United States
Department of
Agriculture
Forest Service
Pacific Northwest
Research Station
WIND RIVER
EXPERIMENTAL·
F
REST
MANAGEMENT
PLAN.
1987 WI»> RIVER EXPERIMENTAL FOREST
RESEARCH
MANAGEMENT PLAN
PACIFIC NORTHWEST FOREST AND RANGE EXPERIMENT STATION
Coordinated by:
Richard o. Woodfin, Jr.
Dean S. DeBell
Jerry F. Franklin
Reviewed by:
Glenn A. Cooper
Deputy Director
Pacific Northwest Forest and Range Experiment Station
Ap proved by:
Robert L. Ethington
Director
Pacific Northwest Forest and Range Experiment Station
October 1987
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
2
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
CHAPTER II
HISTORY CflAPTER III
MANAGEMENT DIRECTION AND GUIDELINES CHAPTER IV
PLANNED ACTIONS BY PNW STATION MANAGEMENT CHAPTER V
FINDINGS AND KEY RESEARCH
21 CHAPTER VI
PHYSICAL AND BIOLOGICAL FEATURES
42 CHAPTER VII RESEARCH PLOTS AND ACTIVE STUDIES
60 CHAPTER VIII
FACILITIES
62 CHAPTER IX
ROADS AND TRAILS
66 CHAPTER X
EDUCATION AND INTERPRETATION
72 CHAPTER XI
RESOURCES AND AREAS OF RESEARCH
80 CHAPTER XII
TimbeP
82 Hatershed and Soils
92 Hildlife and Fisheries
98 Pro tection =Fire, Insects, and Disease
112 Recreation and Visual
132 Harvesting, U tilization, and Residues
136 BASIC RESEARCH
APPENDIX BIBLIOGRAPHY PRESCRIPTIONS FOR tVIND RIVER EXPERIMENTAL FOREST== GIFFORD PINCHOT NATIONAL FOREST MANAGEMENT PLAN
147 WIND RIVER EXPERIMENTAL FOREST RES EARCH AND MANAGEMENT PLAN CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION Richard 0 . Woodfin , J r . , and Dean S . DeBell Fi fty years ago , 10 , 310 acres of National Fore s t land in s outh - central
Skamania County , Washington ( fig . 1 ) , were officially des ignated as the Wind
River Experimental For e s t (WREF) Columb ia National Fore s t (now G i fford P inchot
National Fore s t ) ( fi g . 2 ) . Divided into two blocks , Trout Creek and Panther
Creek D ivis ions , the acreage was selected to repres ent forest conditions and
problems of that t ime .
Thus , the WREF cons i s ted primarily of overmature ,
old - growth s tands ( 2 5 0 years or older ) , recently burned- over land , and
young - growth ( 30 to 9 0 years old) Douglas - fir s tands that originated after
s evere burns in the mid-1800 ' s and cutt ing in the early 1 9 00 ' s .
The founding
document ( I s aac 1 9 3 2 ) , s igned by the Regional Fores te r and Station Director ,
s tated that :
I t , like many other exper imental fore s t s , is intended to serve as a center
of work for research ac tivi ties appropr iate for the re gion of which it i s
typ ical and as a tes ting ground for various s ilvicultural techniques .
It
i s s e t aside for s tudies of s ilviculture , fores t protection , ecology , and
fore s t explo i tati on . The results obtained will add to the knowledge of the
b e s t methods of prote c t ing , growing , harve s t ing , and renewing fore s t crops
and s o promote b e tter management of the Douglas - fir type on both
government and p r ivate lands .
The use of this area for exper imental
purpo ses to s e rve the Douglas - fir region at large transcends the normal
commodity uses of Nat ional Fores t lands .
A general management plan , which spec ified re spons ib i l ities as we l l as
philos ophies of admini s tration and control , was prepared in 1 9 3 5 (USDA Fore s t
Service 1 9 3 5 ) .
S tudy plans were formulated for individual re search s i tes , and
one comprehensive management p lan was made for harves t and regenerat ion of a
3 , 000 - acre b lock of old-growth timber in the Trout Creek Divis ion (USDA For e s t
Service 1 9 7 5 ) .
WREF has me t i t s intended purpose for many decade s; much res earch in
natural regenerat ion , gene t ics , and spac ing control of Douglas-fir was
concentrated at the s i te .
Such s tudies have provided not only s c ient ific data
for management but also on-the - ground demons trat ions of prac t ices that have
become standard in the region .
Al though many o f thes e p ioneering and basel ine
s tudies have been maintained unt i l this day , s c i entific emphas es and management
problems of the 1 9 6 0 ' s and early 1 9 70 ' s led to concentration of new Douglas-fir
res earch in and around the Fore stry Science s Laborator ies at Corva l l i s and
Olymp ia .
Inve s t igations were concerned pr imar ily with methods of art i fic ial
regeneration , vege tat ion control , and response to thinning and fert i l izat ion in
s tands much younger than mos t of tho s e at WREF .
Many of the s tudie s were
rel tively short term and e s tabl i shed on lands of indus trial and s tate
ownership .
Recent changes in both s c ientific and management concerns have once again
focused attent ion on WREF .
One examp le of research concern is a recognized
need for long-term , interdiscipl inary s tudies on many matters related to
management and produc tivity o f fore s t ecosys tems .
Such res earch requires a
subs tantial inve s tment of s c i entific talent and funds over long periods , and
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GIFFORD PINCHOT FOREST Figure 1-Vicinity map of Wind River area in southwest Washington.
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thus should be ini tiated only on lands where a high degree of protect ion and
control i s poss ible .
The value of WREF has been recognized nationally by The
Ins t i tute of Ecology ( T I E ) as one of 6 7 s i te s throughout the Nation suitable
for such work .
Concurrent with recent developments in s c i ence is the shift of maj or
concerns of National Forest t imber management from protect ion and harve s t of
overmature , old - growth s tands to management of thrifty young plantat ions and
natural s tands e s tablished s ince the 1 9 5 0 ' s when timber harves t ing increas ed .
Although many exi s t ing older , unmanaged s tands are no longer typ i cal of e i ther
present or anti c ipated future condit ions and problems , the WREF - - with its
central locat ion , natural divers i ty of hab i tats , and long his tory of
research - - remains admirably suited as a site for concentration of future
research and demons tration ac t ivities in the Douglas - fir regi on .
This out s tanding sui tab ility for research is true de spite que s tions that
have s ome t imes been raised about environmental and biologic peculiar i ties of
the Wind River Valley .
The unique Columb ia Gorge environment ( for example , the
windine s s , cold , and cont inental nature of the valley ) , recent vulcanism , and
infer tile s oils have all been c i ted as unde s irable differences between Wind
River and the " typ ical" Douglas - fir region .
The Douglas - fir re gion i s , in
fac t , a very heterogenous area ecologically and all of thes e attributes
occur - - and are often widespread- - in the region .
No s ingle locale can repres ent
the whole , and Wind River is as appropriate as any other location for res earch
on fore s t s of Douglas-fir and assoc iated spec ies .
A much higher order of re search planning and management coordination i s
needed t o maintain and , perhaps more important , t o improve WREF for research
and demons trat ion needs of the future .
Opportuni ties mus t not be foreclosed
4
for future inve s t igat ions in unmanaged s tands ; that i s , some s t ands of
old- growth and second - growth ( now 100+ years old and beyond normal rotat ion
age ) should be re tained for s tudies while the Research Natural areas will
provide natural patterns and proces ses . Such s tands can serve as base - l ines
agains t which to compare change s assoc iated with management ac t ivities , and
also as places to s tudy e ffects of manipulations and develop prescriptions for
long - term management of old- growth .
Of equal impor tance is the need to create new s t ands - - an array of age
clas ses , spac ings , spec ies mixtures , and so on- -to provide answers to current
problems , as wel l as to serve as future exper imental areas for ques t ions ye t
unasked .
In addition , e s tab l i shing new s tands and applying new road- building ,
harve s t ing , and s i te - treatment techniques provide exce llent opportuni ties for
demons trat ing nonstandard or new fores try practices at the Wind River s i te .
W i th such present and long - range concerns in mind , the Director of the
Pac ific Northwe s t Re search S tation assembled a team of s c ientis ts , repres ent ing
the entire range of fores t resource concerns and discipline s , and charged us
with develop ing a res earch and management plan for WREF .
Thi s working document is the result of our e ffor t .
Chap ter authors
de scribe the his torical background in Chap ter I I , s ignificant findings and
contributions in Chap ter V , the b iological and phys ical setting in Chap ter VI ,
and the current s tatus o f many s tudies (Chap ter V I I ) as the foundat ion on which
to plan the future .
Thi s information and the b ib l iography in Chap ter XII will
also be of value to o ther researchers and fores ter s , who may contemplate us ing
WREF as a s i te for s c ient ific inve s t i gat ions or workshops and meet ings .
We
also examine the pre s ent s i tuation and act ions relative to fac i l i t ie s in
Chap ter VI I I , road and trail sys tems in Chapter IX , information - educat ion
5
ac tivi t i e s in Chap ter X, and forest resources ( s tands ) that are needed to ful ly
cap i tal ize on opportuni ties avai lab le at WREF today and to prepare it for an
even more us e ful future ( Chapter XI).
Finally , based on the above - mentioned informat ion , we identify Management
Direction and Guide l ines ( Chapter I I I ) and Planned PNW Management Ac tions
( Chapter IV) , which are cons idered e s s ential to the research goals for WREF .
Thes e chap ters are at the front for readers not wishing to examine the ent ire
plan .
The plan is intended to document Experimental Fore s t status , provide
input to the National Fore s t , be support mater ial for vis i tors , and as s i s t the
'
Wind River Ranger D i s trict in management direct ion .
The direction s e t by this
plan i s reflected in the "Prescrip t ions " prepared for the G ifford P inchot
National For e s t Management Plan .
the Fore s t Supervi sor ' s office .
The final prescript ions are available from
A draft copy is included in th is document
after the Bibl iography .
We are grateful for the contributions by the authors of each chapter of
thi s plan .
Spec ial thanks are extended to Roy R . S i len , genetici s t , Will iam T .
Stein , plant ecologi s t , and J erry F . Franklin , ecologis t , for the ir
contr ibutions to , and knowledge of the WREF .
6
CHAPTER I I HISTORY Roy R . S ilen Al though a formal h i s tory of the WREF might concentrate on events after
its des ignation in 1 9 3 2 , Wind River had long before become the focal po int of
forest research in the Douglas - fir Region .
Wind River is aptly called the
"cradle of Fores t Res earch in the Pacific Northwe s t . "
No other s i te in the
Wes t provides so concentrated a capsule of fores try from i t s beginning to the
present .
Firs t exper iment s at Wind River began when a 5 - acre spot in the val ley was
cleared in 1909 for a nursery ; eas tern white p ine was among the first s eed lots
sown .
In mos t years s ince , s ome s owings have been done for exper imental
purposes .
By 1 9 1 3 , p ar t of the expanded clearing was formally called the Wind
River For e s t Exper iment S tation , and research activity cont inued to expand
there through the next two decade s .
In 1908 , a year be fore the first nursery clearing , Fore s t Service
admini s tration in the Nor thwes t was reorganized .
The Bureau of Fores try was
decentralized with e s tab l i shment of a D i s trict Fores ter ' s Office ( later called
Regional Office ) in Portland .
Two s ect ions of thi s office were invo lved with
research at Wind River for s everal years .
The Section on Planting unde r Jul ius
F . Kummel founded the nurs e ry and conducted nurs ery and regeneration s tudie s .
Thes e mainly informal s tudies were documented annually in nursery reports s t i l l
maintained a s a complete f i l e at the Wind River Nursery .
article s in scientific j ournals reflect thi s work .
Relatively few
The S ection on S i lvics
under Thornton T . Munger conducted formal as we ll as informal s tudies .
7
The
Douglas - fir Heredity S tudy and Wind River Arbore tum , both s tarted in 1 9 12 , were
formal proj ects s t i l l maintained for the ir long- term research value .
Th is
s e c t ion evo lved into the present Re search S tation .
