www.XtremePapers.com
advertisement
w w om .c s er * 0 4 7 6 2 8 6 4 6 1 * 8291/11 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT Paper 1 Lithosphere and Atmosphere ap eP m e tr .X w UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE INTERNATIONAL EXAMINATIONS General Certificate of Education Advanced Subsidiary Level October/November 2013 1 hour 30 minutes Additional Materials: Answer Booklet/Paper READ THESE INSTRUCTIONS FIRST Write your Centre number, candidate number and name on all the work you hand in. Write in dark blue or black pen. You may use a soft pencil for any diagrams, graphs, tables or rough working. Do not use staples, paper clips, highlighters, glue or correction fluid. DO NOT WRITE IN ANY BARCODES. Electronic calculators may be used. You may lose marks if you do not show your working or if you do not use appropriate units. Section A Answer all questions. Write your answers in the spaces provided on the question paper. Section B Answer one question from this section. Answer the question on the separate answer paper provided. At the end of the examination, 1. fasten all separate answer paper securely to the question paper; 2. enter the question number from Section B in the grid opposite. For Examiner’s Use Section A 1 2 Section B Total This document consists of 12 printed pages. DC (NH/SW) 72829/2 © UCLES 2013 [Turn over 2 Section A For Examiner’s Use Answer all questions in this section. Write your answers in the spaces provided. 1 (a) Fig. 1.1 shows world energy consumption in terms of different resources between 1985 and 2010. Key coal 13 000 wind, solar, biomass 12 000 hydroelectricity 11 000 nuclear 10 000 9000 natural gas oil world energy consumption 8000 / millions of tonnes of oil 7000 equivalent 6000 5000 4000 3000 2000 1000 0 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 year Fig. 1.1 (i) From Fig. 1.1 name three non-renewable resources. .............................................................................................................................. [1] © UCLES 2013 8291/11/O/N/13 3 (ii) By how much, in millions of tonnes of oil equivalent, has: • For Examiner’s Use total energy consumption increased between 1985 and 2010, ........................................................................................................................... • consumption of coal increased between 1985 and 2010? ........................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................... [3] (iii) With reference to Fig. 1.1, give reasons for the change in consumption of one renewable energy resource and one non-renewable energy resource. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................. [6] © UCLES 2013 8291/11/O/N/13 [Turn over 4 (b) Fig. 1.2 shows percentage energy consumption by resource for France and India in 2006. France 5% India 1% 5% 31% 35% 53% 38% 8% 16% 1% 6% Key coal 1% wind, solar, biomass hydroelectricity nuclear natural gas oil Fig. 1.2 (i) State two ways in which the energy consumption of France and India are different. Briefly explain the differences you have identified. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................. [5] © UCLES 2013 8291/11/O/N/13 For Examiner’s Use 5 (ii) State two ways in which the energy consumption of France and India are similar. Briefly explain the similarities you have identified. For Examiner’s Use .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................. [5] [Total: 20] © UCLES 2013 8291/11/O/N/13 [Turn over 6 2 (a) Fig. 2.1 shows the direction of horizontal and vertical air movement across the Earth. jet stream cold desert 60 °N descending air westerlies 30 °N forest hot desert north east trade winds equatorial equator rising air forest 0° 30 °S westerlies hot desert south east trade winds forest descending air 60 °S cold desert jet stream not to scale Fig. 2.1 (i) Describe the pattern of horizontal air movement for either the northern hemisphere or the southern hemisphere between 0 ° and 60 ° as shown in Fig. 2.1. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................. [3] © UCLES 2013 8291/11/O/N/13 For Examiner’s Use 7 (ii) Using the information in Fig. 2.1, explain how atmospheric pressure influences the direction of horizontal movement of air across the Earth’s surface. For Examiner’s Use .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................. [3] (iii) State one other factor that influences the direction of horizontal air movement shown in Fig. 2.1. .................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................. [1] © UCLES 2013 8291/11/O/N/13 [Turn over 8 (b) Fig. 2.2 shows a more localised process in which prevailing winds cross a mountain range. arrows show prevailing wind direction sea at the edge of an ocean clouds area A area B mountain range Fig. 2.2 © UCLES 2013 8291/11/O/N/13 For Examiner’s Use 9 (i) Describe and explain the different weather conditions likely to be experienced in areas A and B in Fig. 2.2. For Examiner’s Use A ................................................................................................................................ .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. B ................................................................................................................................ .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................. [8] (ii) Describe environmental hazards that could occur at each of A and B as a result of the processes shown in Fig. 2.2. A ................................................................................................................................ .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. B ................................................................................................................................ .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................. [5] © UCLES 2013 8291/11/O/N/13 [Total: 20] [Turn over 10 Section B Answer one question from this section. 3 (a) Fig. 3.1 shows the profile of a podzol soil developed beneath temperate coniferous forest. temperate coniferous forest thin litter layer A0 horizon partly decomposed litter A1 dark-coloured humus ash-grey sandy layer A2 iron pan (not always present) reddish-brown layer B weathering parent material (e.g. sandstone) C Fig. 3.1 Briefly explain the role of water and climate in the development of the soil profile shown in Fig. 3.1. [10] (b) With reference to both LEDCs and MEDCs, describe how human activity has caused soil degradation. For such circumstances, assess the methods that may be used to ensure that soils are used sustainably. [30] [Total: 40] © UCLES 2013 8291/11/O/N/13 11 4 (a) Fig. 4.1 shows an area of Moscow that suffers from atmospheric pollution. Fig. 4.1 Identify two different types of atmospheric pollution that occur in the area shown in Fig. 4.1 and describe the effects they would have upon the nearby urban environment. [10] (b) With reference to one urban area with which you are familiar, assess the methods that have been used to reduce its atmospheric pollution. [30] [Total: 40] © UCLES 2013 8291/11/O/N/13 [Turn over 12 5 (a) Fig. 5.1 shows two different types of mass movement. A B Fig. 5.1 Describe and explain the characteristics of the two types of mass movement (A and B) shown in Fig. 5.1. [10] (b) With reference to examples with which you are familiar, describe and explain the factors that contribute to slope instability. For the examples you have chosen, assess the methods that can be used to maintain slope stability. [30] [Total: 40] Copyright Acknowledgements: Question 1a Question 1b Question 2a Question 4 Question 5 © Tececo Pty Ltd; www.tececo.com/economics.summary.php. © EIA International Energy Annual 2004/6; US Department of Energy. © Global Air Circulation; www.emc.maricopa.edu. © Atmospheric pollution, January 2006; RIA NOVOSTI / SCIENCE PHOTO LIBRARY; Ref: E810 / 0436. © Mass Movement; www.scienceclassified.com/landfarms/Faults-to-Mountains/Landslide-and-other-Gravity-Movements.html. Permission to reproduce items where third-party owned material protected by copyright is included has been sought and cleared where possible. Every reasonable effort has been made by the publisher (UCLES) to trace copyright holders, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly been included, the publisher will be pleased to make amends at the earliest possible opportunity. University of Cambridge International Examinations is part of the Cambridge Assessment Group. Cambridge Assessment is the brand name of University of Cambridge Local Examinations Syndicate (UCLES), which is itself a department of the University of Cambridge. © UCLES 2013 8291/11/O/N/13
