UCL INSTITUTE OF ARCHAEOLOGY
ARCLG187 Resources and Subsistence
2014-15 Course Handbook
[Term 1]
15 credit
Core course element in the MSc Environmental Archaeology
Turnitin Class ID: 783676
Turnitin Password: IoA1415
Co-ordinator: Dr. Michele Wollstonecroft (m.wollstonecroft@ucl.ac.uk)
OFFICE HOURS: 2-4 Tuesday and Wednesdays
Office: 311
Ph: 020 7679-4771
OTHER CONTRIBUTING INSTRUCTORS:
Dorian Fuller (d.fuller@ucl.ac.uk)
Louise Martin (louise.martin@ucl.ac.uk)
Manuel Arroyo-Kalin (m.arroyo-kalin@ucl.ac.uk)
Charlene Murphy (charlene.murphy@ucl.ac.uk)
Meeting Time and Place: TUES 9-11am, Room: 410
Please see Appendix A (page 20) for important information about submission
and marking procedures and links to the relevant webpages.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
COURSE OVERVIEW
2
Summary of the course contents
2
Summary of the method of delivery
2
Timetable
2
AIMS, OBJECTIVES AND METHODS OF ASSESSMENT
3
Objectives of the module
3
Intended learning outcomes
3
MODULE WORKLOAD AND TEACHING METHODS
3
COURSEWORK INFORMATION
4
Student assessment
Assignment 1 (35% of the mark)
Assignment 2 (65% of the mark)
COURSE SCHEDULE TOPIC OUTLINE & READING LISTS:
4
4
5
6
Introduction to the course – selected readings
6
Hunter-Gatherer-Fishers
7
Intensification of Wild Resource Use
9
Origins of Agriculture & Domestication
10
Animal Domestication, Early Pastoralism & Farming Dispersal
12
Secondary Products Revolution & Variables of Pastoral Production
13
Agricultural Intensification, Land Use & Geoarchaeology
15
Diet, Cuisine & Taboo
16
Complex Societies: Producers & Consumers & the Scale Of Surplus
17
APPENDIX A: SUBMISSION AND MARKING PROCEDURES
20
APPENDIX B: FURTHER READINGS
22
1
COURSE OVERVIEW
This course is intended to provide the theoretical grounding for practical
projects in examining past subsistence systems through archaeozoology,
archaeobotany, and geoarchaeological approaches.
Summary of the
course contents
The seminars, readings and assignments cover the most
important theoretical debates and methodological issues in the
archaeological study of human subsistence, changes in
subsistence practices and related human modifications of
environments.
Summary of the
method of delivery
The course consists of 10 x 2-hour sessions. The course is
taught by a mixture of lectures by the instructor(s) and a seminar
discussions, with presentations by students. Student
presentations are required but do not affect the final mark.

Timetable:
30 Sept. Course introduction & selected recent studies & debates
(MW)

7. Oct. Hunter-Gatherer-Fishers introduction & overview (MW)

14. Oct. Intensification of wild resource use/ Broad Spectrum
Revolution (MW)

21. Oct. Origins of Agriculture & Domestications (I) [including genetics
background, & survey of main issues and plant domestication] (DF)

28. Oct. Compare and contrast hunter-gatherer and farming resource,
subsistence and land-use practices: Student-lead seminar (MW)

READING WEEK [3-7 Nov.] No teaching.

11. Nov. Animal domestication, early pastoralism & farming dispersal
(LM)

18. Nov. Secondary Products revolution & variables of pastoral
production (LM)

25. Nov. Agricultural intensification, Land Use & Geoarchaeology
(MAK)

2. Dec. Diet, Cuisine and Taboo—student-lead seminar (MW)

9. Dec. Complex societies: producers, consumers & the scale of
surplus (CM)
Instructor: DF= Dorian Fuller, LM= Louise Martin, CM= Charlene Murphy,
MW= Michele Wollstonecroft, M AK = Manuel Arroyo-Kalin,
2
AIMS, OBJECTIVES AND METHODS OF ASSESSMENT:
Aims:
This course is intended to provide the theoretical grounding for practical
projects in examining past subsistence systems through archaeozoology,
archaeobotany, and geoarchaeological approaches. The seminars, readings
and assignments cover the most important theoretical debates and
methodological issues in the archaeological study of subsistence, changes in
subsistence and related human modification of environments
Objectives of the
module:
Intended learning
outcomes
On successful completion of this course a student should :

understand current debates about hunter-gatherers
subsistence, agricultural origins, intensification and social
and cultural aspects of dietary selection, food preparation,
consumption; and,

be familiar with a wide range of case studies and data
sets, their problems and possible interpretations, in order
to

be able to contribute constructively to knowledge-based
debates on a range of current issues in past human
resource use and major transitions in subsistence mode;
and able to

recognise and situate archaeological plant and/or animal
assemblages within the spectrum of human subsistence
system
Enhanced skills in:
 Critical analysis of theoretical models and arguments;
 Understanding of technical archaeozoology and
archaeobotany publications;
 Comprehension of technical jargon relevant to
subsistence, domestication and intensification, including
arguments about how these issues are interpreted from
archaeological datasets
 Written analysis and presentation of ideas
 5) Formal and informal oral presentation of ideas
STUDENT WORKLOAD DISTRIBUTION
NATURE OF THE WORK
HOURS
Lectures
10
Private reading
120
Seminars/ problem classes / tutorials
10
Required written work (e.g. essays/reports)
60
TOTAL
200
3
COURSEWORK INFORMATION:
If students are unclear about the nature of an assignment, they should discuss this
with the Course Co-ordinator.
Students are not permitted to re-write and re-submit essays in order to try to improve
their marks. However, students may be permitted, in advance of the deadline for a
given assignment, to submit for comment a brief outline of the assignment.
The nature of both assignments and possible approaches to them will be discussed in
class, in advance of the submission deadline.
(Students should put their Candidate Number on all coursework. Please also put the
Candidate Number and course code on each page of the work.)
STUDENT ASSESSMENT: Students are marked on two written assignments.
ASSIGNMENT 1
This is a three-part oral & written project (35% of course mark), with two parts due
Week 5 and the last part due Week 6. The research topic involves the comparison of
a hunter-gatherer and an agriculturalist society to identify similarities and differences
in resource use and subsistence practices.
Assignment 1: Parts 1 and 2 - due week 5:
a) present a 10-minute oral/visual paper using powerpoint (~10
slides)
b) submit a print-out or email copy of powerpoint presentation
a) Each student will investigate a hunter-gatherer and an agriculturalist society
from similar environments and compare and contrast their resource and
subsistence strategies. The 10 minute presentation will include a brief
introduction to each society including a description of their social organsiation
and the environments that they inhabit, followed by comparisons of their
subsistence practices, including: species choice, resource focus (e.g. as
staple, supplementary or occasional foods), dietary diversity, forms of humanplant interactions, associated harvesting, processing tools and features, landuse practices, labour organization, seasonal scheduling. After the
presentations, a discussion will follow on similarities and differences in
human-plant and human-land/environment interactions.After the seminar, and
by the end of the Week 6 each student will write a brief assessment of the
discussion (1 side of A4), assessing where agriculturalist and hunter-gatherer
resource and subsistence strategies overlap and where they differ the most
significantly, making note of any other aspects that might influence their plant
and animal selection or how they use the land.
Readings: to be drawn from the extensive lists provided for the previous
lectures (Weeks 3 and 4 particularly). These will be discussed the week
before.
b) A print-out or email copy of the powerpoint should be submitted to the course
instructor on or before week 5.
Assignment 1: Part 3 - due week 6:
One page of written work, single-spaced and covering one side of an A4.
Following up on the previous week’s powerpoint presentations and related
4
discussions, summarise the factors that most heavily influenced the
differences between agricultural and hunter-gatherer resource and
subsistence practices.
Expected Learning outcome of Assignment 1:

Reasoned and Critical Assessment of Multiple Sources

Independent Research Use of Library/ Archival facilities

Experience in the Production of Presentation Graphics at a Professional
level

Experience in the Oral Presentation of Original Research Results

Time Limited Assessment, permitting use of sources, testing the
employment of information learned in class, as well as appropriate
choice of sources, and independent research skills.
ASSIGNMENT 2
Essay (65% of mark) 3400 words. Due: Monday 16 Dec.
This essay is sufficient length to be similar to that of a research paper that one might
encounter in a journal. As such for honours work, we are looking for a similar caliber
review with some original synthesis or ideas. For these essays we expect students to
aim to draw on ca. 30 cited sources or more. This means moving beyond what is
provided in the reading list below, and will require students to use the library and
journal resources available at UCL to extend their exploration of the topic. Readings
in this hand-out and discussed in seminars provide only a starting point.
Expected Learning outcomes of this assignment:

Reasoned and Critical Assessment of Multiple Sources

Independent Research Use of Library/ Archival facilities

Time Limited Assessment, permitting use of sources, testing the
employment of information learned in class, as well as appropriate
choice of sources, and independent research skills.
Please select an essay topic from among the following:
A. From big-game hunters to broad-spectrum hunter-gatherers: discuss the
evidence for, and alternative models of, changing animal and plant exploitation
strategies in the terminal Pleistocene and/or early Holocene in a region of your
choice.
B. “People do not eat species, they eat meals” (Sherratt 1991). Consider aspects of
the consumption of food in the past from both nutritional and social perspectives,
indicating by the use of selected examples how they might be recognised
archaeologically.
C. What contributions can the study of plant remains, animal bones and
geoarchaeology make to understanding the rise of complex societies?
D. Evaluate the evidence for the initial spread of crops and livestock into a region of
your choice.
E. Compare and contrast approaches to investigating agricultural “intensification”
highlighting the contribution of evidence from animals, plants and/or sediments.
Outline avenues for further research.
F. A topic of your own choosing, which must be approved by the course co-ordinator
5
COURSE SCHEDULE OUTLINE & READING LISTS
WEEK 1. INTRODUCTION TO COURSE &SELECTED CASE READINGS FOR
DISCUSSION:
Consider the types of information about past societies that can be obtained
through the resources & subsistence line of inquiry.
Basic Readings:
Cappers, RTJ and R. Neef. 2012. Handbook of Plant Palaeoecology. Groningen:
Groningen University Library.
Carmody, RN, GS Weintraub, RW Wrangham (2011) Energetic consequences of
thermal and nonthermal food processing. PNAS 108: 19199-19203.
Ellis, E. Kaplan, J.O., Fuller, D.Q., Varvus, S., Goldewijk, K.K. and Veerburg P.H.
(2013). Used planet: a global history. PNAS 110: 7978–7985.
doi: 10.1073/pnas.1217241110 [online]
Ellis EC, Fuller DQ, Kaplan JO, Lutters WG. 2013. Dating the Anthropocene:
Towards an empirical global history of human transformation of the terrestrial
biosphere. Elementa Science of the Anth.ropocene 1: 000018 doi:
10.12952/journal.elementa.000018 [online/open access]
Fuller, D Q., T. Denham, M Arroyo-Kalin, L. Lucas, C.J. Stevens, L. Qin, R.G.Allaby
and M. D. Prugganan. 2014. Convergent evolution and parallelism in plant
domestication revealed by and expanding archaeological record. PNAS 111: 61476152.
Hather, JG. and SLR Mason (Eds.) 2002. Hunter-Gatherer Archaeobotany:
Perspectives from the northern temperate zone. London, Institute of Archaeology.
University College London
Hillman, G.C. 1996. Late Pleistocene changes in wild plant-foods available to
hunter-gatherers of the northern Fertile Crescent: possible preludes to cereal
cultivation. In The Origins and spread of agriculture and pastoralism in Eurasia, ed.
D.R. Harris, 159-203. University College London Press: London.
Hublin, J., Richards, M.P. (Eds.), 2009. The Evolution of Hominin Diets: Integrating
Approaches to the Study of Palaeolithic Subsistence, Springer, The Netherlands
Johns, T. 1999. The chemical ecology of human ingestive behaviours. Annual
Review of Anthropology 28: 27–50.
Larson, et al. 2014. Current perspectives and the future of domestication studies.
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (USA) 111: 6139–6146.
Rowley-Conway, P. and Layton, R. (2011) Foraging and farming as niche
construction: stable and unstable adaptations. Philosophical Transactions of the
Royal Society B 366: 849-862.
Shennan, S. (2002) Memes, Genes and Human History. Darwinian Archaeology and
Cultural Evolution. Thames and Hudson, London, Chapter 6
Smith, B. (2011) General patterns of niche construction and the management of ‘wild’
plant and animal resources by small-scale pre-industrial societies. Philosophical
Transactions of the Royal Society B 366: 836-848.
6
Speth, J.D. (2010) The Paleoanthropology and Archaeology of Big Game Hunting.
Protein, Fat or Politics? Springer, The Netherlands. Read chapter 2: How do we
reconstruct hunting patterns of the past?
Sponheimer, M., Dufour, D.L., 2009. Increased dietary breadth in early hominim
evolution: Revisiting arguments and evidence with a focus on biogeochemical
contributions. In Hublin, J.J., Richards M.P. (Eds.) The Evolution of Hominin Diets:
Integrating Approaches to The Study of Palaeolithic Subsistence. Springer, The
Netherlands, pp. 229–240.
Stahl, A.B., 1984. Hominid dietary selection before fire. Current Anthropology 25:
151–168.
Leach, H.M., 1999. Food processing technology: its role in inhibiting or promoting
change in staple foods. In, Gosden G. and. Hather, J.G. (Eds.) The Prehistory of
Food: Appetites for Change. Routledge, London, pp. 129–138.
Stiner, M. and Kuhn, S.L. (2006) Changes in the ‘connectedness’ and resilience of
paleolithic societies in Mediterranean ecosystems. Human Ecology 34: 693-712.
Wilkinson, Keith and Chris Stevens. 2003. Environmental Archaeology: Approaches,
Techniques & Applications. Stroud: Tempus.
Wollstonecroft, M. (2011) Investigating the role of food processing in human
evolution: a niche construction approach. Archaeological and Anthropological
Sciences 3: 141-150.
Wollstonecroft, M.M., Ellis, P.R., Hillman, G.C., Fuller, D.Q. and Butterworth, P.J.,
2012. A calorie is not necessarily a calorie: Technical choice, nutrient
bioaccessibility, and interspecies differences of edible plants. PNAS 109: E991
Wrangham, R., Jones, J.H., Laden, G., Pilbeam, D., Congklin-Brittain, N.L. (1999)
The raw and the stolen: cooking and the ecology of human origins. Current
Anthropology 40: 567–594.
WEEK 2. HUNTER-GATHERER-FISHERS
In this session we examine the contributions of environmental archaeology to studies
of hunter-gatherers. The lecture will begin with a presentation of the classic
ethnoarchaeological work of the Kalahari and an evaluation of reconstructions of
prehistoric hunter gatherers. Students will then be expected to have read and to be
able to discuss regional case studies, of which only a few possibilities are provided
on this reading list.
Key topics to consider:
 How mobility influences site-location and settlement patterns
 How seasonality of resources influence site-location
 Degree of specialisation on resources
 Degree of specialisation of types of sites
 Degrees of interaction/interdependence between communities
Questions to ask of site data include:




