Diploma of Environmental Monitoring & Technology
Study module 2
Screening & Scoping
MSS025001A & MSS025002A
Environmental Impact
Assessment
Completion Record
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Type your name here
Available marks
19
Final mark
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EIA Study module 2
Screening & Scoping
INTRODUCTION
2
PRESCRIPTIVE SCREENING
4
Section 149 Planning Certificates
Prescriptive EPI’s
Discretionary screening
4
5
8
CRITERIA FOR THE DISCRETIONAL EIA
9
Character of the receiving environment
Potential impact of proposal
Resilience of natural and human environments to cope with change
Confidence of prediction of impacts
Presence of planning, policy framework and other decision-making processes
Degree of public interest
9
10
10
11
11
11
STATEMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS
12
Statement of Environmental Effects
12
SCOPING
13
Purpose of scoping
Approaches to scoping
EIA Terms of Reference
13
15
15
ASSESSMENT TASK
17
Assessment & submission rules
References & resources
Acknowledgement
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Introduction
As discovered in the first study module, the EIA process is quite complex and varied. This
complexity is made more difficult to understand by the various forms of EPI and legislative
requirements that exist, made even more difficult considering that every State and Territory
has a different planning system to NSW.
This Study Module looks at two separate processes that generate a lot of focus for the
proponent of a development application, namely the screening and scoping processes.
In every other text you read on EIA, these two processes will be written as separate
sections, but as our focus will be on impact assessment techniques, it is condensed for
convenience and expedience.
This section introduces the different procedures and methods for identifying whether or not
an EIA is required for a proposal. Screening is the first key decision of the EIA process, the
purpose of which is to determine whether a proposal requires an EIA or not.
It is intended to ensure that the form or level of any EIA review is equal to the importance of
the issues raised by any proposed development. Some type of screening procedure is
necessary because of the large number of projects and activities that are potentially subject
to EIA.
Screening involves making a preliminary determination of the expected impact of a proposal
on the environment and of its relative significance. A certain level of basic information
about the proposal and its location is required for this purpose.
Most proposals can be screened very quickly (in an hour or less) but some will take longer
and a few will require an extended screening or initial assessment. Similarly, the majority of
proposals may have few or no impacts and will be screened out of the EIA process. A smaller
number of proposals will require further assessment.
Only a limited number of proposals, usually major projects, will warrant a full EIA because
they are known or considered to have potentially significant adverse impacts on the
environment, examples of which could include impacts on;
◗ human health and safety
◗ rare or endangered species
◗ protected areas, fragile or valued ecosystems and biological diversity
◗ air, soil and water quality
◗ lifestyle and livelihood of local communities
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The screening process can have one of four outcomes:
◗ no further level of EIA is required
◗ a full and comprehensive EIA is required
◗ a more limited EIA is required
◗ further study is necessary to determine the level of EIA required
Screening also can help provide the basis for the scoping process, which identifies the key
impacts to be studied and establishes terms of reference for an EIA. On occasion, the
screening and scoping stages may overlap, for example, when a further study is undertaken
to determine whether or not the potential impacts are significant enough to warrant a full
EIA. This leads to an important point about the structure of these notes;
The requirements for screening and the procedure to be followed are often defined in the
applicable EIA law or regulations. In many cases, the proposals to which EIA applies are
listed in an annex, or in the case of NSW laws, the various Schedules and Environmental
Planning Instruments (EPIs).
The proponent is given the responsibility for carrying out screening, but whatever the
requirements, screening occurs as early as possible in the development of the proposal so
that the proponent and other participants are aware of the EIA obligations.
The screening procedures employed for this purpose can be classified into two broad,
overlapping approaches:
◗ prescriptive screening (i.e. subject to or exempt from as defined or listed in EPIs,
legislation and regulations)
◗ discretionary screening (i.e. subject to impact determination through assessment)
Both prescriptive and discretionary approaches have a place and their specific procedures
can be combined into a comprehensive procedure. As such some proposals will be on the
borderline in relation to a listed threshold and for others, the environmental impacts may
be unclear or uncertain. In these situations, the discretionary screening should be
undertaken, applying any indicative guidelines and criteria established for this purpose (for
which there are many tools and techniques). This process gives the proponent or competent
authority greater discretion than mandatory lists in determining the requirement for EIA.
