www.XtremePapers.com UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE INTERNATIONAL EXAMINATIONS General Certificate of Education Ordinary Level 2059/02
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w w ap eP m e tr .X w om .c s er UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE INTERNATIONAL EXAMINATIONS General Certificate of Education Ordinary Level * 1 2 6 7 7 9 2 9 6 4 * 2059/02 PAKISTAN STUDIES Paper 2 The Environment of Pakistan October/November 2012 1 hour 30 minutes Candidates answer on the Question Paper. Additional Materials: Insert READ THESE INSTRUCTIONS FIRST Write your Centre number, candidate number and name in the spaces provided. Write in dark blue or black pen. Do not use staples, paper clips, highlighters, glue or correction fluid. DO NOT WRITE IN ANY BARCODES. Answer any three questions. The Insert contains Photograph A for Question 1. The Insert is not required by the Examiner. The number of marks is given in brackets [ ] at the end of each question or part question. This document consists of 22 printed pages, 2 blank pages and 1 Insert. DC (LEO/SW) 49147/7 © UCLES 2012 [Turn over 2 Answer any three questions. 1 (a) Study Fig. 1 which shows mineral extraction in 2008 in Pakistan. 2000 1800 1600 1400 1200 extraction (thousand 1000 tonnes) 800 600 400 rock salt barite gypsum limestone 0 chromite 200 mineral Fig. 1 (i) Name two minerals shown on Fig. 1 that are used to make cement. 1 ............................................................................................................................... 2 ........................................................................................................................... [2] (ii) State two uses of rock salt. 1 ............................................................................................................................... 2 ........................................................................................................................... [2] (iii) State the amount of gypsum extracted. .............................................................................................................................. [1] © UCLES 2012 2059/02/O/N/12 For Examiner’s Use 3 (b) Study Fig. 2 which shows chromite extraction in Pakistan. For Examiner’s Use 120 100 80 extraction (thousand tonnes) 60 40 2008 2007 2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 2001 1999 2000 1998 1997 1996 1995 1994 1993 0 1992 20 year Fig. 2 (i) Describe the changes in extraction from 1992 to 2008. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................. [3] © UCLES 2012 2059/02/O/N/12 [Turn over 4 (ii) Suggest why the extraction of minerals, such as chromite, varies from year to year. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................. [3] (c) Study Photograph A (Insert) which shows a quarry in Pakistan. (i) Use the photograph and your own knowledge to describe the environmental problems that can be caused by mineral extraction. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................. [4] © UCLES 2012 2059/02/O/N/12 For Examiner’s Use 5 (ii) How can these problems be reduced? .................................................................................................................................. 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[4] (d) To what extent can more extraction of mineral resources help to increase development in Pakistan? .......................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................... ...................................................................................................................................... [6] [Total: 25] © UCLES 2012 2059/02/O/N/12 [Turn over 6 2 (a) Study Fig. 3 which shows the climate of Karachi. 40 40 30 30 temperature 20 (°C) 20 10 10 0 0 80 80 60 60 40 40 20 20 rainfall (mm) 0 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 0 month Fig. 3 (i) By how much does the temperature rise from January to May? .............................................................................................................................. [1] (ii) Describe the pattern of rainfall during the winter season from October to March. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................. [2] © UCLES 2012 2059/02/O/N/12 For Examiner’s Use 7 (iii) With reference to Fig. 3 only, describe the climate of the months from June to September. 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[4] (b) Explain the causes of the monsoon at Karachi. .......................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................... ...................................................................................................................................... [4] (c) (i) Name the violent storms that form over the sea and that may affect Karachi. .............................................................................................................................. [1] (ii) In which months may these occur? .............................................................................................................................. [1] © UCLES 2012 2059/02/O/N/12 [Turn over 8 (iii) Explain how storms such as these may affect industry and communications in urban areas. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................. [6] © UCLES 2012 2059/02/O/N/12 For Examiner’s Use 9 (d) Read the article below. The continuing power cuts and load shedding in the expanding commercial city of Karachi must be addressed. The port city lies on the shores of the Arabian Sea, and has a windy and sunny climate. For Examiner’s Use The huge population and many industries generate a huge amount of waste that needs to be disposed of. Assess the possibilities and problems for electricity generation other than by fossil fuels at Karachi. .......................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................... ...................................................................................................................................... [6] [Total: 25] © UCLES 2012 2059/02/O/N/12 [Turn over 10 3 (a) Study Fig. 4 which shows an irrigation system. For Examiner’s Use Key: solid rock loose rocks and sediment water table shafts tunnel Fig. 4 (i) Name the irrigation system shown in Fig. 4. .............................................................................................................................. [1] (ii) Name an area of Pakistan where it is used. .............................................................................................................................. [1] (iii) Explain how this system provides water for agriculture in this area. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................. [4] (iv) Name a fruit crop grown in this area. .............................................................................................................................. [1] © UCLES 2012 2059/02/O/N/12 11 (b) Study Fig. 5 which shows the results of a land-use survey in Pakistan in 2008. 