Organizat ionally , Fore s t Service res earch ac tivities were o fficially
located at Wind River in 1 9 13 on a s i te adj o ining the nursery .
Foll owing a
pat tern in o ther wes tern regions , the s i te was cal led the Wind River Experiment
S tation .
Adminis trative control remained wi th the Dis trict Fores ter ' s office
unt il 1 9 1 9 ; then research j ur i sdict ion shifted to the Washington , DC , Off ice of
the Fore st Service .
The Director of the Wind River Exper iment S tation from
1 9 13 to 1924 was Jul ius V . Hoffman (he used the ini tials "J . V . , " presumably to
dist inguish from Jul ius Kumme l ) . The northernmos t dwe l l ing - s i te building in the
pre s ent row of s tructures on the s i te was erected as the Exper iment S tation
Headquarters .
When the Pac ific Northwe s t Fore s t and Range Exper iment S tation ( PNW
S tat i on ) was e s tab l i shed in 1924 , the Wind River Exper iment S tation became an
impor tant branch location .
By then , Martha Creek Flat , a 1 6 0 - acre tract
adj acent to the nurs ery in the Wind River Val le ¥ , was devo ted exclus ively to
exper imental use and dotted with many s tudie s .
In 1 9 32 , Leo I s aac was ass igned
to recommend addit ional l and in the area that would be sui table for
exper imental forest de s ignation .
The committee on experimental fore s t s and range s and natural areas decided
in 1930 to s e t as ide an experimental fore s t for the Douglas fir type on
the Co lumb ia Nat i onal Fore s t in the vic ini ty o f the Wind River Branch
S tation at S t ab l e r , Washington .
In accordance therewith , two areas of the
surrounding c ountry we re examined and maps and a prel iminary report
prepared during the past year ( I s aac 1 932) .
8
I s aac looked for old - growth s tands , young s tands , and cutovers or burns to
provide ample area for experimental plots in each of thes e forest condit ions .
The 1 0 , 3 10 acres propos ed by Isaac in 1 9 3 2 included the original 160 acre s .
They were located in two blocks or " Divi s ions " - - Trout Creek ( fig . 3 ) and
Panther Creek ( fi g . 4 ) .
Original boundaries from the e s tablishment report are
indicated by the shaded boundary .
Solid lines represent the current boundary .
The Trout Creek D ivis ion contained 6 , 500 acres of mature and overmature
fore s ts , burns , and cutover lands .
I t included a natural area of 280 acre s ,
s e t as ide in 1 9 2 6 , which was later expanded to 1 , 180 acre s .
I s aac s tated that :
by including the non - t imbered s e c tions b e tween the [natural area] and the
Wind River S tation , the pre s ent experimental reservation and the proposed
exper imental fores t will become a continuous compact unit and will include
Douglas - fi r land in s everal natural s tage s , i . e , remnants of fire - killed
old growth , 30 - year - old burn with varying degrees of res tocking ,
non - restocking brush [s tocked b rushland] , and fresh burns partially
replanted .
The Panther Creek D ivis ion was pr imarily second - growth Douglas - fir fore s t .
I s aac made thi s spec ific po int about Panther Creek :
The Panther Creek D ivis ion cons t i tutes the even- aged young growth ( 90
•
year ) Douglas - fir are a .
S ince there was no area near thi s age class in
the Trout Creek watershed and it is a type in which much p r ivate cutt ing
i s now be ing done and a s iz e at whi ch Douglas - fir will probably be cut
under management , it was dec ided to include this area in the Experimental
Fore s t .
In total , s tands on the Exper imental Forest are cons idered typ i cal of
Douglas - fir fore s t s in the Cascade Range . Formal e s tablishment of an
9
exper imental fores t as sured control over compe t ing fores t uses that might
j e opardize long - te rm s tudy plots .
S ince 1933 , the area's official s tatus as an Exper imental Fores t has no t
changed , except for minor boundary adj us tments that brought the acreage to
10 , 8 1 5 based on map perimeter measurements as o f January 1 , 1 9 8 3 .
Res earch
activi ties and emphas e s have undergone changes every decade in response to
nat ional and regional events .
The period up to World War II was characterized
by gradual expans ion of programs and fac ilities at Wind River by research
pioneers in the Fore s t S e rvice .
During the 1 9 30's , s everal residences and a
headquar ters building were constructed under the C ivilian Conservat ion Corps
( CCC ) program , and enrollees also helped with research s tudies,
Re s earch activities ebbed dur ing World War I I , but expanded afterwards
wi th emphas is on t imber harves t and regeneration problems .
Long- term growth
and mor tal ity plots in an old- growth natural area were s oon e s tabl ished , and
the dynamics of rodent populations in c learcuts and adj acent s tands were
s tudied .
Harve s t - cutt ing trials were ins talled in both old-growth and
second - growth s tands on the Experimental Fores t,
Wind River ' s role as a pr imary research location decl ined after the
mid- SO ' s as programs at o ther field locations were developed and as nat ional
emphas is trans ferred s c ient i s t s away from field s tat ions to s c ient ific
laboratories .
After 1 9 6 0 , Wind River Experimental Forest no longer had a
fores ter or forestry technician in res idence , and Experiment Station buildings
were trans ferred to the Wind River Ranger Distric t .
S ince thert , exi s t ing and
new s tudies have been adminis tered by PNW S tation proj ects headquartered at
Fores try Science s Laboratories in Olympia , Corvallis , and Portland .
10
36
(
• I
,
Rgure 3---Trout Creek Division road locations.
__
.J
I
WlN D RIVER
EXPER I M E N TAL
FOREST
Figure 4-Panther Creek Division, current boundaries.
An e ffort was made in the late 1 9 60 ' s to b ring the old - growth s tands on
Trout Creek Hill under a management plan .
Under the direc t ion of D i s trict
Ranger Beal , Jon S . Bums tead completed a Trout Creek Hill Management Plan in
A pr imary obj e c tive of Research and National Fores t Sys tems was to
1 9 74 .
naturally regenerate the 2 , 800 - acre trac t in success ive entr ies .
W i th this
first entry of e i ght clearcut uni ts in 1 9 74 - 7 9 , research by Portland sc ient i s ts
on forest - re s idue reduct ion was ini t iated on Trout Creek Hill .
Res earch was
conduc ted on methods of treating residue us ing prescribed levels of
utilization .
PNW S tation Olympia Laboratory s ci ent i s t s aided by the
S ilvicultural and Young Adult Conservation Corps (YACC ) s taff of the Ranger
District ins talled spac ing s tudie s , mixed - species plantations , and related
regene rat ion s tudies on the clearcuts .
Thus , regeneration methods differed
from the natural regeneration envis ioned in the 1 9 74 management plan .
The impact of the Wind River Experiment S tation and Experimental Fore s t on
sound fores try prac t ices in the Douglas - fir Region has been great . Although
mos t o f the PNW S tation's research i s now cente red elsewhere , Wind River ·always
has b e en and remains the focal po int .
Nursery prac tices throughout the wo rld
are s t ill founded on pioneer findings from Wind River Nursery .
S ilvicultural
concepts and cutting prac t ices have developed out of the t ials - - and even the
mis takes - - at Wind River .
Re fore s tat ion methods , espec ially concepts about
natural regeneration , s t ill rely heavily on data from s tudies conducted at Wind
River ,
The gene tic s tudies s till in progres s continue to contr ibute impor tant
information .
Careers of many leaders in the Forest S ervice , both in research and
admini s tration , were molded by research experience gained in the Wind River
Valley,
For example , during the 1 9 2 0 ' s and early 1 9 30 ' s , R . E . McArdle with
11
help from W . H . Meyer s tarted and fur thered growth and yield s tudies that led to
the Douglas - fir yield table s .
River .
McArdle also did some early fire s tudies at Wind
R . McArdle , L . A . I s aac , E . Wright , W . H . Meyer , T . T . Munger , and J . V .
Ho fmann were also early researchers .
The Wind River drainage has some unique features no t found e l s ewhere in
the Cas cades:
i t drains to the southeast from the middle of the mountain
range , and all other drainages flow primarily we s t or eas t .
I t does no t ge t
the direct influence of the s trong , cool ing , marine air flows common to val l eys
in the western Cascades .
vio lent , turbulent winds .
Proximity to the Columbia Gorge expos e s the val ley to
Because of its po s i t i on deep in the Cascades , the
1 , 100 - foot e l evation at Wind River probably rece ives more ra infall and
snowfall , a deeper snowpack that s tays longer , and more summer frost than i s
common at the same e l evat ion i n o ther val leys we s t of the Cascade s .
more c lo s e ly approach conditions at 2 , 500 fee t .
ash s o i l s of the Trout Creek Divi s ion .
12
I t may
Also unique are the vo lcanic
CHAPTER I I I MANAGEMENT DIRECTION AND GUIDELINES Richard 0 . Woodfin , J r . , and Dean S . DeBell 1.
Background- - The WREF was permanently s e t as ide to provide sufficient
area for fores t -management research on land not subj ect to the r i sks ,
limi tat ions , and regulations assoc iated with normal National Forest sys tem
management .
Present and future research opportunit i e s can be improved at WREF
by spec ific planning for preservation of exis t ing opportuni ties - - and creat ion
of new ones .
Direction- -WREF will be managed for the purpos e whi ch it was es tablished
for , according to guidelines laid out and approved with this plan .
The goal
will be to preserve exi s t ing research opportunities while conduc t ing current
s tudies and to create s tands of various s tocking , age clas s , and compos ition .
The pr imary emphas is will be enhancement of present and future research
opportuni ties .
2.
Background . - - Forest management prac t ices change to meet new needs and
conditions , and also to take advantage of new informat ion and technology .
WREF
provides a location to test and demons trate current and develop ing technology .
Direction- - In addition to its role in providing opportunities to conduct
research and develop new prac t ices , WREF will be used as a demons trat ion
fore s t .
In general , management activities and operations will cons i s t of those
currently deemed " b es t , " as well as those potentially des irable but not ye t
cons idered economically or operationally feas ible .
13
3.
Background- - H i s tor ically , a research fore s ter or fores try technician
has l ived at WREF .
Thi s person was concerned with plot remeasurement ,
conduc ting tours , mainta ining fac i l i t ie s , and in general looking after research
intere s ts in cooperation with the Wind River Ranger D i s trict ( WRRD ).
Field
crews working on the WREF need lodging and o ther support .
D irec t i on- -A j o intly funded ( PNW , R - 6 ) fores ter pos i t ion is proposed for
WREF and a res idence , such as no . 1054 made available .
PNW S tation will ask
that bui lding no . 1319 be made ava ilable , and plans will be deve loped to
remodel it for crew quarters in l ine with architectural l imi tations .
( Building
numbers refer to Region 6 property codes . )
4.
Background - - Forest Service sc ient i s ts are located at l aborator ies and
s i tes throughout the PNW S tation territory .
Research opportuni ties and needs
vary by locat ion and prob lem ; however , the opportuni ties afforded by WREF can
be further enhanced by incre ased res earch act ivi ty .
Direction- - The PNW S tation Director will encourage sc i ent i s ts to use WREF
more ful ly , especially for long- term s tudies and interdi s c ip l inary res earch ;
those propos ing new research e fforts wi l l be ur ed to cons ider us ing WREF .
5.
Background - - Acce s s ib i l i ty in the WREF i s e s sent ial for e ffective
management , protect ion , and use for rese arch , s o the system o f roads and tra ils
mus t be improved and maintained .
Direction- - PNW S tat ion wi l l cooperate with the WRRD as they provide for
WREF roads and trai l s maintenance , rebuilding , or improvements , whi ch requires
that PNW S tat ion as s i s t in locating routes be fore D i s trict land-management
ac tivities , such as t imber s al e s , thinning , spur - ro ad gating , or c l o sure , are
be gun .
Abandoned trails will be reopened as s oon as pos s ible .
14
As a gene ral
pract ice , new roading will no t cross the de s i gnated sub divi s ion control areas.
New roading requires approval from the PNW Research Stat ion Direc tor .
6.
Background - - Trout Creek and Panthe r Creek Divis ions are each unique ,
and can provide di fferent research opportuni t ies and contro l ( nonentry) areas .
