INSTITUTE OF ARCHAEOLOGY – UCL
ARCL3071- THE ARCHAEOLOGY OF NEANDERTHALS AND THEIR
ANCESTORS
BA/BSc- Year 2/3 Option- 0.5 unit
2011-12
Co-ordinator: Dr. Ignacio de la Torre
(room: 401 - email: i.torre@ucl.ac.uk - tel: 020-7679-4721)
1- OVERVIEW
Short description
In this course an overview of the history of the Neanderthals and their predecessors
will be provided. The module will start with the first dispersal across Eurasia from
Africa, discussing the earliest archaeological sites in Asia and Europe. Then the
European Lower Palaeolithic sequence will be reviewed, as well as the major sites in
Asia. Subsistence and technological patterns during the Middle Pleistocene will be
assessed, followed by the discussion of Neanderthals’ behaviour. Finally, theories of
modern human origins and the extinction of Neanderthals will be discussed.
Week-by-week summary
5 October 2011
Lecture 1. Part I. Introduction to the study of the archaeology of Neanderthals and
their ancestors, and organization of the course. Part II. Before Eurasia: The first
archaeological sites in Africa
12 October 2011
Lecture 2. The earliest out of Africa
19 October 2011
Lecture 3: The paleoanthropological evidence in Asia. Part I.
26 October 2011
Lecture 4: The paleoanthropological evidence in Asia. Part II. Video: Zhoukoudian
2 November 2011
Lecture 5: The earliest occupation of Europe
**7 – 11 November READING WEEK**
14 November: Deadline for 1st essay
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16 November 2011
Session 6 (Practical). Early lithic technology: Eoliths, the Mode 1 and the Acheulean
23 November 2011
Lecture 7: The Neanderthals. Chronology, technology and subsistence
30 November 2011
Lecture 8: The Neanderthals. Funerary behaviour + Practical on Neanderthal
anatomy, taught by Dr. Anna Clement
7 December 2011
Lecture 9: The extinction of Neanderthals
14 December 2011
Session 10: The Palaeolithic in Britain + Practical on British Lower and Middle
Palaeolithic technology, taught by Dr. Matt Pope
14 December Deadline for 2nd essay
Basic texts
Ambrose, S. 2001. Paleolithic Technology and Human Evolution. Science 291, 17481753. Available online
Gamble, C. 1999. The Palaeolithic societies of Europe. Cambridge: Cambridge
University Press. DA 120 GAM
Klein, R. G. 1999. The Human Career: Human Biological and Cultural Origins. 2d
edition. Chicago University Press, Chicago. INST ARCH BB 1 KLE
Klein, R. 2000. Archeology and the Evolution of Human Behavior. Evolutionary
Anthropology 9, 17-36. Available online
Lewin R & Foley, R. (2004) Principles of Human Evolution. Oxford, Blackwell.
INST ARCH LEW (ISSUE DESK)
McNabb, J. 2007. The British Lower Palaeolithic. Stones in contention. London:
Routledge. INST ARCH DAA 120 MCN
Mellars, P. 1996. The Neanderthal Legacy: an archaeological perspective from
Western Europe. Princeton: Princeton University Press. ISSUE DESK IOA MEL 10
Mithen, S. 1996. The Prehistory of the Mind. Thames & Hudson, London. BB 1 MIT
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Methods of assessment
The course will be assessed by two 2,500 word essays each of which counts for 50%
of the marks. Detailed instructions on essay format, assessment methods and
submission dates are given on this handout. Please read this very carefully.
Teaching methods
This is a 0.5 course-unit involving 16 hours of lectures and 4 hours of practical
classes. It will be taught in the autumn term each Wednesday between 11-1 pm in
room 410 at the Institute of Archaeology.
Workload
It is expected that students will spend an average of 10 hours per week undertaking
background reading or in preparation of essays relating to this course. This adds up to
a total workload of some 150 hours for this 0.5 course-unit.
Prerequisites
This course does not have prerequisites.
2- AIMS, OBJECTIVES AND ASSESSMENT
Aims & objectives
On completion of the course, students should have a good understanding of the
environmental, biological and cultural factors which have shaped human development
through the Lower and Middle Palaeolithic in Eurasia. Students also should be able to
read critically literature on the archaeology of Neanderthals and previous hominins,
and recognise general trends on the research of early humans.
Learning outcomes
On successful completion of the course, students should be able to have developed
observation and critical reflection on the reading of the Palaeolithic research
literature. At the same time, students should be able to apply the acquired knowledge
to the interpretation of Palaeolithic assemblages and their evolutionary implications.
Coursework
Assessment
The course will be assessed by two essays of roughly 2,500 words length. The first
should be selected from Option A and the second from Option B on the
accompanying list (see below). Following each topic there is a list of key references.
