www.XtremePapers.com Cambridge International Examinations 8291/22 Cambridge International Advanced Subsidiary Level
advertisement
w w ap eP m e tr .X w om .c s er Cambridge International Examinations Cambridge International Advanced Subsidiary Level * 1 2 5 1 0 3 7 7 3 4 * 8291/22 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT Paper 2 Hydrosphere and Biosphere May/June 2014 1 hour 30 minutes Additional Materials: Answer Booklet/Paper READ THESE INSTRUCTIONS FIRST Write your Centre number, candidate number and name on all the work you hand in. Write in dark blue or black pen. You may use an HB pencil for any diagrams or graphs. Do not use staples, paper clips, glue or correction fluid. DO NOT WRITE IN ANY BARCODES. Electronic calculators may be used. You may lose marks if you do not show your working or if you do not use appropriate units. Section A Answer all questions. Write your answers in the spaces provided on the question paper. Section B Answer one question from this section. Answer the question on the separate answer paper provided. At the end of the examination, 1. fasten all separate answer paper securely to the question paper; 2. enter the question number from Section B in the grid opposite. For Examiner’s Use Section A 1 2 Section B Total This document consists of 11 printed pages and 1 blank page. DC (LK/JG) 81744/3 © UCLES 2014 [Turn over 2 Section A Answer all questions in this section. Write your answers in the spaces provided. 1 Fig. 1.1 shows the main features of the global water cycle. 84% water vapour in atmosphere precipitation evaporation 77% from ocean 16% evaporation from land 23% transpiration vegetation ice caps glaciers surface run-off via rivers AIR SOIL infiltration into soil roots OCEAN groundwater flow groundwater Fig. 1.1 (a) What is meant by the terms run-off, groundwater and infiltration? run-off ....................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................. groundwater .............................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................................. infiltration .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................................. [3] © UCLES 2014 8291/22/M/J/14 3 (b) Describe and explain the role of vegetation in the global water cycle shown in Fig. 1.1. ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ...............................................................................................................................................[6] (c) Describe and explain the changes in the state of water (solid, liquid and gas) in the global water cycle shown in Fig. 1.1. ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ...............................................................................................................................................[4] © UCLES 2014 8291/22/M/J/14 [Turn over 4 (d) (i) With reference to Fig. 1.1, suggest how global warming may affect the global water cycle. ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................[5] (ii) Outline one other way human activity could affect the global water cycle shown in Fig. 1.1. ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................[2] [Total: 20] © UCLES 2014 8291/22/M/J/14 5 2 (a) Tropical rainforests are among the most productive ecosystems in the world. They frequently occur on nutrient poor soils. Explain why these ecosystems are so productive, despite rainforest soils being nutrient poor. ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ...............................................................................................................................................[5] © UCLES 2014 8291/22/M/J/14 [Turn over 6 Fig. 2.1 shows a slash and burn cycle of land use in a tropical rainforest. stage one stage two stage three stage four stage five Fig. 2.1 © UCLES 2014 8291/22/M/J/14 7 (b) Briefly describe the slash and burn cycle of land use shown in Fig. 2.1. ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ...............................................................................................................................................[5] © UCLES 2014 8291/22/M/J/14 [Turn over 8 (c) Explain why this type of land use becomes less sustainable if human population increases in size and density. ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... .............................................................................................................................................[10] [Total: 20] © UCLES 2014 8291/22/M/J/14 9 Section B Answer one question from this section. Fig. 3.1 shows the the oil trade transported by ship and the number of oil tanker spills from 1970 to 2011. 12,000 120 10,000 100 8,000 80 6,000 60 4,000 40 2,000 20 0 1970 number of oil tanker spills oil trade transported by ship / arbitary units 3 0 1975 1980 1985 1990 year 1995 2000 2005 2010 Key oil trade transported by ship number of tanker spills Fig. 3.1 (a) For the period 1970 to 2011, describe and explain the trends in oil trade transported by ship and the number of oil tanker spills shown in Fig. 3.1. [10] (b) With reference to examples with which you are familiar, describe and assess the effectiveness of measures that have been used to combat effects of marine pollution hazards and explain why it is difficult to control marine pollution. [30] [Total: 40] © UCLES 2014 8291/22/M/J/14 [Turn over 10 4 Fig. 4.1 shows the routes of Libya’s main pipelines, designed to bring water from the groundwater basins in the Sahara desert to the coastal cities. Mediterranean Sea TUNISIA Tripoli Benghazi Tobruk Sirt ALGERIA Ajdabiya Key wellfields EGYPT Sarir reservoir Tazerbo pipeline international border LIBYA Kufra principal towns NIGER CHAD SUDAN Fig. 4.1 (a) Briefly describe and explain both the advantages and disadvantages of pipeline projects, such as the one shown in Fig. 4.1. [10] (b) Using examples with which you are familiar, assess the extent to which MEDCs find it easier to achieve a sustainable supply of water than LEDCs. [30] [Total: 40] © UCLES 2014 8291/22/M/J/14 11 5 Fig. 5.1 shows the total catch in tonnes of cod off Newfoundland (Canada). 900 000 800 000 total catch of cod 700 000 / tonnes 600 000 500 000 400 000 300 000 200 000 100 000 0 1850 1870 1890 1910 1930 1950 1970 1990 2010 year Fig. 5.1 (a) Describe and explain the changes in the total catch of cod in the years between 1850 and 2010 shown in Fig. 5.1. [10] (b) With reference to examples with which you are familiar, describe the impact of human activities on marine ecosystems and assess the measures that are being used to conserve these ecosystems. [30] [Total: 40] © UCLES 2014 8291/22/M/J/14 12 BLANK PAGE Copyright Acknowledgments: Question 1 Figure 1.1 Question 2 Figure 2.1 Question 3 Figure 3.1 Question 4 Figure 4.1 Question 5 Figure 5.1 © Environmental Science; Australian Acadamy of Science; 1994. © Environmental Science; Australian Acadamy of Science; 1994. © http://www.itopf.com/news-and-events/documents/STATSPACK2011.pdf. © http://www.bbc.co.uk; GMR Libya. © http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Surexploitation_morue_surp%C3%AAche.jpg?uselang=en-gb Permission to reproduce items where third-party owned material protected by copyright is included has been sought and cleared where possible. Every reasonable effort has been made by the publisher (UCLES) to trace copyright holders, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly been included, the publisher will be pleased to make amends at the earliest possible opportunity. Cambridge International Examinations is part of the Cambridge Assessment Group. Cambridge Assessment is the brand name of University of Cambridge Local Examinations Syndicate (UCLES), which is itself a department of the University of Cambridge. © UCLES 2014 8291/22/M/J/14