Addit ional informat ion is needed to de s i gnate subdivis i ons and control areas
with in each D ivis ion , and to plan and manage WREF more effectively .
Direction - - Appropr iate bas e l ine resourc e - inventory information will be
collected to provide a s ound bas is for describ ing parcel s of the WREF and
planning the ir management .
7.
Background - - WREF and vicinity has been the location of maj or
advancement in fores try research , fore s t management , and nursery management for
nearly 75 years .
That record needs to be told more effectively and the
learning ( I&E ) opportunities for vi s i tors expanded .
Direction- - S igning , written material , and general interpret ive information
wi l l begin to be updated by 1 9 8 5 and at 5 - ye ar interval s .
In addi tion , the
shared position referred to in i tem 3 will have a port ion of time dedicated to
I&E work .
Recommendati on in Educat ion and Interpretation , Chapter X, will be
evaluated and imp lemented as funding is availabl e .
8.
Background - - Res earch s i tes throughout the WREF wi l l often be adj acent
to £Xist ing plots , National Forest boundar ies , planned harve s t s i tes , or
contro l areas .
Dire c t ion - - S tandard prac t ice for WREF land will be to provide buffers
around new research s i tes rather than l ocate such s i tes at boundaries and
attempt to provide "pro tection" with additional non - WREF land as was done in
1983 with a 2 50 - fo o t buffer s trip around the eas t s ide of the Thornton T .
Munger Re search Natural Area .
15
9 . Background - - The WREF is fully bounded by National Fore s t land that mus t
be managed to mee t numerous legis lated requi rements of use and development .
Because of the proximity of commercial timber operat ions and numerous po tential
impac ts , some guide l ine s are e s s ential to protect research inves tments now and
in the future .
Direction - - A maj or effort will be made t o l imit nonres e arch - re lated
ac tivities on WREF .
Th i s requires s trong support from the GPNF Supervi sor and
the D i s trict Ranger at Wind River .
These l imited ac tivi ties wi ll inc lude
mine ral entry , off- road vehicle use , firewood cutting , plant removal ,
Chr i s tma s - tree cutt ing , trails or road bui lding to meet D i s tr i ct t imber sale
needs , rights - of-way spraying , and trapping of fur bearers .
Some t ime s any or
all o f the s e ac tivi t i e s may be de s irable , but an intentional dec i s ion- -with
research cons iderat ions pr imary - - will be made before such ac t ivi t i e s can be
undertaken .
Any such ac t ions as gating on spur roads must be ful ly explained
to the public .
16
CHAPTER IV ACTIONS PLANNED BY PNW STATION MANAGEMENT Dean S . DeBell , and Richard
0.
Woodfin , Jr . Recommendations were made by authors of each s e ct ion of this plan on
dec i s ions , act ions , or changes needed to fully use the s c ient ific opportunities
available at WREF .
Thes e sugges tions ranged from maj o r dec i s i ons to be made by
the S tat ion D i rector to the preparation of spec ific s tudy plans .
S imilar
sugges tions appeared t ime and time again with for each top ic or
resource/research disc ipline cons idere d .
This chapter provides a synops i s o f
these recommendat ions i n the form of an Ac tion Plan .
We have sugges ted generic
responses or actions to some o f the recommendations or problems that appeared
s everal t imes ,
And to a degre e , we have been selective in listing the Planned
Actions ; we felt that actions on recommendations made on spe c i fic sc i enti fic
inve s t i gations were b e s t le ft to PNW S tation sc ientis ts .
These s tudies are
frequently reflected in Research Work Unit Problem Analys es .
The following
i tems are therefore res tric ted to Ac tions that can be taken by PNW Re search
S tat ion Management in cooperation with Region 6 and the Gifford P inchot
National Fore s t , and they will benefit all research and demons trat ion
opportunit ies at WREF .
1.
Es tablish PNW S tation - WREF commi ttee o f s c ienti s ts and land managers
concerned with research at the WREF who will meet at least yearly with WRD
Ranger and princ ipal assis tants to discuss accomplishments on WREF and
interact ion with WRRD for the pas t year ; develop plans for the coming year ; and
review other needs and concerns of both organizations .
include but are not l imited to :
I tems to b e discus sed
t imber - sale plans ; road maintenance and
17
cons truc tion ; regeneration ac tivities ; public use of WREF such as for firewood ,
gathering , or p lant removal ; I&E e fforts ; and the use , maintenance , and
protect ion of bui ldings and other fac i l i ties .
2.
Determine the s tatus of mineral and leasab le resource entry on WREF
and , based on informat ion , proceed to accompl ish land wi thdrawal to the maximum
extent poss ible to protect res earch s i te s and opportuni ties .
3.
Es tab l ish wi thin the WREF C ommi t tee an interdi s c ipl inary ( ID ) research
committee to s erve as a review board for ongoing and planned e fforts on WREF .
The tasks will include reviewing s tudy plans , evaluating impact s of
land - management ac tivities , and as s i s t ing in direc t ion of WREF .
Pr imary
respons ib i l i ty for WREF management is as s igned to a PNW S tat ion Sc ientist by
the Res earch S tat ion D irector .
That person will , as needed , use the I D team
ski l l s to direct planned e fforts .
4 . Prepare up - dated PNW S tation/R - 6 (GPNF) Agreements covering WRRD
compound fac ili ties and their use by PNW , including remode l ing ,
us ing , protecting , and maintaining buildings .
5,
Deve lop methods w i th which Region and PNW will s taff and fund a
Fores ter at WRE F .
6.
Develop , with GPNF , a s trategy for obtaining basel ine information
about WREF us ing PNW S tation , Fore s t , and District employees .
The information
will include t imber inventory , stand exams , maps with digital terrain model s ,
hab itat type s , s o i l informat ion , water routes and b odies , phys ical and
biolo gi cal characteris t ic s , recreational data , and s tatus o f regeneration .
7.
Del ineate land-base subdivis ions in both Trout Creek and Panther Creek
Divis ions , and des ignate contro l areas where no spec ific land- management
ac tivity wi l l occur .
18 8.
Work with the WRRD to s e l l and harve s t timber and regenerate forest
land in each Divis i on to mee t research goals as follows :
a ) Trout Creek Divis i on :
300 - 500 acres during the next 5 - 7 years ( 1 9 9 0 ) , cons i s t ing o f 100 - 2 00 acres o f old- growth t imber and 200 - 300 acres of young s econd- growth t imber .
decades .
Cut s imi lar amounts in subsequent Clearcuts will be at leas t 40 acres whenever pos s ible and pract ical and will be located in di fferent environments .
This s ize of clearcuts wi ll create blocks of timber adequate for future research . b)
Panther Creek Divis ion : 1 5 0 - 2 5 0 acres during next 5 - 7 years
( 19 90 ) .
9.
In all WREF harve s t e fforts , work wi th the D i s trict Timber Management
s taff and the District s i lvicultur i s t to provide that refores tation funds are
used for s i te preparat ion , planting ( including replanting , if needed) , early
care , and monitoring of plantations on WREF .
10 .
Where the need exis t s , reopen abandoned and neglected trails .
Cons truct a new trail in Panther Creek to provide access to the four control
watersheds .
11 .
Develop a p lan with the District to provide for l imi ting effects of
nonresearch act ivities ident ified in the Management Guidel ine l is t .
12 .
Work with WRRD to plan a roading sys tem that cons iders t imber harve s t
i n WREF and adj acent NF lands , recognizes recons truct ion needs , provides for
road maintenance , and cons iders pres ent and future research options .
1 3 . Plan fire prevention and suppress ion as we l l as o ther protect ion
ac tivities appropriate to the value s at risk .
Expanded research ac t ivities and
permanent research plots at WREF create a sub s tantial increase in value .
19 PNW
S tat ion wi l l therefore work with WRRD to deve lop a prote ction plan that
recognizes and is commensurate with tho se values .
14 .
Work with the WRRD to provide a Spotted Owl Management Unit ( S OMU ) in
the Panther Creek Divis ion and encourage research in this atyp ical spotted owl
hab i tat .
15 .
Permit SOMU to ove rlap control areas .
Minimize dis turbance to the riparian z ones immediately adj acent to
second - order and large r streams .
The obj ective of minimiz ing dis turbance i s to
provide the 's ites necessary for s tudies and experiments on riparian zone
ecology and management .
16 .
Cons ider po tential problems with insects and disease in planning and
management , and wherever pos s ible conduc t operations to minimize the ir
occurrence and e ffec t .
Some port ions of WREF have high inc idence o f root rot;
others have incurred ser ious infe s tat ions of bark beetles in the pas t .
Should
bark beetle outbreaks occur , cause and e ffec t s tudies will be encouraged .
17 .
Develop a check - in sys tem on WREF trails and provide a means to
de termine usage , educate users about WREF , and collect information on user
response to WREF research and management e ffects .
18 .
Work with WRRD and Wind River Nursery to supply planting s tock of
appropr iate seed sources for use in refore s t ing c learcuts and o ther harve s t
s i tes .
Gene t i c i s t s should provide guidance for this selec tion .
20
CHAPTER V FINDINGS AND KEY RESEARCH Roy R . S ilen The lull in research ac t ivity during World War II provides a convenient
point to separate research at the WREF into two logical periods .
The
s c ient i s t s who dominated fore s t research in the Northwes t before World War I I
were winding down the i r careers b y then .
A surge of new PNW S tat ion s c ient i s ts
associated wi th Wind River s oon after World War I I have , by now , comple ted
the i r careers .
Thes e two surges of effort contributed the maj o r i ty of research
at Wind River .
The climate for re search in the two per iods was different .
Fores t S ervice
emphas i s during the first period was mainly on protection and asses sment of the
resourc e .
In the s econd , harves t ing and assoc iated problems were dominant .
Research in the firs t period cons i s ted mos tly of controlled observations with
broadly ranging , pragmatic , ecologically oriented goals . .
spec ial i s ts .
The re were few true
In the s econd period , spec ializat ion and s ophis t icat ion became
dominant at the loss of some capac i ty to research broad que s tions e ffec tively .
There were few true general i s t s .
Adminis tration of research in the first
perJod was low key , local , o r by s c ient i s t s in Portland who were s till ac tive
in research at Wind River.
After World War I I , local adminstration flour i shed
briefly ; then the Experimental Fore s t adminis tration became more and more
dis tant as it shifted to the Olympia Research Center and the Portland
Headquarters and diffused to research proj ects of the Fores try Sc iences
Laboratories at Olymp ia and Corvallis .
21
I
.I
I
l
The res earch findings are divided into contr ibut ions from each period .
Where s ingl e s tudies contributed s i gnificantly , these are highlighted .
1908 TO WORLD WAR I I
Re search during thi s period was mos tly o n nursery prac tice s , planting and
seeding , natural regeneration , ecology , s i lvicul ture , growth and yield ,
spec ies trials , provenance and family tr ials , and monitoring natural areas .
NURSERY PRACTI CES
Nursery. s tudies were included with the first sowings in 1909 .
By 1 9 1 1 ,
C . P . Willis produced a s eparate section of the annual Wind River Nursery report
on such s tudies .
Some idea of the s cope o f the 1 9 1 1 e ffort is provided from
the annual produc tion of over a mill ion s eedl ings . Res earch que s t ions addres sed
in this s ingle annual report were dri l l versus broadcast s owing , seed- covering
techniques to promote more even germination , irrigat ion schedule trials ,
thinning dens i t i es o f 1 - 0 s tock , sulfuric acid treatment for damp ing off , late
summer transplanting , and gang - dibble versus p lant ing - board trials .
ac tivities were reported in each subsequent annual report .
Similar
Most of the
prac ti cal ques t i ons o f nursery and planting prac t ices received s ome research at
Wind River between 1 9 0 8 and World War I I .
For many years , Wind River was the only nursery in the Region , but s ome
trading o f information went on initially wi th George C . Sawyer o f the S ilverton
Nursery near Granite Fal l s , Washington , a Fore s t Service nursery that operated
between 1 90 9 and 1 9 14 .