Try and read as many of these as possible before writing the essay and you can obtain
further references from their bibliographies. If you have problems finding the material
let me know.
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Each essay counts for 50% of the marks for the course. The criteria for assessment
used in this course are those agreed by the Board of Examiners in Archaeology, and
are included in the Undergraduate Handbook (available on the Institute website).
If students are unclear about the nature of an assignment, they should discuss this with
the Course Coordinator. Students are not permitted to re-write and re-submit essays in
order to try to improve their marks. However, students may be permitted, in advance
of the deadline for a given assignment, to submit for comment a brief outline of the
assignment. The Course Coordinator is willing to discuss an outline of the student's
approach to the assignment, provided this is planned suitably in advance of the
submission date.
Word-length
Strict new regulations with regard to word-length have been introduced UCL-wide
with effect from the 2010-11 session. If your work is found to be between 10% and
20% longer than the official limit you mark will be reduced by 10%, subject to a
minimum mark of a minimum pass, assuming that the work merited a pass. If your
work is more than 20% over-length, a mark of zero will be recorded.
The following should not be included in the word-count: bibliography, appendices,
and tables, graphs and illustrations and their captions.
Submission procedures
Students are required to submit hard copy of all coursework to the course coordinators
pigeon hole via the Red Essay Box at Reception by the appropriate deadline. The
coursework must be stapled to a completed coversheet (available from the web, from
outside Room 411A or from the library)
Please note that new, stringent penalties for late submission have been introduced
UCL-wide from 2010-11. Late submission will be penalized in accordance with these
regulations unless permission has been granted and an Extension Request Form (ERF)
completed.
Date-stamping will be via ‘Turnitin’ (see below), so in addition to submitting hard
copy, students must also submit their work to Turnitin by the midnight on the day of
the deadline.
Students who encounter technical problems submitting their work to Turnitin should
email the nature of the problem to ioa-turnitin@ucl.ac.uk in advance of the deadline
in order that the Turnitin Advisers can notify the Course Coordinator that it may be
appropriate to waive the late submission penalty.
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If there is any other unexpected crisis on the submission day, students should
telephone or (preferably) e-mail the Course Coordinator, and follow this up with a
completed ERF
Please see the Coursework Guidelines on the IoA website (or your Degree
Handbook) for further details of penalties.
http://www.ucl.ac.uk/archaeology/administration/students/handbook/submission
The Turnitin 'Class ID' for this course is 298015 and the 'Class Enrolment Password'
is IoA1112. Further information is given on the IoA website.
http://www.ucl.ac.uk/archaeology/administration/students/handbook/turnitin
Turnitin advisors will be available to help you via email: ioa-turnitin@ucl.ac.uk if
needed.
UCL-WIDE PENALTIES FOR LATE SUBMISSION OF COURSEWORK
• The full allocated mark should be reduced by 5 percentage points for the first
working day after the deadline for the submission of the coursework or dissertation.
• The mark will be reduced by a further 10 percentage points if the coursework or
dissertation is submitted during the following six calendar days.
• Providing the coursework is submitted before the end of the first week of term 3 for
undergraduate courses or by a date during term 3 defined in advance by the relevant
Master’s Board of Examiners for postgraduate taught programmes, but had not been
submitted within seven days of the deadline for the submission of the coursework, it
will be recorded as zero but the assessment would be considered to be complete.
• Where there are extenuating circumstances that have been recognised by the Board
of Examiners or its representative, these penalties will not apply until the agreed
extension period has been exceeded.
Timescale for return of marked coursework to students
You can expect to receive your marked work within four calendar weeks of the
official submission deadline. If you do not receive your work within this period, or a
written explanation from the marker, you should notify the IoA’s Academic
Administrator, Judy Medrington.
Keeping copies
Please note that it is an Institute requirement that you retain a copy (this can be
electronic) of all coursework submitted. When your marked essay is returned to you,
you should return it to the marker within two weeks.
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Citing of sources
Coursework should be expressed in a student’s own words giving the exact source of
any ideas, information, diagrams, etc. that are taken from the work of others. Any
direct quotations from the work of others must be indicated as such by being placed
between inverted commas. Plagiarism is regarded as a very serious irregularity
which can carry very heavy penalties. It is your responsibility to read and abide by
the requirements for presentation, referencing and avoidance of plagiarism to be
found in the IoA ‘Coursework Guidelines’ on the IoA website
http://www.ucl.ac.uk/archaeology/administration/students/handbook
3- SCHEDULE AND SYLLABUS
Teaching schedule
Lectures and practicals will be held 11:00 am-1:00 pm on Wednesdays in the autumn
term, in room 410 at the Institute of Archaeology.
