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w w ap eP m e tr .X w om .c s er UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE INTERNATIONAL EXAMINATIONS General Certificate of Education Advanced Subsidiary Level *3936612359* 8291/12 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT Paper 1 Lithosphere and Atmosphere May/June 2010 1 hour 30 minutes Additional Materials: Answer Booklet/Paper READ THESE INSTRUCTIONS FIRST Write your Centre number, candidate number and name on all the work you hand in. Write in dark blue or black pen. You may use a soft pencil for any diagrams, graphs, tables or rough working. Do not use staples, paper clips, highlighters, glue or correction fluid. DO NOT WRITE IN ANY BARCODES. Section A Answer all questions. Write your answers in the spaces provided on the question paper. Section B Answer one question from this section. Answer the question on the separate answer paper provided. At the end of the examination, 1. fasten all separate answer paper securely to the question paper; 2. enter the question number from Section B in the grid opposite. For Examiner’s Use Section A 1 2 Section B Total This document consists of 11 printed pages and 1 blank page. DC (LEO/SW) 17614/4 © UCLES 2010 [Turn over 2 Section A For Examiner’s Use Answer all questions in this section 1 (a) Study Fig. 1.1 which shows how P and S seismic waves pass through the Earth. Answer the questions that follow. P Sw av es epicentre dS an P and s wave inner core t ec e dir av no S w nd Pa shadow zone ou ter core mantle s 105° shadow zone n a n o d ir e d S ct wa ves 105° P no direct S waves Key: P waves S waves Fig. 1.1 (i) What is meant by the term seismic waves? .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................. [2] (ii) Distinguish between P and S waves. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................. [2] © UCLES 2010 8291/12/M/J/10 3 (iii) Explain why no direct P and S waves are recorded in the shadow zones indicated in Fig. 1.1. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................. [3] (b) Seismic waves from an earthquake can be detected using a seismograph. The time difference between a detection of P waves and S waves is related to the distance of the seismograph from the epicentre of the earthquake. The curved line on Fig. 1.2 shows the distance out from seismograph 1 of the epicentre. (i) Draw, onto Fig. 1.2, two more curved lines to show how it is possible to use three seismographs to find the earthquake’s epicentre. [1] Map of seismograph locations Seismograph 3 Seismograph 1 Seismograph 2 Fig. 1.2 (ii) Mark with an X on Fig. 1.2 the location of the epicentre. [1] (iii) Give one reason why recordings from at least three seismographs are needed in order to locate the epicentre of an earthquake. .................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................. [1] © UCLES 2010 8291/12/M/J/10 [Turn over For Examiner’s Use 4 (c) Describe and suggest reasons for the pattern of earthquakes in the period 1963 to 1998 shown in Fig. 1.3. Fig. 1.3 .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................ [6] © UCLES 2010 8291/12/M/J/10 For Examiner’s Use 5 (d) Describe and justify two methods that can be used to predict the likelihood of a future earthquake in a given locality. .......................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................... ...................................................................................................................................... [4] [Total: 20] © UCLES 2010 8291/12/M/J/10 [Turn over For Examiner’s Use 6 2 (a) Fig. 2.1 shows a barometric chart for a summer day in the southern hemisphere. For Examiner’s Use 1012 C 10 20 1020 A 1028 E 996 D B Fig. 2.1 (i) Write the values 1016 mb and 1000 mb in their correct positions in Fig. 2.1. [2] (ii) The arrows at points A and B show the horizontal direction of air movement at these points. Explain why air movement occurs in these directions. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................. [2] (iii) Name the weather systems to be found at locations C, D and E. C ............................................................................................................................... D ............................................................................................................................... E ........................................................................................................................... [3] © UCLES 2010 8291/12/M/J/10 7 (iv) Describe and give a reason for the weather conditions at each of the following: C ............................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. D ............................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................. [4] (v) Describe how satellite photography assists the process of interpreting weather conditions. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................. [4] © UCLES 2010 8291/12/M/J/10 [Turn over For Examiner’s Use 8 (b) Fig. 2.2 shows how wind direction in a coastal area may change between day and night. Day wind direction ocean surface land Night wind direction land ocean surface Fig. 2.2 Suggest reasons for the changes between day and night shown in Fig. 2.2. .......................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................... ...................................................................................................................................... [5] [Total: 20] © UCLES 2010 8291/12/M/J/10 For Examiner’s Use 9 Section B Choose one question from this section 3 (a) Rocks undergo weathering by chemical and mechanical processes. Which process occurs at a place, and how quickly, depends on the climate of that place. Use Fig. 3.1 to describe how temperature and precipitation interact to affect the type and rate of rock weathering. [10] l rat mode al nic ha ni ca a ch e em tm ec o str sli annual temperature / °C ec m ng gh moderate mechanical -10 l ica n ha 0 moderate chemical with frost action 10 20 strong chemical 200 moderate chemical 150 100 annual rainfall / cm very slight weathering of any kind 50 Fig. 3.1 (b) Slope instability is a major hazard in some situations. Using examples with which you are familiar, describe how far human activity contributes to slope instability. Assess two ways in which slope instability might be managed. [30] [Total: 40] © UCLES 2010 8291/12/M/J/10 [Turn over 10 4 (a) Carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides and sulphur dioxide contribute to the atmospheric pollution of many cities. Briefly describe the sources and effects of these types of pollution. [10] (b) With reference to urban areas with which you are familiar, describe and evaluate the strategies that have been adopted to reduce atmospheric pollution. [30] [Total: 40] © UCLES 2010 8291/12/M/J/10 11 5 (a) Briefly describe how a combination of human activity and natural processes contribute to the soil erosion shown in Fig. 5.1. [10] Fig. 5.1 (b) Using examples with which you are familiar, describe how the rapid development of an urban region can have negative effects upon its local environment. Assess two measures that could be adopted to reduce these effects. [30] [Total: 40] © UCLES 2010 8291/12/M/J/10 12 BLANK PAGE Copyright Acknowledgements: Question 1c Question 5 © www.mysciencebox.org/book/export/html/S26. © www.portal.unesco.org/science/fr/ev.php_url_ID=4639&url_Do=Do_Topic&url_section=201.html. Permission to reproduce items where third-party owned material protected by copyright is included has been sought and cleared where possible. Every reasonable effort has been made by the publisher (UCLES) to trace copyright holders, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly been included, the publisher will be pleased to make amends at the earliest possible opportunity. University of Cambridge International Examinations is part of the Cambridge Assessment Group. Cambridge Assessment is the brand name of University of Cambridge Local Examinations Syndicate (UCLES), which is itself a department of the University of Cambridge. © UCLES 2010 8291/12/M/J/10
