no vetting system on the web (unlike academic publications). You should be
extremely cautious about relying on information from web-sites, and should not,
normally, use them as citation sources for your essays. If you feel information from a
website is essential and you cannot track it back to an original printed source, ask the
Course Co-ordinator whether it is reputable, before citing it. Many current field projects
maintain their own websites, which may provide more up-to-date information than has
appeared in print. These can be found by Googling the site name (beware of alternative
spellings, particularly transliterations of Greek names). Many museums are increasingly
putting images and details of their holdings on the web - search for the specific museum’s
web-site to see what is available. Some conferences put abstracts of papers on the web,
and some publishers do likewise for the publication of conference proceedings.
General sites with useful links are:
Aegean Prehistory: lots of relevant links:
<http://www.geocities.com/andreavi/frame.htm>
48
Mediterranean Archaeology Resources: useful set of links to journals and organisations
<http://www.geocities.com/i_georganas/main.html>
Internet Resources for Classics: <http://www.sms.org/mdl-indx/internet.htm>
Hellenic Ministry of Culture: <http://www.culture.gr/> links for individual sites and
museums.
Nestor: <http://classics.uc.edu/nestor/> site with links and bibliographic database
search.
Classics and Mediterranean Archaeology: <http://classics.lsa.umich.edu/welcome.html>.
Kapatija: <http://www.people.ku.edu/~jyounger/Kapatija/> is a collection of web links,
relevant to Aegean prehistory, Classics, and Near Eastern Archaeology.
American School of Classical Studies: <http://www.ascsa.edu.gr/> with links to projects
<http://www.ascsa.edu.gr/Excavations/Exc_links.htm>.
Perseus: <http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/> a Classics teaching resource; maps and
images.
INSTAP East Crete Study Centre: <http://www2.forthnet.gr/instapec/>.
Metis: < http://www.stoa.org/metis/> interactive panoramic views of sites.
Jeremy Rutter has introductory material by topic for his Dartmouth College
undergraduate course available at: < http://www.dartmouth.edu/~prehistory/aegean/>.
Each lesson/topic has attached a useful bibliography and range of images.
The Nestor website has a search facility
< http://classics.uc.edu/nestor/index.php/nestorbib> which can be extremely useful for
finding references for Aegean publications from 1956-2008; it is not comprehensive, but
is strong for the English language literature, and can be searched by author, title words,
journal, book title or year. It adds 500-800 publications per year. The issues for 2009-13
can be down-loaded from: <http://classics.uc.edu/nestor/index.php/issues>. It also has
a set of liks to other resources and site/project web-sites.
Studies in Mycenaean Inscriptions and Dialect:
scripts: <http://paspserver.class.utexas.edu/>
A collection of resources on Aegean
Aegeanet is a discussion group. If you join, it is better as a reader than participant;
people take a dim view of requests for reading lists or requests for ideas for essays. It
will
also
fill
your
inbox
rapidly
with
loads
of
waffle.
Home
page:
<http://people.ku.edu/~jyounger/aegeanet.html>.
5. Administrative Resources
This handbook contains basic information about the content and administration of this
course. If you have queries about the objectives, structure, content, assessment or
organisation of the course, please consult the Course Co-ordinator.
Further important information, relating to all courses at the Institute of Archaeology, is to
be found on the Institute website and in the relevant Degree Handbook. It is your
responsibility to read and if relevant act on it. Your Degree Handbook includes
information about originality, submission and grading of coursework; disabilities;
communication; attendance; and feedback.
This document is also available from the IoA Intranet and the course Moodle site. The
reading list for this course is also available online, at: http://ls-tlss.ucl.ac.uk/cgibin/displaylist?module=09ARCL3074
6. Additional Information
Libraries and Other Resources
In addition to the Library of the Institute of Archaeology (5th floor), other libraries in UCL
with holdings of particular relevance to this course are the Main Library (Wilkins Building)
and the Science Library (D.M.S. Watson building) on the central UCL site. You may also
49
wish to consult the list of electronic journals available through UCL:
<http://www.ucl.ac.uk/Library/ejournal/index.shtml>.
A full list of UCL libraries and their opening hours is provided at:
<http://www.ucl.ac.uk/library/>.
The University of London Senate House Library <http://www.ull.ac.uk/> also has
holdings which may be relevant to this course. The Institute of Classical Studies in
Senate House has an excellent library with many relevant publications not available in
UCL. To use the library, one needs to register (form available from the ICS library); to
borrow books one needs to be a member of the Society for the Promotion of Hellenic (or
Roman) Studies.
Attendance
A register will be taken at each class (including tutorials). If you are unable to attend a
class, please notify the Course Co-ordinator by email. Departments are required to report
each student’s attendance to UCL Registry at frequent intervals throughout each term.
Information for intercollegiate and interdepartmental students
Students enrolled in Departments outside the Institute should collect hard copy of the
Institute’s coursework guidelines from the office of the Academic Administrator (Judy
Medrington) 411a.
Dyslexia
If you have dyslexia or any other disability, please make your lecturers aware of this.
Please discuss with your lecturers whether there is any way in which they can help you.
Students with dyslexia are reminded to indicate this on each piece of coursework.
Feedback
In trying to make this course as effective as possible, we welcome feedback from students
during the course of the year. All students are asked to give their views on the course in
an anonymous questionnaire which will be circulated at one of the last sessions of the
course. These questionnaires are taken seriously and help the Course Co-ordinator to
develop the course. The summarised responses are considered by the Institute's StaffStudent Consultative Committee, Teaching Committee, and by the Faculty Teaching
Committee.
If students are concerned about any aspect of this course we hope they will feel able to
talk to the Course Co-ordinator, but if they feel this is not appropriate, they should
consult their Personal Tutor, the Academic Administrator (Judy Medrington), or the Chair
of Teaching Committee (Dr. Karen Wright).
50