SYLLABUS
The following is an outline for the course as a whole, and identifies essential readings
relevant to each session. Information is provided as to where in the UCL library
system individual readings are available; their location and Teaching Collection (TC)
number, and status (whether out on loan) can also be accessed on the eUCLid
computer catalogue system. Copies of individual articles and chapters identified as
essential reading are in the Teaching Collection in the Institute Library (where
permitted by copyright). Shelf marks relate to Archaeology library unless otherwise
indicated. Note that many of the books are available behind desk on short loan. Some
books are available in both Archaeology and Science libraries (check catalogue). TC
= Teaching collection, Anth = Anthropology, Per = Periodical.
The online reading list is available here:
http://ls-tlss.ucl.ac.uk/cgi-bin/displaylist?module=11ARCL3071
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Lecture 1. Before Eurasia: the first archaeological sites in Africa
This first session intends to review very briefly the archaeology of earliest
archaeological evidences in Africa, so that a background to the topics discussed in this
course may be acquired. Thus, the emergence of stone tool technology in East Africa
will be reviewed cursorily, as well as the implications of Oldowan technology and the
evolution of early Homo. The purpose of this introduction is to set the ground to
understanding the earliest out of Africa and the dispersal of hominins in Eurasia,
which eventually gave rise to the Neanderthals and their Lower and Middle
Pleistocene ancestors.
References:
Panger, M. A.; Brooks, A. S.; Richmond, B. G. & Wood, B. 2002. Older Than the
Oldowan? Rethinking the Emergence of Hominin Tool Use. Evolutionary
Anthropology, 11: 235-245. Available online
Plummer, T. 2004. Flaked Stones and Old Bones: Biological and Cultural Evolution
at the Dawn of Technology. Yearbook of Physical Anthropology, 47: 118-164.
Available online.
Roche, H., Blumenschine, R. J. & Shea, J. J. (2009). Origins and Adaptations of Early
Homo: What Archeology Tells Us. In (F. E. Grine, J. G. Fleagle & R. E. Leakey,
Eds.) The First Humans: Origins and Early Evolution of the Genus Homo. Dordrecht:
Springer, 135-147. Available online
Schick, K. D. & Toth, N. 1993. Making Silent Stones Speak. Human Evolution and
the Dawn of technology. London: Weindenfeld and Nicolson. IoA BC 120 SCH,
Chapters 3-6.
Schick, K. & Toth, N. 2006. An Overview of the Oldowan Industrial Complex: The
sites and the nature of their evidence. In (N. Toth & K. Schick, Ed.) The Oldowan:
case studies into the earliest Stone Age Gosport: Stone Age Institute, 3-42. TC 3531
Lecture 2. The earliest out of Africa
This lecture will be devoted to assess when and how early humans left Africa and
migrated into Europe and Asia. First we will discuss possible emigrational routes
from Africa, and then will move on to speak about certain and dubious archaeological
sites in Europe and Asia. Finally, we will explore possible causes and models for
understanding the earliest out of Africa and the colonization of the Old Word.
References:
Anton, S. C. & Swisher III, C. C. 2004. Early Dispersals of Homo from Africa.
Annual Review of Anthropology, 33: 271-296. Available online.
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Arribas, A. & Palmqvist, P. 1999. On the Ecological Connection Between Sabretooths and Hominids: Faunal Dispersal Events in the Lower Pleistocene and a Review
of the Evidence for the First Human Arrival in Europe. Journal of Archaeological
Science, 26: 571-585. Available online
Bar-Yosef O. & Belfer-Cohen A. (2001) From Africa to Eurasia – early dispersals.
Quaternary International 75: 19-28. Available online
Dennell, R. W. & Roebroeks, W. 2005. An Asian perspective on early human
dispersal from Africa. Nature 438, 1099-1104. Available online
Turner, A. 1999. Assessing earliest human settlement of Eurasia: Late Pliocene
dispersions from Africa. Antiquity, 73: 563-570. Available online
Lecture 3: The paleoanthropological evidence in Asia. Part I.
In this session, we will begin with the history of research in Asia and its influence in
theories of human evolution during the first part of the XX Century. Then, we will
review the earliest evidence for the human occupation of Asia, discussing the
chronology and main features of the oldest sites in China and Indonesia. The Movius
Line will also be discussed, as well as its implications for understanding cultural and
biological differences between the Western and Eastern Palaeolithic. Finally, we will
review the paleoanthropological evidence in Indonesia and its particular idiosyncrasy.
References:
Boaz, N. T. & Ciochon, R. L. 2004. Dragon Bone Hill. An Ice-Age saga of Homo
erectus. Oxford: Oxford University Press. INST ARCH BB 1 BOA. Chapters 1 and 2.
Choi, K. & Driwantoro, D. 2007. Shell tool use by early members of Homo erectus in
Sangiran, central Java, Indonesia: cut mark evidence. Journal of Archaeological
Science 34, 48-58. Available online
Keates, S. 2002. The Movius Line: Fact or Fiction? Bulletin of the Indo-Pacific
Prehistory Association 22, 17-24. Available online
Lieberman, D. E. 2009. Homo floresiensis from head to toe. Nature 459, 41-42.