Is the site permanently or temporarily (possibly seasonally?) occupied?
Is it a single occupation, or was it repeatedly occupied?
Is there evidence for exploitation at the site of only locally available resources,
or a wider range of resources?
What part of a temporal cycle does a site represent?
7

What part of the economic system does the site represent?
Also consider different emphases of models, such as:
 Central-place foraging models (Winterhalder 2001; Bird & Bird 1997
 gender-based differences (Hawkes 1996)
 role of juvenile foragers (Hawkes et al. 1995; Bird & Bird 2000)
 diet-breadth models (Kelly 1995; Stiner & Munro 2002)
 patch-choice models (Kelly 1995; Winterhalder 2001)
 Evolutionary aspects of hunter-gatherer behavioural ecology (Hawkes et
al.1997)
Basic Readings:
Alexander, D. (1992a) Environmental units. In Complex Culture of the British
Columbia Plateau: Traditional Stl’atl’imx Resource Use, Hayden, b. (Ed.), pp. 47-98.
Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press.
Alexander, D. (1992b) A reconstruction of prehistoric land use in the Mid-Fraser
River area based on ethnographic data. In Complex Culture of the British Columbia
Plateau: Traditional Stl’atl’imx Resource Use, Hayden, B. (Ed.), pp. 99-176.
Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press.
Romanoff, S. (1992) Fraser Lilooet Salmon Fishing. In Complex Culture of the British
Columbia Plateau: Traditional Stl’atl’imx Resource Use, Hayden, B. (Ed.), pp. 222265 . Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press.
Turner, N.J. (1992) Plant resources of the Stl’atl’imx (Fraser River Lilooet) People: A
window into the past. In Complex Culture of the British Columbia Plateau: Traditional
Stl’atl’imx Resource Use, Hayden, B. (Ed.), pp. 405-469. Vancouver: University of
British Columbia Press.
Harris, D. R. (1977) Alternative pathways toward agriculture. In Origins of Agriculture,
Reed, C. (Ed.), pp. 179-243. The Hague: Mounton. [INST ARCH HA HAR; or INST
ARCH HA REE, 3 hr. reserve]
Cohen, M. N. (1991) Health and the Rise of Civilization. Yale University Press.
Chap. 4 [History of infectious disease] & Chap 5 [Changes in Human Diet].
[INST ARCH JF COH or DMS Watson: ANTHROPOLOGY E 130 COH]
Munro, N.D., Bar-Oz, G. 2005. Gazelle bone fat processing the Levantine
Epipalaeolithic. Journal of Archaeological Science 32: 223–239.
Wollstonecroft M. (2002) "The Fruit of their labour: plants and plant processing at
EeRb 140 (860 ± 60 uncal to 160± 50 uncal B.P.) a late prehistoric hunter-gathererfisher site on the southern Interior Plateau, British Columbia, Canada". Vegetation
History and Archaeobotany 11: 61-70.
Wollstonecroft M, Ellis PR, Hillman GC, Fuller DQ (2008) "Advancements in plant food
processing in the Near Eastern Epipalaeolithic and implications for improved edibility and
nutrient bioaccessibility: an experimental assessment of sea club-rush (Bolboschoenus
maritimus (L.) Palla)". Vegetation History and Archaeobotany 17 (Suppl. 1): S19-S27.
Note: If you do not already feel familiar with traditional anthropological
evolutionism (bands-tribes-chiefdoms-states, which Cohen uses as a general
framework then you should also read Chap. 3]
8
Kelly, R.L. (1995) The Foraging Spectrum: Diversity in Hunter-Gatherer Lifeways.
Washington: Smithsonian Institution Press. Chapter 3: foraging and subsistence
(especially optimal foraging theory).
and
Bock, J. (2007) What makes a competent adult forager? In Hewlett, B and Lamb
M.E. Hunter-Gatherer Childhoods: Evolutionary, Developmental and Cultural
Perspectives, pp. 109-128. New Brunswick, USA: Aldine Transactions.
WEEK 3. INTENSIFICATION OF WILD RESOURCE USE / BROAD SPECTRUM
REVOLUTION
There are several lines of evidence that suggest changes in animal-based
subsistence in the early post-glacial periods in both the Near East and Europe.
These include a broadening of the types of animals exploited, an emphasis on
smaller animals, and a more specialized focus in hunting. Parallel changes
occurred in the use of plant, with increasing evidence for intensive processing
activities, such as grinding, or boiling (especially in East Asia), and in some
cases evidence for storage and delayed returns. Management of wild stands of
plants, e.g. controlled use of fire and weeding, may also have been practiced.
Interpretation of these patterns is, however, not straightforward, and this
lecture discusses the issues surrounding the patterns in the data and their
interpretation.
Readings
Wild food intensification
Binford, L.R. 1980. Willow smoke and dogs' tails: hunter-gatherer settlement
systems and archaeological site information. American Antiquity 45, 4-20.
Edwards, P.C. (1989) Revising the Broad Spectrum Revolution: and its role in the
origins of Southwest Asian food production. Antiquity 63: 225-46.
Legge, A.J. (2000) The Animal Bones, in Village on the Euphrates: From Foraging to
Farming at Abu Hureyra. Moore, A. M. T., Hillman, G.C., and Legge, A.J. (Eds.)
Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Mannino, M.A. and Thomas, K.D. (2002) Depletion of a resource? The impact of
prehistoric human foraging on intertidal mollusc communities and its significance for
human settlement, mobility and dispersal. World Archaeology 33: 452-474.
Munro, N.D. and Bar-Oz, G. (2005) Gazelle bone fat processing the Levantine
Epipalaeolithic. J. Archaeological Science 32: 223–239
Richards, M., Pettitt, P., Stiner, M., Trinkhaus, E. (2001) Stable isotope evidence for
increasing dietary breadth in the European mid-Upper Paleolithic, PNAS 98: 65286532. www.pnas.orgycgiydoiy10.1073ypnas.111155298
Stahl, A.B. (1989) Plant-food processing: implications for dietary quality. In: Foraging
and farming: the evolution of plant exploitation, Harris D.R. and Hillman G.C. (Eds.),
pp 171–196. London: Unwin Hyman.
Stiner, M., Munro, N. and Surovell, T. 2000. The tortoise and the hare: small game
use, the broad spectrum revolution, and palaeolithic demography. Current
Anthropology 41: 39-73.]
9
Stiner, M.C. and Munro, N.D. (2002) Approaches to prehistoric diet breadth,
demography, and prey ranking systems in time and space. J. Archaeological Method
and Theory 9: 181-214.
Stutz, A. J., Munro, N.D. and Bar-Oz, G. (2009) Increasing the resolution of the
Broad Spectrum Revolution in the Southern Levantine Epipaleolithic (19-12 ka).
J. Human Evolution 56: 294-306.
Testart, A. (1982) The significance of food storage among hunter-gatherers:
residence patterns, population densities, and social inequalities. Current
Anthropology 25: 523-37.
Wandsnider, L. (1997) The roasted and the boiled: food composition and heat
treatment with special emphasis on pit-hearth cooking. J. Anthropological
Archaeology 16:1–48.
Weiss, E., Wetterstrom, W., Nadel, D., Bar-Yosef, O. (2004) The broad spectrum
revisited: evidence from plant remains. PNAS 101:9551–55.
Woodburn, J. 1980. Hunters and gatherers today and reconstruction of the
past. In Soviet and Western Anthropology, ed. E. Gellner, 95–117. Columbia
University Press: New York.
Weiss, E., Wetterstrom, W., Nadel, D. and Bar-Yosef, O. (2004) The broad spectrum
revisited: evidence from plant remains. PNAS 101:9551-9555.
Wollstonecroft, M., Ellis, P.R. Hillman, G. C. and Fuller, D. Q (2008) Advances in
plant food processing in the Near Eastern Epipalaeolithic and implications for
improved edibility and nutrient bioaccessibility: an experimental assessment
of Bolboschoenus maritimus (L.) Palla (sea club-rush). Vegetation History and
Archaeobotany 17 (Suppl 1): S19-S27. DOI 10.1007/s00334-008-0162-x
Wright, K. I. (1994) Ground-stone tools and hunter-gatherer subsistence in
Southwest Asia: Implications for the transition to farming, American Antiquity 59: 238263. [Teaching Collection 2129]
WEEK 4. ORIGINS AND AGRICULTURE AND DOMESTICATIONS (I) [including
genetics background, survey of main issues, with a focus on the Near East]
In this session we will look at general principles involved in the study of agricultural
origins, including defining domestication of plants and animals, cultivation and
pastoralism, and review some of the kinds of archaeological and other evidence that
can be used to investigate them. This will serve as background to the debate which
the students will lead in the following week. A range of additional readings, and some
beginnings readings for different world regions are provided below.
Origins of agriculture. Basic Readings:
Colledge, S., Conolly, J. and Shennan, S. (2005). The evolution of Neolithic farming
from SW Asian origins to NW European limits. European Journal of Archaeology 8:
137-156.
Fuller, D Q., T. Denham, M Arroyo-Kalin, L. Lucas, C.J. Stevens, L. Qin, R.G.Allaby
and M. D. Prugganan. 2014. Convergent evolution and parallelism in plant
domestication revealed by and expanding archaeological record. PNAS 111: 61476152.
*Harris, D.R. (1989) An evolutionary continuum of people-plant interaction. In
Foraging and farming: the evolution of plant exploitation, Harris DR and Hillman GC,
(Eds.), 11-26. London: Routledge,
[reprinted in Denham & White 2007 textbook]
10
or
Harris, D. R. (1996) Introduction: themes and concepts in the study of early
agriculture. In The Origins and Spread of Agriculture and Pastoralism in Eurasia,
Harris, D. (Ed.), pp. 1-9. London: UCL Press. [INST ARCH HA HAR, with 1 copy at
issue desk]
and/or
Harris, D. R. (2008) Agriculture, cultivation and domestication: exploring the
conceptual framework of early food production. In Rethinking Agriculture.
Archaeological and Ethnoarchaeological Perspectives, Denham, T., Iriarte, J. and
Vrydaghs, L. (Eds.), pp. 16-35. Walnut Creek: Left Coast Press.
Gremillion Kristen J., Loukas Barton and Dolores R. Piperno. 2014 Particularism and
the retreat from theory in the archaeology of agricultural origins. PNAS 111: 6171–
6177.
Ingold, T. (1980) Hunters, pastoralists and ranchers reindeer economies and their
transformations. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. [See, The Foodproducing revolution, Pp. 82-95 [INST ARCH BD ING: 3 hr reserve]
Lyons, D. and D’Andrea, A.C. (2003) Griddles, ovens and agricultural origins: an
ethnoarchaeological study of bread baking in Highland Ethiopia. American
Anthropologist 105: 515-530.
Purugganan, M. D. and Fuller, D.Q. (2009) The nature of selection during plant
domestication. Nature 457: 843-848
Fuller, D. Q. (2007) Contrasting patterns in crop domestication and domestication
rates: recent archaeobotanical insights from the Old World. Annals of Botany 100:
903-924.
Larson, et al. 2014. Current perspectives and the future of domestication studies.
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (USA) 111: 6139–6146.
Rindos, D. (1996) Symbiosis, instability, and the origins and spread of agriculture. In
Evolutionary Archaeology: Theory and Application, Obrien, M. (Ed.), pp. 209-235.
Salt Lake City, University of Utah Press,
Zeder, M. (2006) Central questions in domestication of plants and animals.
Evolutionary Anthropology 15: 105-117
Zeder, M., Emshwiller, E., Smith, B.D. and Bradley, D. G. (2006) Documenting
domestication: the intersection of archaeology and genetics. Trends in Ecology and
Evolution 22: 139-155
Useful reference books on domestication
Zohary, D., Hopf, M. and Weiss, E. (2012) Domestication of Plants in the Old World,
fourth edition. Oxford: Oxford University Press. [Third edition, 2000, available INST
ARCH HA ZOH]
Smartt, J. (1990) Grain Legumes: Evolution and Genetic Resources. Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press. [Inst Arch BB 5 SMA]
Smartt, J and Simmonds, N. W. (Eds.) (1995) Evolution of Crop Plants, second
