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Cambridge International Examinations
Cambridge International Advanced Subsidiary Level
* 3 8 0 4 4 1 9 0 9 8 *
8291/11
ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT
Paper 1 Lithosphere and Atmosphere
May/June 2014
1 hour 30 minutes
Additional Materials:
Answer Booklet/Paper
READ THESE INSTRUCTIONS FIRST
Write your Centre number, candidate number and name on all the work you hand in.
Write in dark blue or black pen.
You may use an HB pencil for any diagrams or graphs.
Do not use staples, paper clips, glue or correction fluid.
DO NOT WRITE IN ANY BARCODES.
Electronic calculators may be used.
You may lose marks if you do not show your working or if you do not use appropriate units.
Section A
Answer all questions.
Write your answers in the spaces provided on the question paper.
Section B
Answer one question from this section.
Answer the question on the separate answer paper provided.
At the end of the examination,
1.
fasten all separate answer paper securely to the question paper;
2.
enter the question number from Section B in the grid opposite.
For
Examiner’s
Use
Section A
1
2
Section B
Total
This document consists of 11 printed pages and 1 blank page.
DC (AC/SW) 80693/4
© UCLES 2014
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2
Section A
Answer all questions in this section.
Write your answers in the spaces provided.
1
(a) Fig. 1.1 shows how temperature in the atmosphere changes between 0 and 80 km.
mesopause
80
70
tem
pe
meteor
rat
u
mesosphere
re
60
50
height
/ km
stratopause
40
30
stratosphere
maximum ozone
20
tropopause
10
Mt. Everest
0
–100 –80
–60
troposphere
–40
–20
0
20
40
60
temperature
/ °C
Fig. 1.1
(i)
Using the information in Fig. 1.1, state by how much temperature falls between the
Earth’s surface and the tropopause.
...................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii)
Explain why high air temperatures in Fig. 1.1 are found close to the Earth’s surface.
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(iii)
Suggest why the clouds shown in Fig. 1.1 are normally prevented from rising above the
tropopause.
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...................................................................................................................................... [2]
(iv)
Describe one characteristic of the troposphere.
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(b) The ozone layer shown in Fig. 1.1 occurs between 20 and 30 km above the Earth’s surface.
(i)
Briefly explain how the ozone layer protects life on Earth.
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(ii)
Explain how human activity is believed to be responsible for ozone depletion.
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(iii)
Fig. 1.2 shows changes to the shape and size of the hole in the ozone layer over the
Antarctic between 1979 and 2011.
Fig. 1.3 shows the amount by which ozone has depleted over the Antarctic, between
1979 and 2011.
September 17, 1979
0
October 1, 2011
October 7, 1989
100 200 300
total ozone
/ dobson units
400
Fig. 1.2
250
200
average minimum ozone
/ dobson units
150
100
10
0
1980
1990
2000
year
Fig. 1.3
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5
To what extent does the data in Fig. 1.2 and Fig. 1.3 support the view that international
agreements to reduce damage to the ozone layer have been successful?
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[Total: 20]
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2
(a) Fig. 2.1 shows a cross section through the Earth, with some of the plates labelled.
0°N
25°S
mid-oceanic
ridge
South Atlantic
Ocean
rift
AM SO
PLE
NAZCA
PLATE
TRALAUS IAN
INDA
E
PL T
Peru
trench
mid-oceanic
ridge
AFRICAN
PL
AT
E
H N
UTICA
R TE
A
Andes
90°E
30°N
PL
Himalaya
AN
IF
direction of movement
oceanic crust
SI
PA
C
Key
continental crust
AT E
90°W
30°S
Arabian Sea
IC
PLA
TE
EU
RA
Pacific
Ocean
Sea of Japan
180°S
25°N
Japan
trench
Fig. 2.1
(i)
Using the letters A, B, C and D, write on Fig. 2.1 where you would expect to find the
following:
subduction
ocean floor spreading
convection current
young fold mountains
(ii)
A
B
C
D
[4]
With reference to Fig. 2.1, describe the processes that are responsible for the plates
moving.
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(b) Fig. 2.2 shows a cross section through the plate boundary where the North American and
Caribbean plates meet.
south west
north east
Montserrat
Puerto Rico
trench
Caribbean Sea
Atlantic Ocean
+
acidic magma
rises to surface +
as a volcano + + +
Caribbean
Plate
sediments and
trapped water
aid melting of
mantle wedge
North American Plate
subducted beneath
Caribbean plate
= 2.2 cm / year
not to scale
Fig. 2.2
Key
+ magma
rising molten
rock
(i)
Outline the tectonic processes responsible for creating the Puerto Rico ocean trench
shown in Fig. 2.2.
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(ii)
Describe the type of volcanic eruptions associated with the island of Montserrat shown in
Fig. 2.2.
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(iii)
Suggest the strategies that might be adopted to reduce the impact of eruptions such as
that shown in Fig. 2.2.
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[Total: 20]
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Section B
Answer one question from this section.
3
Fig. 3.1 shows the pattern of land use in a rapidly growing LEDC city.
Key
formal CBDs
informal markets
commercial zones
n
industrial zones
lil o
h
port
C
r
e
v
inner-city slums
Ri
ac
wealthy inner suburbs
poorer outer suburbs
squatter settlements
commuter settlements
airport
expressway
Ri
m
Rive
r Lu
rin
r
R i ve
PACIFIC OCEAN
Fig. 3.1
(a) Describe the pattern of land use shown in Fig. 3.1.
[10]
(b) With reference to examples with which you are familiar, assess the effects of urban growth on
the city and the surrounding area.
[30]
[Total: 40]
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4
The city of Hong Kong has grown rapidly over the past 25 years. Fig. 4.1 shows the total hours of
reduced visibility per year in Hong Kong as a result of air pollution between 1988 and 2009.
1600
1,570
2004
1400
1200
974
1997
total hours of 1000
reduced visibility*
800
per year
/ hours
600
1,139
2009
727
2001
498
1993
400
* visibility below 8 km
in the absence of
fog, mist or rain
295
200 1988
0
09
20
07
20
05
20
03
20
01
20
99
19
97
19
95
19
93
19
91
19
89
19
year
Fig. 4.1
(a) Describe the trend shown by Fig. 4.1 and outline two likely sources of air pollution in such a
densely populated city.
[10]
(b) With reference to examples from LEDCs or MEDCs with which you are familiar, assess the
problems in controlling atmospheric pollution.
[30]
[Total: 40]
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5
Fig. 5.1 is an isoline map which shows anomalies in global air temperatures in January. The
temperature anomaly at a particular place is the difference between the temperature of the place
and the average temperature for that latitude.
+12
0
+12 +8
+8
–8
0
–8
+16
+20
–24
–16 Siberia
North +16
Atlantic
+12
+8
0
60 °N
–12
+4
–4
0
+4
0
–4
–8
30 °N
0
Fig. 5.1
(a) Suggest reasons for the high positive anomaly found in the North Atlantic compared with the
high negative anomaly found at the same latitude in Siberia.
[10]
(b) For one area with which you are familiar, describe and explain the likely impacts of global
warming. Explain why it has been difficult to manage these issues on a global scale.
[30]
[Total: 40]
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© UCLES 2014
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