Available online
Zhu, R. X., Potts, R., Xie, F., Hoffman, K. A., Deng, C. L., Shi, C. D., Pan, Y. X.,
Wang, H. Q., Shi, R. P., Wang, Y. C., Shi, G. & Wu, N. Q. 2004. New evidence on
the earliest human presence at high northern latitudes in northeast Asia. Nature 431,
559-562. Available online
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Lecture 4: The paleoanthropological evidence in Asia. Part II.
After having discussed some of the relevant issues on the Palaeolithic archaeology of
Asia in the previous week, in this session we will focus on the record of inland Asia,
mainly China. Special attention will be given to the cave of Zhoukoudian, of which
we will see a video, and which serves as a case-study to discuss the Asian Middle
Pleistocene archaeology. Finally, we will reflect on the relevance of the Asian record
for the knowledge of Palaeolithic in general and its relations with the rest of the Old
World sequence.
References:
Binford, L. R. & Ho, C. K. 1985. Taphonomy at a Distance: Zhoukoudian, "The Cave
Home of Beijing Man"? Current Anthropology 26, 413-442. Available online
Boaz, N. T., Ciochon, R., Xu, Q. & Liu, J. 2004. Mapping and taphonomic analysis of
the Homo erectus loci at Locality 1 Zhoukoudian, China. Journal of Human Evolution
46, 519-549. Available online
Etler, D. A. 1996. The Fossil Evidence for Human Evolution in Asia. Annual Review
of Anthropology 25, 275-301. Available online via JStor
Hou, Y. M., Potts, R., Baoyin, Y., Zhengtang, G., Deino, A., Wei, W., Clark, J.,
Guangmao, X. & Huang, W. W. 2000. Mid-Pleistocene Acheulean-like Stone
Techonology of the Bose Basin, South China. Science 287, 1622-1626. Available
online
Schick, K. D. 1994. The Movius line reconsidered: Perspectives on the Earlier
Paleolithic of Eastern Asia. In (R. Corruccini & R. Ciochon, Ed.) Integrative Paths to
the Past: Paleoanthropological Advances in Honor of F. Clark Howell. Englewood
Cliffs: Prentice Hall, 569-596. ANTHROPOLOGY B 34 COR
Lecture 5: The earliest occupation of Europe
This session reviews the chronology and geography of the earliest archaeological sites
in Europe. We will begin with an overview of the shifting theories for the origins of
the European settlement, and then we will discuss the current situation derived from
the discoveries made in the last decade. Then there will be a review of the main
archaeological sites of the Middle Pleistocene in Europe and how they contribute to
the understanding of the behaviour of Lower Palaeolithic humans.
References:
Arribas, A. & Palmqvist, P. (1999). On the Ecological Connection Between Sabretooths and Hominids: Faunal Dispersal Events in the Lower Pleistocene and a Review
of the Evidence for the First Human Arrival in Europe. Journal of Archaeological
Science 26, 571-585. Available online
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Carbonell, E. et al 2008. The first hominin of Europe. Nature 452, 465-469. Available
online
Carbonell, E., Mosquera, M., Rodríguez, X. P., Sala, R. & Van der Made, J. 1999.
Out of Africa: The Dispersal of the Earliest Technical Systems Reconsidered. Journal
of Antropological Archaeology 18, 119-136. Available online
Roebroeks, W. 2006. The human colonisation of Europe: where are we? Journal of
Quaternary Science 21, 425-435. Available online
Villa, P. 1990. Torralba and Aridos: elephant exploitation in Middle Pleistocene
Spain. Journal of Human Evolution, 19: 299-310. Available online
Session 6 (Practical). Early lithic technology: Eoliths, the Mode 1 and the
Acheulean
This practical will focus on understanding the principles of knapping mechanisms and
how to distinguish human-made lithics from naturally-flaked stones. We will also
have a look at some eoliths and Acheulean stone tools from the IoA collections.
References
Andrefsky, W. 1998. Lithics: macroscopic approaches to analysis. Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press. INST ARCH KA AND
Bordes, F. 1961 Typologie du Paléolithique Ancien et Moyen. CNRS Editions, Paris.
Inst Arch Ka Qto BOR
Debenath, A. & Dibble, H. L. 1993. Handbook of Palaeolithic Typology. Vol 1:
Lower & Middle Palaeolithic of Europe. Univ. Pennsylvania, Philadelphia. BC 120
HAN
Grayson, D. K. 1986. Eoliths, Archaeological Ambiguity, and the Generation of
'Middle-Range' Research. In (D. J. Meltzer, D. D. Fowler & J. A. Sabloff, Ed.)
