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8291/01
ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT
Paper 1 Lithosphere and Atmosphere
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UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE INTERNATIONAL EXAMINATIONS
General Certificate of Education
Advanced Subsidiary Level
October/November 2011
1 hour 30 minutes
Additional Materials:
Answer Booklet/Paper
READ THESE INSTRUCTIONS FIRST
Write your Centre number, candidate number and name on all the work you hand in.
Write in dark blue or black pen.
You may use a soft pencil for any diagrams, graphs, tables or rough working.
Do not use staples, paper clips, highlighters, glue or correction fluid.
DO NOT WRITE IN ANY BARCODES.
Section A
Answer all questions.
Write your answers in the spaces provided on the question paper.
Section B
Answer one question from this section.
Answer the question on the separate answer paper provided.
At the end of the examination,
1.
fasten all separate answer paper securely to the question paper;
2.
enter the question number from Section B in the grid opposite.
For Examiner’s Use
Section A
1
2
Section B
Total
This document consists of 12 printed pages.
DC (AC/JG) 33945/3
© UCLES 2011
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2
Section A
Answer all questions in this section.
Write your answers in the spaces provided.
Volc
anic
arc
(a) Fig. 1.1 shows tectonic processes operating at a plate boundary.
Oceanic crust
Tr
e
nc
h
1
Lithosphere
Continental crust
A
Lithosphere
Asthenosphere
Fig. 1.1
(i)
What is meant by the term tectonic process?
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(ii)
Name the tectonic process occurring at A.
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(iii)
Describe the feature labelled trench in Fig. 1.1 and briefly explain how it is formed.
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3
(b) Fig. 1.2 is an example of volcanic activity that frequently occurs at plate boundaries of
the type shown in Fig. 1.1.
For
Examiner’s
Use
Fig. 1.2
(i)
Describe the characteristic features of the volcanic eruption shown in Fig. 1.2.
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(ii)
Explain why volcanic eruptions are common at this type of plate boundary.
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(c) Predicting the precise time at which a volcanic eruption might occur is difficult. Fig. 1.3
contains information on the monitoring of Mount Vesuvius.
N
Naples
Gulf
of
Naples
0
Vesuvius
4 km
History: 30 major eruptions since AD 79; last major eruption 1944.
Monitoring including: 3 tilt meters to measure ground deformation, 370 surface
survey sites.
12 seismic stations distributed around the volcano.
Geochemical stations that measure variations in the temperature and composition
of gases.
Fig. 1.3
(i)
Describe how tilt meters, seismometers and chemical analysis are used in the
prediction of a future eruption of Mount Vesuvius.
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Examiner’s
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(ii)
In planning for a future eruption, describe other measures that need to be taken
into account in addition to monitoring.
For
Examiner’s
Use
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(a) Fig. 2.1 shows mean monthly temperatures and rainfall for a tropical climate.
500
rainfall / mm
400
300
200
100
0
J F M A M J J A S O N D
month
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
-5
-10
-15
-20
-25
-30
For
Examiner’s
Use
temperature / °C
2
Fig. 2.1
(i)
Explain why information for temperature and rainfall in climatic charts such as
Fig. 2.1 is averaged over a period of at least 25 years.
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(ii)
Calculate the annual range of temperature and rainfall shown in Fig. 2.1.
temperature range .........................................° C
rainfall range ..................................................mm
(iii)
[2]
Describe the pattern of temperature and rainfall for the climatic area in Fig. 2.1.
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(iv)
Using data from Fig. 2.1 outline one way in which human activity might be influenced
by this climate.
For
Examiner’s
Use
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(b) Fig. 2.2 contains information on the climate of Greece and the fires that devastated
areas of the country in the summer of 2009.
30
60
25
50
40
30
20
15
20
10
10
5
0
J F M A M J J A SO N D
month
temperature / °C
rainfall / mm
Athens, Greece
70
0
The climate of Greece has seen a rise of about 1oC in both summer and winter
temperatures in recent years.
A report said ‘heat waves and drier land caused by climate change have combined with
changes in land use, abandonment of rural areas and a lack of management of forest
areas to make forests more flammable, leading to ever larger and more uncontrollable
fires.’
Fig. 2.2
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Examiner’s
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9
(i)
Using the information contained in Fig. 2.2, describe how the climate may have
contributed to the fires that have affected this region in recent years.
For
Examiner’s
Use
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(ii)
Use the information in Fig. 2.2 to suggest ways in which human activity may have
contributed to the risk of fires in Greece.
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Section B
Answer one question from this section.
3
(a) Describe the process by which stratospheric ozone is depleted and briefly describe the effects
ozone depletion may have upon the health of people and vegetation.
[10]
(b) There are signs that the issue of stratospheric ozone depletion is responding to international
actions. The issue of global warming, however, remains a major problem.
Describe the international agreements that have been reached in an attempt to solve these
key environmental issues. Assess the extent to which MEDCs and LEDCs have been able to
comply with agreements in respect of these two issues.
[30]
[Total: 40]
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4
(a) It is argued that the key to making coal-burning power plants more environmentally friendly is to
capture the carbon dioxide by equipping them with carbon capture and storage technology.
Fig. 4.1 illustrates a scheme for doing this.
by-products into
the atmosphere
flue gas
coal combustion
CO2
separation
CO2
compression
liquid
CO2
CO2
storage
power
steam
Fig. 4.1
Describe three different advantages of the technique shown in Fig. 4.1.
[10]
(b) Assess the extent to which the advantages of developing and utilising renewable sources
of energy outweigh the disadvantages. Your answer should refer to examples from LEDCs
and/or MEDCs.
[30]
[Total: 40]
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5
(a) Explain how vegetation, water infiltration and weathering have contributed to the soil profile in
Fig. 5.1. ................................................................................................................................[10]
thick, acidic,
organic debris
light-coloured,
acidic soil
humus, iron,
aluminium
parent material
coniferous forest soil
Fig. 5.1
(b) With reference to examples you have studied, assess the extent to which human activity
has caused deterioration in soil quality. Assess two methods that could be used to restore
degraded soils.
[30]
[Total: 40]
Copyright Acknowledgements:
Question 1 Figure 1.3
© Angela Sorrentino; View of Naples City Panorama with Vesuvius; iStock Photo 14877741; www.istockphoto.com
Permission to reproduce items where third-party owned material protected by copyright is included has been sought and cleared where possible. Every
reasonable effort has been made by the publisher (UCLES) to trace copyright holders, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly been included, the
publisher will be pleased to make amends at the earliest possible opportunity.
University of Cambridge International Examinations is part of the Cambridge Assessment Group. Cambridge Assessment is the brand name of University of
Cambridge Local Examinations Syndicate (UCLES), which is itself a department of the University of Cambridge.
© UCLES 2011
8291/01/O/N/11