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8291/02
ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT
Paper 2 Hydrosphere and Biosphere
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UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE INTERNATIONAL EXAMINATIONS
General Certificate of Education
Advanced Subsidiary Level
October/November 2010
1 hour 30 minutes
Additional Materials:
Answer Booklet/Paper
READ THESE INSTRUCTIONS FIRST
Write your Centre number, candidate number and name on all the work you hand in.
Write in dark blue or black pen.
You may use a soft pencil for any diagrams, graphs, tables or rough working.
Do not use staples, paper clips, highlighters, glue or correction fluid.
DO NOT WRITE IN ANY BARCODES.
Section A
Answer all questions.
Write your answers in the spaces provided on the question paper.
Section B
Answer one question from this section.
Answer the question on the separate answer paper provided.
At the end of the examination,
1. fasten all separate answer paper securely to the question paper;
2. enter the question number from Section B in the grid opposite.
For Examiner’s Use
Section A
1
2
Section B
Total
This document consists of 12 printed pages.
DC (CB (LD/DJ)) 17629/3
© UCLES 2010
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2
Section A
For
Examiner’s
Use
Answer all questions in this section.
1
(a) Fig. 1.1 shows the flows and stores of water in a hydrological cycle within a river valley.
precipitation
A
evaporation
interception
water
table
B
Fig. 1.1
(i)
Name the flow that occurs at A and the store that occurs at B in Fig. 1.1.
A ...............................................................................................................................
B ........................................................................................................................... [2]
(ii)
What is meant by the terms evaporation and interception?
evaporation ...............................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
interception ...............................................................................................................
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(iii)
Describe how a balance between the input of water from precipitation and output of
water from the river is maintained in a river basin.
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3
(iv)
What effects would the construction of a large town in area X in Fig. 1.1 have upon
the discharge of water into the river?
For
Examiner’s
Use
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(b) Fig. 1.2 contains information on the River Colorado Drainage Basin. Fig 1.3 shows how
the discharge of the River Colorado below the Hoover Dam changed between 1920 and
2000.
For
Examiner’s
Use
Key to map:
Green
N
WYOMING
Ri
r
ve
dam
river
100 Miles
Pacific
Ocean
ME
Gulf of
California
2000
1995
June 1980: Lake Powell fills
Colorado discharge; downstream from the Hoover Dam
Fig. 1.2
(i)
March 1963: storage begins Lake Powell
year
XIC
O
1990
ve
r
140
130
120
110
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
1985
Ri
1980
Gila
r
e
Gila Riv
NEW MEXICO
1975
River
Salt
1970
r
Rive
l
Riv
er
1920
All
American
Canal
Central
Arizona
Project
Co o
rado
Colorado
River
Aquaduct
lo
ra
do
ARIZONA
1965
le
Co
CALIFORNIA
1960
Litt
Hoover Dam
1955
River
Lake
Mead
1950
San Juan
Vi
July 1941: Lake Mead fills
Lake
Powell
r
n Rive
rgi
1945
ison
River
February 1935: storage begins Lake Mead
Green
COLORADO
Gunn
1940
NEVADA
rado
Colo
140
130
120
110
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Fig. 1.3
Using evidence from Fig. 1.2 and Fig. 1.3, describe how the River Colorado can
now be regarded as being a managed river.
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© UCLES 2010
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thousands of cubic feet per second (cfs)
UTAH
r
Rive
1935
Yampa River
1930
100 Kilometres
Ri
ve
r
0
basin
watershed
1925
50
thousands of cubic feet per second (cfs)
0
reservoir
5
(ii)
Suggest three ways in which management of the River Colorado benefits human
activity.
For
Examiner’s
Use
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(iii)
Using evidence from Fig.1.3, outline how the management of the River Colorado
could have a negative effect upon agriculture and the natural environment in area X
in Fig. 1.2.
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[Total: 20]
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6
2
(a) Fig. 2.1 is a model that describes population size in terms of processes that form inputs
and outputs.
births
immigration
population
size
deaths
emigration
Fig. 2.1
(i)
Which two processes control natural population change?
.............................................................................................................................. [1]
(ii)
Describe how the inputs and outputs to the model interact to produce an increase
in population.
