www.XtremePapers.com Cambridge International Examinations 8291/21 Cambridge International Advanced Subsidiary Level
advertisement
w w ap eP m e tr .X w om .c s er Cambridge International Examinations Cambridge International Advanced Subsidiary Level * 0 2 7 4 0 4 9 6 8 3 * 8291/21 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT Paper 2 Hydrosphere and Biosphere May/June 2014 Additional Materials: 1 hour 30 minutes Answer Booklet/Paper READ THESE INSTRUCTIONS FIRST Write your Centre number, candidate number and name on all the work you hand in. Write in dark blue or black pen. You may use an HB pencil for any diagrams or graphs. Do not use staples, paper clips, glue or correction fluid. DO NOT WRITE IN ANY BARCODES. Electronic calculators may be used. You may lose marks if you do not show your working or if you do not use appropriate units. Section A Answer all questions. Write your answers in the spaces provided on the question paper. Section B Answer one question from this section. Answer the question on the separate answer paper provided. At the end of the examination, 1. fasten all separate answer paper securely to the question paper; 2. enter the question number from Section B in the grid opposite. For Examiner’s Use Section A 1 2 Section B Total This document consists of 11 printed pages and 1 blank page. DC (AC/JG) 103144 © UCLES 2014 [Turn over 2 Section A Answer all questions in this section. Write your answers in the spaces provided. 1 (a) Fig. 1.1 shows the former area of coastal forest in East Africa. Coastal forest is now limited to a few small areas, of which the Arabuko-Sokoke Forest is the largest remnant. The golden rumped elephant shrew, in Fig. 1.2, is only found in these remaining coastal forests. Content removed due to copyright restrictions. Fig. 1.2 Fig. 1.1 (i) Suggest two abiotic factors that have confined the coastal forest to the narrow band shown in Fig. 1.1. ............................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................[2] © UCLES 2014 8291/21/M/J/14 3 (ii) State two biotic factors that may have limited the golden rumped elephant shrew to the remaining small areas of coastal forest, such as the Arabuko-Sokoke Forest shown in Fig. 1.1. ............................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................[2] (iii) Describe two human activities that could have led to the reduction in area covered by coastal forest. ............................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................[4] (iv) Explain why conserving the remaining areas of coastal forest is important. ............................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................[4] © UCLES 2014 8291/21/M/J/14 [Turn over 4 (b) Fig. 1.3 shows the management plan for the sustainable use of the Arabuko-Sokoke Forest (Kenya). 0 5 10 km village zones N Key biodiversity zone ecotourism zone plantations intervention zone potential subsistence farming zone, subject to operational plans village boundary motorable tracks footpaths Fig. 1.3 © UCLES 2014 8291/21/M/J/14 5 With reference to Fig. 1.3, describe how the management plan could achieve a sustainable use of this forest. . .................................................................................................................................................. . .................................................................................................................................................. . .................................................................................................................................................. . .................................................................................................................................................. . .................................................................................................................................................. . .................................................................................................................................................. . .................................................................................................................................................. . .................................................................................................................................................. . .................................................................................................................................................. . .................................................................................................................................................. . .................................................................................................................................................. . .................................................................................................................................................. . .................................................................................................................................................. . .................................................................................................................................................. . .................................................................................................................................................. . ..............................................................................................................................................[8] [Total: 20] © UCLES 2014 8291/21/M/J/14 [Turn over 6 2 Fig. 2.1 shows details of the Three Gorges Dam in China, which has displaced 1 million people and caused 1300 settlements to be submerged. 500 km CHINA Yangtze River Beijing map area Shanghai Wushan Yunyang Fengjie Xiling Gorge Outang Wuxia r Yichang ive Gorge Gorge R e Zhongxian tz Three Gorges Dam ng river flow Changshou Fengdu Ya Wanxian Fuling Chongqing dam’s dimensions • length 2.3 km, the world’s longest • height 185 m Yangtze River dam r iv er’s f l ow energy production 85 billion kilowatt hours a year by 2009 Fig. 2.1 (a) Suggest which natural features shown in Fig. 2.1 made this a suitable site for a dam. . .................................................................................................................................................. . .................................................................................................................................................. . .................................................................................................................................................. . .................................................................................................................................................. . .................................................................................................................................................. . .................................................................................................................................................. . .................................................................................................................................................. . ..............................................................................................................................................