In NSW…
We typically use both techniques in NSW planning. We can start with prescriptive screening
through a Section 149 Planning Certificate, and can finish with the consent authority
requesting a discretionary type of screening!
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In this context, screening is a flexible process and can be extended into preliminary forms of
EIA study, including reports such as Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) or a Statement
of Environmental Effects (SEE), which are carried out with most developments in the initial
submission.
Prescriptive screening
Consider a development for a company that owns the land on which it wants to develop. All
land has to sit within a Local Government Area (LGA, i.e. a local council). So the first step
could be to approach the Council for information, which comes in the form of a Section 149
planning certificate.
Section 149 Planning Certificates
These Certificates will typically outline the names of the relevant Environmental Planning
Instruments (EPI’s) that apply to the land being developed, and then outline the relevant
planning considerations under the Councils Local Environment Plan (LEP), for example;
Names of relevant planning instruments and DCP’s
The name of the LEP that land is controlled under, for example;
◗ Fairfield Local Environmental plan 2013
The EPIs that apply to the land, for example;
◗ SEPP No. 1 – Development Standards
◗ SEPP No. 4 – Development without consent…
◗ SEPP (Major Development) 2005
◗ SEPP No. 50 – Canal Development
◗ SEPP no. 19 – Bushland in urban Areas
◗ SEPP (State and Regional Development) 2011
Zoning and land use under relevant LEP
The identity of zone, for example;
◗ IN1 – General Industrial
Development permitted without consent, for example;
◗ Environmental protection works
Development permitted only with development consent, for example;
Depots; Freight transport facilities; Funeral homes; Garden centres; General industries;
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Hardware and building supplies; Industrial training facilities; Kiosks; Landscaping material
supplies; Light industries; Neighbourhood shops; Plant nurseries; Roads; Rural supplies; Take
away food and drink premises; Timber yards; Vehicle sales or hire premises; Warehouse or
distribution centers.
Development that is prohibited, for example;
◗ Air transport facilities, Water recreation structures, Correctional centers etc.
Air transport facilities; Airstrips; Amusement centres; Boat launching ramps; Boat sheds;
Camping grounds; Caravan parks; Cemeteries; Charter and tourism boating facilities;
Commercial premises; Correctional centres; Eco-tourist facilities; Entertainment facilities;
Environmental facilities; Exhibition homes; Exhibition villages; Extensive agriculture; Farm
buildings; Forestry; Function centres; Health consulting rooms; Heavy industrial storage
establishments; Heavy industries; Home-based child care; Home businesses; Home
occupations; Home occupations (sex services); Information and education facilities;
Intensive livestock agriculture; Jetties; Marinas; Medical centres; Mooring pens; Moorings;
Research stations; Residential accommodation; Restricted premises; Rural industries; Sex
As you can see, the Planning Certificate provides a great amount of detail as to what EPIs
apply to the land, but it also details which aspects of the LEP are triggered by the proposed
development and to an extent, explains why. But a Planning Certificate may not tell the
whole story, as there may be complicating or overlapping SEPPs or certain Commonwealth
complexities.
Prescriptive EPI’s
Now the developer knows which EPI’s apply to the land, they must go through each EPI to
examine the specifics of the instrument (or hire someone to do it for them). Consider the
SEPP 55. If this SEPP applies to the land on which the development occurs, then the details
of the SEPP must be considered. The snippet below is from the SEPP 55.
Figure 2.1 – Snippet of SEPP 55 – Remediation of Land
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Project lists for screening
Project lists are widely used to screen proposals, of which there are two types; inclusive and
exclusive. Most are inclusion lists, which describe the project types and size thresholds that
are known or considered to have significant or serious environmental impacts.
In NSW legislation the equivalent to a project list can be found as ‘Schedules’ in legislation
Usually, listed projects that fall within these predetermined thresholds will be subject
automatically to full and comprehensive EIA. Some EIA systems also maintain exclusion lists
of activities that are exempt because they are known to have little or no environmental
impact. In certain EIA systems, scale thresholds are specified for each type of listed project
for which an EIA is mandatory. Other projects that may require an EIA are screened
individually against environmental significance criteria, such as emission levels or proximity
to sensitive and protected areas.
Results of screening
Once the prescriptive process is complete, the developer has a list of all the statutory
triggers that require attention. An example of this has been provided below, which is from a
development application for an extension to a mine;
Figure 2.2 – Summary of triggered legislation from a coal mine environmental assessment.