22
The s tudy on Douglas - fi r s e e d reported in 1 9 1 5 , by Willis and Hoffman , was
the large s t seed s tudy ever done on the spec ie s .
It covered seed yields p e r
tree , bushel , cone , and pound , and variation by tree age as well as b y parent .
Much o f the data are s t ill applicable and useful .
Res e arch into nur s e ry practices under Kummel was long sustained toward
upgrading prac t ices at Wind River Nursery .
This rese arch covered nursery
des ign , cultivation , fertilization , bed des ign , s owing methods , seed s torage ,
wee d and p e s t control , root p runing , culling , grading , and packing methods .
Thes e early experiments and t rials have undoub tedly merged indist inguishably
into the technology of all modern fores t nurse r ie s .
The only documentation for
much o f thi s research is in the publicat ion , " Fores t Planting in the
Douglas-fir Region" by Kummel , Rindt , and Munger in 1 9 44 .
PLANTING AND S EEDING STUDIES
The earlies t seeding s tudy , a trial of eastern whi t e p ine at Warren Gap in
1 9 10, r esulted in complete failure .
Some of the mos t imaginat ive work at Wind
River re sulted from the e arly finding that mice consumed virtually all the s eed
in s owing of cutovers .
C.P . Will i s in 1 9 1 6 discussed his frustrations from
s tudies of concealment , burying , and chemical protection of the seed .
De sp i te
coat ings of such repuls ive i tems as red lead , tar , belladonna , and mink urine ,
the mice located and e ffic ient!
consumed the s eed even under 2 inches of soil .
Plant ing methodology was developed to cons iderable s oph i s t icat ion .
Seedling s iz e , time of planting , planting methods , planting tools , care in
transpor t , and s torage methods were s tandardized .
Some indicat ion of the
succe s s of the me thodology i s provided by the 1 9 1 5 and 1 9 1 6 planting of the
23
C arol ina S tate Univers i ty and an outs tanding leader of Southern fores try after
Wo rld War I I .
I s aac s tudied natural regeneration after 1924 , and it was one of his maj or
interes ts .
His approach included detailed s tudy of the phys ical fac tors o f
light , temperature , mo is ture , compe ti tion , and damaging fac tors .
Over a long
period , he produced many s c ient ific papers which are s t i l l re garded as the b e s t
information avai lab le o n the top ic for Douglas - fir .
" Reproduct ive Habits of
Douglas - fir , " pub l i shed in 1943 , summar ized his life work in refores tat ion
res earch .
I t was t imely .
The heavy cutting in the Region that began after
World War II was bas ed on a s ound s i lvicul tural body of knowledge .
Both Oregon
and Washington soon pas sed fores try laws that reflected this work .
On Nat ional
Forest land , I saac ' s " patch cutting" or " s taggered setting" proposal became the
s tandard cutt ing prac t ice .
Al though I s aac had regeneration plots over the region , he used the Wind
River Valley clearcut and the adj acent Yacolt burn as his main s tudy areas .
Several reburns had kept many openings in the Val ley floor unt i l the mid - 1 9 3 0 ' s
as convenient res earch s i tes .
Virtually all of his ins trumented plots were
,
near the headquar ters s i te .
ECOLOGY
Thornton Munger ' s career was s trongly s lanted toward ecological s tudies.
He observed the natural succe s s ion o f spec ies in all the t imbe r types .
Munger
and C . S . Judd , who had a short career in research at Wind River , perhaps were
the firs t to deduce the true role of forest fires as dominating the ecology o f
the Re gion .
Munger elab orated this theme in his later publ ications , which are
the bas i s of the intens ive ecological s tudies today .
26
E s tabl ishment of the natural area in the Trout C reek D ivis ion was only one
of the e fforts by Munge r to provide for long- term ecological s tudie s .
He was
the p rime mover in s tarting other experimental forests , each usually providing
a natural area .
He extended this concept by formal ly setting as ide natural
areas in each unique forest hab i tat , the s tart of today ' s system of Res earch
Natural Areas.
SILVICULTURE
Information needed to maximize p roduc tivity o f s tands from e s tabl isment
through harves t was addressed in several early s tudies .
Few s tudies in Douglas - fi r have p roduced more persuas ive impact on s tand­
management p rac tice than a spac ing t rial sugges ted by Rummel and ins talled by
I saac in 1 9 2 4 .
Desp i te i t s des ign shortcomings - - such a s lack o f replication
over a range o f s i te qualities - - i t has cons tituted a striking demons tration and
has p roduced much information on the consequences of overdense early s tocking .
Anyone who has vis ited the area comes away convinced that value loss is severe
wi thout control of tree dens ity .
An unexpected outcome o f the s tudy was that
height as wel l as diame ter reduct ion occurred with increasing s tand dens ity.
A
c lear indication of inc reas ing snow damage with increased s tand dens i ty was
verified on a larger scale on the Wind River T ransect S tudy .
The s tudy has
been regularly reported on in rec ent years by PNW S tat ion s c ient i s ts Donald
Reukema and Robert Curtis .
Although o ther Wind River plots have not been as famous , they have
e s tab l i shed important concepts .
Cons idering the year- - 19 19 - - a s tudy of
p recommerc ial thinning o f a 9 - year- old s tand would no t have been expec ted . I ts
ins tallation by Hoffman has provided unusual ins ight into the interplay of
27
trends experienced over mos t of a rotat ion .
The dense reproduc tion e s tab l i shed
after logging in 1 9 1 0 was thinned to 8 - foot by 8 - foot dens i ty on two plots and
a third left unth inned as a control when the trees were about 6 feet tall .
This s ingle early thinning succeeded in shift ing a large portion o f subsequent
growth to large - s tem produc tion .
This s tudy , along with the ini t ial spac ing
trial , provided the b e s t demons trat ion in the Region to promote the widespread
pract i c e of precommercial thinning .
The s tudy also addre s s e d another question: I s i t be tter to thin to an
exact 8 - foot by 8 - foot spac ing or to leave an equivalent number of dominant
tre e s ?
For about 30 years , leaving the dominants was clearly better .
however , the plot thinned to exac t spacing is better .
indirec t .
By now ,
The caus es appear to be
Many of the smal lest trees that fell on the exact spacing did no t
deve lop , hence the plot - - for prac tical purpose s - - developed as i f i t were at
wider spacing , even though i t took many years for the good trees on the plot to
express this advantage .
Gross growth on the three plots appears about equal
once the crowns closed , j us t as in the spac ing , even though it took many years
for the good trees on the plot to express thi s advantage .
Gross growth on the
plots appears about e qual once the crowns c losed , j us t as in the spac ing s tudy.
Walter Meyer ins talled a series of repl icated thinning and p runing plots
in 19 34 .
Because of s torm damage to some o f the serie s , thei r results have
been c l ouded and the i r contribution to practice has been small .
GROWTH AND YIELD
S tudies on improving s tem qua l i ty by pruning showed that pruning may also
improve growth i f continued up the s tem into the lower l ive whorls .
Apparently, the shaded branches in dense s tands are in e s s ence "paras i t ic " ; i f
28
the b ranches are removed by p runing , the additional photosynthate available can
result in detectable increases in s tem growth . Selec t ing the right tree to
p rune in a young s tand is difficul t , howeve r . S tudies of crop - tree pruning
reviewed two decades later showed only about 70 percent of the pruned trees
survived comp e t ition .
Cons iderable ins ight was gained by pathologists into the extent of stem
rots detected , based on external indicato rs such as fruiting bodies and s tem
swe l l ing .
Some of the early work by J ohn S . Boyce was done at Wind Rive r , but
h i s coverage of pathol ogical problems of all western species was regionwide .
These studies were used in estimating the amount of cul l degrade in c ruis ing or
scal ing .
A main e ffort of PNW , inventory of the Region , s tarted July 1 9 2 9 .
A part
of this e ffort by Richard McArdle and Wal ter Meyer was directed toward
develop ing yield tab les for unmanaged second - growth stands of Douglas - fir .
Some of the plots were on the Wind River Expe rimental Fores t .
The pub l icat ion
"The Yield of Douglas - fir in the Pacific Northwe s t " in 19 30 may have been one
of the PNW Station ' s mos t important contribution to forestry because it
p rovided e s t imates o f volume - growth rates for any Douglas - fir fores t .
SPEC IES TRIALS
Fore s t species from the Eas tern Uni ted S tates were represented in early
s owings at Wind River , presumably because such seed was commercially
avai lable .
Some planting of each lot behind the Experimental S tation
Headquarters was a common p rac t ice , and represented the beginning of the Wind
-
River Arbore tum .
Soon , the trial of fore s t trees from all parts of the world
became a vigorous project unde r Thornton Munger .
29
Meanwhi le , forest plantings of introduced spec ies were showing mixed
results .
Summe r drought was usually too severe for spec ies that came from
regions l ike the Eastern United S tates that have ample summe r rains .
Undoubtedtly , animal damage was also a maj or problem .
By 1924 , Wind River
sc ient i s ts had concluded that introduced hardwoods were generally a failure
even in the Arbore tum , and henceforth the emphas i s on introduced trees would be
confined to conifers .
The main trials of introduced spec ies after 1924 were conifers at the
Arbore tum or on experimental forests such as Cas cade Head ,
c l imate was cons idered too harsh .
Arbore tum record .
if the Wind River
Nearly 2 00 spec ies trials are in the
Initally , great interest was generated by the clearly
superior early growth o f European and As iatic l arches . For up to 2 0 years ,
several of them exhib ited a 5 0 - percent superiority over Douglas -fir in the
Arboretum .
Fortunately , enthus iasm for thes e spec ies did not carry over into
many operational plantings .
By age 50 , all the introduced larches were fading ,
and any such commercial plantings might now be a disaste r .
A few individual
species , l ike Norway spruce , continued to compete with Douglas - fi r through
three or even four decades , but by now all are outs tr ipped by Northwest conifers . The Wind River exper ience wi th species introduc tion has thus provided two
priceless lessons on which a s ound fores t gene tics program can be based .
The
first is that our s ummer droughts are more severe than those o f most o ther
maj or commercial forest regions of the world:
thus , exotic trees from the se
regions , part icularly hardwoods , are probably not adaptable o r useful .
The
second is that for each genus , our native Northwes t conifers may s ta t more
slowly , but in the ir grand period of growth they outgrow the ir counterparts
30
from other Temperate Zone fores t regions of the world .
Northwe s t spec ies will
probably be used on a quarter o f the fores t s i tes o f Wes tern Europe for this
reason .
. The se two lessons have permitted the Region to confidently devote its
limi ted e fforts in fores t genetics to native spec ies .
PROVENANCE AND FAMILY GENETIC STUDIES
Al though only two s tudies were ins tal led at Wind River with a gene tic
motivat ion , both have had an impact far beyond the original s tudy plans .
Both
were ini tiated by Thornton T. Munger .
The Douglas - fi r Heredity S tudy o f 1912 , unusual for i ts t ime , i s a s tudy
o f 1 2 0 individual parent trees , even though 1 3 local ities from which the
parents originated are highl i ghted in subsequent reports .
Rac ial s tudies were
more usual e l sewhere , but c learly the questions asked had to be approached
through s tudies of individual parent trees .
Are diseased trees , young trees ,
or trees growing on poor s o i l s suitable parentage in refore s tation?
Al though
the s eed crops o f 1 9 1 2 were l i sted as moderate , the crews sent out by Munger to
col lect cones along the l ogging railways were succes s ful in gather ing seed
samples from individual trees located throughout mos t of the Douglas - fir
region .
Name s that later became widely known- - l ike E . J . Hanz l ik , C . R . Kraeb e l ,
R . W . Weidmann , C . R . Til lotson , A . R . Ames , and C . P . W il l i s - -were assoc iated with
the collect ions .
W i th such talent , i t is small won er that embel l ishments
appeared in the execut ion o f the s tudy that were ahead o f their t ime .
A mimeographed parent - tree descript ion form recorded the location of each
tree , and a ske tch of every parent tree plus the record of germinat ion on its
seed were included .
As another innovat ion , the s tudy was repl icated at s ix
31
locations , and over two p lanting seasons , a prac tice that was no t reins t i tuted
until the 1 9 30 ' s .
