www.XtremePapers.com UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE INTERNATIONAL EXAMINATIONS General Certificate of Education Ordinary Level 5096/22
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w w ap eP m e tr .X w om .c s er UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE INTERNATIONAL EXAMINATIONS General Certificate of Education Ordinary Level * 7 0 9 9 1 8 9 8 2 9 * 5096/22 HUMAN AND SOCIAL BIOLOGY Paper 2 October/November 2012 2 hours Candidates answer on the Question Paper. No Additional Materials are required. READ THESE INSTRUCTIONS FIRST Write your Centre number, candidate number and name on all the work you hand in. Write in dark blue or black pen. Do not use staples, paper clips, highlighters, glue or correction fluid. DO NOT WRITE IN ANY BARCODES. Write your answers in the spaces provided on the question paper. Section A Answer all questions. You are advised to spend no longer than 1 hour on Section A. Section B Answer both the questions. Section C Answer either question 10 or question 11. For Examiner’s Use 1 2 3 4 At the end of the examination fasten all your work securely together. The number of marks is given in brackets [ ] at the end of each question or part question. 5 6 7 Section A sub-total 8 9 Section C 10 11 Total This document consists of 21 printed pages and 3 blank pages. DC (NF/JG) 48996/5 © UCLES 2012 [Turn over 2 Section A For Examiner’s Use Answer all the questions. Write your answers in the spaces provided. 1 Fig. 1.1 is a diagram of a kidney, seen in longitudinal section. A B C Fig. 1.1 (a) Name the structures labelled A, B and C. A .......................................... B .......................................... C .......................................... [3] (b) With reference to Fig. 1.1, explain what is meant by longitudinal section. .......................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................... [2] © UCLES 2012 5096/22/O/N/12 3 (c) Table 1.1 shows the concentrations of several substances in the blood and urine. For Examiner’s Use Table 1.1 concentration / g per 1000 cm3 blood urine 80 0 glucose 0.8 to 1.1 0 urea 0.2 to 0.4 12 to 25 6 9 to 36 plasma proteins sodium chloride (i) Explain why there are no plasma proteins in the urine. .................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................. [1] (ii) Explain why there is no glucose in the urine. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................. [2] (iii) Explain why there is some variation in the concentration of sodium chloride in the urine, but not in the blood. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................. [3] © UCLES 2012 5096/22/O/N/12 [Turn over 4 (iv) Explain why there is only a small variation in blood glucose concentration. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................. [3] (v) Suggest a reason why the urea concentration in both blood and urine might rise. .................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................. [1] © UCLES 2012 5096/22/O/N/12 For Examiner’s Use 5 (d) A person with kidney failure may be treated using a dialysis machine. This removes waste substances from the blood. Fig. 1.2 shows a dialysis machine in which there are many layers of dialysis membranes (like Visking tubing) separating blood from dialysis fluid. The dialysis fluid contains controlled amounts of several dissolved substances including glucose and it flows through the machine at a steady rate. For Examiner’s Use dialysis fluid in vein blood dialysis fluid artery dialysis machine dialysis fluid out Fig. 1.2 (i) Explain how the dialysis membrane works. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................. [2] (ii) Explain why glucose is included in the dialysis fluid. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................. [2] (iii) Suggest a reason why it is important that the dialysis fluid keeps moving. .................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................. [1] [Total: 20] © UCLES 2012 5096/22/O/N/12 [Turn over 6 2 Fig. 2.1 shows three stages of birth. For Examiner’s Use stage 1 stage 2 stage 3 Fig. 2.1 (a) Suggest how the mother knows that birth is about to happen. .......................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................... [2] © UCLES 2012 5096/22/O/N/12 7 (b) State what happens during stage 2. .......................................................................................................................................... For Examiner’s Use .......................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................... [2] (c) State what happens in stage 3. .......................