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Figure 2.3 – Summary of the EPI’s triggered by the same mine
Other legislation that the mine needed to consider included (but not limited to);
◗ Mining Act 1992
◗ Coal Mine Health & Safety Act 2002
◗ Protection of Environment Operations Act 1997
◗ Water management Act 2000
◗ Water Act 1912
◗ Environmentally hazardous Chemicals Act 1985
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Discretionary screening
The process of prescriptive screening is the result of a statutory evolution which has
resulted in the NSW legislation being quite adept at determining the need for assessment. In
short, there are many triggers for many different types of land use, development and
environment types, so most environmental concerns are ‘captured’ when the prescriptive
process is applied in NSW.
But what happens when the consent authority encounters a development, or specific parts
of a development that don’t trigger EPI’s yet still cause concern for the consent authority?
Cases such as these do occur, and discretionary screening is the process that fills this gap.
Discretionary screening is the method used when the significance of the potential
environmental impact of a proposal is unclear or uncertain.
This process also applies to proposals that fall just below or close to the thresholds
established for listed projects.
In addition, non-borderline proposals may be subject to discretionary screening if they are
located in sensitive areas or there is a potential for cumulative effects in combination with
other current and foreseeable activities.
The framework contains a sieve of screening applications with a progressively finer mesh for
including proposals. It has gained a degree of international acceptance as a standard of
good practice.
Typically, the criteria used are based on a number of common factors related to the
consideration of the significance of environmental impacts. These include the location of
proposals, environmental sensitivity and any likely health and social effects on the local
population.
These criteria may be adapted to wider use in case-by-case screening. A proposal can be
tested for significance by taking account of:
◗ location near to protected or designated areas or within landscapes of special
heritage value
◗ existing land use(s) and commitments
◗ the relative abundance, quality and regenerative capacity of natural resources
◗ the absorption capacity of the natural environment, paying particular attention to
wetlands, coastal zones, mountain and forest areas
◗ areas in which the environmental quality standards laid down in law have been
exceeded already
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Using the emphasised aspects above, consideration can be given to sustainability criteria
when carrying out case-by-case screening. However, this approach demands considerable
information about the environment, which is unlikely to be available at a relatively early
stage in project development.
In these circumstances, only a qualified determination of the environmental significance of a
proposal may be possible and screening decisions must be open to change if new
information indicates the advisability of reclassification.
Certain proposals may be subject to an extended screening or initial assessment. Such an
approach can be used when the requirement for EIA could not be reasonably determined by
the application of the prescriptive screening procedures.
When undertaking this type of preliminary EIA study, the proponent or competent authority
may need to assemble considerable information. This is accompanied by a framework of
criteria and questions that can help in the conduct of a preliminary EIA. Information that
may be required for a preliminary EIA study includes;
◗ a description of the proposal
◗ applicable policies, plans and regulations, including environmental standards and
objectives
◗ the characteristics of the environment, including land use, significant resources,
critical ecological functions, pollution and emission levels etc
◗ the potential impacts of the proposal and their likely significance
◗ the degree of public concern and interest about the proposal
Criteria for the discretional EIA
This is a somewhat ‘old school’ approach and is based on the ANZECC Guidelines and
Criteria for Determining the Need for and level of Environmental Impact Assessment in
Australia (1996). This document has since been superseded by many other documents but
the essence is the same.
Character of the receiving environment
Consider:
◗ Is it, or is it likely to be, part of the conservation estate or subject to treaty?
◗ Is it an existing or potential environmentally significant area?
◗ Is it vulnerable to major natural or induced hazards?
◗ Is it a special purpose area?
◗ Is it an area where human communities are vulnerable?
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◗ Does it involve a renewable or a non-renewable resource?
◗ Is it a degraded area, subject to significant risk levels, or a potentially contaminated
site?
Note…
Off-site (out of area) as well as on-site (local) characteristics should be considered, where
relevant, and incorporated into decision making processes.
Potential impact of proposal
Consider:
◗ Will implementation or construction, operation and/or decommissioning of the
proposal have the potential to cause significant changes to the receiving
environment (on-site or off-site, transboundary, short term or long term)?
◗ Could implementation of the proposal give rise to health impacts or unsafe
conditions?
◗ Will the proposal significantly divert resources to the detriment of other natural and
human communities?