edition. London: Longman Scientific and Technical. [INST ARCH HA SMA]
Zeuner, F. E. (1963) A History of Domesticated Animals. London: Hutchinson [INST
ARCH BB 3 ZEU, also on reserve]
Mason, I. L. (Ed.) (1984) Evolution of Domesticated Animals. London: Longman
Scientific. [INST ARCH HA MAS]
11
Clutton-Brock, J. (1999) A Natural History of Domesticated Mammals / second
edition. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, [INST ARCH HA CLU]
Hillson, S.W. (2000) Dental pathology. In Biological Anthropology of the Human
Skeleton, Katzenberg, M.A. and Saunders, S.R. (Eds.), pp. 249-287. New York:
Wiley-Liss.
Piperno, D. (2006) Phytoliths: A Comprehensive Guide for Archaeologists and
Paleoecologists. Lanham, Maryland: Alta Mira Press
Torrence, R. and Barton, H. (Eds.) (2006) Ancient Starch Research. Walnut Creek:
Left Coast Press.
WEEK 5. STUDENT-LEAD DISCUSSION ON COMPARING AND CONTRASTING
HUNTING-AND-GATHERING AND AGRICULTURAL SYSTEMS: similarities and
differences in resource and land use. (Assignment 1, see pages 4 and 5 of this
handbook) Readings to be drawn from the extensive list provided for the previous
lectures, particularly weeks 3 and 4, to be discussed the week before.
WEEK 6. ANIMAL DOMESTICATION, EARLY PASTORALISM & FARMING
DISPERSAL
This session will focus in more detail on the zooarchaeological evidence for animal
domestication and inferences of how early herds were managed. It also touch on the
issue of initial herd dispersals, such as from southwest Asia to Cyprus, and later
dispersal towards Europe.
Readings
Colledge, S. (2004) Reappraisal of the archaeobotanical evidence for the
emergence and dispersal of the ‘founder crops’. In The Neolithic Revolution: New
Perspectives on Southwest Asia in Light of Recent Discoveries on Cyprus,
Peltenberg, E. & Wasse, A. (Eds.), pp. 49–60. Oxford: Oxbow Books.
Colledge, S., Conolly, J. and Shennan, S. (2004). Archaeobotanical evidence for the
spread of farming in the Eastern Mediterranean. Current Anthropology 45: S35-S58.
Harris, D.R. (2002) Development of agro-pastoral economy in the Fertile Crescent
during the Pre-Pottery Neolithic period. In The Transition from Foraging to Farming in
Southwest Asia, Cappers, R. and Bottema, S. (eds). Berlin: Ex Oriente. [Teaching
collection 2130]
Helmer, D.L., Gourichon, L., Monchot, H., Peters, J. and Segui, M.S. (2005)
Identifying early domestic cattle from pre-pottery Neolithic sites on the Middle
Euphrates using sexual dimorphism. In The First Steps of Animal Domestication.
Vigne, J.-D., Peters, J., and Helmer, D. (Eds.), pp. 86-95. Oxford, Oxbow Books.
Vigne, J.-D., Carrere, I., Saliege, J.-F., Person, A., Bocherens, H., Guilaine, J. and
Briois, J.-F. (2000) Predomestic cattle, sheep, goat and pig during the late 9th and
the 8th millennium cal. BC on Cyprus: preliminary results of Shillourokambos
(Parekklisha, Limassol). In Archaeozoology of the Near East IVA, Mashkour, M.,
Choyke, A., Buitenhuis, H. and Poplin, F. (Eds.), pp. 83-106. Groningen: ARC
Publicate 32. [Teaching collection 2427; INST ARCH DBA 4 BUI]
Hongo, H., Meadow, R. H., Oksuz, B. and Ilgezdi, G. (2005) Sheep and Goat
Remains from Çayönü Tepesi, Southeastern Anatolia. In Archaeozoology of the Near
12
East VI. Proceedings of the sixth international symposium on the archaeozoology of
southwestern Asia and adjacent areas, Buitenhuis, H., Choyke, A., Martin, L.,
Bartosiewicz, L. and Mashkour, M. (Eds.) pp. 113-24. Groningen: ARC-Publicatie.
Hongo, H., Pearson, J., Oksuz, B., Ilgezdi, G. (2009) The Process of Ungulate
Domestication at Çayönü, Southeastern Turkey: A Multidisciplinary Approach
focusing on Bos sp. and Cervus elaphus. Anthropozoologica, 44: 63-78.
Peters, J., von den Driesch, A., Helmer, D. (2005) The upper Euphrates Tigris Basin:
cradle of agro-pastoralism? In The First Steps of Animal Domestication, Vigne, J.-D.,
Peters, J. and Helmer, D. (Eds) pp. 96-123..Oxford: Oxbow Books.
General models & evidence for agricultural spread into Europe
Alexander, J. A. (1978) Frontier studies and the earliest farmers in Europe. In Social
Organisation and Settlement, Green, D., Haselgrave, C. and Spriggs, M. (Eds.), pp.
13-29. Oxford: BAR International Series 47. [INST ARCH BB 2 Qto GRE, or INST
ARCH AH GRE]
Bogaard, A. (2004) Neolithic Farming in Central Europe: An Archaeobotanical Study
of Crop Husbandry Practices C5500-2200 BC. Routledge, London.
Conolly, J., Colledge, S. and Shennan, S. (2008) Founder effect, drift, and adaptive
change in domestic crop use in early Neolithic Europe. J. Archaeological Science 35:
2797-2804
Diamond, J. and Bellwood, P. (2003) Farmers and their languages: the first
expansions. Science 300: 597-603.
Renfrew, C. (1996) Language families and the spread of farming. In The Origins and
Spread of Agriculture and Pastoralism in Eurasia, Harris DR (Ed.) pp. 70-92, UCL
Press, London: UCL, [INST ARCH HA HAR]
Zeder, M. (2008) Domestication and early agriculture in the Mediterranean Basin:
Origins, diffusion, and impact. PNAS 105: 11597–11604
Zvelebil, M. and Zvelebil, K.V. (1988) Agricultural Transition and the Indo-European
Dispersals. Antiquity 62: 574-583 [Teaching collection 2266]
WEEK 7. SECONDARY PRODUCTS REVOLUTION AND LONG-LIVED
PERENNIAL PRODUCTION
It has long been recognized that domestication made possible a range of further
exploitation strategies which gradually were adopted and developed by human
societies. Termed “secondary products” by Sherratt, these activities have been
searched for, initially with little success. However, in the case of dairying, the last
decade has seen a series of initiatives which have led to the identification of milk
residues in ceramics. Elsewhere, less work has been done on intensified agricultural
production. This seminar will consider the progress that has been made so far and
consider ways in which future lines of investigation may develop.
Readings:
Animal Secondary Products
Sherratt, A. (1981) Plough and pastoralism: aspects of the secondary products
revolution, in Pattern of the Past: Studies in Honour of David Clarke, Hodder, Isaac,
G. and Hammond, N. (Eds.), pp. 261-305. Cambridge: Cambridge University
Press.[Teaching collection 523] [also reprinted in Sherratt, Andrew. Economy and
society in prehistoric Europe : changing perspectives [DA 100 She]]
13
alternatively
if pressed for time, see Sherratt’s entry ‘secondary products revolution’ in the
Oxford Companion to Archaeology (Fagan, B. (Ed.) 1996. [Inst Arch AG Fag]
Milk and residues
Copley, M.S., Berstan, R., Dudd, S.N., Aillaud, S., Mukherjee, A.J., Straker, V.,
Payne, S. and Evershed, R.P. (2005) Processing of milk products in pottery vessels
through British Prehistory. Antiquity 79: 895-908.
Craig, O.E., Chapman, J., Heron, C., Willis, L.H., Bartosiewicz, L., Taylor, G., Whittle,
A. and Collins, M. (2005). Did the first farmers of central and eastern Europe
produce dairy foods? Antiquity 79: 882-894.
Dudd, S.N. and Evershed, R.P. (1998) Direct demonstration of milk as an element of
archaeological economies. Science 282: 1478-1481.
Entwistle, R. and Grant, A. (1989) The evidence for cereal cultivation and animal
husbandry in the southern British Neolithic and Bronze Age. In The Beginnings of
Agriculture, Milles, A., Williams, D. and Gardner, N. (Eds.), 203-215. BAR
International Series 496.
Halstead, P. (1996) Pastoralism or household herding? Problems of scale and
specialization inn early Greek animal husbandry. World Archaeology 28: 20-42.
Halstead, P. (1998) Mortality models and milking: problems of uniformitarianism,
optimality and equifinality reconsidered. Anthropozoologica 27: 3-20.
O’Brien, M. and Laland, K.N. (2012) Genes, Culture and Agriculture: An Example of
Human Niche Construction. Current Anthropology 53: 434-470. [With comments.]
Simoons F.J. (1979) Dairying, milk use and lactose malabsorption in Eurasia: a
problem in culture history. Anthropos 74: 61-80.
Spangenberg J.E., Jacomet, S. and Schibler, S. (2006) Chemical analyses of
organic residues in archaeological pottery from Arbon Bleiche 3, Switzerland –
evidence for dairying in the late Neolithic. Antiquity 33: 1-13.
Cash crops
Fuller, D. Q (2008) The spread of textile production and textile crops in India beyond
the Harappan zone: an aspect of the emergence of craft specialization and
systematic trade. In Linguistics, Archaeology and the Human Past Occasional Paper
3, Osada, T.and Uesugi, A. (Eds.), pp. 1-26. Kyoto: Research Institute for Humanity
and Nature, Indus Project. [ISBN978-4-902325-16-4] {download here:
http://www.homepages.ucl.ac.uk/~tcrndfu/downloads.htm#crops }
McCorriston, J. (1997) The fiber revolution. Current Anthropology 38: 517-550. [with
commentaries][can be downloaded through the college network from:
http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/CA/journal/contents/v38n4.html]
Sherratt, A. (1980) Water, soil and seasonality in early cereal cultivation, World
Archaeology 11: 313-329. [Teaching collection 170] [also reprinted in Sherratt,
Andrew. Economy and society in prehistoric Europe: changing perspectives [DA 100
She]]
Sherratt, A. (1999) Cash-crops before cash: organic consumables and trade. In The
Prehistory of Food. Appetites for Change, Gosden, C. and Hather, J. (Eds.), pp. 1334. London: Routledge.
Stump, D. (2006) The development and expansion of the field and irrigation systems
at Engaruka, Tanzania. Azania XLI: 69-94
14
WEEK 8. AGRICULTURAL INTENSIFICATION AND LAND USE
Integrating environmental data with archaeological discoveries within reliable
chronological frameworks and at variable scales, geoarchaeology serves as a
key approach for the investigation of agricultural development and long-term
land use.
This session will first briefly introduce and review theories, methods and
advantages/disadvantages of geoarchaeology in the study of early agriculture.
This will be followed by three case studies dealing with materials dated to the
late-Neolithic and Early Dynastic times in China. These studies show how
geoarchaeology, working together with archaeobotanical and
zooarchaeological research, can contribute to a deeper understanding of
agricultural intensification and long-term land use in China, which has long
been considered, yet poorly-grounded (or illustrated), as one of the primary
centers for agricultural development.
Readings
Brookfield, H. C. (1972) Intensification and disintensification in Pacific agriculture.
Asia Pacific Viewpoint 13: 30-48. [Teaching collection 159]
Brookfield, H. C. (1986) Intensification intensified. Review of prehistoric Intensive
agriculture in the tropics. Archaeology in Oceania 21: 177-181.
Brookfied, H.C. 2001. Intensification and alternative approaches to agricultural
change. Asia Pacific Viewpoint 42 (Special Issue): 181–192.
Sherratt, A. (1980). Water, soil, and seasonality in early cereal cultivation. World
Archaeology 11: 313-330.
French, C. (2003). Geoarchaeology in Action: Studies in Soil Micromorphology and
Landscape Evolution.
Fuller, D.Q & L. Qin. (2009). Water management and labour in the origins and
dispersal of Asian rice. World Archaeology 41: 88-111.
Barker, G. (2006). Agricultural Revolution in Prehistory. Cambridge: Cambridge
University Press.
Jarman, M.R., G.N. Bailey and H.N., Jarman. (1982). Early European Agriculture: Its
Foundation and Development. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Kidder, T.R., Liu, H.W. and Li, M.L. (2012). Sanyangzhuang: early farming and a
Han settlement preserved beneath Yellow River flood deposits. Antiquity 86: 30-47
Mithen, S. & E. Black (2011). Water, Life and Civilisation: Climate, Environment and