Every tree was tagged with a cus tom - made , s tamped aluminum
tag that numbered its row and pos i tion .
And a set of 1 2 long rows of 100
progeny per family - - each a separate fami ly - - ran the length of the p lantation;
the de s i gn was speci fically planned to assess within - p l o t s i te var iation .
Unfor tunate ly , randomization for s tatist ical purposes was s t i l l unheard o f , so
the s tudy violates randomne ss , the maj or assumption of modern s tat i s t ical
analys is .
(R . A . Fisher was s t i l l in knee pants . )
The s tudy quickly demons trated gene tic differences at the rac ial leve l .
It al so quickly showed large family di fferences in the family rows of 100
trees , al though t he s i gnificance of the family observation was no t highlighted
unt il after 1 9 5 0 . Through the per iod unt il World War I I, the viewpo int of each
analysis was that certain seed source s , l ike Darrington , Washington , should
serve as seed s ources for general planting because of demons trated superior
growth rate on mo s t of the five remaining planting s i tes .
The s ixth s i te was
de s troyed in a 1 9 1 7 fore s t fire .
Eventually , the overriding impact of survi yal di fferences began to sugge s t
different princ iples i n interpret ing results . High - e levat ion races began to
show superior survival , growth , and s tand - forming charac ter i s t ics when planted
at high - e levation s i tes . Northernmos t races began to show superior deve lopment
at the northernmos t s i te .
The coas tal race , which failed at four s i tes , showed
excel lent growth at the coas tal s i te , desp ite originat ing from 1 , 00 0 feet lower
than the test s i te .
Cascade seed s ources showed up best at the Cascade s i tes .
A broad brush view of seed- source spec i fi c i ty was evolving .
Family differences within each race were always large , but be gan to
dominate after the s tands closed and suppres s ion reduced family numbers of
32
weaker progeny .
Today , any fore ster can rank the parent performance wi thout
s tatistics by s imply observing large differences in growth and survival , wh ile
walking from one family row to the next at any o f the five s i tes .
The impac t of thi s s tudy on tree improvement in the Northwe s t has been
great .
In the 1950 ' s when the first practical programs were s tarted by
Northwe s t landowners , they copied European and S outhern United S tates
These programs poorly fit Northwes t condi tions because plus - tree
programs .
selection was difficul t , and Douglas - fir was among the mos t graft - incompatible
of specie s .
A comp letely different type of program was proposed for
Douglas - fi r , based primar ily on large - scale progeny tes ting to sub s t i tute for
p lus - tree s election , on highly localized programs to fit thes e s tudy results ,
and s eedl ing orchards to avo id graft ing problems . The Douglas - fir Heredity
S tudy was then over 50 years old .
The new program could be proposed with
l ittle r i sk because the use of wind - po l l inated seed was already known from
Northwes t experience to provide an adequate tes t of parent trees .
The Ponderosa Pine Regional S tudy es tab l i shed in 1 9 2 6 was based on a
range - wide collection of seed from 10 s ources .
This col lection was outplanted
at s ix locations both east and we s t of the C as cade Range .
Rac ial di fferences
were already large in the nursery , and have widened with time .
A publ ication
by .Squil lace and S i len ( " Geographic Var iation in Ponderosa Pine " ) in 1 9 6 2
devel oped m o s t of the findings .
Inherent grwo th of ponderosa p ine is b e s t in
southwe s tern Oregon and northern Cal ifornia and drops off cl inally eas tward ,
northward , and s outhward in response to as sured mois ture availab i l ity in
spr ing .
Needles were shown to be longes t in western s ources and are inherently
shorter in a c l inal pattern that roughly fol lows the inherent growth pattern .
The western races have three or more needles .
33
Those eas t of the Continental
-!
Divide have two needles , as a rule .
Winter cold suscep tib i l i ty is al so cl inal
with wes t coastal races mo s t suscep tible .
Large di fferenc e s in damage by fro s t
and animals are also inherent .
The ponde rosa p ine s tudy has one plantation at Wind River .
The trees are
a local s train of ponderosa p ine , of which a few individuals are on the
boundary of this plantation .
None of the 1 0 planted races approach the growth
rate o f the Douglas - fi r sur rounding the plantation , but the ponderosa p ine
native to the val l ey i s actually tal ler than Douglas - fir o f the same age .
After the vis itor views the problems w i th the lq p lanted races , a vi s i t to the
nearby examples of local ponderosa p ine provide a las t ing demons trat ion of the
impor tance of correct seed s ource .
Like the c lear demons trat ion of dens i ty
effec ts in the nearby 1924 spacing s tudy , the Wind River p lo t of the ponderosa
p ine race s tudy is a convinc ing demonstrat ion of gene tic differences .
The s tudy , when combined with s imilar data from a contemporary study at
Prie s t River , I daho , has provided the main rac ial - variation data for the
spec i e s .
MONITORING NATURAL AREAS
The set ting as ide of 160 acres of natural area for future s tudies , and its
increase to 1 , 18 0 acres s oon after the Wind River Exper imental Forest was
establ ished , emphas ized the de s i re to gain data and information on dynamics of
natural s tands .
Measurements of growth and mortality of plots in the Natural
Area e s tab l i shed that growth of old- growth s tands was in essence offset w i th
mortality losses .
In o lder s tands , this balance represented a shift in growth
from high -value old- growth Douglas - fir to lower value , younger hemlock and true
firs .
Th is trend toward s tand degeneration became the focal po int in the
34
earlier controversy over selec tive logging as the o ffic ial pol icy of Regi on 6
!
I
in the mid- 1930 ' s . Munger and Isaac s aw in the practice a po tent ial to degrade
the Region ' s National Forests by has tening the succe s s i on to an al l - aged ,
low-value fore s t heavy in cull trees .
The outcome was estab l i shment by I s aac
of a large - scale s e ries of old- growth yield plots on s e lectively logged
National Fores t lands . World War II interrupted this e ffort , but s oon afterwards I saac p roduced data to show that thes e concerns were real . Selective logging o f old- growth Douglas - fir was then discontinued as the. pol icy in USFS Region 6 . POST- WORLD WAR I I
.I
In perspe c t ive , the proportion o f total research e ffort assoc iated with
Wind River Experimental Fores t after World War I I is much larger than it might
appear in thi s review .
The decades after the war were one of the more active
periods - - cons ider such names as S teele , Eversole , Bullard , S te in , Krueger ,
Meaghe r , S taebler , Tarrant , W i l l iamson , Wright , Childs , Reukema , Franklin ,
Cur t i s , Miller , and S i l en , which found the ir way into the l i terature in this
period .
A fair portion of post -war e ffort is already reported for early
s tudie s that have been brought up to date in the previous sect ion .
The new
s tudy areas reported in this sect ion cover second- growth management , harve s t
cutt ing , alde r and fertilizer s tudies , s o i l s research , seed and seedl ing
research , and general contributions .
35
SECOND - GROWTH MANAGEMENT
A heavy emphasis of the Exper iment S tation after 1947 was on second- growth
management .
An ad hoc re gional " S econd - Growth Management Committee , "
spons ored by Phi l l ip Briegleb to rapidly upgrade the information base of second
growth , drew heavily on W ind River spacing and thinning s tudie s .
Publ ication
of the committee report ent i tled , "Management of S econd Growth S tands in the
Douglas - fir Re gion , " s t imulated research general 1y , and led to several new
s tudies at W ind River .
In 1 9 5 2 , a series of thinning plots was e s tab l ished in the century - o ld
s tand on the Panther Creek divis ion .
Two obj ect ives are l i s ted , one economic
and the other b iological - - on two leve l s of thinning .
s tand proved to be s l ower than in younger s tands .
The responses in this
For more than a decade ,
growth per acre was decreased in both thinning 1 eve l s .
Results impl ied that
removal of expected mortal i ty could be recommended , but removal of appreciable
fractions of the s tand at this age required periods longer than a decade be fore
growth began to approach former rates ,
This valuable experience contributed to
a more mature view of second - growth management .
Spac ing s tudies also received renewed intere s t .
G . S . Meagher was e s tab l ished in 19 5 1 .
One s tudy conce ived by
I t involved removing 0 , 1 , 2 , and 3
compe t ing trees in a 4 1 -year - o ld s tand from around each of 10 des igned crop
trees in dominant , codominant , and intermediate crown c lass es , Re sults after a
decade were c lear and cons is tent , in that the greates t response was on dominant
trees , and with the large s t number of competitors removed .
The early response
was nonl inear , however , with much l e s s response on codominants or
intermediates , and a much greater response with two or three compet i tors
36
removed than with only one .
The s tudy had wide impl icat ions for young stands
in showing requirements for a quick growth response from thinning .
A second spac ing · s tudy was aimed to extend information beyond the
1 2 - foot x 1 2 - foot spac ing of the 1924 s tudy .
W ider spac ings were achieved by
thinning a 2 5 - year - o l d p lantation from a dens i ty of 6 8 0 trees to dens i ties of
50 , 100 , 1 5 0 , 2 00 , 2 5 0 , and 350 trees , the narrowes t corresponding to about
1 1 - foot x 1 1 - foot spac ing .
The initial result was unexpected .
All thinned
plots suffered " shock" to the extent that he ight growth after 5 years was
reduced 46 to 6 9 percent compared to the unthinned s tand .
mortal i ty also occurred .
thinning .
Sunscald and some
S ince then , the plots have begun to respond to the
As intended , they are beginning to demons trate tradeoffs in
financ ial re turns in the goal o f concentrat ing growth on fewer , larger s tems .
Thus the plots ins talled in this period round out the early work toward
producing a regional long - term experience with spac ing control .
HARVEST CUTTINGS
Another deve lopment soon after World War II was the PNW S t a tion ' s research
into harves t ing of mature s tands . This research centered mainly at the
H . J . Andrews and Cascade Head Experimental Forests .
At W ind River , some t imb er
sales were made in the Trout Creek D ivis ion to provide new age classes for
future studies .
Emphas is began to decl ine on this activity in the mid - 19 5 0 ' s .
Interes t revived again at W ind River around c o cepts concerning the
conical extinct volcano of Trout Creek H i l l .
The idea that this landmark might
s erve as an unusual s tudy area was conce ived by David M . Smith , Yale
Univers i ty .
Smith spent a summer reviewing the PNW S tation S i lvicultural
research program .
The idea developed slowly with modificat ion as a cooperative
37
undertaki
by District and PNW Experiment S tation personne l .
The final plan ,
wh ich called for es tab l i shing a new age class o n each aspect a t 1 0 - year
intervals , has one ins tal lment completed .
RED ALDER STUDI ES
The po tential role of red alder in Douglas - fi r management was first
recognized at the W ind River Experimental Forest .
This spec ies i s one of the
main natural s ources of nitrogen in the s o i l s of the region . An interplanting
of red alder proposed by E . S . Hanz l ik as a fi rebreak s trip on the rrout Creek
Divis ion provides a s triking example of its eff ct on Douglas - fir growth .
Isaac first no ticed that Douglas - fir seedl ings within the s trip had more
vigorous fo l i age than those j us t outs ide . Tarrant related improved
ouglas - fir
growth to increased amounts o f s o i l nitrogen in the mixed red alder Douglas - fir
s tand .
The finding by PNW S tation pathologists that alder might play a role in
the contro l of the root dis ease Phel l inus we irii further enhanced the prospect
that the spec ies might play an important role in Douglas - fir management .
FERTILI ZER STUDY
Effect of ni trogen fert i l izer was tes ted in 1 9 64 on a 3 5 -year - old , S i te V ,
chlorotic plantation on the Yacolt burn .
from appl icat ion o f 200 to 600 lbs of
Both
ammonium
iame ter and he ight increased
nitrate per acre .
in diameter was nearly l inear and favored larger diame ter tree s .
The response
Severe snow
breakage o f codominant trees occurred with highes t appl ication rates , however .
38
SEED AND SEEDLING STUDIES
One s tudy at the Wind River Nursery by Krueger and Trappe contributed much
to the concepts surrounding succes s ful fores t p lanting .
