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w w ap eP m e tr .X w om .c s er UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE INTERNATIONAL EXAMINATIONS General Certificate of Education Advanced Subsidiary Level * 4 7 3 1 8 6 2 8 3 6 * 8291/22 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT Paper 2 Hydrosphere and Biosphere May/June 2012 1 hour 30 minutes Additional Materials: Answer Booklet/Paper READ THESE INSTRUCTIONS FIRST Write your Centre number, candidate number and name on all the work you hand in. Write in dark blue or black pen. You may use a soft pencil for any diagrams, graphs, tables or rough working. Do not use staples, paper clips, highlighters, glue or correction fluid. DO NOT WRITE IN ANY BARCODES. Section A Answer all questions. Write your answers in the spaces provided on the question paper. Section B Answer one question from this section. Answer the question on the separate answer paper provided. At the end of the examination, 1. fasten all separate answer paper securely to the question paper; 2. enter the question number from Section B in the grid opposite. For Examiner’s Use Section A 1 2 Section B Total This document consists of 11 printed pages and 1 blank page. DC (LEO/SW) 51576/4 © UCLES 2012 [Turn over 2 Section A For Examiner’s Use Answer all questions in this section. Write your answers in the spaces provided. 1 (a) Fig. 1.1 contains information on the estimated residence times of the world’s water resources. A residence time is the estimated average period of time water will remain in a water store. biospheric water atmospheric water river channels soil moisture lakes and reservoirs ice caps and glaciers oceans and seas groundwater 1 week 1 week 2 weeks 2 weeks to 1 year 10 years 1000 years 4000 years 0 2000 4000 6000 residence time / years 8000 2 weeks to 10 000 years 10 000 Fig. 1.1 (i) Using information in Fig. 1.1, explain why water in some stores has a residence time of only a few weeks. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................. [4] © UCLES 2012 8291/22/M/J/12 3 (ii) Using information from Fig. 1.1 explain the estimated residence times for those stores of 1000 years or more. 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[4] (iii) Outline why a recognition of water residence times is important to human activity. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................. [2] © UCLES 2012 8291/22/M/J/12 [Turn over 4 (b) Fig. 1.2 shows the features of aquifers. precipitation confined aquifer recharge area For Examiner’s Use unconfined aquifer recharge area flowing artesian well evaporation and evaporation well requiring transpiration a pump infiltration runoff river lake infiltration unconfined aquifer less permeable material such as clay water table confined aquifer confining impermeable rock layer Fig. 1.2 (i) Describe the geological conditions that produce the confined and unconfined aquifers shown in Fig. 1.2. confined .................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. unconfined ................................................................................................................ .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................. [2] © UCLES 2012 8291/22/M/J/12 5 (ii) Explain how a balance between losses and gains of water to the aquifers may be achieved. 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[4] (iii) With reference to two different sources of pollution, describe how groundwater may become contaminated. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................. [4] [Total: 20] © UCLES 2012 8291/22/M/J/12 [Turn over 6 2 (a) Fig. 2.1 shows energy transfer through the trophic levels in a food chain. producers 97000 kJ / m2 / yr secondary consumers 600 kJ / m2 / yr primary consumers 7000 kJ / m2 / yr For Examiner’s Use tertiary consumers 50 kJ / m2 / yr Fig. 2.1 (i) What is meant by the terms food chain and trophic level? food chain ................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. trophic level .............................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................. [2] (ii) Each of the following are members of a grassland food chain: small snake hawk grass mouse Complete the boxes below to show the correct trophic level for each organism in the food chain. producer primary consumer secondary consumer tertiary consumer grass [2] (iii) Explain why the energy transferred between trophic levels decreases along the food chain shown in Fig. 2.1. .................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................. [2] © UCLES 2012 8291/22/M/J/12 7 (iv) A pyramid of numbers shows the number of organisms at each trophic level in a food chain. For Examiner’s Use Using information from Fig. 2.1 explain the reduction in the number of organisms shown in Fig. 2.2. Pyramid of Numbers fox rabbit grass Fig. 2.2 .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................. [4] © UCLES 2012 8291/22/M/J/12 [Turn over 8 (b) Fig. 2.3 and Fig. 2.4 contain information, by continent, on the number of threatened species and the number of protected sites. number of threatened species Asia Africa South America number of sites in which biodiversity is protected Europe 479 Africa 198 Asia 160 South America 70 North America 36 Oceania 21 North America Europe Oceania 0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 Fig. 2.4 Fig. 2.3 (i) To what extent is there a relationship between the data contained in Figs. 2.3 and 2.4? Suggest an explanation for your answer. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................. [4] © UCLES 2012 8291/22/M/J/12 For Examiner’s Use 9 (ii) Outline three factors which have an influence on the numbers of threatened species shown in Fig. 2.3. 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[6] [Total: 20] © UCLES 2012 8291/22/M/J/12 [Turn over 10 Section B Answer one question from this section. 3 (a) With reference to Table 3.1, give three reasons why the percentage contribution of oil exploration and production to marine pollution is less than that of other sources. [10] Table 3.1 source of marine pollution percentage contribution land based discharge 44 atmospheric inputs 33 marine transport 12 dumping 10 oil exploration and production 1 (b) With reference to examples you have studied, describe three effects of marine pollution upon marine environments. Why is the issue of marine pollution difficult to manage on both a local and international scale? [30] [Total: 40] 4 (a) Describe and suggest explanations for the relationship between the changing populations of rabbits and lynx shown in Fig. 4.1. [10] number of animals / 103 140 120 Key 100 rabbits lynx 80 60 40 20 0 1845 1855 1865 1875 1885 1895 1905 1915 1925 year Fig. 4.1 (b) Assess the relative merits of safari parks and zoos in the conservation of endangered species. Refer to examples you have studied. [30] [Total: 40] © UCLES 2012 8291/22/M/J/12 11 5 (a) Describe how global warming might affect the amounts of water contained in the natural stores shown in Table 5.1. [10] Table 5.1 natural store percentage of water stored oceans 97.2 snow and ice 2.15 deep groundwater 0.635 shallow groundwater 0.31 freshwater lakes 0.009 salt water lakes and inland seas 0.008 soil and percolating water 0.005 atmospheric water 0.001 rivers 0.0001 (b) Describe the extent to which climatic change is likely to affect the supply of water for domestic, agricultural and industrial purposes. With reference to a country with which you are familiar assess two ways in which it is attempting to cope with these issues. [30] [Total: 40] © UCLES 2012 8291/22/M/J/12 12 BLANK PAGE Copyright Acknowledgements: Question 1a Figure 1.1 Question 1b Figure 1.2 Question 4a Figure 4.1 © http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/world_s_water_cycle_schematic_and_residence_time. © http://www2.mcdaniel.edu/Biology/EPS04/foodprod/aquifer.gif. © carrier.pbwalls.com. Permission to reproduce items where third-party owned material protected by copyright is included has been sought and cleared where possible. Every reasonable effort has been made by the publisher (UCLES) to trace copyright holders, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly been included, the publisher will be pleased to make amends at the earliest possible opportunity. University of Cambridge International Examinations is part of the Cambridge Assessment Group. Cambridge Assessment is the brand name of University of Cambridge Local Examinations Syndicate (UCLES), which is itself a department of the University of Cambridge. © UCLES 2012 8291/22/M/J/12