Society in the Jordan Valley. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Further Recommended reading.
Carter, S. and Davidson, D. (1998) An evaluation of the contribution of soil
micromorphology to the study of ancient arable cultivation. Geoarchaeology 13: 535547.
Kirch, P. V. (1994) The Wet and the Dry. Irrigation and Agricultural Intensification in
Polynesia. University of Chicago Press. Read Introduction, pp.1-20 but especially
pp. 15-20.
Leach, H.M. (1999) Intensification in the Pacific. Current Anthropology 40: 311-339.
[with commentaries].
15
Macphail, R. I., Courty, M.A., et al. (1990). Soil micromorphological evidence of early
agriculture in north-west Europe. World Archaeology 22(1): 53-69.
Morrison, K. (1996) Typological schemes and agricultural change: beyond Boserup
in precolonial South India. Current Anthropology 37: 583-608. [with commentaries].
WEEK 9. DIET, CUISINE AND TABOO—STUDENT LEAD SEMINAR
‘People do not eat species, they eat meals’ (Andrew Sherratt 1991). In this seminar
we explore the social dimensions of eating, including the selection of species to eat
(or not to eat), food sharing, feasting, food taboos and access to food - or roles in
food production (especially in relation to gender).
[Reference for the quote: Sherratt, A.G. (1991) Palaeoethnobotany: from crops to
cuisine. In: Paleoecologia e Arqueologia II (eds F. Queiroga and A.P. Dinis), pp.
221-236. Vila Nova de Famalicao: Centro de Estudos Arqueologicos
Famalicences.]
In this seminar we explore the social dimensions of eating, including the selection of
species to eat (or not to eat), food sharing, feasting, food taboos and access to food or roles in food production (especially in relation to gender). Whilst archaeologists in
the past have tended to ignore subsistence practices as being inconsequential to the
operation of the state (eg Brumfiel and Earle 1987), increasingly it is being
recognised that marginalised or not, subsistence activities are culturally mediated in
all societies.
Readings
Culturally-mediated food avoidances
Milton, K. (1997) Real men don’t eat red deer. Discover, June 1997: 46-53.
Simoons, F. (1994) Eat Not This Flesh – Food Avoidances from Prehistory to the
Present Day. (2nd edition; 1st edition 1961). Madison: University of Wisconsin
Press. See Ch. 2 on pork and Ch. 3 on beef.
Hesse, B. (1995) Husbandry, dietary taboos and the bones of the ancient Near East:
zooarchaeology in the post-processual world. In Methods in the Mediterranean –
historical and archaeological views on texts and archaeology, Small, D. (Ed.), pp.
197-232. Leiden: E.J. Brill.
Biologically-mediated food avoidances and human adaptation
Holden, C. and Mace, R. (2002) Pastoralism and the evolution of lactase
persistence. In Human Biology of Pastoral Populations, Leonard, W.R. and
Crawford, M.H. (Eds.), pp. 280-307. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Gender and food
Hastorf, C. (1991) Gender, space and food in prehistory. In Engendering
Archaeology, Gero, J. and Conkey, M. (Eds.), pp. 132-159. Oxford: Blackwell.
Linderholm, A. C. H. Jonson, O. Svensk, K. Liden (2008) Diet and status in Birka:
stable isotopes and grave goods compared. Antiquity 82: 446-461.
Wright, K. (2000) The social origins of cooking and dining in early villages of
Western Asia. Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 66: 89-121.
Cultural Traditions and Food Preferences
16
Fuller, D. Q. and Rowlands, M. (2009) Towards a Long-Term Macro-Geography of
Cultural Substances: Food and Sacrifice Tradition in East, West and South Asia.
Chinese Review of Anthropology 12: 1-3
Haaland, R. (2007) Porridge and pot, bread and oven: food ways and symbolism in
African and the Near East from the Neolithic to the Present. Cambridge
Archaeological Journal 17: 165-182
Sakamoto, S. (1996) "Glutinous-endosperm starch food culture specific to Eastern
and Southeastern Asia." In Redefining Nature. Ellen, R. and Fukui, F (Eds.) pp. 215231. Oxford: Barg.
Nabhan, G. P. (2005) Why Some Like It Hot: Food, Genes and Cultural Diversity.
Washington, D.C: Island Press.
The role of cooking in human evolution, cultural and dietary diversity.
Conklin-Brittain, N.L., Wrangham, R.W. and Smith C.C. (2002) A two-stage model of
increased dietary quality in early hominid evolution: the role of fiber. In Human Diet:
Its Origin and Evolution, Ungar, P.S. and Teaford, M.F. (Eds.) 61-76. Westport:
Bergin and Garvey.
Haaland, R. (2007) Porridge and Pot, Bread and Oven: Food ways and symbolism in
African and the Near East from the Neolithic to the Present. Cambridge
Archaeological Journal 17: 165-182
Johns, T. (1999) The chemical ecology of human ingestive behaviours. Annual
Review of Anthropology 28: 27-50
Jones, M. (2009) Moving North: Archaeobotanical evidence for plant diet in Middle
and Upper Palaeolithic Europe. In The Evolution of Hominin Diets: Integrating
Approaches to the Study of Palaeolithic Subsistence, Humblin J. and Richards, M.P.
(Eds.), pp. 171-180. Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Springer.
Leach, H.M. (1999). Food processing technology: its role in inhibiting or promoting
change in staple foods. In The Prehistory of Food: Appetites for Change, Gosden, C.
and Hather, J.G (Eds.), pp.129-138. London: Routledge..
Lyons, D. and D’Andrea, A.C. (2003) Griddles, ovens and agricultural origins: an
ethnoarchaeological study of bread baking in Highland Ethiopia. American
Anthropologist 105: 515-530.
Mercader, J. (2009) Mozambican grass seed consumption during the Middle Stone
Age. Science 376, 1680-1683.
Milton, K.I. (2002) Back to basics: why foods of wild primates have relevance for
modern human health. Nutrition 16, 480-483.
Munro, N.D. and Bar-Oz, G. (2005) Gazelle bone fat processing the Levantine
Epipalaeolithic. J. Archaeological Science 32, 223-239.
Snodgrass, J.J., Leonard, W.R. and Robertson M.L. (2009) The energetic of
encaphalization in early hominids. In The Evolution of Hominin Diets: Integrating
Approaches to the Study of Palaeolithic Subsistence, Hublin, J.J. and Richards, M.P.
(Eds.), pp.15-30. Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Springer
Sponheimer, M and Dufour, D.L. (2009) Increased dietary breadth in early Hominin
evolution: revisiting arguments and evidence with a focus on biological contributions.
In The Evolution of Hominin Diets: Integrating Approaches to the Study of
Palaeolithic Subsistence, Hublin, J.J. and Richards, M.P. (Eds.), pp. 229-240.
Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Springer.
17
Speth, J.D. (2001) Boiling vs. baking and roasting: a taphonomic approach to the
recognition of cooking techniques in small mammals. In Animal Bones, Human
Societies, Rowley-Conwy, P.A. (Ed.), pp. 89-105. Oxford: Oxbow Books.
Speth, J. and Speilman, K.A. (1983) Energy source, protein metabolism and huntergatherer subsistence strategies. J. Anthropological Archaeology 2: 1-31.
Stahl, A.B. (1984) Hominid dietary selection before fire. Current Anthropology
25:151–168.
Stahl, A.B. (1989 Plant-food processing: implications for dietary quality. In Foraging
and Farming: The Evolution of Plant Exploitation, Harris, D.R. and Hillman, G.C.
(Eds.), pp. 171-196. London: Unwin Hyman.
Wrangham, R, Jones, J.H. Laden, G., Pilbeam, D., Conklin-Brittain, N.L. (1999) The
raw and the stolen: cooking and the ecology of human origins. Current Anthropology
40: 567-594.
Yen, D.E. (1975) Indigenous food processing in Oceania. In Gastronomy, the
Anthropology of Food Habits, Arnott, M.L. (Ed.), pp. 147- 168. The Hague: Mouton
Publishers.
WEEK 10. COMPLEX SOCIETIES: PRODUCERS AND CONSUMERS AND
THE SCALE OF SURPLUS
In this class we examine issues of food and food production are taken in new
directions by hierarchical and complex societies, including the role of
processing, storage, conspicuous consumption.
Readings
Brumfiel, E.M. and Earle, T.K. (1987) Specialization exchange and complex
societies: an introduction. In Specialization, exchange and Complex Societies.
Brumfiel , E.M. and Earle, T.K. (Eds), pp.1-9. Cambridge: Cambridge University
Press.
Hamilakis, Y. (1999) Food technologies/technologies of the body: the social context
of wine and oil production in Bronze Age Crete. World Archaeology 31: 38-54.
Hayden, B. (1996) Feasting in prehistoric and traditional societies. In: Food and the
Status Quest, Wiessner P. and Schiefhövel, W. (Eds.) pp. 127-147. Providence &
Oxford: Berghahn Books.
Fuller, D.Q. and Stevens, C.J. (2009) Agriculture and the Development of Complex
Societies: An Archaeobotanical Agenda. In Ethnobotanist of Distant Pasts: Essays in
Honour of Gordon Hillman. Fairbairn, A. and Weiss, E. (Eds.), pp. 37-57. Oxford,
Oxbow Books.
Sherratt, A. 1999. Cash-crops before cash: organic consumables and trade. In The
Prehistory of Food. Appetites for Change, Gosden, C. and Hather, J. (Eds.), pp. 1334. London: Routledge.
Food, Agriculture and Social Status
Caplan, P. (1994) Feasts, Fasts, Famine: Food for Thought. Oxford: Berg.
Crabtree, P.J. (1996) Production and consumption in an early complex society:
animal use in Middle Saxon East Anglia. World Archaeology 28: 58-75.
Dietler, M. and Hayden, B. (Eds.) (2001) Feasts. Archaeological and Ethnographic
Perspectives on Food, Politics and Power. Washington: Smithsonian Institution
18
Press. [Not required for this seminar, but a valuable compilation, with good
case studies]
Fuller, D.Q. (2005). Ceramics, seeds and culinary change in prehistoric India.
Antiquity 79: 761-777.
Goody, J. (1982) Cooking, Cuisine and Class: a Study In Comparative Sociology.
Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Gumerman, G., IV (1997) Food and complex societies. J. Archaeological Method
and Theory 4: 105-139.
Hall, M. (1986) The role of cattle in southern African agropastoral societies: more
than bones alone can tell. South African Archaeological Society, Goodwin Series, 5:
83-7.
.
19
IoA COURSE HANDBOOK APPENDIX A:
___________________________
POLICIES AND PROCEDURES 2014-15 (PLEASE READ CAREFULLY)
This appendix provides a short précis of policies and procedures relating to courses. It is not a
substitute for the full documentation, with which all students should become familiar. For full
information on Institute policies and procedures, see the following website:
http://wiki.ucl.ac.uk/display/archadmin
For UCL policies and procedures, see the Academic Regulations and the UCL Academic Manual:
http://www.ucl.ac.uk/srs/academic-regulations ; http://www.ucl.ac.uk/academic-manual/
GENERAL MATTERS
ATTENDANCE: A minimum attendance of 70% is required, except in case of illness or other adverse
circumstances which are supported by medical certificates or other documentation. A register will be
taken at each class. If you are unable to attend a class, please notify the lecturer by email.
DYSLEXIA: If you have dyslexia or any other disability, please discuss with your lecturers whether
there is any way in which they can help you. Students with dyslexia should indicate it on each coursework
cover sheet.
COURSEWORK
SUBMISSION PROCEDURES: You must submit a hardcopy of coursework to the Co-ordinator's
pigeon-hole via the Red Essay Box at Reception (or, in the case of first year undergraduate work, to
room 411a) by stated deadlines. Coursework must be stapled to a completed coversheet (available from
IoA website; the rack outside Room 411A; or the Library). You should put your Candidate Number (a
5 digit alphanumeric code, found on Portico. Please note that this number changes each year) and Course
Code on all coursework. It is also essential that you put your Candidate Number at the start of the
title line on Turnitin, followed by the short title of the coursework (example: YBPR6 Funerary