American Archaeology Past and Future: A Celebration of the Society for American
Archaeology 1935-1985. Washington: Smithsonian Institution Press, 77-133. ISSUE
DESK IOA MEL 12
Inizan, M. L.; Roche, H. & Tixier, J. 1992. Technology of knapped stone. CREP,
Meudon. KA INI and FREE ACCESS:
http://www.arkeotek.org/ebooks/TerminologyKnappedStone.pdf
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Lecture 7: The Neanderthals. Chronology, technology and subsistence
This session will review who the Neanderthals were and how they lived in Ice Age
Europe and Middle East. We will start mentioning the different views of Neanderthals
that scholars and the general public have had since they were discovered in the 19th
century. Then there will be a review of the chronology and geographical range of
Neanderthals, which will lead to discuss the Middle Palaeolithic technology. Finally,
some time will be spent on reviewing Neanderthal subsistence patterns and their
implications for the understanding of Middle Palaeolithic behaviour.
References
Davies, R. & Underdown, S. 2006. The Neanderthals: a Social Synthesis. Cambridge
Archaeological Journal 16, 145-164. Available online
Gaudzinski, S. 2006. Monospecific or Species-Dominated Faunal Assemblages
During the Middle Paleolithic of Europe. In (E. Hovers & S. L. Kuhn, Ed.)
Transitions before the Transition. Evolution and Stability in the Middle Paleolithic
and Middle Stone Age. New York: Springer, 137-147. TC 3566.
Harvati, K. 2007. Neanderthals and Their Contemporaries. In (W. Henke & I.
Tattersall, Ed.) Handbook of Paleoanthropology. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1717-1748.
Available online via Springer books.
Mellars, P. 1996. The Neanderthal Legacy. Princeton University Press, Princeton. Inst
Arch DA 120 MEL
Pettitt, P. B. 2000. Neanderthal lifecycles: developmental and social phases in the
lives of the last archaics. World Archaeology 31, 351-366. Available online
Lecture 8: The Neanderthals. Funerary behaviour + Neanderthal anatomy
practical
This lecture will be devoted to discuss the funerary behaviour among Neanderthals
and the origins of symbolism in the Lower and Middle Palaeolithic. Special attention
will be given to the record from Southwestern France, where a number of
Neanderthals burials are known, and to the Near East, where evidence of Middle
Palaeolithic funerary behaviour is found among early modern humans and
Neanderthals. Symbolic and cognitive implications of Middle Palaeolithic practices
will be placed in the context of the Neanderthal behavioural patterns.
References
Gargett, R. H. (1989). Grave Shortcomings. The Evidence for Neandertal Burial.
Current Anthropology, 30: 157-190. Available online
Hayden, B. 1993. The cultural capacities of Neanderthals: a review and11
reevaluation. Journal of Human Evolution, 24: 113-146. Available online
Mellars, P. 1996. The Neanderthal Legacy. Princeton University Press, Princeton. Inst
Arch DA 120 MEL. Chapter 12.
Pettitt, P. B. (2002). The Neanderthal dead: exploring mortuary variability in Middle
Palaeolithic Eurasia. Before Farming, 4 (online journal): 1-26. Available online
Smirnov, Y. (1989). Intentional Human Burial: Middle Paleolithic (Last Glaciation)
Beginnings. Journal of World Prehistory, 3: 199-233. Available online
Lecture 9: The extinction of Neanderthals
Neanderthals are the best known premodern humans, and the process and causes of
their extinction is one of the hottest debates in Palaeolithic archaeology. This session
will begin discussing phylogenetic relationships between modern humans and
Neanderthals. Then, we will review the process of colonization of Europe by modern
humans, and discuss the different models on the possible cultural and biological
interactions between those and the Neanderthals. Finally, we will study the extinction
process of Neanderthals and its possible causes.
Key references
d´Errico, F. 2003. The Invisible Frontier. A Multiple Species Model for the Origin of
Behavioral Modernity. Evolutionary Anthropology, 12: 188-202. Available online.
Lewin, R. & Foley, R. 2004. Principles of Human Evolution. Oxford: Blackwell. BB
1LEW & INST ARCH LEW (ISSUE DESK). Chapters 14-16.
Mellars, P. 2005. The Impossible Coincidence. A Single-Species Model for the
Origins of Modern Human Behavior in Europe. Evolutionary Anthropology 14, 12-27.
Available online
Pettit, P. B. 1999. Disappearing from the World: an archaeological perspective on
neanderthal extinction. Oxford Journal of Archaeology, 18 (3): 217-240. Inst Arch TC
1771
Zilhao, J. 2006. Neandertals and Moderns Mixed, and It Matters. Evolutionary
Anthropology 15, 183-195. Available online
Session 10: The Palaeolithic in Britain + Practical on British Lower and Middle
Palaeolithic technology, taught by Dr. Matt Pope
In this lecture taught by Dr. Pope, a monographic attention will be given to the Lower
and Middle Palaeolithic sequence of the United Kingdom. The aim of this lecture is to
underpin the importance of the British archaeological record, and to stress its
significance for reconstructing the Prehistory of pre-modern humans in Europe.