[4] © UCLES 2014 8291/21/M/J/14 7 (b) Briefly describe and explain two disadvantages associated with the construction of dams, such as that shown in Fig. 2.1. . .................................................................................................................................................. . .................................................................................................................................................. . .................................................................................................................................................. . .................................................................................................................................................. . .................................................................................................................................................. . .................................................................................................................................................. . .................................................................................................................................................. . .................................................................................................................................................. . .................................................................................................................................................. . .................................................................................................................................................. . .................................................................................................................................................. . ..............................................................................................................................................[6] © UCLES 2014 8291/21/M/J/14 [Turn over 8 (c) Describe three benefits of dam construction, such as that shown in Fig. 2.1, or similar projects. . .................................................................................................................................................. . .................................................................................................................................................. . .................................................................................................................................................. . .................................................................................................................................................. . .................................................................................................................................................. . .................................................................................................................................................. . .................................................................................................................................................. . .................................................................................................................................................. . .................................................................................................................................................. . .................................................................................................................................................. . .................................................................................................................................................. . .................................................................................................................................................. . .................................................................................................................................................. . .................................................................................................................................................. . .................................................................................................................................................. . .................................................................................................................................................. . .................................................................................................................................................. . .................................................................................................................................................. . .................................................................................................................................................. . ............................................................................................................................................[10] [Total: 20] © UCLES 2014 8291/21/M/J/14 9 Section B Answer one question from this section. 3 Fig. 3.1 shows a food web for an ecosystem in a tundra biome. arctic wolves polar bears kittiwakes arctic foxes pikas musk ox liverworts brown bears caribou grasses snowy owls lemmings caribou moss arctic hares lichens Fig. 3.1 (a) Describe the inter-relationships between the organisms in the food web shown in Fig. 3.1. [10] (b) With reference to a biome with which you are familiar, describe the influence of human activity on its ecosystems and the effectiveness of conservation measures. [30] [Total: 40] © UCLES 2014 8291/21/M/J/14 [Turn over 10 4 Fig. 4.1 shows part of the water cycle in an area where a pumping well has been dug. precipitation pumping well infiltration wat er t able stream grou ndwa ter flow Fig. 4.1 (a) With reference to Fig. 4.1, describe and explain the effect of the pumping well on the groundwater and water table. [10] (b) With reference to examples with which you are familiar, discuss how efforts to achieve a sustainable supply of water can have both positive and negative effects on human activity and the environment. [30] [Total: 40] © UCLES 2014 8291/21/M/J/14 11 Fig. 5.1 shows the extent to which shrimp farms have extended into a mangrove ecosystem between 1989 and 1999. 1989 iR ive r ver Ri Gaderu Gaderu Kakinada Bay (backwater) ng iR ive r ng Co ra 1999 Kakinada Bay (backwater) Co ra 5 ver Ri Bay of Bengal sparse mangroves salt pans agricultural lands dense mangroves beach Bay of Bengal sparse mangroves shrimp ponds agricultural lands dense mangroves beach Fig. 5.1 (a) With reference to Fig. 5.1, suggest and explain three effects that human activity is having on the environment. [10] (b) With reference to a threatened ecosystem with which you are familiar, assess the measures that have been adopted to conserve its flora and fauna. [30] [Total: 40] © UCLES 2014 8291/21/M/J/14 12 BLANK PAGE Copyright Acknowledgements: Question 1 Figure 1.1 Question 1 Figure 1.2 Question 1 Figure 2.1 Question 2 Figure 2.1 Question 3 Figure 3.1 Question 4 Figure 4.1 Question 5 Figure 5.1 © http://www.conservation.org/WHERE/PRIORITY_AREAS/HOTSPOTS/AFRICA/COASTAL-FORESTS-OF-EASTERNAFRICA/Pages/default.aspx © Gareth Rathburn; www.arkive.org © Araboko-Sokokwe Strategic Forest Management Plan 2002-2027; Bird life International; 2002. © http://naturalplane.blogspot.co.uk/2010/05/three-gorges-dam-causing-earthquakes.htm. © http://biomesfirst.wikispaces.com/file/view/food_web.jpg. © http://ga.water.usgs.gov/edu/earthgwaquifer.html. © Hein L; Impact of shrimp farming on mangroves along India’s East Coast Unasylva Vol 31; 2000. Permission to reproduce items where third-party owned material protected by copyright is included has been sought and cleared where possible. Every reasonable effort has been made by the publisher (UCLES) to trace copyright holders, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly been included, the publisher will be pleased to make amends at the earliest possible opportunity. Cambridge International Examinations is part of the Cambridge Assessment Group. Cambridge Assessment is the brand name of University of Cambridge Local Examinations Syndicate (UCLES), which is itself a department of the University of Cambridge. © UCLES 2014 8291/21/M/J/14