Note…
This should include consideration of the magnitude of the impacts, their spatial extent, the
duration and the intensity of change, the total life cycle and whether and how the impacts
are manageable.
Resilience of natural and human environments to cope with
change
Consider:
◗ Can the receiving environment absorb the level of impact predicted without
suffering irreversible change?
◗ What are the implications of the proposal for bio-diversity?
◗ Can land uses at and around the site be sustained?
◗ Can sustainable uses of the site be achieved beyond the life of the proposal?
◗ Are contingency or emergency plans proposed or in place to deal with accidental
events?
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Note…
Cumulative as well as individual impacts should be considered in the context of
sustainability.
Confidence of prediction of impacts
Consider:
◗ What level of knowledge do we have on the resilience of a given significant
ecosystem?
◗ Is the proposal sufficiently detailed and understood to enable the impacts to be
established?
◗ Is the level and nature of change to the natural human environment sufficiently
understood to allow the impact of the proposal to be predicted and managed?
◗ Is it practicable to monitor the predicted effects?
◗ Are present community values on land use and resource use known or likely to
change?
Presence of planning, policy framework and other decisionmaking processes
Consider:
◗ Is the proposal consistent with existing policy frameworks?
◗ Do other approval processes exist to adequately assess and manage proposal
impacts?
◗ What legislation, standard codes or guidelines are available to properly monitor and
control operations and the types or quantity of the impacts?
Degree of public interest
Consider:
◗ Is the proposal controversial or could it lead to controversy or concern in the
community?
◗ Will the amenity, values or lifestyle of the community be adversely affected?
◗ Will large numbers of people require relocation?
◗ Will the proposal result in inequities between sectors of the community?
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Statement of Environmental Effects
In some EIA systems, an initial environmental evaluation (IEE) is required when the potential
environmental impacts of a proposal cannot be established by the application of standard
screening procedures. Typically, an IEE is a relatively low-cost analysis that makes use of
information already available. It is carried out using EIA procedures and methods, which are
scaled to purpose.
A site or area visit should take place to survey the current situation and obtain baseline
information. Simple methods, such as a checklist or matrix, are used in impact identification
and often focus on appropriate mitigation measures. Depending on its findings, the IEE
report can be used either as a scoping document when a proposal is referred to a full EIA or
to support environmentally sound planning and design when a proposal does not require
further review. An IEE is a preliminary EIA study that:
◗ describes the proposal and the environmental setting
◗ considers alternatives to improve the environmental benefits
◗ addresses the concerns of the local community
◗ identifies the potential environmental effects
◗ identifies measures to mitigate adverse impacts;
◗ describes, as necessary, environmental monitoring and management plans
Statement of Environmental Effects
In the NSW, a Statement of Environmental Effects (SEE) is required for all development
applications (DA) except for designated development (which requires EIS). The size of the
SEE will therefore vary according to the proposed development and its potential to impact
on the natural and built environments.
What does a SEE cover?
Under Section 79C of the EP&A Act, there are a variety of matters that the SEE must cover,
and includes the triggers of EPI’s, Develop Control Plans (DCPs), the likely impacts, suitability
and public interest. A Statement of Environmental Effects (SEE) outlines:
◗ the likely environmental impacts of the development
◗ how the environmental impacts of the development have been identified
◗ the steps that will be taken to protect or mitigate damage to the environment
The amount of information required will depend on the type and scale of your application
and will include:
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◗ A description of the site and surrounding locality
◗ Present and previous uses of the site
◗ Existing structures on the land
◗ A detailed description of the proposal
◗ Operational and management details
◗ Reference to any environmental planning instruments and applicable zoning
◗ Reference to any development control plans that are applicable
Because a SEE covers both the prescriptive screening, and essentially covers discretionary
screening by examining the potential impacts of the development, a SEE is difficult to
classify as a discrete screening or scoping tool – it does both.
Scoping
On successful completion of this Section, you will be able to:
◗ Understand and explain why scoping is necessary in EIA
◗ Know how to undertake scoping, including knowledge of different methods and
approaches
◗ Be able to articulate the scoping process to stakeholders
Purpose of scoping
The scoping process identifies the issues that are likely to be of most importance during the
EIA and eliminates those that are of little concern.