90 % For Examiner’s Use 10 % 20 % 80 % not cultivated cultivated 30 % 70 % waste forest 40 % 60 % 50 % Fig. 5 (i) What percentage of land is cultivated? .............................................................................................................................. [1] (ii) What percentage of land is waste? .............................................................................................................................. [1] (iii) Explain how soils are damaged by waterlogging and salinity. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................. [4] © UCLES 2012 2059/02/O/N/12 [Turn over 12 (iv) Explain three reasons, other than by waterlogging and salinity, why over half the land was not cultivated when the survey was made. 1 ............................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. 2 ............................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. 3 ............................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................. [6] © UCLES 2012 2059/02/O/N/12 For Examiner’s Use 13 (c) To what extent could government action increase agricultural production in Pakistan? .......................................................................................................................................... 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[6] [Total: 25] © UCLES 2012 2059/02/O/N/12 [Turn over 14 4 (a) Study Fig. 6 which shows the distribution of the cotton textile industry in Pakistan. N B A C Key: international boundary river disputed international boundary Arabian Sea 0 400 km cotton textile industry Fig. 6 (i) Name the main centres of the cotton textile industry A, B and C. A ............................................................................................................................... B ............................................................................................................................... C ........................................................................................................................... [3] © UCLES 2012 2059/02/O/N/12 For Examiner’s Use 15 (ii) Describe the distribution of the cotton textile industry. .................................................................................................................................. 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[3] © UCLES 2012 2059/02/O/N/12 [Turn over 16 (b) Study Fig. 7 which shows the output of yarn and cloth between 1999 and 2008. 3000 3000 yarn 2000 2000 yarn output (million kg) cloth 1000 1000 0 2008 2007 2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 2001 2000 0 1999 cloth output (million sq. m) year Fig. 7 (i) Compare the outputs of cotton yarn and cotton cloth from 1999 to 2008 shown on Fig. 7. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................. [2] (ii) Suggest one reason for the difference in output of cotton yarn and cotton cloth, and explain your answer. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................. [2] © UCLES 2012 2059/02/O/N/12 For Examiner’s Use 17 (c) (i) Give an example of a job in each of the primary, secondary and tertiary sectors of the cotton industry. For Examiner’s Use Primary ..................................................................................................................... Secondary ................................................................................................................ Tertiary ................................................................................................................. [3] (ii) How is the proportion of workers employed in each of these sectors changing? .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................. [3] (iii) Explain why the changes you have stated in (c)(ii) may lead to unemployment. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................. [3] © UCLES 2012 2059/02/O/N/12 [Turn over 18 (d) To what extent will improvements in education benefit both the rural and urban people of Pakistan? .......................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................... ...................................................................................................................................... [6] [Total: 25] © UCLES 2012 2059/02/O/N/12 For Examiner’s Use 19 5 (a) Study Fig. 8 which shows birth and death rates in Pakistan from 1990 to 2005. For Examiner’s Use 40 30 birth rate births / deaths per 20 thousand population 10 2005 2000 1995 0 1990 death rate year Fig. 8 (i) State the birth rate and death rate in the year 2005. Birth rate ................................................................................................................... Death rate ............................................................................................................. [2] (ii) By how much has each decreased since 1990? Birth rate ................................................................................................................... Death rate ............................................................................................................. [2] © UCLES 2012 2059/02/O/N/12 [Turn over 20 (iii) Explain why both the birth and death rates have fallen in Pakistan. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................. [6] © UCLES 2012 2059/02/O/N/12 For Examiner’s Use 21 (b) Study Fig. 9 which shows birth and death rates of a country. For Examiner’s Use 60 bir t h ra 50 te 40 births / deaths per thousand 30 population de ath ra te 20 2000 1990 1980 1970 1960 1950 0 1940 10 year Fig. 9 (i) Describe the main changes in birth rate from 1941 to 2000. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................. [4] (ii) Complete the following: NATURAL = ................................................ minus ................................................ INCREASE (iii) Study Fig. 9 again. Circle the year (below) in which the natural population increase was greatest. 1941 © UCLES 2012 [2] 1972 1981 2059/02/O/N/12 2000 [1] [Turn over 22 (c) (i) Explain the difference between emigration and immigration. .................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................. [2] (ii) Explain the advantages and disadvantages of international emigration for the people of Pakistan. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................. [6] [Total: 25] © UCLES 2012 2059/02/O/N/12 For Examiner’s Use 23 BLANK PAGE © UCLES 2012 2059/02/O/N/12 24 BLANK PAGE Copyright Acknowledgements: Questions 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 Figures 1, 2, 5, 7, 8, 9 Question 1 Photograph A © www.statpak.gov.pk © www.statpak.gov.pk Julia Grover © UCLES Permission to reproduce items where third-party owned material protected by copyright is included has been sought and cleared where possible. Every reasonable effort has been made by the publisher (UCLES) to trace copyright holders, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly been included, the publisher will be pleased to make amends at the earliest possible opportunity. University of Cambridge International Examinations is part of the Cambridge Assessment Group. Cambridge Assessment is the brand name of University of Cambridge Local Examinations Syndicate (UCLES), which is itself a department of the University of Cambridge. © UCLES 2012 2059/02/O/N/12