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rate of population change / 1000
(b) The demographic transition model in Fig. 2.2 shows how birth rates and death rates
interact to produce changes to a nation’s population.
stage 1
stage 2
stage 3
stage 4
stage 5
40
30
death
rate
population size
birth
rate
20
10
0
time
Fig. 2.2
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For
Examiner’s
Use
7
(i)
Complete the dashed line for stages 2, 3 and 4 in Fig. 2.2 to show how population
size changes according to the birth rate and death rate. The position of this line in
stages 1 and 5 is already drawn.
[2]
(ii)
Write the labels Y and Z onto Fig.2.2 to show the positions of France and Paraguay
in the demographic transition model.
Label
Y
Z
Country
France
Paraguay
Birth Rate
13/1000
25/1000
Death Rate
8.5/1000
6/1000
For
Examiner’s
Use
[2]
(c) The population pyramids in Fig. 2.3 show the population structure of a Less Economically
Developed Country (LEDC) and a More Economically Developed Country (MEDC).
MEDC
LEDC
80-84
Female
70-74
70-74
Male
60-64
60-64
50-54
40-44
30-34
Age Groups
80-84
Age Groups
Female
Male
50-54
40-44
30-34
20-24
20-24
10-14
10-14
0-4
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Percentage in Age Group
0-4
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Percentage in Age Group
Fig. 2.3
Describe two socio-economic factors that would account for the difference between the
two population pyramids.
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(d) In 2004 an international committee suggested that the ‘state of the world’ would follow
the trends shown in Fig. 2.4.
State of the World
resources
industrial
output
population
pollution
1900
1950
2000
food
2050
2100
Fig. 2.4
(i)
Describe the relationship between changes to the global population, and resources,
industrial output, pollution and food between 1900 and 2000.
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For
Examiner’s
Use
9
(ii)
Explain the possible state of the world scenario for the period 2050 to 2100.
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For
Examiner’s
Use
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[Total: 20]
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Section B
Select one question from this section.
3
(a) Briefly describe the differences in the provision of safe drinking water and basic sanitation
between Less Economically Developed Countries (LEDCs) and More Economically Developed
Countries (MEDCs) as shown in Table 3.1. Give three reasons for these differences.
[10]
Table 3.1
% population with a sustainable access to safe drinking water and basic sanitation
safe drinking water
basic sanitation
world total
83%
59%
MEDC total
99%
99%
LEDC total
80%
50%
(b) With reference to either a LEDC or MEDC you have studied, describe the methods that
are currently used to achieve a sustainable water supply and basic sanitation. Discuss one
positive and one negative environmental effect of the methods you have described.
[30]
[Total: 40]
© UCLES 2010
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11
4
(a) Fig. 4.1 shows a relationship between agricultural productivity and plant species diversity in
soils at different levels of soil productivity.
high
plant species
diversity
agricultural
productivity
low
low
high
inherent soil productivity
Fig. 4.1
Give three reasons for the way in which plant species diversity and agricultural productivity
change in Fig. 4.1.
[10]
(b) Using examples with which you are familiar, describe how agricultural activity has contributed
to land degradation. Assess two methods that would enable a sustainable use of agricultural
land.
[30]
[Total: 40]
© UCLES 2010
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5
(a) Describe the biotic and abiotic factors that maintain the ecosystems in a tropical rain forest
such as that shown in Fig. 5.1..............................................................................................[10]
Fig. 5.1
(b) Outline three reasons why the Earth’s tropical rain forests should be conserved. With reference
to examples you have studied, assess the methods that are being used to conserve tropical
rain forest.
[30]
[Total: 40]
Copyright Acknowledgements:
Question 1b
Question 2c
Question 4 Figure 4.1
Question 5 Figure 5.1
© Map of Colorado Basin and discharge graph; USGS National Center.
© Population pyramid and developed country diagrams; www.lenebrae.org/…/population.pyramids.htm.
© Diagram; www.idrc.ea/en/ev-29587-201-1; The International Development Research Centre.
© flickr.com
Permission to reproduce items where third-party owned material protected by copyright is included has been sought and cleared where possible. Every
reasonable effort has been made by the publisher (UCLES) to trace copyright holders, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly been included, the
publisher will be pleased to make amends at the earliest possible opportunity.
University of Cambridge International Examinations is part of the Cambridge Assessment Group. Cambridge Assessment is the brand name of University of
Cambridge Local Examinations Syndicate (UCLES), which is itself a department of the University of Cambridge.
© UCLES 2010
8291/02/O/N/10