practices).
LATE SUBMISSION: Late submission is penalized in accordance with UCL regulations, unless prior
permission for late submission has been granted and an Extension Request Form (ERF) completed. The
penalties are as follows: i) A penalty of 5 percentage marks should be applied to coursework submitted
the calendar day after the deadline (calendar day 1); ii) A penalty of 15 percentage marks should be
applied to coursework submitted on calendar day 2 after the deadline through to calendar day 7; iii) A
mark of zero should be recorded for coursework submitted on calendar day 8 after the deadline through
to the end of the second week of third term. Nevertheless, the assessment will be considered to be
complete provided the coursework contains material than can be assessed; iv) Coursework submitted
after the end of the second week of third term will not be marked and the assessment will be incomplete.
TURNITIN: Date-stamping is via Turnitin, so in addition to submitting hard copy, you must also
submit your work to Turnitin by midnight on the deadline day. If you have questions or problems
with Turnitin, contact ioa-turnitin@ucl.ac.uk.
RETURN OF COURSEWORK AND RESUBMISSION: You should receive your marked
coursework within four calendar weeks of the submission deadline. If you do not receive your work
within this period, or a written explanation, notify the Academic Administrator. When your marked essay
is returned to you, return it to the Course Co-ordinator within two weeks. You must retain a copy of all
coursework submitted.
WORD LENGTH: Essay word-lengths are normally expressed in terms of a recommended range. Not
included in the word count are the bibliography, appendices, tables, graphs, captions to figures, tables,
graphs. You must indicate word length (minus exclusions) on the cover sheet. Exceeding the maximum
word-length expressed for the essay will be penalized in accordance with UCL penalties for over-length
work.
CITING OF SOURCES and AVOIDING PLAGIARISM: Coursework must be expressed in your
own words, citing the exact source (author, date and page number; website address if applicable) of
any ideas, information, diagrams, etc., that are taken from the work of others. This applies to all media
(books, articles, websites, images, figures, etc.). Any direct quotations from the work of others must
be indicated as such by being placed between quotation marks. Plagiarism is a very serious
irregularity, which can carry heavy penalties. It is your responsibility to abide by requirements for
20
presentation, referencing and avoidance of plagiarism. Make sure you understand definitions of
plagiarism and the procedures and penalties as detailed in UCL regulations:
http://www.ucl.ac.uk/current-students/guidelines/plagiarism
RESOURCES
MOODLE: Please ensure you are signed up to the course on Moodle. For help with Moodle, please
contact Nicola Cockerton, Room 411a (nicola.cockerton@ucl.ac.uk).
21
APPENDIX B: FURTHER READINGS
WEEK 2. HUNTER-GATHERER-FISHERS
Foraging strategies and their archaeological correlates: case studies on
shellfish gathering
Bird, D.W. and Bliege Bird, R.L. (1997) Contemporary shellfish gathering strategies
among the Meriam of the Torres Strait islands, Australia: testing predictions of a
central place foraging model. J. Archaeological Science 24: 39-63.
Bird, D.W. and Bliege Bird, R. ( 2000) The ethnoarchaeology of juvenile foragers:
shellfishing strategies among meriam children. J. Anthropological Archaeology 19:
461-76.
Regional Hunter-gatherer cases
Southern Africa
Bartram, L.E., Kroll, E.M. and Bunn, H.T. (1991) Variability in camp structure and
bone food refuse patterning at Kua San hunter-gatherer camps. In The Interpretation
of Archaeological Spatial Patterning, Kroll, E.M. and Price, T.D. (Eds.), pp.77-148.
New York: Plenum Press.
Brooks, A. S. and Yellen, J. E. (1987) The preservation of activity areas in the
archaeological record: ethnoarchaeological and archaeological work in northwest
Ngamiland, Botswana. In Method and Theory for Activity Area research: An
ethnoarchaeological approach, Kent, S. (Ed.) pp. 63-106. New York: Columbia.
Bunn, H.T. (1983) Comparative analysis of modern bone assemblages from a San
hunter-gatherer camp in the Kalahari Desert, Botswana, and from a spotted hyaena
den near Nairobi, Kenya. In Animals and Archaeology 1: Hunters and their Prey,
Clutton-Brock, J. and Grigson, C. (Eds.), pp. 143-148. Oxford: British Archaeological
Reports.
Kent, S. (1993) Variability in faunal assemblages: The influence of hunting skill,
sharing, dogs and mode of cooking on faunal remains at a sedentary Kalahari
community. J. Anthropological Archaeology 12: 323-385.
Parkington J. (1981) The effects of environmental change on the scheduling of visits
to the Elands Bay Cave. In Pattern of the Past: Studies in Honour of David Clarke,
Hodder, I. Isaac, G. and Hammond, N. (Eds.), pp. 341-359. Cambridge: CUP.
Sealy, J. (2006) Diet, mobility and settlement pattern among Holocene huntergatherers in southernmost Africa. Current Anthropology 47:569-595.
Sealy, J.C. and Pfeiffe, S. (2000) Diet, body size and landscape use among
Holocene people in the southern Cape, South Africa. Current Anthropology 71: 64255.
Levant: Ohalo II
Simmons, T. and Nadel, D. (1998) The avifauna of the early Epipalaeolithic site of
Ohalo II (19,400 years bp), Israel: species diversity, habitat and seasonality,
International J. Osteoarchaeology 18: 79-96. [Teaching Collection; and Inst Arch
PERS]
Nadel, D. and Werker, E. (1999) The oldest ever brush hut plant remains from Ohalo
II, Jordan Valley, Israel (19,000 BP), Antiquity 73: 755-764. [Teaching collection
2154] III. The Younger Dryas and the Pleistocene/Holocene Transition
Kislev, M. E. and Sinchoni, O. (2002) Reconstructing the palaeoecology of Ohalo II,
an Early Epipalaeolithic site in Israel. In Hunter-Gatherer Archaeobotany.
22
Perspectives from the northern temperate zone, Mason, S. L. R. and Hather, J. G.
(Eds.), pp. 174-179. London: UCL Institute of Archaeology.
Weiss, E., Wetterstrom, W., Nadel, D. and Bar-Yosef, O. (2004) The broad spectrum
revisited: evidence from plant remains. PNAS 101:9551-9555.
East Asian The Jomon Tradition of Japan
Note: See especially ** references for recent debate issues relating to food
production and complex hunter-gatherers.
Barnes, G. L. (1993) The Rise of Civilization in East Asia. The Archaeology of China,
Korea and Japan. Thames and Hudson. See Chapter 5. Pp. 69-91 ISSUE DESK
IOA BAR 8.
Crawford, G.W. and Bleed, P. (1998) Scheduling and sedentism in the prehistory of
northern Japan. In Identifying Seasonality and Sedentism in Archaeological Sites:
Old and New World Perspectives, Rocek, T. and Bar-Yosef, O. (Eds.), pp. 109-128,
Harvard: Peabody Museum, Harvard University.
D'Andrea, C., Crawford, G., Yoshizaki, M. and Kudo, T. (1995) Late Jomon cultigens
in northeastern Japan. Antiquity 69: 146-152. [IOA Periodicals; can be downloaded
through college network from http://www.antiquity.ac.uk/]
**Habu, J. (2008) Growth and decline in complex hunter-gatherer societies: a case
study from the Jomon period Sannai Maruyama site, Japan. Antiquity 82: 571-584.
Habu, J., Kim, M., Katayama, M., Komiya, H. (2001) Jomon subsistence-settlement
systems at the Sannai Maruyama site. Bulletin of the Indo-Pacific Prehistory
Association 21: 9-21.
**Matsui, K. & Kanehara, M. (2006) The question of prehistoric plant husbandry
during the Jomon period in Japan. World Archaeology 38: 259-273.
**Crawford, G. (2008) The Jomon in early agriculture discourse: issue arising from
Matsui, Kanehara and Pearson. World Archaeology 40: 445-465.
**Crawford, G. (2011) Advances in understanding early agriculture in Japan. Current
Anthropology supplement 4 (Oct. 2011). Open access through jstor.org. doi:
10.1086/658369
**Bleed, P. and Matsui, A. (2010) Why didn’t agriculture develop in Japan? A
consideration of Jomon ecological style, niche construction, and the origins of
domestication. J. Archaeological Method and Theory 17: 356-370.
Hosoya, L. A. 2011. Staple or famine food? Ethnographic and archaeological
approaches to nut processing in East Asian prehistory. Archaeological and
Anthropological Sciences 3(1): 7-17.
Takahashi, R. and Hosoya, L.A. (2002) Nut exploitation in Jomon Society. In HunterGatherer Archaeobotany, Mason, S.L.R. and Hather, J. G. (Eds.), pp. 146-155.
London: UCL Institute of Archaeology.
Late Pleistocene to Early Holocene Sahara
di Lernia, S. (2001) Dismantling dung: delayed use of food resources among Early
Holocene foragers of the Libyan Sahara. J. Anthropological Archaeology, 20: 408–
41.
Hillman, G.C., Madeyska E., Hather J.G. (1989) Wild plant foods and diet of Late
Palaeolithic Wadi Kubbaniya: the evidence from charred remains. In The prehistory
of Wadi Kubbaniya (vol 2) Stratigraphy Palaeoeconomy and Environment. Wendorf,
F., Schild, R. and Close, A. (Eds.), pp 162–242. Dallas: Southern Methodist
University Press.
23
Peters, J. (1991). "Mesolithic fishing along the Central Sudanese Nile and the Lower
Atbara." Sahara 4: 33-40.
Peters, J. (1996) New light on Mesolithic resource scheduling and site inhabitation in
Central Sudan. In Interregional Contacts in the Later Prehistory of Northeastern Africa,
Krzyzaniak, L., Kroeper, K. and Kobusiewicz (Eds.), pp. 381-394. Poznań: Poznań
Archaeology Museum. [Teaching collection; INST ARCH DC 100 KRZ]
Garcea, E. A. A. (2003) Cultural convergences of northern Europe and North Africa
during the Early Holocene? In Mesolithic on the Move: Papers Presented at the Sixth
International Conference on the Mesolithic in Europe, Stockholm 2000, Larsson, L.,
Kindgren, H., Knutsson, K., Loeffler, D. and A ° kerlund, A. (Eds.), pp. 108–14.
Oxford: Oxbow Books.
Garcea, E. A. A. (2006) Semi-permanent foragers in semi-arid environments of North
Africa. World Archaeology 38: 197-219.
Reimer, H. (2004) Holocene game drives in the Great Sand Sea of Egypt? Stone
structures and their archaeological evidence. Sahara 15: 31-42.
Sereno, P. C., E. A. A. Garcea, et al. (2008) Lakeside cemeteries in the Sahara:
5000 years of Holocene population and environmental change. PLoS ONE 3 (8):
e2995 [online: www.plosone.org ]
Van Neer, W. (1989). Fishing along the prehistoric Nile. Late Prehistory of the Nile
Basin and the Sahara. L. Krzyzaniak and M. Kobusiewicz. Poznań, Poznań
Archaeological Museum: 49-56.
Wendorf, F., Schild, R. and Associates (Eds.) (2001) Holocene Settlement of the
Egyptian Sahara: The Archaeology of Nabta Playa, Vol. 1. New York: Kluwer
Academic/Plenum.
Eastern Africa
Marean, C.W. (1997) Hunter gatherer foraging strategies in tropical grasslands:
model building and testing in the East African Middle and Late Stone Age. J.
Anthropological Archaeology 16: 189-225.
Robertshaw, P.T., Collett, D., Gifford, D., and Mbae, N.B. (1983) Shell middens on
the shores of Lake Victoria. Azania 18: 1-44.
Marean, C.W. (1992) Hunter to herder: large mammal remains from the huntergatherer occupation at Enkapune ya Muto Rock shelter. African Archaeological
Review 10:65-127.
Mutundu, K.K. (1999) Ethnohistoric Archaeology of the Mukogodo in North-Central
Kenya: Hunter-Gatherer Subsistence and the Transition to Pastoralism in Secondary
Settings. BAR International Series 775.
Background theory/ethnography
Binford, L. (1980) Willow smoke and dog’s tails: hunter-gatherer settlement systems
and archaeological site formation. American Antiquity 45: 4-19.
Rowley-Conwy, P. (2001) Time, change and the archaeology of hunter-gatherers:
how original is the ‘Original Affluent Society’? In Hunter-Gatherers: An