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................... [1] [Total: 5] © UCLES 2012 5096/22/O/N/12 [Turn over 8 3 Fig. 3.1 represents the two types of nuclear division. Cells D and E are shown with four chromosomes each. D E mitosis meiosis F G H J K L Fig. 3.1 (a) In Fig. 3.1 eight cells are identified by the letters D to L. Use the letters to complete Table 3.1 to show three cells which are genetically identical and three cells which are genetically different. Table 3.1 cells genetically identical genetically different [2] (b) Complete Table 3.2 to compare mitosis and meiosis in humans. Table 3.2 feature mitosis meiosis location in the body role in the body number of chromosomes in daughter cells [6] [Total: 8] © UCLES 2012 5096/22/O/N/12 For Examiner’s Use 9 4 Haemoglobin in red blood cells normally transports oxygen. It combines reversibly with oxygen as shown below: oxygen + haemoglobin For Examiner’s Use oxyhaemoglobin (a) Haemoglobin combines with oxygen in the blood vessels surrounding the alveoli in the lungs. State where haemoglobin releases the oxygen. ..................................................................................................................................... [1] Haemoglobin can also combine with carbon monoxide: carbon monoxide + haemoglobin carboxyhaemoglobin This reaction is not reversible. The oxygen carrying capacity of the blood is the volume of oxygen that is carried by a known volume of blood. (b) State why the oxygen carrying capacity of blood is reduced by exposure to carbon monoxide. ..................................................................................................................................... [1] (c) State why a reduction in the oxygen carrying capacity of blood puts strain on the heart. .......................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................... [2] (d) Suggest a source of carbon monoxide that could affect the human body. ..................................................................................................................................... [1] [Total: 5] © UCLES 2012 5096/22/O/N/12 [Turn over 10 5 Fig. 5.1 represents blood vessels near the surface of the skin. For Examiner’s Use surface of skin N M P Fig. 5.1 (a) Name the types of blood vessel labelled M, N and P on Fig. 5.1. M ........................................... N ........................................... P ........................................... [3] (b) Describe what happens in these blood vessels when the body temperature rises. In your answer you may refer to the blood vessels by the letters M, N and P as shown in Fig. 5.1. .......................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................... [4] [Total: 7] © UCLES 2012 5096/22/O/N/12 11 6 The body uses two types of control system: hormonal and nervous. (a) Explain why a hormonal control system has a more widespread response than a nervous control system. For Examiner’s Use .......................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................... [4] (b) Explain why a hormonal control system has a longer lasting response than a nervous control system. .......................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................... [2] [Total: 6] © UCLES 2012 5096/22/O/N/12 [Turn over 12 7 A long-term investigation of the effects of various factors on health has been carried out on doctors. The doctors were 35 years old at the beginning of the study. Some were cigarette smokers and some were non-smokers. The researchers recorded how old the doctors were when they died. The results of the study are shown in Fig. 7.1. 100 80 percentage survival of 60 doctors non-smokers cigarette smokers 40 20 0 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100 age / years Fig. 7.1 (a) Suggest one reason why doctors were such a suitable group for this study. .......................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................... [1] (b) (i) From the graph, state the difference in the percentage of doctors alive in the two groups at age 70. ............................................................................................................................. [1] (ii) Explain the conclusions that can be made from the results of this study. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................. [2] [Total: 4] © UCLES 2012 5096/22/O/N/12 For Examiner’s Use 13 Section B For Examiner’s Use Answer both questions in this section. Write your answers in the spaces provided. 8 Fig. 8.1 is a diagram of the thorax. R W S T U Fig. 8.1 (a) Name the structures labelled R to W. R ................................................................ S ................................................................. T ................................................................. U ................................................................ W ................................................................ © UCLES 2012 5096/22/O/N/12 [5] [Turn over 14 (b) Describe how muscles cause movements of the thorax when we breathe in. .......................