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ESSENTIAL READING:
Gowlett, J. A. J. 2006. The early settlement of northern Europe: Fire history in the
context of climate change and social brain. Comptes Rendus Palevol, 5: 299-310.
(Available online)
McNabb, J. 2007. The British Lower Palaeolithic. Stones in contention. London:
Routledge. INST ARCH DAA 120 MCN
Parfitt, S. A. et al 2005. The earliest record of human activity in northern Europe.
Nature, 438: 1008-1012.
Parfitt, S. A. et al 2010. Early Pleistocene human occupation at the edge of the boreal
zone in northwest Europe. Nature 466, 229-233. Available online
4- ONLINE RESOURCES
The full UCL Institute of Archaeology coursework guidelines are given here:
http://www.ucl.ac.uk/archaeology/administration/students/handbook
The full text of this handbook is available here (includes clickable links to Moodle
and online reading lists if applicable)
http://www.ucl.ac.uk/archaeology/administration/staff/handbook
Online reading list
This course has an online reading list available to all UCL users:
Moodle
There is a Moddle site for this course, please register to get access to online resources
5- ADDITIONAL INFORMATION
Libraries and other resources
In addition to the Library of the Institute of Archaeology, other libraries in UCL with
holdings of particular relevance to this degree are Anthropology and Sciences.
Nowadays many of the relevant resources for this course are available in the internet.
Please devote some time to navigate into e-resources such as Jstor and several
international journals (The African Archaeological Review, Current Anthropology,
Journal of Human Evolution, Journal of Archaeological Science, etc.) whose access is
granted via UCL computers.
Attendance
A register will be taken at each class. If you are unable to attend a class, please notify
the lecturer by email. Departments are required to report each student’s attendance to
UCL Registry at frequent intervals throughout each term.
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Information for intercollegiate and interdepartmental students
Students enrolled in Departments outside the Institute should collect hard copy of the
Institute’s coursework guidelines from Judy Medrington’s office.
Dyslexia
If you have dyslexia or any other disability, please make your lecturers aware of this.
Please discuss with your lecturers whether there is any way in which they can help
you. Students with dyslexia are reminded to indicate this on each piece of
coursework.
Feedback
In trying to make this course as effective as possible, we welcome feedback from
students during the course of the year. All students are asked to give their views on
the course in an anonymous questionnaire which will be circulated at one of the last
sessions of the course. These questionnaires are taken seriously and help the Course
Co-ordinator to develop the course. The summarised responses are considered by the
Institute's Staff-Student Consultative Committee, Teaching Committee, and by the
Faculty Teaching Committee.
If students are concerned about any aspect of this course we hope they will feel able
to talk to the Course Co-ordinator, but if they feel this is not appropriate, they should
consult their Personal Tutor, the Academic Administrator (Judy Medrington), or the
Chair of Teaching Committee (Dr. Mark Lake).
HOW TO UPLOAD YOUR WORK TO TURNITIN
Note that Turnitin uses the term ‘class’ for what we normally call a ‘course’.
2.
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1. Ensure that your essay or other item of coursework has been saved properly,
and that you have the Class ID for the course (available from the course
handbook or here:
http://www.ucl.ac.uk/archaeology/studying/undergraduate/courses
http://www.ucl.ac.uk/archaeology/studying/masters/courses
and enrolment password (this is IoA1011 for all courses this session - note that
this is capital letter I, lower case letter o, upper case A, number 1, zero, number
1, number 1)
Click on http://www.submit.ac.uk/static_jisc/ac_uk_index.html (NB Not
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Click on ‘New user’
Click on ‘Enrol as a student’
Create an account using your UCL or other email address. Note that you will
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TOPICS FOR ESSAYS
OPTION A
TOPICS FOR FIRST ESSAY (DEADLINE 14 NOVEMBER). Choose one
1- Describe the main characteristics of the Asian paleoanthropological and
archaeological record, addressing the following topics: the earliest arrival of
humans into Asia, the Movius Line and the evolutionary history of Asian
hominins.
Brown, P., Sutikna, T., Morwood, M. J., Soejono, R. P., Jatmiko, Saptomo, E. W. &
Due, R. A. 2004. A new small-bodied hominin from Late Pleistocene of Flores,
Indonesia. Nature 431, 1055-1061. Available online
Brumm, A., Aziz, F., van der Bergh, G. D., Morwood, M. J., Moore, M. W.,
Kurniawan, I., Hobbs, D. R. & Fullagar, R. 2006. Early stone technology on Flores
and its implications for Homo floresiensis. Nature 441, 624-628. Available online
Brumm, A., Jensen, G. M., Bergh, G. D. v. d., Morwood, M. J., Kurniawan, I., Aziz,
F. & Storey, M. (2010). Hominins on Flores, Indonesia, by one million years ago.
Nature 464, 748-753. Available online
Choi, K. & Driwantoro, D. 2007. Shell tool use by early members of Homo erectus in
Sangiran, central Java, Indonesia: cut mark evidence. Journal of Archaeological
Science 34, 48-58. Available online
Ciochon, R. L. 2009. The mystery ape of Pleistocene Asia. Nature 459, 910-911.