Two seas ons of nursery
growth were monitored for root and shoot growth , as wel l as amounts of food
reserves .
The findings that shoot and root growth alternated in surges
throughout the season contributed a more bas ic unders tanding of
hy
pianted
For example , seedl ings planted at the time of shoot
trees often fai l .
e longation would produce few roots .
Another s tudy by S i len asses sed the effect on seed of premature cone
harve s t , and whether the immaturity could be overcome by artific ial r ipening .
Seed from cones collected up to a month too early could be succes s fully r ipened
in cool , damp peat mos s .
Placing them in a running stream or in plastic b ags
proved to be lethal , however .
app l ication .
The s tudies were carried to commerc i al
The practice of artific ial r ipening has become widespread for
mos t western conifer spe c ie s .
Large cool ing fac i l ities are incorporated into
USFS Region 6 seed-proces s ing to r ipen cones artific ially .
THE GENERAL CONTRIBUTION
The total contribution of WREF has been far greater than the sum of its
individual s tudies .
its continuity .
I ts greate s t s ervice to Northwe st fores try has s imply been
The long- term nature of mos t o f its s tudies has repeatedly
demons trated how init ial results change over t ime .
" Seed S torage in the Duff , ,;
a s eemingly clear early resul t , was upset a decade later .
The early no tions o f
what const i tuted satisfac tory res tocking o n the W ind River regenerat ion
transects were almo s t totally at odds with the l ong - term resul ts .
39
The early
no tions that larches could outgrow Douglas - fir took half a century to correct .
What was cons idered des irable spac ing changed over a few decades from 6 - foot x
6 - foot to 12 - foot x 1 2 - foot or beyond , as spacing s tudi es matured .
The
emphas is for mo s t of the first half century of the Douglas - fir Heredity S tudy
was a search for better seed s ources , rather than the more modern search for
better parents within a local s ource .
The early no tions that selective cutt ing
was pert inent for o l d - growth Douglas - fir required several decades to deve lop
convinc ing data that c learcutt ing and other forms of even- age management were
more appropriate .
Wind River serves as the prime fores try example in the West of
priceles sness o f cont inuity of research .
Ye t the forces at work that dissemb le
such long - term effor ts , both unplanned and somet imes del iberate , have been
s trong enough to succeed almo s t everywhere e l s e .
Even at W ind River the
quest ion " Why should we continue here ? " has served to terminate port ions of and
some time s threatened all o f the continuity .
But to those who take the troub l e
to visit , t o s tudy , and perhaps to add to the research , the answer always has
come out , " I t ' s too valuab le to terminate " or " Sound long - term experience in
fores try is too rare and prec ious to give up . "
Because of the l ong - term findings , Wind River i s perhaps the s ingle mos t ­
las t ing fores try exper ience t o any vis i ting fores try newcomer .
Where else
would one find a complete , documented s tand his tory from s ee dl ing to harve s t
s ize o f tree s , o r find a demons tration o f how superior - - for thi s p lace - - are the
nat ive species over species from anywhere else in the world , or observe how
abj ect most off - s ite plantings become in a half century , or find a rotat ion- age
demons tration of how Douglas - fir fami l ies , s ide by s ide , compare in growth and
survival , or s e e how real ly poor most of the s tems become in a half century
40
when p lanting was too dense , or how few s tems are really needed to s tock an
acre , o r how overmature s tands produce fiber at a dec l ining rate , and also
de ter iorate in value?
Such demonstrations tend to re inforce one ano ther to
give the newcomer , and even the exper ienced fores ter , an unusual ins ight into
the s c ient ific bases of fores try in the Douglas - fir region .
41
CHAPTER VI PHYS ICAL AND BIOLOGICAL FEATURES Frederick J . Swanson , Fred H . Everes t , and J erry Franklin . I
I
DESCRIPTION
Centrally located in the W ind River Bas in , the WREF cons i s ts of two
divis i ons - - Trout Creek ( about 6 , 500 acre s ) on the wes t s ide o f W ind River and
Panther Creek ( about 3 , 500 acre s ) on the east s ide - -which differ subs tant ially
in resource s and phys ical and b io logical features .
CLIMATE
An excellent c l imatological record dating from 1 9 1 1 has been kept at the
W ind River Weather S tation on the wes t s ide of the W ind River Valley close to
the Ranger S tation , Nurs ery , and Experimental Forest Headquarters ( S teele
1 9 5 2 ) . At 1 , 15 0 feet in e levation , this s i te represents the lowe s t e l evat ion ,
valley - fl oor c l imat ic condi t ions in the WREF , which extends upward to
elevat ions of more than 4 , 000 feet at Big Huckleberry Mountain .
Cl imatic
conditions are summa rized from :
C l imatological Handbook , Columb ia Bas in S tates ,
Vol s . I & I I . July 1 9 7 1 . Me teorology Committee . Pac ific Northwes t River Bas ins Commi s s ion .
908 , Vancouver , WA
98660 : 42
Box WIND RIVER EXPERIMENTAL FOREST CLIMATOLOGY 1911 - 65
Degrees Fahrenhe it
Degrees Ce ls ius
Mean annual temperature
47 . 8
8.8 Mean January temperature
31 . 9
- 0.1 Mean July temperature
63 . 6
17 . 6 Mean J anuary minimum temperature
25 . 5
- 3.6 Mean July minimum temperature
80 . 5 26 . 9
Record maximum temperature
107 41 . 7
Record minimum temperature
- 18 -27 . 8
Mi l l imeters
Inches Mean annual precipitation
9 8 . 64
2 , 505
4 . 48
114
Record minimum annual to tal
54 . 1 5
1 , 375
Record maximum annual to tal
142 . 60
3 , 622
9 1 . 70
2 , 32 9
2 1 1 . 50
5 , 37 2
Mean June -Augus t p re c ipi tation
Mean annual snowfal l
Record maxi um annual snowfal l
The cl imate o f the WREF i s cool and mo ist with a fall and winter period of
heavy precip i tat ion and a summer dry season .
Total average annual
precipi tation is nearly 100 inches , and annual snowfal l averages more than 90
inches .
Up to about 3 50 0 - foot elevat ion , the WREF l ies within the trans ient
snow z one ; higher e l evations have a winter snowpack .
Precipitation intens ities
are ab out 4 . 5 inches/24 hours for a 2 -year re turn period event and 7 . 5
inches/24 hours for a 5 0 - year event (Miller et al . 1 9 7 3 ) .
43
The weather s tation is between the Trout Creek and Panther Creek D ivis ions ,
so it provides repres entative values but no bas is for distinguishing the two
areas .
GEOLOGY
Trout Creek D ivis ion
The Trout Creek H i l l D ivis ion is underlain by bedrock of both wes tern and
High Cascade origin .
The olde s t rocks . exposed in the area are in a narrow band
of the Middle Eocene to early Oligocene Ohanapecosh Formation ( described in
Panther Creek Divis ion Geology Sec t i on) outcropping in the south - central
port ion of the D ivis ion . Further south , the Ohanapecosh is overlain
success ively by the S tevens Ridge Format ion and l ava flows of Three - Corner Rock
of late Oligocene to early Miocene age (Hammond 1 9 8 0 ) ,
The S tevens Ridge
Formation i s composed of inters tratified rhyodac i te to dac ite pyroclas tic flows
and reworked volcaniclastic sands tones and conglomerate s .
Dips up to 2 5
in variab l e directions are reported from the area (Hammond 1 9 8 0 ) ,
0
and
Three - Corner
Rock lavas are inters tratified andes ite porphyry l ava flows , lahar ic breccias ,
and minor volcaniclas tics (Hammond 1980) .
Quarternary units are of alluvial , glacial , and vo lcanic origin ,
Oldest
uni ts are glac ial dr ift left by periods of extens ive glac iation of the area
greater than 3 8 , 000 years B . P .
(before present ) and s omet imes probably more
than 340 , 000 year B . P . ( Hammond , Portland S tate Univers i ty , personal
communicat ion , 198 3 ) ; the glac ial his tory of the area is poorly understood
( Hammond 1 9 8 0 ) ,
depos its .
Fluvial eros ion and mas s was t ing sub s tantially modi fied the se
Erup tion o f the Trout Creek Hill cone produced dark- gray ol ivine
basal t , forming a series of intracanyon lava flows that descended W ind River
44
about 340 , 000 years B . P .
communicat ion , 198 3 ) .
( K - Ar age determination , Hammond , personal
The flows temporar i ly blocked s ide s treams and raised
the ir base levels , resul ting in accumulation o f al luvial depo s i t s adj acent to
the lava ·flows .
No quarr ies or mining c laims are located in the D ivision .
19 7 1 , the RNA was wi thdrawn from mineral entry .
On July 2 1 ,
The Management Plan for the
Trout Creek H i l l D ivis ion ( c over memo 4060 , Augus t 2 3 , 1 9 74 ) proposes that the
ent ire D ivis ion be closed to mineral entry .
A geo logic feature of special note i s a lava tube near the top of Trout
Creek Hi l l .
It is des c r ibed in the 1 9 74 proposed Management Plan for W ind
River Experimental Fore s t - - Trout Creek H i l l Divis ion as having an " opening in
solid rock . . . about 3 feet in diame ter .
This shaft cont inues vert ically for
about 12 feet , then opens in a convex fashion unt i l a floor is reached .
The
vertical depth o f the tube is approximately 100 fee t , with a diame ter at the
bo ttom of about 70 fee t . " See no tes on "Mar ilyn ' s Hole ( Lava Cave ) " ( 2 pp . + 1
il lus . ) and pg . 5 2 in the 1974 Management Plan .
Panther Creek D ivis ion
the Panther Creek D ivis ion is in the western Casc ades Geological province .
The. area is underlain by the Eocene to Oligocene Ohanapecosh Formation composed
of lava flows and brecc ias chiefly o f pyroxene andes i te but ranging in
compos ition from basal t to rhyodac i te ( Wise 1 9 7 0 ; Hammond 1 9 8 0 ) .
We l l - s tratified vo lcaniclas tics of a variety of origins are widespread .
Low
grade me tamorphism has resulted in format ion o f zeol i te , smec tite c l ay , and
other secondary minerals .
nor thwe st at 1 3
0
to 2 1
0
Bedrock units with in the area dip to the wes t or
(Hammond 1 9 8 0 ) .
Th e valley floor of mains tream
45
Panther Creek in the Divi s i on is covered with Quarternary al luvium , which was
in part depos ited in response to damming near its confluence with W ind River by
lava flows from the Trout Creek Hill vent .
Quarternary deposits from
lands l ides have been mapped in the low - rel ief , central port ion of the drainage
(Hammond 1 9 80 ) .
The Baker Quarry b orders the Divis ion along its northern boundary
( extending the quarry operation about 100 fee t acro s s the boundary into the
D ivis ion was recently proposed) .
No mining claims have been made in the
Divis ion , but lease appl icat i ons have been made in the area for leasable
minerals ( for example , o i l , gas , geothermal ) .
Thes e app lications have been
forwarded to the Chief , because the Fores t cannot proces s leave appl icat ions
for Experimental Forests .
The claims are expected to be denied ( T . Re illy ,
Geologis t , G i fford Pinchot National Forest , memo of February 9 , 1 9 8 3 ) .
GEOMORPHOLOGY
Trout Creek D ivis ion
Geomorphic features in the Trout Creek H i l l D ivis ion are dominated by
construct ional volcanic landforms including the Trout Creek Hill c inder cone
and assoc iated l ava flows .
Fluvial modification of these lava flows , flow
brecc ias , and airfall tephra depos i t s have been minor .
S tratigraphic or
geomorphic evidence of glac iation o f these volcanic features has been
identi fied .
The s outhernmos t portion of the D ivis ion has a mix of s teep to moderately
s teep topography s imilar to terrain in the Panther Creek D ivis ion .
This area
is underlain by o lder bedrock units that have had a long his tory of eros ion by
46
fluvial , mass movement , and glacial processes .
The Wind River Valley was
glaciated s ome t ime before the erupt ive activity from the Trout Creek H i l l vent ,
about 340 , 000 years B . P .
(Hammond , personal communicat ion , 1 9 8 3 ) .
