Orthodoxy, Heterodoxy and Heresy
1. Orthodoxy

Jesus of Nazareth, called the Christ or Messiah

Resurrection; soteriology; salvation/redemption; election

Scripture: Gnosticism; demiurge; dualism; Saint Paul (d.66/67); Septuagint (LXX)

Fathers: Tertullian (d.220/25), Jerome (d.420); Vulgate; Augustine (d.430), City of
God, ‘original sin’, ‘concupiscence’, Origen (d.253/254)

Ecumenical councils: Nicea (325); Chalcedon (451); Third Lateran (1179); Fourth
Lateran (1215); Vienne (1311-1312); Constance (1414-1418); Trent (1545-1563)

University theologians: Scholasticism; Peter Lombard (d.1164), Sentences; Thomas
Aquinas (d.1274), Summa Theologica; Aristotelianism; transubstantiation
2. Heterodoxy

Bernard of Clairvaux (d.1153); Francis of Assisi (d.1226); Dominic of Guzman
(d.1221); Waldensians; Humiliati; Beguines; Innocent III (pope 1198-1216)

Richard Rolle (d.1349); Walter Hilton (d.1396); Cloud of Unknowing; Julian of
Norwich (d.1416); Margery Kempe (d. after 1438)

Bridget of Sweden (d.1373); Catherine of Siena (d. 1380); Teresa of Ávila (d.1582);
John of the Cross (d. 1591); flagellants
3. Heresy and the treatment of religious deviants

‘It takes two to create a heresy; the heretic, with his dissident beliefs and practices;
and the Church, to condemn his views and to define what is orthodox doctrine’
(Malcolm Lambert, Medieval Heresy, pp. 4-5)

‘An opinion chosen by human perception, contrary to holy scripture, publicly avowed
and obstinately defended’ ~ Robert Grossteste (d.1253)

Heresiarch; Henry of Lausanne (d.1148); Peter of Bruys (d.1131); Gregory VII (pope
1073-1085)

Knights Templar; fall of Acre (1291); Philip IV (d.1314); Avignon papacy (13091377); Great or Western Schism (1378-1417); Joan of Arc (ex.1431)

Innocent III (supra); Peter Valdes (d.1218); Eucharist; transubstantiation;
anticlericalism

Gregory IX (pope 1227-1241); Papal Inquisition

Synod of Verona (1184); recantation; Jan Hus (ex.1415); William Sawtre (ex.1401);
John Wyclif (d.1384); Lollardy

Cathars; Albigensian Crusade (1209-1229); Raymond of Toulouse (d.1222); Béziers
(1209); Carcassonne (1209); Minerve (1210);  Muret (1213)
HI266 4
SB 10/14