interdisciplinary perspective, Panter-Brick, C., Layton, R.H. and Rowley-Conwy, P.
(Eds.), pp. 39-72. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Wiessner, P. (1982) Beyond willow smoke and dog’s tails: a comment on Binford’s
analysis of hunter-gatherer settlement systems. American Antiquity 47: 171-7.
24
Seasonal resource stress and food sharing
Speth, J. (1990) Seasonality, resource stress, and food sharing in so-called
“egalitarian” foraging societies. J. Anthropological Archaeology 9: 144-188.
Resources, mobility and sedentism
Eder, J. (1984) The impact of subsistence change on mobility and settlement pattern
in a tropical forest foraging strategy: some implications for archaeology. American
Anthropologist 86: 837-853.
Edwards, P. (1989) Problems of recognizing earliest sedentism: the Natufian
example. J. Mediterranean Archaeology 2: 5-48.
Lieberman, D. (1993) The rise and fall of seasonal mobility among hunter-gatherers.
Current Anthropology 4: 599-631.
WEEK 3; INTENSIFICATION OF WILD RESOURCE USE / BROAD SPECTRUM
REVOLUTION
Behavioural ecology & optimal foraging theory: Note: this topic is dealt with in
more detail in the Cultural Environments core course. Please consult that
reading list.
Kelly, R.L. (1995) The Foraging Spectrum: Diversity in Hunter-Gatherer Lifeways.
Washington: Smithsonian Institution Press. Chapter 3: foraging and subsistence
(especially optimal foraging theory).
Winterhalder, B. (2001) The behavioural ecology of hunter-gatherers. In HunterGatherers: An Interdisciplinary Perspective, Panter-Brick, C., Layton, R.H. and
Rowley-Conwy, P. (Eds.), pp. 12-38. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Sharing
Hawkes, K. (1992) Sharing and collective action. In Evolutionary Ecology and
Human Behaviour, Smith, E.A. and Winterhalder, B. (Eds.), pp. 269-300. New York:
Aldine de Gruyter.
Kent, S. (1993) Variability in faunal assemblages: the influence of hunting skill,
sharing, dogs, and mode of cooking at a sedentary Kalahari community. J.
Anthropological Archaeology 12: 323-385.
WEEK 4. ORIGINS AND AGRICULTURE AND DOMESTICATIONS (I) [including
genetics background, survey of main issues, with a focus on the Near East]
Was Domestication Fast or Slow? Once or Many?
Zohary, D. (2004). Unconscious selection and the evolution of domesticated plants.
Economic Botany, 58: 5-10
Honne, B.I. and Heun, M. (2009) On the domestication genetics of self fertilizing
plants. Vegetation History and Archaeobotany 18: 269–272
Abbo, S., Lev-Yadun, S., Gopher, A. (2010) Agricultural origins: centers and noncenters; a Near Eastern reappraisal. Critical Reviews in Plant Sciences 29: 317–328
25
Fuller, D., Willcox, G., Allaby, R. G. (2011) Cultivation and domestication had multiple
origins: arguments against the core area hypothesis for the origins of agriculture in
the Near East. World Archaeology 43: 628-652
Fuller, D.Q, Asouti, E., Purugganan, M. D. (2012). Cultivation as slow evolutionary
entanglement: comparative data on rate and sequence of domestication. Vegetation
History and Archaeobotany 21: 131-145. doi:10.1007/s00334-011-0329-8. Publisher
URL. Erratrum, p. 147
Lucas, L., Colledge, S., Simmons, A., Fuller, D. (2012). Crop introduction and
accelerated island evolution: archaeobotanical evidence from ‘Ais Yiorkis and PrePottery Neolithic Cyprus. Vegetation History and Archaeobotany 21: 117129. doi:10.1007/s00334-011-0323-1.
Allaby, R.G., Brown, T.A. and Fuller, D.Q (2010) A simulation of the effect of
inbreeding on crop domestication genetics with comments on the integration of
archaeobotany and genetics: a reply to Honne and Heun. Vegetation History and
Archaeobotany 19: 151-158
Fuller, D. Q, Allaby, R.G. and Stevens, C. (2010) Domestication as innovation: the
entanglement of techniques, technology and chance in the domestication of cereal
crops. World Archaeology 42: 13-28
Fuller, D. Q, Qin, L. Zheng, Y., Zhao, Z., Chen, X., Hosoya, L.A. and Sun, G. (2009)
The domestication process and domestication rate in rice: spikelet bases from the
Lower Yangtze. Science 323: 1607-1610
Vigne, J.D. (2011) The origins of animal domestication and husbandry: a major
change in the history of humanity and the biosphere. Comptes Rendues Biologies
334: 171-181
More along the same lines…..
Allaby, R. G., Fuller, D.Q and Brown, T.A. (2008) The genetic expectations of a
protracted model for the origins of domesticated crops. PNAS 105: 13982-13986.
O’Brien, M. and Laland, K.N. (2012) Genes, culture and agriculture: an example of
human niche construction. Current Anthropology 53: 434-470. [With commentaries.]
Tanno, K.I. & Willcox, G. (2006). How fast was wild wheat domesticated? Science
311: 1886.
Weiss, E., Kislev, M. E. & Hartmann, A. (2006). Autonomous cultivation before
domestication. Science 312: 1608–1610.
Further reading (in general)
Barker, G. (2006) The Agricultural Revolution in Prehistory. Oxford: Oxford University
Press.
Bar-Yosef, O. (1998) Introduction: some comments on the history of research. The
Review of Archaeology 19: 1-5.
Bellwood, P. (2004) First Farmers. The Origins of Agricultural Societies. Blackwell,
Oxford. [INST ARCH HA BEL]
Cassidy, R. and Mullen, M. (Eds.) 2007. Where the Wild Things are Now.
Domestication Reconsidered. Oxford: Berg. [See esp. chapters by Russel, Leach,
Lien, Wilson.]
Burger, J. C., Chapman, M. J. and Burke, J. M. (2008). Molecular insights into the
evolution of crop plants. American J. Botany 95: 113-122.
26
Gepts P. 2004. Crop domestication as a long-term selection experiment. Plant
Breeding Reviews 24: 1-44.
Harris, D. R. (1969) Agricultural systems, ecosystems and origins of agriculture. In
The Domestication and Exploitation of Plants and Animals, Ucko, P.J. and Dimbleby,
G.W. (Eds.), pp.3-16. London: Duckworth. {INST ARCH HA UCK]
Harris, David R. (2006) The interplay of ethnographic and archaeological knowledge
in the study of past human subsistence in the tropics. J. Royal Anthropological
Institute (N.S.) 12: S63-S78
Harris, D. R. and G. C. Hillman eds. (1989) Foraging and Farming. London: Unwin
Hyman, [INST ARCH HA HAR and issue desk]
Hastorf, C. A. (1998) The cultural life of early domestic plant use. Antiquity 72: 773782
Hayden, B. (1990) Nimrods, piscators, pluckers, and planters: The emergence of
food production, J. Anthropological Archaeology 9: 31-69 [Teaching Collection 40
and/or 2263]
Hillman, G. C. and Davies, M. S. (1999) Domestication rate in wild wheats and barley
under primitive cultivation: preliminary results and archaeological implications of field
measurements of selection coefficient. In Prehistory of Agriculture. New Experimental
and Ethnographic Approaches, Anderson, P. C. (Ed.), pp. 70-102. Los Angeles:
Institute of Archaeology, University of California, Monograph 40.
Price and Gebauer (Eds.) (1995) Last Hunters-First Farmers. New Perspectives on
the Prehistoric Transition to Agriculture. Santa Fe, New Mexico, School of American
Research Advanced Seminar Series [INST ARCH HA PRI]
Smith, B. D. (2001) Low-level food production. J. Archaeological Research 9:1-43.
Watson, P.J. (1995) Explaining the transition to agriculture. In Last Hunters-First
Farmers. New Perspectives on the Prehistoric Transition to Agriculture, Price, T.D.
and Gebauer, A.B. (Eds.), pp. 21-38. Santa Fe, New Mexico: School of American
Research Advanced Seminar Series. [INST ARCHHA PRI]
Zohary, D., Tchernov, E., Horwitz L. K. (1998) The role of unconscious selection in
the domestication of sheep and goats. J. Zoological Society of London 245: 129-135
[Teaching Collection 2120]
Ryan, G. (2009) Artificial selection and domestication: modern lessons from Darwin’s
Enduring Analogy. Evolution: Education and Outreach 2: 5-27
See also special section on agricultural origins (mainly about explanations) in recent
Current Anthropology vol 50 (no. 5), Oct. 2009.
and
the papers in Current Anthropology 52 supplement 4 special issue on agriculture
origins, October 2011
Further Readings (regional)
Island Southeast Asia & New Guinea
Latinis, K. (2000) The development of subsistence system models for Island
Southeast Asia and Near Oceania: the nature and role of aboriculture and arborealbased economies. World Archaeology 32: 41-67
27
Denham, T. P., Haberle, S. G., Lentfer, C., Fullagar, R., Field, J., Therin, M.,
Winsborough, P.B. (2003) Origins of agriculture at Kuk Swamp in the Highlands of
New Guinea. Science 301: 189-193
Denham, T.P. (2004) The roots of agriculture and arboriculture in New Guinea:
looking beyond Austronesian expansion, Neolithic packages and indigenous origins.
World Archaeology 36: 610-620
Denham, T. 2005. Envisaging early agriculture in the Highlands of New Guinea:
landscapes, plants and practices. World Archaeology 37: 290-306
Denham, T. and Haberle, S. (2008) Agricultural emergence and transformation in the
Upper Wahgi valley, Papua New Guinea, during the Holocene: theory, method and
practice. The Holocene 18: 481-496
Fairbairn, A., Hope, G.S., Summerhayes, G. R. (2006) Pleistocene occupation of
New Guinea’s highland and subalpine environments. World Archaeology 38: 371-386
Paz, Victor J. (2005) Rock shelters, caves, and archaeobotany in Island Southeast
Asia. Asian Perspectives 44: 107-118
Fairbairn, A. (2005) An archaeobotanical perspective on Holocene plant-use
practices in lowland northern New Guinea. World Archaeology 37: 487-502.
Harris, D. R. (1973) The prehistory of tropical agriculture: an ethnoecological model.
In The Explanation of Culture Change, Renfrew, C. (Ed.), pp. 391-417. London:
Duckworth. {Inst Arch AH REN, and 3hr reserve REN 6]
Bellwood, P. (1976) Prehistoric plant and animal domestication in Austronesia. In
Problems in economic and social archaeology, Sieveking, G. de G., Longworth, I.H.
and Wilson, K.E.. London: Duckworth [INST ARCH BC 100 Qto CLA]
Yoshida, S. and Matthews, P. (Eds.) (2002) Vegeculture in Eastern Asia and
Oceania. Osaka: Japan Center for Area Studies, National Museum of Ethnology.
Southwest Asia (Near East)
Bar-Yosef, O. (1998). The Natufian Culture in the Levant. Evolutionary Anthropology
6: 159–177.
Colledge, S. (1998) Identifying pre-domestication culltivation using multivariate
analysis. In The Origins Of Agriculture And Crop Domestication, Damania, A. B.,
Valkoun, J., Willcox, G. & Qualset, C. O. (Eds), pp. 121-131. Aleppo, Syria: ICARDA.
Hillman, G. C., Hedges, R., Moore, A. M. T., Colledge, S. & Pettitt, P. (2001). New
evidence of Late Glacial cereal cultivation at Abu Hureyra on the Euphrates. The
Holocene 11: 383-393.
Colledge, S. and Conolly, J. (2010) Reassessing the evidence for the cultivation of
wild crops during the Younger Dryas at Tell Abu Hureyra, Syria. Environmental
Archaeology 15:124–13.
Horwitz, L. (1989) A reassessment of caprovine domestication in the Levantine
Neolithic: old questions, new answers. In People and Culture in Change,
Hershkovitz, I. (Ed.), pp. 153-181. Oxford: BAR IS 508 (I). [INST ARCH BC Qto HER]
Horwitz, L. K., Tchernov, E., Ducos, P., Becker, C., von den Driesch, A., Martin, L.
and. Garrard, A. (2000) Animal domestication in the Southern Levant, Paleorient 25:
63-80. [Teaching Collection 2127]
Kerem, Z., Gopher, A., Lev-Yadun, S., Weinberg, P. & Abbo, S. (2007) Chickpea
domestication in the Neolithic Levant through the nutritional perspective. J.
Archaeological Science 34: 1289-1293.
28
Kislev, M. E., Weiss, E. & Hartmann, A. (2004). Impetus for sowing and the
beginning of agriculture: ground collecting of wild cereals. PNAS 101: 2692-2695.
Kuijt, Ian and Goring-Morris, N. (2002) Foraging, farming, and social complexity in
the Pre-Pottery Neolithic of the Southern Levant: a review and synthesis. J. World