Elevat ions range from 1 , 100 to 2 , 900 fee t .
Panther Creek D ivis ion
The we s ternmo s t portion of the Divis ion contains about 1 mile o f the main
s tem of Panther Creek .
The val ley floor i s about 1/4 mile wide at this point .
Al luvium on the val ley floor is in part as soc iated with the Trout Creek H i l l
lava flows that flooded the Wind River Val ley .
Hammond ( 1 9 8 0 ) maps the
terminus of the Evans Creek glac iat ion ( 12 , 500 to 20 , 000 years B . P . ) from the
Red Mountain area as extending down Panther Creek to within a mile of the
D ivis ion boundary .
Earl ier , more extens ive gl aciations , such as Hayden C reek
( 3 8 , 000 to 140 , 000 B . P . ) , probably s ent an ice mass do
the we s t end of the D ivis ion .
drainage is unknown .
Panther Creek through
The extent of glac iat ion within the Mouse Creek
Opportunity for ice accumulat ion in the bas in was l imited
because of its aspect and the l ow elevation of the s outhern ridge l ine .
The Mouse Creek drainage of the Panther Creek Divis ion contains mos t ly a
mix of very s teep and moderately s teep s lopes .
The east and s outheast port ions
of the bas in contain four s teep s econd- order watersheds that provide an
excellent opportunity for paired watershed s tudies .
relief dominate the center of the bas in .
Landforms o f moderate
These areas are mapped by Hammond
( 1 9 8 0 ) and the Fore s t as l arge , mas s - movement features .
Some areas o f s l ow ,
deep - s eated mas s movement are presently active ( G . Regas , W ind River Ranger
Distric t , personal communication) , but mos t appear to be dormant .
Some of the
undulat ing topography in the wes t - central part of the Mouse Creek drainage may
47
der ive in part from sediment depos i ted behind a glac ial ice dam in the mainstern
Panther Creek val ley .
0
S lopes in excess of 30 appear subj ect to periodic
deb r i s s l ides .
Elevation in the Divis ion ranges from 9 5 0 to 4 , 200 feet .
SOILS
Trout Creek D ivis ion
S o i l s within the Divis ion have been mapped and de scribed generally in the
S o i l Resource Inventory ( SRI ) .
The SRI ( scale 1 : 1 5 , 840 on orthophoto bas e )
de s i gnates nine individual s o i l - mapping units and four complexes i n the
D ivi s ion ,
S o i l types are mapped and recorded in the D i s trict Total Resource Inventory
(TRI ) records .
Currently in use is a 1 9 7 8 loose l eaf notebook of s o i l - type maps
based on revi s ion of a 1 9 7 2 s o i l s resource inventory for the GPNF .
so i l - type map has not been prepared j us t for the WREF .
A separate
Units and complexes in
each D ivis ion ( fi g . 5 ) are taken from S o i l Resource Atal s of Maps and
Interpret ive Tab le s , revised edition , G i fford Pinchot N . F . , undated ; map pages
16 and 1 7 .
The mos t extens ive s o i l - mapping unit of the D ivis ion , including
much of Trout Creek H i l l itsel f , is Uni t 43 , a moderately deep to deep
nonplastic to s l ightly plas tic s o i l der ived from flow breccias and pyroc lastic
airfall material , mainly c inders and scoria from the Trout Creek H i l l vent .
Surface s o i l s are we l l - drained sandy loams , and s ubsoils inc lude
inters trati fied gravel ly sandy loams and s i lty clay loams . This s o i l covers the
s outhern and eas tern portions of the RNA .
48
Franklin ( 19 7 2 ) describes a
19 0 - crn
thick profile in the Thornton T . Munger Res earch Natural Area .
He cons iders
soils within the RNA as s imi lar morphologically to the S tab ler shotty loam
series forming a Brown Podzolic - Brown Lateritic intergrade covered by the
Skamania County soil survey .
The upper part of the Trout Creek Hill cone , including the summi t , cons ists
of shal l ow , excess ively drained soils (Units Sa and Sb ) deve loped in the
coarse - textured c inder and flow breccias exposed at the vent .
Small areas of marshland and we t meadows occur at the eas t end of the
Thornton T . Munger Research Natural Area and along Trout Creek on the western
border o f the D ivis ion . The se poorly drained areas of low relief have shallow
to deep , sandy loams to s i l t loams .
S o i l s at the south end of the Divi s ion underlain by t i l l and deeply eroded
Tert iary volcanic rocks range from nonexis tent in local ized , s teep areas of
bedrock outcrop to thick on depos its of old col luvium and t i l l .
On the
s teep s l opes carved in l ava flow and competent volcaniclas t ic rocks along the
southern and southeas tern boundary of the D ivis ion soils (Uni ts 8 2 and 8 3 ) are
shallow , nonp las t ic , grave l ly sandy loams with thin grave l ly loam subs oils .
Moderate slope s making up the remainder of the area have s o i l s derived from
less competent vo lcanic las tic rock , t i l l , and as soc iated colluvium .
These
soils (Units 8 3 6 and 8 7 ) range from moderately deep to deep , nonp las tic to
s l i ghtly plas t i c , loam , grave lly sandy loams , and grave l ly loam .
Panther Creek D ivis ion
S o i l s mapped in the S o i l Resource Inventory ( SRI ) as 11 s eparate uni ts and
4 complexes in the Panther Creek D ivis ion can be grouped into three board
cate gories : soils assoc iated wi th alluvium , colluvium , and t i l l along the main
.
49
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s tem of Panther Creek ; thin soils on s teep s l opes ; and thick soils on gentler
s lopes .
S o i l s along Panther Creek inc lude fresh alluvium (Unit 1 ) ; very deep
nonplas tic to s l i ghtly plastic gravel ly sandy loams with thin surface s o i l s
derived from colluvium and till (Uni t 7 5 ) ; and s andy loams deve loped o n thicker
depos i ts of volcanic ash and res i duum of volcanic breccias (Unit 2 8 ) .
These
las t deposits occur in a toeslope p o s i t ion , sugges t ing accumulat ion after
downs lope transport of a irfall tephra from a s ource such as the Trout Creek
H i l l vent 6 miles to the wes t .
On s teep s lopes along the Panther Creek valley and in the Mouse Creek
drainage , surface soils are thin , nonp las tic , generally nongrave l ly to grave l ly
loam or s il t loam (Units 8 1 , 8 3 , 9 1 ) .
Local areas of exposed bedrock are
common (Units 6 , 7 ) .
Gentler s lopes are marked with thick mass - movement debris , t i l l , or other
colluvial depos its , so subsoils are thick and immature surface soils are thin ,
typ ically loams and clay loams (Units 8 8 , 8 9 ) .
Broadly undulating terrain
dissec ted by s treams result in a complicated mix of s teep and gentle s lope and
use of complexes in s o i l mapping .
WATER AND FISHERIES
Wind River , a fi fth - order watershed in the Columbia Bas in of s outhwe s t
Washington , enters the Co lumbia River at r iver mi le 1 5 4 ( f i g . 6 ) .
rugged south - aspec t watershed dominated by recent volcanism .
I t drains a
The highes t peaks
in the watershed exceed 5 , 000 feet . S i lls , dike s , and lava flows from pas t
volcanic activity in the bas in cause frequent abrupt change s in the gradient of
the main s tem of Wind River and its tributaries .
50
Rap ids , cas cades , and fal l s
i
I
i
are pres ent on mos t s treams and influence movement of res ident and anadromous
fish within the bas in .
Shipherd Fal l s , l ocated at r iver mile 2 . 1 , drops 4 2 feet in s everal s teps ,
including maj or s teps of 1 3 . 5 , 1 3 , and 11 fee t .
A large and vigorous race of
summer s tee lhead capab l e of ascending Shipherd Fal l s deve loped in the Wind
River .
The s e fish were highly s ought by anglers .
The run made init ial entry
into the River in March and congregated below the fal l s unt il June when
conditions in the River became op t imum for ups tream pas sage . The h i s toric run
was e s t imated at 2 , 500 to 5 , 000 s teelhead that spawned in the upper Wind River
and its tributaries .
In addition , up to 1 , 000 chinook salmon were also
e s t imated to have spawned in the main s tem of Wind River below Shipherd Fal l s .
The fisheries of the W ind River have changed dramatical ly , however , s ince
the turn of the century and espec ially s ince the mid - 1 9 30 ' s .
The nat ive summe r
s te e lhead population in the W ind River has dec l ined more or less cont inuously
for about four decades from a comb ination of hab itat changes and increased
angler effec t ivene s s .
Bonneville Dam raised the leve l of l ower W ind River .
S tee lhead spawning was s everely curtailed in the upper watershed during the
early 1900 ' s by an 8 - foo t -h igh mill dam with a 14- foo t apron operated by Carson
Lumber Company ( Bryant 1 949 ) .
Large numbers of both summe r and winter s tee lhead have been s tocke d .
Juv nile coho salmon have also been planted in the uppe r River by the
Washington Department of Fi sheries .
The summer s tee lhead introduced were o f
Skamania s tock , a di fferent race than nat ive W ind River s teelhead . Al though
ne i ther winter s te e lhe ad nor coho introduc t ions were highly successful ,
successful summer s te e lhead plants have probably altered the genetics of Wind
River s tee lhead by natural interbreeding of Skamania and Wind River s tocks .
51
PANTH ER CREEK DIVISION
WIND RIVER
EXPERIM ENTAL
FOREST
Figure 6-Wind River Basin of southwest Washington.
Trout Creek D ivis ion
The Trout Creek D ivis ion s traddles Trout Creek from creek mile 3 to mile
5 . 4 , borders the eas t s ide of Trout Creek from creek mile 5 . 4 to mile 7 . 8 , and
borders the East Fork Trout Creek from its confluence with Trout Creek for 1
mile ups tream .
The gradient of the acc e s s ible portion of Trout Creek and its tr ibutar ies
on WREF are favorable for steelhead production .
Downs tream from WREF , the
gradient is gentle , averaging less than 2 percent .
Gradient increases to 5
percent as the stream traverses WREF and decrease s to less than 1 percent as
the s t ream skirts the wes tern flank of Trout Creek H i l l .
Martha C reek and Planting Creek are the only maj or tributar ies of Trout
Creek that enter WREF .
Martha Creek , a second - order , north - aspect s tream ,
enters Trout Creek at mile 0 . 2 5 and traverses WREF between mi le 1 . 0 and 1 . 2 5 .
Plant ing Creek i s a s econd- order , north - aspect tributary enter ing Trout
Creek at Creek mile 5 . 5 . The s tream heads on Mowich Butte and flows 2 mi les to
its confluence with Trout Creek .
The lower 0 . 7 5 mi les i s on WREF .
Gradient on
WREF averages about 5 percent , and the s tream is used as a spawning and rearing
area by summer s teelhead .
Beaver use in this s tream is excep t ionally high ,
espec ially in the burned- over area be low Mowich Butte ,
The Thornton T . Munger Res earach Natural Area wetland areas have probably
been created or enhanced by beaver ac tivity ( Franklin et al . 1 9 7 2 ) .
No fish
are present in these wetland areas , but the areas provide excellent hab itat for
aquatic invertebrates and amphibians .
No checklist of e i ther taxonomic group
has been comp i led .
52
Panther Creek Divi s ion
The port ion of the Panther Creek watershed that lies within WREF contains
One road contours
four clearcuts and two l i ght - duty roads total ing 1 . 5 miles .
around the headwaters , and the other enters the middle bas in .
Both dead- end in
the bas in .
Mouse Creek is a third - order s tream draining a 2 , 500 - acre watershe d ,
the
main s tem i s 4 miles l ong and the South Fork , a maj or tributary , i s 2 miles
long .
The gradient average s 9 percent in the headwaters .
The basin contains 7
miles of access roads and five clearcuts .
At mile 0 . 5 of Mouse Creek , falls prevent further up stream access for
migratory fish .
Eas tern brook trout , an exo tic salmono id species stocked in
the sys tem in the early 1900 ' s , occur above the fal l s up to mile 1 . 2 5 .
