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Name
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Candidate Number
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Centre Number
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ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT
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UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE INTERNATIONAL EXAMINATIONS
General Certificate of Education
Advanced Subsidiary Level and Advanced Level
8291/02
Paper 2 Hydrosphere and Biosphere
May/June 2005
1 hour 30 minutes
Additional Materials:
Answer Booklet/Paper
READ THESE INSTRUCTIONS FIRST
Write your Centre number, candidate number and name on all the work you hand in.
Write in dark blue or black pen.
You may use a soft pencil for any diagrams, graphs, table or rough working.
Do not use staples, paper clips, highlighters, glue or correction fluid.
Section A
Answer all questions.
Write your answers in the spaces provided on the question paper.
Section B
Answer one question from this section.
Answer the question on the separate answer paper provided.
At the end of the examination,
1. fasten all separate answer paper securely to the question paper;
2. enter the question number from Section B in the grid opposite.
For Examiner’s Use
Section A
1
If you have been given a label, look at the
details. If any details are incorrect or
missing, please fill in your correct details
in the space given at the top of this page.
2
Section B
Stick your personal label here, if
provided.
TOTAL
This document consists of 11 printed pages and 1 blank page.
SP (SM/CGW) S83776/4
© UCLES 2005
[Turn over
For
Examiner’s
Use
2
Section A
Answer all questions in this section.
Write your answers in the spaces provided.
1
Fig. 1.1 shows the transfers and stores within the global hydrological cycle.
A
atmosphere
biomass
ice and snow
evaporation
moisture in
soil
lakes
rivers
B
oceans
C
Key:
stores
transfers
Fig. 1.1
(a) (i)
Identify components A, B and C in Fig. 1.1.
A .......................................................
B .......................................................
C .......................................................
[3]
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Examiner’s
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3
(ii)
Describe how water is lost from the land.
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(iii)
Explain the processes by which water is returned to the land.
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(iv)
Name and describe one atmospheric process that would cause either a long term
increase or a long term decrease in the volume of water stored in the oceans.
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For
Examiner’s
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4
(b) Fig. 1.2 shows a geological structure in which water is stored naturally.
water table
water table
porous chalk
Fig. 1.2
(i)
Name the geological structure shown in Fig. 1.2.
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(ii)
Explain why urban and rural areas would find such structures a useful source of water.
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(iii)
Describe how the water contained in structures such as Fig. 1.2 can become polluted.
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[20 marks]
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Examiner’s
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5
2
(a) Fig. 2.1 shows part of a food web for an English woodland ecosystem.
fox
owls
woodmouse
grey squirrel
spiders
oak bark
blackbird
carnivorous insects
beetles
hawks
caterpillars
oak fruits
woodpecker
slugs
aphids
hedgehog
earthworms
woodlice
oak leaves
shrew
centipedes
millipedes
dead plant material
Fig. 2.1
(i)
Explain the term foodweb.
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(ii)
(iii)
Give one example, from Fig. 2.1, of
•
a primary producer,
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•
a primary consumer, .........................................................................................
•
a detritivore.
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[3]
How would the ecosystem be affected by a reduction in the population of foxes?
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6
(iv)
Fig. 2.2 shows a pyramid of biomass for the woodland ecosystem.
tertiary and higher consumers
secondary consumers
herbivores
oak tree
Fig. 2.2
Why does the biomass decrease at each trophic level?
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(b) Fig. 2.3 shows the effects of the farming system of bush fallowing upon an area of rain
forest.
low secondary forest
stage 4
different vegetation
stages or seres
stage 3
land farmed then
left fallow for 8/10 years
stage 2
primary forest
cleared for agriculture
stage 1
Fig. 2.3
© UCLES 2005
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Examiner’s
Use
7
(i)
Describe one way in which the ecosystem would be affected by the clearance of the
primary forest.
For
Examiner’s
Use
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(ii)
Explain the changes that would be taking place to the soil and vegetation cover
between stages 2 and 4 in Fig. 2.3.
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(iii)
Outline two ecological differences between the secondary forest in stage 4 and the
primary forest in stage 1.
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(iv)
What would be the impact of an increase in the human population in an area similar
to that depicted in Fig. 2.3?
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[20 marks]
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8
Section B
Answer one question from this section.
Answers must be in continuous prose.
Write your answers on the separate answer paper provided.
3
(a) The Aral Sea is located in the lowlands of Turan, occupying land in the Republics of Kazakhstan
and Uzbekistan. From ancient times it was known as an oasis. Traders, hunters, fishers, and
merchants populated this fertile site littered with lagoons and shallow straits that
characterized the Aral landscape.
Use Fig. 3.1 (opposite) to suggest reasons for the changes which have taken place to the
surface area of the Aral Sea.
[10]
(b) For one named environment with which you are familiar, describe and explain the methods
that have been used to conserve and restore its ecosystems.
To what extent have these methods been successful?
[30]
[40 marks]
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A Changes to the surface area of the Aral Sea
1960
1971
1976
1993
2000
KEY
area of water
B Irrigated areas in Central Asia
Kazakhstan
Scale
0
r-D
ary
aR
ive
r
Nukus
Kyrgyzstan
Uzbekistan
Caspian
Sea
Tashkent
uAm
Fergana
Valley
Da
Turkmenistan
a
ry
Ka
r
ve
Ri
Ashkhabad
400
Sy
Aral
Sea
ra
Ku
m
km
ca
na
l
Karshi steppe
Tajikistan
Keys:
irrigated areas
rivers
urban areas
canals
C Climatic chart for Nukus
temp /°C
30
20
rainfall / mm
75
Nukus total annual rainfall = 186mm
10
50
0
25
0
J F M A M J J A S ON D
Fig. 3.1
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10
4
(a) Suggest how human activity can introduce changes to the supply and quality of water within
the drainage basin shown in Fig. 4.1.
[10]
Fig. 4.1
(b) With reference to one or more rivers you have studied, describe and evaluate the strategies
that have been adopted for long and short term management of pollution and flooding. [30]
[40 marks]
© UCLES 2005
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5
(a) In 1972 the Club of Rome published its landmark report, Limits to Growth. This dramatically
predicted the inevitable collapse of civilization unless economic growth was halted immediately.
growth
Some predictions made in the report are summarized in Fig. 5.1.
population
industrial output
per capita
food per
capita
resources
pollution
1900
2000
2100
Fig. 5.1
Outline one reason why you would agree with the predictions made in Fig. 5.1 and one
reason why you would disagree with them.
Give an example in each case.
[10]
(b) Using examples with which you are familiar, describe and evaluate the strategies that have
been adopted to achieve a more sustainable use of agricultural land whilst increasing food
production.
[30]
[40 marks]
© UCLES 2005
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8291/02/M/J/05