Prehistory 16: 361-440.
Moore, A. M. T., Hillman, G.C., and Legge, A.J. (2000) Village on the Euphrates.
From Foraging to Farming at Abu Hureyra. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Read
chapters 14-15 (pp. 475-523)
Nesbitt, M. N. (2004). Can we identify a centre, a region or a supra-region for Near
Eastern plant domestication? Neo-lithics 1: 38-40.
Rosen, A. (2007) Civilizing Climate. Social Responses to Climate Change in the
Ancient Near East. Lanham, Maryland: Alta Mira Press. CH. 6
Moore, A. M. T. and Hillman, G.C. (1992) The Pleistocene to Holocene transition and
human economy in Southwest Asia: the impact of the Younger Dryas, American
Antiquity 57: 482-494
McCorriston, J. and Hole, F. (1991) The ecology of seasonal stress and the origins of
agriculture in the Near East. American Anthropologist 93: 47-69.
Rosenberg, M. (1998) Cheating at musical chairs: territoriality and sedentism in an
evolutionary context, Current Anthropology 39: 653-681. With commentaries
[Teaching Collection 2256]
Trut, L. N. (1999) Early canid domestication: The farm-fox experiment. American
Scientist 87(2): 160-169. [SCIENCE PERS]
Willcox, G. (1999) Agrarian change and the beginnings of cultivation in the Near
East: evidence from wild progenitors, experimental cultivation and archaeobotanical
data. In The Prehistory of Food. Appetites for Change, Gosden, C. and Hather, J.
(Eds.), pp. 478-500. London: Routledge. [INST ARCH HA GOS]
Willcox, G. (2005). The distribution, natural habitats and availability of wild cereals in
relation to their domestication in the Near East: multiple events, multiple centres.
Vegetation History and Archaeobotany 14: 534-541.
Willcox, G., Fornite, S. and Herveux, L. (2008). Early Holocene cultivation before
domestication in northern Syria. Vegetation History and Archaeobotany 17: 313 –
325.
Willcox, G., Buxo, R., Herveux, L. (2009) Late Pleistocene and Early Holocene
climate and the beginnings of cultivation in northern Syria. The Holocene 19: 151158.
Willcox G. (2011) Searching for the origins of arable weeds in the Near East.
Vegetation History and Archaeobotany. (DOI) 10.1007/s00334-011-0307-1
Tanno, K.-I., and Willcox, G. (2011) Distinguishing wild and domestic wheat and
barley spikelets from early Holocene sites in the Near East. Vegetation History and
Archaeobotany 21:107-115.
Zeder, M. (2008) Domestication and early agriculture in the Mediterranean Basin:
Origins, diffusion, and impact. PNAS 105: 11597–11604.
Central Asia
Harris, D.R. (2010) Origins of Agriculture in Western Central Asia: An Environmentalarchaeological Study. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
29
South Asia
Fuller, D. Q. (2006) Agricultural origins and frontiers in South Asia: a working
synthesis. J. World Prehistory 20: 1-86.
Fuller, D. Q (2007). Non-human genetics, agricultural origins and historical linguistics
in South Asia. In The Evolution and History of Human Populations in South Asia,
Petraglia, M. & Allchin, B. (Eds.), pp. 393-443. The Netherlands: Springer.
Fuller, D. Q (2008) Asia, South: Neolithic Cultures. In Encyclopedia of Archaeology,
Pearsall D. (Ed.), pp.756-768 Springer.
[online: doi:10.1016/B978-012373962-9.00211-9 ]
Fuller, D.Q. (2011) Finding plant domestication in the Indian Subcontinent. Current
Anthropology 52 (supplement 4): S3447-S362. Available on-line via: www.jstor.org
Kingwell-Banham, E. and Fuller, D.Q. (2011) Shifting cultivators in South Asia:
expansion, marginalisation and specialisation over the long-term. Quaternary
International 249: 84-95. [online: doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2011.05.025 ]
Saxena, A., Prasad, V., Singh, I. B., Chauhan, M. S. and Hassan, R. (2006) On the
Holocene record of phytoliths of wild and cultivated rice from Ganga Plain: evidence
for rice-based agriculture. Current Science, 90: 1547-1552.
East Asia
Fuller, D. Q & Qin, L. (2009) Water management and labour in the origins and
dispersal of Asian rice. World Archaeology 41: 88-111.
Fuller, D. Q. and Ling Qin (2010) Declining oaks, increasing artistry, and cultivating
rice: the environmental and social context of the emergence of farming in the Lower
Yangtze Region. Environmental Archaeology 15: 139-159.
Fuller, D. Q, Qin, L., Zheng, Y., Zhao, Z., Chen, X., Hosoya, L.A. and Sun, G. (2009)
The domestication process and domestication rate in rice: spikelet bases from the
Lower Yangtze. Science 323: 1607-1610.
Fuller, D.Q., Sato, Y.I., Castillo, C., Qin, L., Weisskopf, A.R., Kingwell-Banham, E.J.,
Song, J., Ahn, S.M., van Etten, J. (2010) Consilience of genetics and archaeobotany
in the entangled history of rice. Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences 2: 115131.
Liu, X., Hunt, H. and Jones, M.K. (2009) River valleys and foothills: changing
archaeological perceptions of North China's earliest farms. Antiquity 83: 82–95.
Lu, Houyuan et al. (2009) Earliest domestication of common millet (Panicum
miliaceum) in East Asia extended to 10,000 years ago. PNAS 106: 7367-7372.
Barton, L., Newsome, S.D., Chen, F.-H., Wang, H., Guilderson, T.P. and Bettinger,
R.L. (2009) Agricultural origins and the isotopic identity of domestication in northern
China. PNAS 106: 5523-5528.
Bettinger, R. L., Barton, L., Richerson, P.J., Boyd, R., Wang, H. and W. Choi (2007)
The transition to agriculture in northwestern China: implications from the Last Glacial
Maximum. In Late Quaternary Climate Change and Human Adaptation in Arid China,
Madsen, D. B., Chen, F.-H. and Gao, X.(Eds.), pp. 83-103. Amsterdam: Elsevier.
Crawford, G. W. and Shen, C. (1998) The origins of rice agriculture: recent progress
in East Asia. Antiquity 72: 858-866.
30
Fuller, D. Q., Harvey, E. and Qin, L. (2007) Presumed domestication? Evidence for
wild rice cultivation and domestication in the fifth millennium BC of the Lower
Yangtze region. Antiquity 81: 316-33.
Fuller, D. Q and Qin, L. (2008) Immature rice and its archaeobotanical recognition: a
reply to Pan. Antiquity 82 (316). On-line project gallery
Lee, G.-A., Crawford, G. A., Liu, L. and Chan, X. (2007) Plants and people from the
early Neolithic to Shang periods in North China. PNAS 104: 1087-1092.
Liu, L., Lee, G.-A, Jiang, L. and Zhang, J. (2007) Evidence for the early beginning (c.
9000 cal BP) of rice domestication in China: a response. The Holocene 17: 1059-68.
Lu, T. L. D. (200). The occurrence of cereal cultivation in China. Asian Perspectives,
45: 129-158.
Sweeney, M. T. and McCouch, S. R. (2007). The complex history of the
domestication of rice. Annals of Botany 100: 951-957.
Vaughan, D.A., Lu, B.-R. and Tomooka, N. (2008) The evolving story of rice
evolution. Plant Science 174: 394-408.
Yasuda, Y., and Negendank, J. F. W. (2003) Environmental variability in East and
West Eurasia. Quaternary International, 105:1-6.
Sagart, L., Blench, R. and Sanchez-Mazas, A. (eds.) 2005. The Peopling of East
Asia: Putting Together Archaeology, Linguistics and Genetics. Routledge, London.
Yuan, J., Flad, R. and Luo, Y. (2008) Meat-acquisition patterns in the Neolithic
Yangzi Valley, China. Antiquity 82: 351-360.
Africa
Haaland, R. (2007) Porridge and pot, bread and oven: Food ways and symbolism in
African and the Near East from the Neolithic to the Present. Cambridge
Archaeological Journal 17: 165-182.
Marshall, F. and Hildebrand, E. (2002). Cattle before crops: the beginnings of food
production in Africa. J. World Prehistory 16: 99-143.
D'Andrea, A. C., Klee, M. & Casey, J. (2001) Archaeobotanical evidence for pearl
millet (Pennisetum glaucum) in sub-Saharan West Africa. Antiquity 75: 341-348.
D'Andrea, A. C., Kahlheber, S. Logan, A. L. & Watson, D. J. (2007). Early
domesticated cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) from Central Ghana. Antiquity 81: 686698.
D’Andrea, A. C. (2008) T’ef ( Eragrostis tef ) in Ancient Agricultural Systems of
Highland Ethiopia. Economic Botany 62: 547-566.
Fuller, D. Q. (2007) Contrasting patterns in crop domestication and domestication
rates: recent archaeobotanical insights from the Old World. Annals of Botany 100:
903-924.
Fuller, D. Q., Macdonald, K. & Vernet, R. (2007) Early domesticated pearl millet in
Dhar Nema (Mauritania): evidence of crop-processing waste as ceramic temper. In
Fields of Change. Progress in African Archaeobotany, Cappers, R. T. J. (Ed.), pp.
71-76. Groningen: Archaeological Studies 5. Barkhuis Publishing.
Manning, K., Pelling, R., Higham, T., Schwenniger, J.-L. and Fuller, D.Q (2011)
4500-year old domesticated pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum) from the Tilemsi
Valley, Mali: new insights into an alternative cereal domestication pathway. J.
Archaeological Science 38: 312-322. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2010.09.007
31
Hildebrand, E.A. (2007). A tale of two tuber crops: how attributes of enset and yams
may have shaped prehistoric human-plant interactions in southwest Ethiopia.
Rethinking Agriculture. Archaeological and Ethnoarchaeological Perspectives.
Denham, T., Vrydaghs, L. and. Iriarte, J. (Eds.), pp.273-298. Walnut Creek: Left
Coast Press.
Hildebrand, E.A. (2009). The utility of ethnobiology in agricultural origins research:
examples from southwest Ethiopia. Current Anthropology, 50: 693-697.
Kahlheber, S., and Neumann, K. (2007). The development of plant cultivation in
semi-arid West Africa. In Rethinking Agriculture. Archaeological and
Ethnoarchaeological Perspectives. Denham, T., Vrydaghs, L. and. Iriarte, J. (Eds.),
pp. 320-346. Walnut Creek: Left Coast Press.
North America
Smith, B. D. (1992) Rivers Of Change: Essays on Early Agriculture in Eastern North
America. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Press.
Smith, B. D. (1995) The Emergence of Agriculture. New York: Scientific American
Library. Chapters 7-8 (New World). [Inst Arch HA SMI]
Smith, B. D. (2006) Eastern North America as an independent center of plant
domestication. PNAS 103: 12223-12228.
Smith, B. D. and R. Yarnell (2009). Initial formation of an indigenous crop complex in
eastern North America at 3800 B.P. PNAS 106: 6561-6566.
Gremillion, K. J. (1993) Crop and weed in prehistoric Eastern North America: The
Chenopodium example, American Antiquity 58: 469-509. [Teaching Collection 2254]
Cowan, C. W. (1997) Evolutionary changes associated with the domestication of
Curcurbita pepo: evidence from eastern Kentucky. In People, Plants and
Landscapes. Studies in Paleoethnobotany, Gremillion, K.J. (Ed.), pp. 63-85.
Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press. [INST ARCH BB 5 GRE, 3 hr. res.]
Yarnell, R. A. (1978) Domestication of sunflower and sumpweed in Eastern North
America. In The Nature and Status of Ethnobotany, Ford, R.I. (Ed.), pp. 289-299.
Ann Arbor: Anthropological Papers, Museum of anthropology, University of Michigan.
[INST ARCH BB 5 FOR]
Cowan, C. W. (1978) The prehistoric use and distribution of maygrass in Eastern
North America: cultural and phytogeographical implications. In The Nature and
Status of Ethnobotany, Ford, R.I. (Ed.), pp. 263-288. Ann Arbor: Anthropological
Papers, Museum of anthropology, University of Michigan. [INST ARCH BB 5 FOR]
Asch, D. L. and Asch, N.B. (1978) The economic potential of Iva annua and its
prehistoric importance in the Lower Illinois Valley. In The Nature and Status of
Ethnobotany, Ford, R.I. (Ed.), pp. 301-341. Ann Arbor: Anthropological Papers,
Museum of anthropology, University of Michigan. [INST ARCH BB 5 FOR]
Wagner, G. (1994) Corn in the Eastern Woodlands late prehistory. In Corn and
Culture in the Prehistoric New World, Johannesen, S. and Hastorf, C. A. (Eds.), pp.
335-346. San Francisco: Westview.