Typically, this process concludes with the establishment of Terms of Reference for the
preparation of an EIA. In this way, scoping ensures that EIA studies are focused on the
significant effects and time and money are not wasted on unnecessary investigations.
Scoping refers to the open and interactive process of determining the major issues and
impacts that will be important in decision-making on the proposal, and need to be
addressed in an EIA.
Public involvement is usually an integral part of the scoping process. Public input helps to
ensure that important issues are not overlooked when preparing Terms of Reference and/or
initiating the EIA study.
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A detailed analysis as to the purpose of scoping shows the need to identify:
◗ the important issues to be considered in an EIA
◗ the appropriate time and space boundaries of the EIA study
◗ the information necessary for decision-making
◗ the significant effects and factors to be studied in detail
◗ Discover feasible alternatives, or prove no alternatives exist
Typically, scoping begins after the completion of the screening process. However, these
stages may overlap to some degree (see SEE).
Essentially, scoping takes forward the preliminary determination of significance made in
screening to the next stage of resolution determining which issues and impacts are
significant and require further study. In doing so, the scoping process places limits on the
information to be gathered and analysed in an EIA and focuses the approach to be taken.
Scoping is completed when the detailed studies required in the EIA have been specified
often this involves preparing Terms of Reference (ToR) or an equivalent document. This
document sets out what the EIA is to cover, the type of information to be submitted and the
depth of analysis that is required. It provides guidance to the proponent on how the study
should be conducted and managed.
The scoping process itself can vary in scale, complexity and time. A comprehensive approach
to scoping may be needed for large-scale proposals, which have a range of impacts that are
potentially significant. In other cases, scoping will be a more limited and restricted exercise.
Depending on the circumstances, the scoping process can be tailored to include some or all
of the aims listed below.
Key objectives of scoping are to:
◗ inform the public about the proposal
◗ identify the main stakeholders and their concerns and values
◗ find or reject any reasonable and practical alternatives to the proposal
◗ focus the important issues and significant impacts to be addressed by an EIA
◗ define the boundaries for an EIA in time, space and content
◗ set requirements for the collection of baseline data
◗ establish the Terms of Reference
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Approaches to scoping
A systematic and transparent approach should be taken to sifting the concerns, issues and
impacts. This can be undertaken in three steps:
The long list
Compile a long list of concerns from the information available and the inputs of
stakeholders. No attempt should be made at this stage to exclude or pre-judge concerns.
The short list
Derive a short list of key issues and problem areas based on their potential significance and
likely importance for decision-making on the proposal. This phase involves evaluating the
issues against selected criteria; for example, differentiating serious risks or threats from
effects that can be mitigated.
The classification
Classify and order the key issues into impact categories by reference to policy objectives and
scientific concepts, such as emission levels that may exceed health or environmental
standards.
Ultimately, the scoping begins by preparing a profile of the scope under key headings and
using this as a basis for informal consultations with key stakeholders. Once this round of
discussion has occurred, the three steps described above take place with iterations between
them. Finally, the Terms of Reference are established, with provision for adjustment and
feedback as and when necessary during the EIA process.
A custom-tailored scoping process will include the following;
◗ geographical area(s) and the time-frame(s) for impact analysis
◗ the policy and institutional frameworks under which the EIA will be conducted
◗ existing information sources, gaps and constraints on methodology
◗ the scheduling of the EIA study, and the allocation of resources and responsibilities
◗ the relationship to the decision-making process including modification of design and
selection of alternatives as well as final approval of the proposal
EIA Terms of Reference
In concluding the scoping process, the preparation of Terms of Reference (ToR) for an EIA is
an important task. Alternatively, or as a supplement to ToR, a formal scoping report may be
issued. In some EIA systems, the proponent prepares a more informal document to
summarise the conclusions of scoping and the approach to be taken by an EIA study. The
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test for Terms of Reference lies in its usefulness to and robustness in successive stages of
the EIA process. Terms of Reference for a full EIA can refer to some or all of the following
items:
◗ purpose and application of the Terms of Reference
◗ statement of need for and objectives of the proposal
◗ project background and description
◗ study area or impact zone(s) (e.g. the affected environment and community)
◗ applicable policy and institutional considerations
◗ EIA requirements and decision-making particulars
◗ provisions for public involvement
◗ alternatives to be examined
◗ the impacts and issues to be studied
◗ the studies to be carried out (e.g. approach, time & space boundaries)
◗ the requirements for mitigation and monitoring
◗ the information and data to be included in the EIA report
◗ the timeframe for completion of the EIA process
◗ the means for making changes to the ToR if necessary
The Terms of Reference can also contain various matters relating to EIA project
management. Alternatively, these may be contained in a separate brief or specification
drawn up by the proponent for the study team. The following particulars might be included:
◗ the proposed study schedule
◗ the resources and estimated budget for the study
◗ the activities and responsibilities of the study team
◗ the expected outputs or deliverables from the study team
◗ the basis on which variations to the working brief will be negotiated
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Assessment task
This section provides formative assessment of the theory. Answer all questions by typing
the answer in the boxes provided. Speak to your teacher if you are having technical
problems with this document.
