w w ap eP m e tr .X w om .c s er UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE INTERNATIONAL EXAMINATIONS General Certificate of Education Advanced Subsidiary Level * 8 0 7 8 6 9 2 6 4 3 * 8291/22 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT Paper 2 Hydrosphere and Biosphere May/June 2011 1 hour 30 minutes Additional Materials: Answer Booklet/Paper READ THESE INSTRUCTIONS FIRST Write your Centre number, candidate number and name on all the work you hand in. Write in dark blue or black pen. You may use a soft pencil for any diagrams, graphs, tables or rough working. Do not use staples, paper clips, highlighters, glue or correction fluid. DO NOT WRITE IN ANY BARCODES. Section A Answer all questions. Write your answers in the spaces provided on the question paper. Section B Answer one question from this section. Answer the question on the separate answer paper provided. At the end of the examination, 1. fasten all separate answer paper securely to the question paper; 2. enter the question number from Section B in the grid opposite. For Examiner’s Use Section A 1 2 Section B Total This document consists of 11 printed pages and 1 blank page. DC (NF/CGW) 33951/2 © UCLES 2011 [Turn over 2 Section A For Examiner’s Use Answer all questions in this section. Write your answers in the spaces provided. 1 (a) What is meant by the term ecosystem? .......................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................... [2] (b) Fig.1.1 shows a simplified food web for a deciduous woodland ecosystem. hawks and owls snakes foxes insectivorous birds toads spiders predaceous insects rabbits squirrels mice seed-eating birds herbivorous insects plants Fig. 1.1 (i) From Fig. 1.1 identify a four stage food chain ending in a top predator. Complete your answer in the boxes below. plants [2] © UCLES 2011 8291/22/M/J/11 3 (ii) With reference to Fig.1.1 describe how energy flows through a food web. .................................................................................................................................. 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[4] (iii) Explain how biodiversity can be an indicator of the stability of an ecosystem. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................. [2] © UCLES 2011 8291/22/M/J/11 [Turn over 4 (c) Fig.1.2 shows a nutrient cycle typical of that in many tropical rainforests. precipitation nutrients stored in biomass rapid uptake of nutrients by roots very few nutrients lost by leaching leaf fall nutrients leach from leaves rapid leaf litter decomposition soil nutrients deeply weathered rock releases a few nutrients Fig. 1.2 (i) With reference to Fig. 1.2, explain why tropical rainforest soils are frequently infertile. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................. [4] © UCLES 2011 8291/22/M/J/11 For Examiner’s Use 5 (ii) Describe the effects that deforestation would have on the nutrient flows shown in Fig. 1.2. 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[6] [Total: 20] © UCLES 2011 8291/22/M/J/11 [Turn over 6 2 (a) Fig. 2.1 contains information about the hydrological cycle within a river valley. cloud cloud A interception evapotranspiration through fall overland flow infiltration percolation river through flow percolation water table B zone of saturation Fig. 2.1 (i) From Fig. 2.1 identify the flow that occurs at A and the store that occurs at B. A ............................................................................................................................... B .......................................................................................................................... [2] (ii) What is meant by each of the terms interception and water table? interception ............................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................. water table ................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................. [2] © UCLES 2011 8291/22/M/J/11 For Examiner’s Use 7 (iii) Describe how the hydrological cycle shown in Fig. 2.1 might respond: For Examiner’s Use during a long dry summer, .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. during a period of prolonged rainfall. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................. [6] © UCLES 2011 8291/22/M/J/11 [Turn over 8 (b) Fig. 2.2 shows some of the hydrological processes to be found in a non-urban area and an urban area. non-urban area urban area 40% evapotranspiration 30% evapotranspiration 55% runoff 10% runoff 25% shallow infiltration 10% shallow infiltration 25% deep infiltration 5% deep infiltration Fig. 2.2 (i) Use Fig. 2.2 to explain why the percentages of infiltration and surface runoff in the urban area are different from those in the non-urban area. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................. [6] © UCLES 2011 8291/22/M/J/11 For Examiner’s Use 9 (ii) Suggest and explain two possible effects the water losses from the urban area might have upon a nearby river. 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[4] [Total: 20] © UCLES 2011 8291/22/M/J/11 [Turn over 10 Section B Answer one question from this section. 3 (a) Describe the relationship between climate and natural vegetation for three of the biomes shown in Fig. 3.1. [10] 450 400 tropical montane forest mean annual precipitation / cm 350 300 tropical rainforest temperate rainforest 250 tropical dry forest 200 150 100 temperate deciduous forest boreal forest savanna temperate grassland 50 hot desert 30 25 20 tundra cold desert 15 10 5 0 –5 –10 –15 mean annual temperature / °C Fig. 3.1 (b) With reference to one biome you have studied, describe the pressures human activity is placing on its ecosystems. Assess the methods that have been adopted to conserve the natural vegetation and wildlife within this biome. [30] [Total: 40] © UCLES 2011 8291/22/M/J/11 11 4 (a) Fig. 4.1 shows the estimated number of deaths that can be attributed to recent climatic change. Give three reasons why lower levels of precipitation may have contributed to the variations in mortality shown in Fig. 4.1. [10] mortality per million population 0–2 2–4 4 – 70 70 – 120 no data Fig. 4.1 (b) With reference to examples you have studied, assess the extent to which the economic and social priorities in dam and reservoir construction outweigh considerations for the natural and human environment. [30] [Total: 40] 5 (a) Outline the different demographic conditions that would produce the three possible projections for global population growth shown in Fig. 5.1. [10] population / billions 30 28 b high growth 25 20 15 11.5 b medium growth 10 5 4.3 b low growth 0 1975 2000 2025 2050 2075 2100 2125 2150 year Fig. 5.1 (b) To what extent are the pressures mankind is placing on the environment a consequence of population growth? With reference to a country you have studied, assess its strategies for achieving a sustainable balance between its demands for food and the environment. [30] [Total: 40] © UCLES 2011 8291/22/M/J/11 12 BLANK PAGE Permission to reproduce items where third-party owned material protected by copyright is included has been sought and cleared where possible. Every reasonable effort has been made by the publisher (UCLES) to trace copyright holders, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly been included, the publisher will be pleased to make amends at the earliest possible opportunity. University of Cambridge International Examinations is part of the Cambridge Assessment Group. Cambridge Assessment is the brand name of University of Cambridge Local Examinations Syndicate (UCLES), which is itself a department of the University of Cambridge. © UCLES 2011 8291/22/M/J/11