Mesoamerica
Benz, B. F. and Long, A. (2000) Prehistoric maize evolution in the Tehuacan Valley.
Current Anthropology 41: 459-464. [Teaching Collection 2261; ANTHRPOLOGY
PERS]
32
MacNeish, R. and Eubanks, M.W. (2000) Comparative analysis of the Rio Balsas
and Tehuacan models for the origin of maize, Latin American Antiquity 11: 3-20.
[Teaching Collection 2268; INST ARCH PERS]
Heiser, C. B. (2008) The domesticated sunflower in old Mexico? Genetic Resources
and Crop Evolution 45: 447-449.
Piperno, D. and Pearsall, D. (1998) Origins of Agriculture in the Lowland Neotopics.
Academic Press, New York.
Smith, B. D. (1995) The Emergence of Agriculture. New York: Scientific American
Library. Chapters 7-8 (New World). [Inst Arch HA SMI]
Smith, B. D. (2001) Documenting plant domestication: The consilience of biological
and archaeological approaches, PNAS 98: 1324-1326. [Teaching Collection; can be
downloaded through the UCL network fromhttp://www.pnas.org/all.shtml]
Also see the articles on which Smith is commenting in the same journal issue:
Piperno, D. R. and Flannery, K.V. (2001) The earliest archaeological maize (Zea
mays L.) from highland Mexico: New accelerator mass spectrometry dates and their
implications. PNAS 98: 2101-3. [SCIENCE PERS; this article can be downloaded
through the UCL network from http://www.pnas.org/all.shtml]
Benz, B. F. (2001) Archaeological evidence of teosinte domestication from Guila
Naquitz, Oaxaca. PNAS 98: 2104-2106. [SCIENCE PERS; this article can be
downloaded through the UCL network from http://www.pnas.org/all.shtml]
Smalley, J. and Blake, M. (2003) Sweet beginnings. Stalk sugar and the
domestication of maize. Current Anthropology 44: 675-703. [available through UCL
network from http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/CA/journal/contents/v44n5.html
Webster, D. L. (2011) Backward bottlenecks. Ancient teosinte/maize selection.
Current Anthropology 52: 77-104.
Kwak, M., Kami, J.A. and Gepts, P. (2009) The putative Mesoamerican
domestication center of Phaseolus vulgaris Is located in the Lerma–Santiago Basin
of Mexico. Crop Science 49: 554-563.
Piperno, D., Ranere, A. J., Holst, I., Iriarte, J. and Dickau, R. (2009) Starch grain and
phytolith evidence for early ninth millennium B.P. maize from the Central Balsas
River Valley, Mexico. PNAS 106: 5019-5024.
South America
Hastorf, C. A. (1999) Cultural implications of crop introductions in Andean prehistory.
In The Prehistory of Food. Appetites for Change, Gosden, C. and Hather, J. (Eds.),
pp. 35-58. London: Routledge. [INST ARCH HA GOS]
See also:
Brothwell, D. (1983) Why on earth the guinea pig? The problem of restricted mammal
exploitation in the New World. In Site, Environment and Economy Proudfoot, B. (Ed.),
pp. 115-119. Oxford: BAR International 173. [INST ARCH BB 6 Qto PRO]
Piperno D. & Pearsall, D. (1998) Origins of Agriculture in the Lowland Neotopics.
New York: Academic Press.
Shimada, M. and Shimada, I. (1985) Prehistoric llama breeding and herding on the
North Coast of Peru. American Antiquity 50: 3-26. [Teaching collection 2262]
Pearsall, D. M. (1994) Issues in the analysis and interpretation of archaeological
Maize in South America. In Corn and Culture in the Prehistoric New World,
33
Johannesen, S. and Hastorf, C.A. (Eds.), pp. 245-272 San Francisco: Westview.
[Teaching collection 2264]
Smith, B. D. (1995) The Emergence of Agriculture. New York: Scientific American
Library. Chapters 7-8. (New World). [Inst Arch HA SMI]
Dillehay, T. D., Rossen, J., Andres, T.C. and Williams, D.E. (2007) Preceramic
adoption of peanut, squash, and cotton in Northern Peru. Science 316: 1890–1893.
Piperno, D. and T. D. Dillehay (2008). Starch grains on human teeth reveal early
broad crop diet in northern Peru. PNAS 105: 19622-19627.
WEEK 6. ANIMAL DOMESTICATION, EARLY PASTORALISM & FARMING
DISPERSAL
Developments in Pastoralism in the Levant
Köhler-Rollefson, I. (1988). The Aftermath of the Levantine Neolithic Revolution in
the Light of Ecological and Ethnographic Evidence, Paléorient, 14: 87-93.
or
Kohler-Rollefson. I. (1992). A Model for the Development of Nomadic Pastoralism on
the Transjordanian Plateau. In Pastoralism in the Levant, Bar-Yosef, O. and
Khazanov, A. (Eds), pp.11-18. Madison, Wisconsin: Prehistory Press: Monographs in
World Archaeology 10.
and
Martin, L. (1999). Mammal Remains from the Eastern Jordanian Neolithic, and the
Nature of Caprine Herding in the Steppe, Paléorient 25/2, 87-104. (especially 95101) IV. Mid-Holocene Wet Phase: Pollen and geomorphological evidence
Early Pastoralism in Europe
Marciniak, A. (2005) Placing Animals in the Neolithic. Social Zooarchaeology of
Prehistoric Farming Communities. UCL Press, London.
Russell, N. (1998) Cattle as wealth in Neolithic Europe: where’s the beef?, In The
Archaeology of Value. Essays on prestige and the processes of valuation, Bailey, D.
and Mills, S. (Eds.), pp. 42-43. Oxford: BAR International Series 730. [INST ARCH
BC 100 Qto BAI]
Edwards, C.J., Bollongino, R., Scheu, A., Chamberlain, A., Tresset, A., Vigne, J.-D.,
et al., (2007) Mitochondrial DNA analysis shows a near eastern Neolithic origin for
domestic cattle and no indication of domestication of European aurochs. Proceedings
of the Royal Society of London, Series B, 274: 1377-85.
Further readings on dispersals
Bellwood, O. and Renfrew, C. 2003 (Eds.) Examining the language/farming dispersal
hypothesis. McDonald Institute Monographs, Cambridge
Bellwood, P. (2004) First Farmers. The Origins of Agricultural Societies. Blackwell,
Oxford.
Barker, G. (2006) The Agricultural Revolution in Prehistory. Oxford: Oxford University
Press.
Colledge, S. & J. Conolly, Eds., (2006) The Origins and Spread of Domestic Plants in
Southwest Asia and Europe. Walnut Creek: Left Coast Press.
34
Fuller, D. Q. (2006) Agricultural origins and frontiers in South Asia: a working
synthesis. J. World Prehistory 20: 1-86
Boivin, N. and Fuller, D.Q. (2009) Shell middens, ships and seeds: exploring coastal
subsistence, maritime trade and the dispersal of domesticates in and around the
ancient Arabian Peninsula. J. World Prehistory 22: 113-180.
WEEK 7. SECONDARY PRODUCTS REVOLUTION AND LONG-LIVED
PERENNIAL PRODUCTION
Entwistle, R. and Grant, A. (1989) The evidence for cereal cultivation and animal
husbandry in the southern British Neolithic and Bronze Age. In The Beginnings of
Agriculture, Milles, A., Williams, D. and Gardner, N. (Eds.), 203-215. BAR
International Series 496.
Halstead, P. (1996) Pastoralism or household herding? Problems of scale and
specialization inn early Greek animal husbandry. World Archaeology 28: 20-42.
WEEK 8. AGRICULTURAL INTENSIFICATION AND LAND USE
Further readings:
Armillas, P. (1971) Gardens on swamps. Science 174: 653-661.
Farrington, I.S. (Ed.) 1985 Prehistoric Intensive Agriculture in the Tropics, Parts i & ii.
Oxford: British Archaeological Reports, International Series 232. Various chapters in
these volumes are of relevance, especially those by Parsons et al. and Vasey on
chinampas.
Geertz, C. (1963) Agricultural Involution. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Jones, M. K. (1988) The Arable Field: A Botanical Battleground. In Archaeology and
the Flora of the British Isles - Human influence on the evolution of plant communities,
Jones, M.K. (Ed.), pp. 86-92. Oxford: Oxford University Committee for Archaeology
Monograph 14.
Macphail, R. I. and Linderholm, J. (2004) Neolithic land use in south-east England: a
brief review of the soil evidence. In Towards a New Stone Age, Cotton, J. and Field,
D. (Eds.) 29-37. York: CBA. Research Report 137.
Rosch, M. (1996) New approaches to prehistoric land-use reconstruction in
southwestern Germany. In Early Farming in the Old World. Recent Advances in
Archaeobotanical
Research, Behre, K.-E. and Oeggl, K. (Eds.), pp. 65-79. Vegetation History and
Archaeobotany (Special Issue). Berlin: Springer-Verlag
Stone, G. D. (1993) Agricultural abandonment: a comparative study in historical
ecology, in Abandonment of settlements and regions. In Ethnoarchaeological and
archaeological approaches, Cameron, C.M. and Tomka, S.A. (Eds.), pp. 74-81.
Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. [Inst Arch BD Cam, standard & 3 hr.]
Wilkinson, T.J.(2003). Archaeological Landscapes of the Near East. The University of
Arizona Press.
Needham, J. & F. Bray. (1984). Science and Civilisation in China: Vol. 6 Biology and
Agriculture
Zheng, Y.F., Sun, G.P., Qin, L. Li, C.H. Wu X.H. and Chen, Q.G. (2009) Rice fields
and modes of rice cultivation between 5000 and 2500 BC in east China. J.
Archaeological Science 36: 2609-2616.
35
Byzantine agricultural intensification of the Negev and N. Africa
Rosen, A.M. (2007). Chapter 8, Empires in the desert, pages 154-165 in Civilizing
Climate: Social Responses to Climate Change in the Ancient Near East. Lanham,
Maryland: Altamira.
Rubin, R. (1991) Settlement and agriculture on an ancient desert frontier. The
Geographical Review 8:197-205.
East and SE Asia
Barnes, G.L. (1990) Paddy soils now and then. World Archaeology 22: 1-17.
Penny, D. and Kealhofer, L. (2005). Microfossil evidence of land-use intensification in
north Thailand. J. Archaeological Science 32:69.
Labour mobilization
Stone, G., Netting, R., Stone, M.P. (1990) Seasonality, labour scheduling, and
agricultural intensification in Nigerian Savanna. American Anthropologist 92: 7-23.
Stevens, C. J. (2003) An investigation of consumption and production models for
prehistoric and Roman Britain. Environmental Archaeology 8: 61-76.
For further relevant backgrounds see Earle, T. (2003) Bronze Age Economics: the
beginnings of political economies. Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press.
WEEK 9. DIET, CUISINE AND TABOO—STUDENT LEAD SEMINAR
Butterworth, P.J., Warren, F.J. and Ellis, P.E. (2011) Human α-amylase and
starch digestion: An interesting marriage. Starch/Stärke 63: 395-405.
Gremillion, K. (2011) Ancestral Appetites. Cambridge University Press
Lyons, D. (2007) Integrating African cuisines: rural cuisine and identity in Tigray,
highland Ethiopia. J. Social Archaeology 7: 346-371.
Perry, G.H., Dominy, N.J., Claw, K.G., Lee, A.S., Fiegler, H., Redon, R., Werner, J.,
Villanea, F.A., Mountain, J. L., Misra, R., Carter, N.P., Lee, C. and Stone, C. (2007)
Diet and the evolution of human amylase gene copy number variation. Nature
Genetics 39: 1256-1260. But see a critique of this in: Butterworth, P.J., F.J.
Warren and P.E. Ellis (2011) Human α-amylase and starch digestion: An
interesting marriage. Starch/Stärke 63, 395-405.
WEEK 10. COMPLEX SOCIETIES: PRODUCERS AND CONSUMERS AND
THE SCALE OF SURPLUS
Miller, G.R. and Burger, R.L. (1995) Our father the cayman, our dinner the llama:
animal utilization at Chavin de Huantar, Peru. American Antiquity 60: 421-458.
Muldner, G. and Richards, M.P. (2005) Fast or feast: reconstructing diet in later
medieval England by stable isotope analysis. J. Archaeological Science 32: 39-48.
Reid, A. (2004) Access to cattle resources in a Tswana capital. In African Historical
Archaeologies, Reid, A. and Lane, P.J. (Eds.), pp. 301-324. New York: Kluwer.
36
Sealy, J.C., Armstrong R. and Schrire C. (1995) Beyond lifetime averages: tracing life
histories through isotopic analysis of different calcified tissues from archaeological
human skeletons. Antiquity 69: 290-300.
Stocker, D. and Stocker, M. (1996) Sacred profanity: the theology of rabbit breeding
and the symbolic landscape of the warren. World Archaeology 28: 265-272.
Welch, P.D. and Scarry, C.M. (1995) Status-related variation in foodways in the
Moundville chiefdom. American Antiquity 60: 397-419.
37