◗ Type brief answers to each of the questions posed below.
◗ All answers should come from the theory found in this document only unless the
question specifies other.
◗ Marks shown next to the question should act as a guide as to the relative length or
complexity of your answer.
1. What is meant by the term ‘screening’? 1mk
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Assessor feedback
2. What are the four potential outcomes of the screening process? 1mk
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Assessor feedback
3. What is the difference between ‘prescriptive’ and discretionary screening? 4mk
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Assessor feedback
4. What is a ‘Section 149’ certificate? Section 149 of what exactly? 2mk
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Assessor feedback
5. List the six key categories of screening used in discretionary screening. 1mk
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Assessor feedback
6. What is a ‘Statement of Environmental Effects’? 1mk
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Assessor feedback
7. When is a SEE not required in NSW? 1mk
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Assessor feedback
8. What key elements does an SEE outline? 2mk
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9. What is meant by the term ‘scoping’? 1mk
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Click here to enter text.
Assessor feedback
10. Scoping aims to identify what five key issues? 1mk
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Assessor feedback
11. What are the ‘three steps’ to scoping a project? 1mk
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Assessor feedback
12. What is meant by the ‘Terms of Reference’? 3mk
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Assessment & submission rules
Answers
◗ Attempt all questions and tasks
◗ Write answers in the text-fields provided
Submission
◗ Use the documents ‘Save As…’ function to save the document to your computer
using the file name format of;
Yourname-EIA-SM2
◗ email the document back to your teacher
Penalties
If this assessment task is received greater than seven (7) days after the due date, it may not
be considered for marking without justification.
Results
Your submitted work will be returned to you within 3 weeks of submission by email fully
graded with feedback.
You have the right to appeal your results within 3 weeks of receipt of the marked work.
Problems?
If you are having study related or technical problems with this document, make sure you
contact your assessor at the earliest convenience to get the problem resolved. The contact
details can be found at;
www.cffet.net/env/contacts
References & resources
Resources

Video resource on bore installation can be found here.

Free groundwater modelling software can be found here.

National Centre for Groundwater Research & Training here.

NSW office of Water drilling pages can be found here.
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References
Note that some of these resources might be available from your teacher or library
Bates, G. (2010). Environmental Law in Australia. Australia: LexisNexis-Butterworths.
Burden, F. E. (2002). Environmental Monitoring Handbook. McGraw-Hill Professional.
DIPNR. (2004). Guideline for the preapration of Environmental Management Plans. Sydney:
DIPNR.
EDO, NSW. (2005). Environmental law Toolkit - NSW. 5th Ed. Sydney, Australia: The
Federation Press.
Farrier, D. (. (2011). The Environmental Law Handbook. Sydney: Thomson Reuters.
Fisher, D. (2010). Australian Environmental law: norms, Principles and Rules. Australia:
Lawbook Company.
Lipman, Z. E. (2009). Environmental and Planning Law in New South Wales. Sydney,
Australia: The Federation press.
StandardsAustralia. (2004). AS/NZS ISO 14001:2004 Environmental Management Systems:
Requirements with guidance for use. Australia: Standards Australia.
Acknowledgement
The works of Farrier Et al and Ian Thomas will always be the key resources for any level of
EIA study in NSW, and obviously I have drawn significantly from those two sources.
The majority of this work was reproduced (with embellishment) from the following source;
http://eia.unu.edu/course/index.html
Another fantastic source of information about EIA worldwide can be found at;
http://www.unep.ch/etu/publications/EIAMan_2edition_toc.htm
Chemical, Forensic, Food & Environmental Technology [cffet.net]
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