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................... [5] (c) A student used the apparatus shown in Fig. 8.2 to investigate the differences between inspired and expired air. mouthpiece limewater test-tube 1 test-tube 2 Fig. 8.2 The student breathed in and out through the mouthpiece. The design of the apparatus meant that air moved in through test-tube 1 and out through test-tube 2, as shown. After about ten breaths, the limewater in test-tube 2 went cloudy. © UCLES 2012 5096/22/O/N/12 For Examiner’s Use 15 (i) State what you can conclude about the composition of expired air, compared to inspired air. For Examiner’s Use .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................. [2] (ii) Explain why it was important that the student did not remove the mouthpiece while breathing in and out of the apparatus. .................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................. [1] (iii) After several more breaths, the limewater in test-tube 1 started to go slightly cloudy. Explain why this is so. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................. [2] [Total: 15] © UCLES 2012 5096/22/O/N/12 [Turn over 16 9 The group of plants known as legumes are important crop plants and their seeds are a good source of protein. The soybean plant shown in Fig. 9.1 is a legume. Proteins are made by the plant and then transferred to the seeds. Fig. 9.1 (a) Explain how the roots and leaves of the soybean plant are involved in the production of protein. (i) roots .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................. [5] © UCLES 2012 5096/22/O/N/12 For Examiner’s Use 17 (ii) leaves .................................................................................................................................. For Examiner’s Use .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................. [5] (b) Cereal plants, such as wheat, rice and maize, produce grain that does not contain as much protein as the seeds of soybean, but contain large quantities of carbohydrates. These cereals are staple foods in the human diet as they provide carbohydrates. Describe the roles of carbohydrates in human nutrition. .......................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................... [5] [Total: 15] © UCLES 2012 5096/22/O/N/12 [Turn over 18 Section C Answer either question 10 or question 11. Write your answers in the spaces provided. 10 Opium is derived from the poppy plant and is processed into heroin for sale as a drug. It is a controlled substance so that its non-medical use is illegal in most countries. (a) Describe the effects of heroin on the body. .......................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................... [6] © UCLES 2012 5096/22/O/N/12 For Examiner’s Use 19 (b) Discuss the possible problems, including social consequences, caused by the non-medical use of heroin. For Examiner’s Use .......................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................... [6] (c) Morphine and codeine are similar substances to heroin and have similar effects. They may be used as legal drugs. Suggest how the problems associated with heroin are minimised when the legal forms of these drugs are used under medical supervision. .......................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................... [3] [Total: 15] © UCLES 2012 5096/22/O/N/12 [Turn over 20 11 A person was vaccinated against measles. This person was exposed to measles 40 days later. The concentration of antibodies against measles was measured at intervals after vaccination for 65 days. The results are shown in Fig. 11.1. antibodies against measles concentration of antibodies in the blood 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 time / days vaccination against measles exposure to measles Fig. 11.1 (a) Describe and explain the changes in the concentration of antibodies against measles in the blood between day 0 and day 40 and from day 40 onwards. • between day 0 and day 40 .......................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................... © UCLES 2012 5096/22/O/N/12 For Examiner’s Use 21 • from day 40 onwards .......................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................... [12] (b) At day 60, the person is exposed to a different infectious organism to which they have not been previously exposed. Draw a line on Fig. 11.1 to show what would happen to the number of antibodies in the blood after exposure to this different infectious organism. [3] [Total: 15] © UCLES 2012 5096/22/O/N/12 For Examiner’s Use 22 BLANK PAGE © UCLES 2012 5096/22/O/N/12 23 BLANK PAGE © UCLES 2012 5096/22/O/N/12 24 BLANK PAGE Permission to reproduce items where third-party owned material protected by copyright is included has been sought and cleared where possible. Every reasonable effort has been made by the publisher (UCLES) to trace copyright holders, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly been included, the publisher will be pleased to make amends at the earliest possible opportunity. University of Cambridge International Examinations is part of the Cambridge Assessment Group. Cambridge Assessment is the brand name of University of Cambridge Local Examinations Syndicate (UCLES), which is itself a department of the University of Cambridge. © UCLES 2012 5096/22/O/N/12