Available online
Corvinus, G. 2004. Homo erectus in East and Southeast Asia, and the questions of the
age of the species and its association with stone artifacts, with special attention to
handaxe-like tools. Quaternary International 117, 141-151. Available online
Dennell, R. W. & Roebroeks, W. (2005). An Asian perspective on early human
dispersal from Africa. Nature 438, 1099-1104. Available online
Etler, D. A. 1996. The Fossil Evidence for Human Evolution in Asia. Annual Review
of Anthropology 25, 275-301. Available online through JSTOR.
Hou, Y. M. et al 2000. Mid-Pleistocene Acheulean-like Stone Techonology of the
Bose Basin, South China. Science 287, 1622-1626. Available online
Keates, S. 2002. The Movius Line: Fact or Fiction? Bulletin of the Indo-Pacific
Prehistory Association 22, 17-24. Available online
Lieberman, D. E. (2009). Homo floresiensis from head to toe. Nature 459, 41-42.
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Available online
Liu, W. et al (2010). Human remains from Zhirendong, South China, and modern
human emergence in East Asia. PNAS 107, 19201-19206. Available online
Pappu, S., Gunnell, Y., Akhilesh, K., Braucher, R., Taieb, M., Demory, F. &
Thouveny, N. (2011). Early Pleistocene Presence of Acheulian Hominins in South
India. Science 331, 1596-1599. Available online
Schick, K. D. 1994. The Movius line reconsidered: Perspectives on the Earlier
Paleolithic of Eastern Asia. In (R. Corruccini & R. Ciochon, Ed.) Integrative Paths to
the Past: Paleoanthropological Advances in Honor of F. Clark Howell. Englewood
Cliffs: Prentice Hall, 569-596. ANTHROPOLOGY B 34 COR
Watanabe, H. 1985. The chopper-chopping tool complex of eastern Asia: An
ethnoarchaeological-ecological reexamination. Journal of Anthropological
Archaeology 4, 1-18. Available online
West, J. A. & Louys, J. 2007. Differentiating bamboo from stone tool cut marks in the
zooarchaeological record, with a discussion on the use of bamboo knives. Journal of
Archaeological Science 34, 512-518. Available online
Zhu, R. X. et al 2004. New evidence on the earliest human presence at high northern
latitudes in northeast Asia. Nature 431, 559-562. Available online
2- Outline what is known of the colonisation process and the technological
adaptations of hominids in Western Asia and Europe prior to 500 kyr. What
factors may have influenced the patterns observed?
Arribas A. & Palmquist P. (1999) On the ecological connection between sabre-tooths
and hominids: faunal dispersal events in the Lower Pleistocene and a review of the
evidence for the first human arrival in Europe. Journal Archaeological Science 26:
571-85. Available online
Bar-Yosef O. & Belfer-Cohen A. (2001) From Africa to Eurasia – early dispersals.
Quaternary International 75: 19-28. Available online
Carbonell E. et al. (1999) Out of Africa: the dispersal of the earliest technical
systems reconsidered. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 18: 119-36. Available
online
Carbonell, E. et al (2008). The first hominin of Europe. Nature 452, 465-469.
Available online
Dennell, R. W. 2003. Dispersal and colonisation, long and short chronologies: how
continuous is the Early Pleistocene record for hominids outside East Africa? Journal
of Human Evolution, 45: 421-440. Available online
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Gibert, J.; Gibert, L.; Iglesias, A. & Maestro, E. 1998. Two "Oldowan" assemblages
in the Plio-Pleistocene deposits of the Orce region, southeast Spain. Antiquity, 72: 1725. Available online
Oms, O. et al 2000. Early human occupation of Western Europe: Paleomagnetic dates
for two paleolithic sites in Spain. PNAS, 97 (19): 10666-10670. Available online
Parfitt, S. A., et al (2010). Early Pleistocene human occupation at the edge of the
boreal zone in northwest Europe. Nature 466, 229-233. Available online
Roebroeks W. (2001) Hominid behaviour and the earliest occupation of Europe: an
exploration. Journal Human Evolution 41: 437-461. Available online
Roebroeks, W. (2006). The human colonisation of Europe: where are we? Journal of
Quaternary Science 21, 425-435. Available online
Turner A. (1999) Assessing earliest human settlement of Eurasia: Late Pliocene
dispersals from Africa. Antiquity 73: 563-70. Available online
TOPICS FOR SECOND ESSAY (DEADLINE 14 DECEMBER). Choose one
3- Discuss the hunting and/or scavenging strategies and diet of Neanderthals in
Europe and the Near East.
