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UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE INTERNATIONAL EXAMINATIONS
General Certificate of Education Advanced Subsidiary Level
CANDIDATE
NAME
CENTRE
NUMBER
CANDIDATE
NUMBER
* 6 7 7 0 2 6 5 6 9 0 *
8291/21
ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT
Paper 2 Hydrosphere and Biosphere
May/June 2013
1 hour 30 minutes
Additional Materials:
Answer Booklet/Paper
READ THESE INSTRUCTIONS FIRST
Write your Centre number, candidate number and name on all the work you hand in.
Write in dark blue or black pen.
You may use a soft pencil for any diagrams, graphs, tables or rough working.
Do not use staples, paper clips, highlighters, glue or correction fluid.
DO NOT WRITE IN ANY BARCODES.
Electronic calculators may be used.
Section A
Answer all questions.
Write your answers in the spaces provided on the question paper.
Section B
Answer one question from this section.
Answer the question on the separate answer paper provided.
At the end of the examination,
1.
fasten all separate answer paper securely to the question paper;
2.
enter the question number from Section B in the grid opposite.
For Examiner’s Use
Section A
1
2
Section B
Total
This document consists of 12 printed pages.
DC (SJF/SW) 67954/2
© UCLES 2013
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Section A
For
Examiner’s
Use
Answer all questions in this section.
1
(a) Fig. 1.1 shows the components of the water cycle within a river valley.
precipitation
snow
.............................
.............................
infiltration
.............................
streamflow
sea
lake storage
.............................
groundwater discharge to
lakes, streams and sea
Fig. 1.1
(i)
Insert the following labels into their appropriate boxes in Fig. 1.1:
evaporation
(ii)
transpiration
surface runoff
water table
[4]
Explain why although the contents of Fig. 1.1 can be described as a water cycle it
is also an open system.
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(iii)
Explain the inverse relationship between infiltration and surface runoff shown in the
graphs, in Fig. 1.2 of
A
precipitation against soil porosity
B
precipitation against slope angle
A
For
Examiner’s
Use
B
surface
runoff
infiltration
precipitation
precipitation
surface
runoff
soil porosity
infiltration
slope angle
Fig. 1.2
A ...............................................................................................................................
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B ...............................................................................................................................
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(b) Describe how the priorities in Fig. 1.3 are important in flood risk management.
reducing flood risk
avoiding flood
risk
sustainable flood risk
management
development
planning
recovery from
flooding
emergency
response
before a flood
during and
after a flood
Fig. 1.3
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[Total: 20]
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For
Examiner’s
Use
5
2
(a) What is meant by the terms biodiversity and biomass?
biodiversity .......................................................................................................................
For
Examiner’s
Use
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biomass ...........................................................................................................................
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6
(b) Fig. 2.1 shows both nutrient flow and energy transfer in an ecosystem.
heat
Sun
For
Examiner’s
Use
heat
producers
consumers
Key
nutrients
inorganic
nutrient
store
energy
decomposers
heat
Fig. 2.1
(i)
With reference to Fig. 2.1, describe the flow of nutrients in an ecosystem.
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(ii)
With reference to Fig. 2.1, describe the transfer of energy in an ecosystem.
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7
Question 2(c) starts on page 8
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(c) Fig. 2.2 is a nutrient model for a rainforest ecosystem. The size of the circles corresponds
to the quantity of n utrients stored. The width of the arrows corresponds to the quantity
of nutrient flow.
biomass
precipitation
litter
soil
runoff
leaching
weathering
Fig. 2.2
(i)
Give two reasons for the quantity of nutrients in the biomass store.
1 ...............................................................................................................................
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2 ...............................................................................................................................
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Examiner’s
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9
(ii)
Explain why the litter nutrient store is the smallest.
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For
Examiner’s
Use
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(iii)
Describe the effect of deforestation upon the flows and stores in Fig. 2.2.
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[Total: 20]
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Section B
Select one question from this section.
3
(a) Fig. 3.1 shows how the use of hydroelectric power (HEP) developed between 1965 and 2006
in different regions of the world.
3500
Key
total Asia Pacific
3000
total Africa
total Europe & Eurasia
2500
total S and central America
total N America
energy from 2000
hydroelectric
power
/ billion kWh 1500
1000
500
0
1965
1970
1975
1980
1985
year
1990
1995
2000
2005
Fig. 3.1
Describe and explain the variations in the development of HEP shown in Fig. 3.1.
[10]
(b) Hydroelectric power stations usually require water storage behind dams . With reference to
examples you have studied, assess the extent to which the benefits accrued from storing
water for HEP are frequently outweighed by disadvantages.
[30]
[Total: 40]
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4
(a) Fig. 4.1 shows the sources of petroleum that lead to marine pollution, and the annual
contribution made by each source.
other
transportation
extraction
tanker and
vessel spills
seepage from
oil-bearing rocks
spills and leaks
during use
Fig. 4.1
With reference to Fig. 4.1 briefly discuss the contributions made by these sources.
[10]
(b) Explain why there are difficulties associated with trying to reduce the causes and effects
of marine pollution. Assess two strategies that can be used to manage the issue of marine
pollution.
[30]
[Total: 40]
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5
(a) Fig. 5.1 shows changes in species extinction and human population between 1800 and 2012.
60 000
8000
Key
50 000
number of
species
becoming
extinct
per year
40 000
7000
number of species
becoming extinct
6000
human population
5000
human
population
4000 / millions
30 000
3000
20 000
2000
10 000
0
1800
1000
1850
1900
year
1950
2000
0
Fig. 5.1
Describe and explain the relationship between species extinction and human population
shown in Fig. 5.1.
[10]
(b) With reference to one area of ecological importance you have studied, assess the
conservation strategies used to preserve its species.
[30]
[Total: 40]
Copyright Acknowledgements:
Question 1c
Question 2
Figure 2
Question 3
Question 4
© Flood Risk; www.scotland.gov.uk/Publications/2011/06/15150211/7.
© Energy Flow; http://www.marietta.edu/~biol/102/ecosystem.html.
© http://www.energyinsights.net/cgi-script/csarticles/articles/000001/000133.htm; source, BP, 2007.
© Reprinted with permission from Oil in the Sea III, 2002, by the National Academy of Sciences, Courtesy of the National Academies Press,
Washington DC.
Permission to reproduce items where third-party owned material protected by copyright is included has been sought and cleared where possible. Every
reasonable effort has been made by the publisher (UCLES) to tr ace copyright holders, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly been included, the
publisher will be pleased to make amends at the earliest possible opportunity.University of Cambr idge International Examinations is part of the Cambridge Assessment Group.
Cambridge Assessment is the brand name of University of Cambridge Local Examinations Syndicate (UCLES), which is itself a department of the University of Cambridge
© UCLES 2013
8291/21/M/J/13