Binford, L. R. 1985. Human Ancestors: Changing Views of Their Behavior. Journal
of Anthropological Archaeology 4, 292-327. Available online
Costamagno, S., Meignen, L., Beauval, C., Vandermeersch, B. & Maureille, B. 2006.
Les Pradelles (Marillac-le-Franc, France): A mousterian reindeer hunting camp?
Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 25, 466-484. Available online
Gaudzinski, S. 2006. Monospecific or Species-Dominated Faunal Assemblages
During the Middle Paleolithic of Europe. In (E. Hovers & S. L. Kuhn, Ed.)
Transitions before the Transition. Evolution and Stability in the Middle Paleolithic
and Middle Stone Age. New York: Springer, 137-147. TC 3566
Marean, C. W. & Assefa, Z. 1999. Zooarchaeological Evidence for the Faunal
Exploitation Behavior of Neandertals and Early Modern Humans. Evolutionary
Anthropology 8, 22-37. Available online
Mellars, P. 1996. The Neanderthal Legacy: an archaeological perspective from
Western Europe. Princeton: Princeton University Press. ISSUE DESK IOA MEL 10.
Chapter 7.
Richards, M. P., et al. 2000. Neanderthal diet at Vindija and Neanderthal predation:
The evidence from stable isotopes, Proceedings of the National Academy of
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Sciences 97, pp. 7663-7666. Available online
Scott, K. 1980. Two hunting episodes of Middle Palaeolithic age at La Cotte de Saint
Brelade, Jersey (Channel Islands). World Archaeology 12, 137-152. Available online
Stiner, M. C.; Munro, N. D. & Surovell, T. A. 2000. The Tortoise and the Hare.
Small-Game Use, the Broad-Spectrum Revolution, and Paleolithic Demography.
Current Anthropology, 41 (1): 39-73. Available online via JStor.
Stringer, C. B., Finlayson, J. C., Barton, R. N. E., Fernández-Jalvo, Y., Cáceres, I.,
Sabin, R. C., Rhodes, E. J., Currant, A. P., Rodríguez-Vidal, J., Giles-Pacheco, F. &
Riquelme-Cantal, J. A. 2008. Neanderthal exploitation of marine mammals in
Gibraltar. PNAS 105, 14319-14324. Available online
4. Articulated human skeletons have been found in Middle Palaeolithic layers at
a range of caves in south-west Asia and Europe. How much can be inferred
about Neanderthal and early modern human behaviour from the fossil remains
and their burial contexts?
Bar-Yosef O. et al. (1992) The excavations in Kebara Cave, Mount Carmel. Current
Anthropology 33 (5): 497-550 (especially 526-30) Available online via JStor
Belfer-Cohen, A. & Hovers, E. 1992. In the Eye of the Beholder: Mousterian and
Natufian Burials in the Levant. Current Anthropology, 33 (4): 463-471. Available
online via JSTOR
Defleur, A. 1993. Les Sépultures Moustériennes. CNRS, París. BC 120 DEF
Gargett, R. H. 1989. Grave Shortcomings. The Evidence for Neandertal Burial.
Current Anthropology, 30 (2): 157-190. Available online via JStor
Gargett R. (1999) Middle Palaeolithic burial is not a dead issue: the view from
Qafzeh, Saint-Cesaire, Kebara, Amud and Dederiyeh. Journal Human Evolution 37:
27-90. Available online
Hayden B. (1993) The cultural capacities of Neanderthals: a review and reevaluation.
Journal Human Evolution 24: 113-46. Available online
Hovers, E.; Kimbel, W. H. & Rak, Y. 2000. The Amud 7 skeleton-still a burial.
Reponse to Gargett. Journal of Human Evolution, 39: 253-260. Available online
Mellars P. (1996) The Neanderthal legacy. Princeton University (chapter 12). (Inst
Arch DA 120 MEL)
Pettitt P.B. (2002/1) The Neanderthal dead: exploring mortuary variability in Middle
Palaeolithic Eurasia. Before Farming 4: 1-26. Available online
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Pettitt, P. B. (2011). The Palaeolithic Origins of Human Burial. New York:
Routledge. INST ARCH BC 120 PET
Smirnov, Y. 1989. Intentional Human Burial: Middle Paleolithic (Last Glaciation)
Beginnings. Journal of World Prehistory, 3 (2): 199-233. Available online
Sommer J. (1999) The Shanidar IV "Flower Burial": a reevaluation of neanderthal
burial ritual. Cambridge Archaeology Journal 9 (1): 127-29.
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