Outs ide the Panther Creek D ivi s ion , Trapper Creek - - located s everal miles
ups tream from WREF - - has been altered and channeled where i t flows through the
Government Mineral Spr ings development .
mile 18 .
Trapper Creek is about 30 fee t wide near its mouth and flows about 2 0
ft . 3/sec . i n summer .
F range .
The s tream enters W ind River at river
Summer water temperatures are cool , remaining in the 50o
Spawning hab itat above the channel reach near Government Mineral
Spr ings is adequate for about 300 pairs of s almon and s teelhead .
of this reach averages 2 percent .
good rearing hab i tat for s te elhead ,
The gradient
The lower 2 miles of Trapper Creek provides
The channe l in this reach contains about
25 pools per mile and the gradient averages about 5 percent .
Little use by
anadromous s almono ids occurs above the mouth of Los t Creek (mile 2 . 2 5 ) .
53
VEGETATION
Experimental Fores t
Coniferous forests dominated by Douglas - fir charac terize the Wind River
Experimental Fores t . Var iat ions in forest compos i tion and s tructure are
assoc iated pr imarily wi th the t ime s ince las t maj or catas trophic dis turbance
and with s ite environment (mo i s ture , temperature , and nutrient gradients ) .
fores ts fal l within the Tsuga Heterophylla and Ab ies amab i l i s
The
zones , ( Franklin
and Dyrnes s 1 9 7 3 ) .
The four maj or age classes of forests in the WREF are :
(1)
Old- growth stands around 400 to 500 years o ld found primarily in the
Trout Creek D ivis ion , total ing about 3 , 000 acres .
(2)
Mature stands around 100 to 150 years o l d , dominating the Panther
Creek D ivis ion , and total ing about 3 , 2 5 0 acres .
(3)
Young s tands that orginated after the Yacolt Burn and other
wi ldfires between 1902 and 1 9 2 9 ( currently 50 to 80 years old) , in the Trout
Creek D ivis ion , and total ing about 2 , 500 acres .
(4)
Very young s tands deve loped by c learcutting and regenerating mature
stands , in both divis i ons with about 900 acres at Trout Creek and 250 acres at
Panther Creek , from 1 to 30 years old ( 19 84 ) .
Compos i t ion and s tructure vary markedly wi th s tand age .
general ly overwhelmingly dominant in classes ( 2 ) ,
Douglas - fir is
( 3 ) , and ( 4 ) , with occas ional
exceptions , and trees within s t ands tend to be even - aged .
The old- growth
s tands have , on the o ther hand , lower dens ities of Douglas - fir , large volumes
of o ther spec ies - - such as wes tern hemlock , Pac i fic s i lver fir , and wes tern
redcedar - - and a b road range in s ize and age classe s . Portions of the old- growth
54
s tands are qui te decadent , particularly wes tern hemlock - dominated s tands on the
nor thwe s t s lopes o f Trout Creek H i l l .
intact .
Other old- growth s t ands appear to be
The long - term records from the Res earch Natural Area indicate that
growth and mortal i ty are approximately in balance , but important change s in
spec ies compos i t ion are taking place .
Mo i s ture and temperature are the maj or environmental gradients , and the
various age c lasses are found on s i tes representing a cro s s sec t ion of the se
gradients .
Temperatures are reflected in the maj or vegetat ive series found in
the WREF- - the we s tern hemlock (warmer ) and Pacific s i lver fir ( cooler) series
( series are equivalent to the zone s o f Frankl in and Dyrnes s 1 9 7 2 ) .
The Panther
Creek D ivis ion is pr imar ily occupied by community types ( currently under
de finition by the R- 6 area- ecology program) belonging to the wes tern hemlock
series .
At e levat ions around 3 , 000 fee t ( lower on north s lopes , higher on
south s lope s ) communities begin to grade into the Pacific s i lver fir series ,
reflect ing cooler temperatures and permanent winter snowpacks .
Trout Creek
H i l l is occup ied by mixed Pac i fic s i lver fir -wes tern hemlock communi ty types ,
which is somewhat surpris ing cons idering some o f the low elevat ions ( for
example , 1 , 200 feet in the Thornton T . Munger Research Natural Area ) .
These
mixed community types probably reflect the re lat ively cool nature o f the Wind
River Val ley and , perhaps , the relative infe r t i l i ty of s ome of the s o i l s
assoc iated with Trout Creek H i l l .
The portion of the Trout Creek D ivis ion
south o f Trout Creek ( that is , the Yacolt Burn segment) is mainly occupied by
we s tern hemlock communities .
The mo is ture gradient is b e s t expressed in the Panther Creek D ivis ion where
communities range from very dry types on l i thosols to fern- and herb - r ich
communities on lower s l opes and along s treams .
55
Dry s ites have communities with
spe c i e s characteristics of Douglas - fir c l imax s i tes , such as ground j uniper ,
bearberry , various gras ses , tal l Oregongrape , and oceanspray .
The bulk of the
fore s t is on s i tes of moderate mo i s ture s tatus with unde r s tories dominated by
salal , dwarf Oregongrape , vine maple , and various herbs such as vanil laleaf and
bracken fern .
S everal c ommuni ty types are probably represente d , but this modal
group is j us t in the proce s s of defini t ion by the National Fore s t area
ecologist . Beargrass and huckleberries are common at h i gher e levat ions .
Fore s t s on mo i s t s ites have rich herbaceous understories with species such as
sword fern , foamflowe r , and small false solomon ' s seal .
Dense shrub layers of
vine maple and hazel are also present ,
Ripar ian vege tat ion along Trout Creek cons i s ts primarily of devi l s - c lub ,
'' !
'
vine maple , bigleaf maple , red alder , we s tern redcedar , wes tern hemlock , and
Douglas - fir .
Several c learcuts occur close to the s tream on both the eas t and
we s t banks along the southwe st s ide of Trout Creek H i l l , and s ome c learcuts in
the vic inity of Planting Creek are immediately adj acent to the s tream .
Dry s i tes ( includes to tal rainfal l ) are no t , found in the Trout Creek H i l l
area .
Communi ty types here range from herb - and fern- dominated in l imited
lower s lope areas ( for example , near the base o f Bunker H i l l in the Thornton T .
Munger Research Natural Area) through modal vine maple/dwarf Oregongrape types
to vine map lejsalal on the mos t infertile and huckleberryjbeargrass on the
colde s t s i tes ,
The relative proport ion and exact nature of these types awaits
further defini t ion ,
Tree compos i tion can be related to the s e environmental gradients .
mentione d , Douglas - fir is common throughout the WREF .
rather broadly d i s tr ibuted ,
As
Wes tern hemlock is also
Wes tern redcedar is most abundant on mo i s t s i tes
56
and at l ower e levations .
Pac i fic s i lver fir i s common on Trout Creek H i l l
( including the RNA) and at higher elevations i n Panther Creek but probably can
occur anywhere in WREF .
Noble fir is mos t common above 3 , 000 fee t in Panther
Creek but does occur spar ingly around Trout Creek H i l l .
Grand fir occurs
sparingly in the RNA , mos t conspicuous ly at the lowe s t and wettest elevations .
Western white p ine is ub iqui tous but generally in small numbers in mature and
old- growth forest .
I t was much more prevalent before a 1930 outbreak of whi te
p ine b l i s ter rus t .
This di sease was firs t no t iced in Canada in 1 9 1 0 .
it was in Washington and prevalent at Wind River by the 1 9 3 0 ' s .
infect ion was in the late 1940 ' s .
By 1 9 2 1 ,
The peak of
Wes tern' larch is a rare spec ies at higher
elevat ions in Panther Creek , as is mountain hemlock .
Among the hardwoods , red alder is the only common species occurring along
B igleaf
maj or s treams and on cutovers of high to moderate mois ture s tatus .
map le occurs occas ionally in Panther Creek , black cot tonwood is in r ipar ian
areas and on cutovers , and Oregon whi te oak is a rare , small tree
_
nvery dry
s i tes .
Two s ens i t ive plant species , Thelypteris Nevadens is ( S ierra woodfern) and
Pleur icospora fimbriolata ( fringed pinesap ) , are known to occur within the
Thornton T . Munger Re s earch Natural Area .
co
Corydal i s aguae - ge l idae ( Clackamas
dal i s ) has been located in s everal s i tes in Trout Creek Flats immediately
adj acent to the WREF .
The potential for occurrence of corydalis and addi tional
s i tes support ing S ierra fernwood and fringed p inesap within the Experimental
Fore s t and Natural Area is great .
57
Adj unct Research Areas
Although the array of vege tation types assoc iated with the legally defined
WREF is large , a variety of adj acent areas with superb examp les of many o ther
vegetation types add immeasurably to the potent ial of the locale for both bas ic
and appl ied research .
Included are dedicated s i tes (Research Natural Areas ) ,
areas res erved from cutt ing in current plans ( e s pecially the Trapper Creek
Wilderne s s Area ) , and a variety of s ites where individual s tudies are already
located ( for examp l e , Fal ls Creek flat , Camp 8 transec t ) .
We intend that the se
adj unc t areas ( fi g . 1) be conceptually l inked with WREF in developing ,
promot ing , and coordinating research at WREF , and in p lanning for fac i l i t ies
and other nece ssary logis t ical support .
S ister Rocks Research Natural Area
This is a 2 1 5 - acre tract of Pac ific s i lver fir forest cons i s t ing pr imarily of
old growth (500 to 6 00 years old) from which Douglas - fir and noble fir have
largely disappeared .
I t i s about 12 miles northwes t of WREF along a r idgel ine
at 3 , 600 to 4 , 200 fee t .
Goat Marsh Res earch Natural Area
A 1 , 1 9 5 - acre tract of true fir , hemlock old- growth forest , lodgepole
p ine - dominated mudflows , and wetlands at 2 , 9 50 to 4 , 9 6 5 feet about 30 miles
northwes t o f WREF . Record -volume stands o f noble fir exist at this s ite .
58
Cedar Flats Research Natural Area
A 6 8 0 - acre tract of large , o l d - growth Douglas - fir and western redcedar in a
val ley - bottom terrace along the Muddy River ( e levation 1 , 200 to 2 , 000 fee t )
ab out 20 mi les north o f the WREF .
Wes tern hemlock community types are we l l
represented ,
S teamboat Mountain Res earch Natural Area
A varied 1 , 400 - acre tract of subalpine fore s ts at 4 , 000 to 5 , 42 5 feet
encompas s ing e s s entially all o f a high Cascade peak ,
Fores t types include
o l d - growth Pac i fic s i lve r f i r - mountain hemlock on nor th s lopes , mature
sub alp ine fir on s outh s lopes , and mature mixed subalpine on lower s lopes and
flats .
Wet meadows are also present .
The area is located about 2 2 mi les
northeast o f WREF .
Trapper Creek
The Trapper Creek Drainage (became Trapper Creek W ilderne ss in 1 9 84 with 5 , 950
acres ) is perhaps the mos t important s ingle adj unct area b ecause of the added
potent ial for sc ient i fic research it br ings to programs based at WREF .
a fourth - order s t ream dra inage tributary to Wind River .
This is
I t is 8 to 1 2 miles
northwes t of WREF . Timb e r harves t had been de ferred in mos t o f this drainage ;
cons equently , the drainage provides a l arge , pri s t ine trac t and s tream sys tem
wi thout future deve lopment plans but with high po tent ial as a control s i te
whe re baseline measurements and monitoring can be done .
O l d - growth t imber
dominates the bo ttom and we s tern hal f of the drainage , mature timbe r dominates
the eastern s lopes , with Douglas - fi r and we s tern hemlock dominant except at
highes t e levations .
59
CHAPTER VII RESEARCH PLOTS AND ACTIVE STUDIES Dean S . DeBe ll Thi s chapter documents s ome of the spec ific research activities and
opportunit ies and maj or , histor ical research plots for s c ient ific
inve s tigations at WRE F .
The locat ion and nature of several permanent research plots i n and near
WREF are shown in fi gure 7 and table 1 .
Most of thes e areas are remeasured
per iodically by the S tat ion sc ienti s ts l i s ted as respons ible for the area .
The
plots are sometimes amenable to subs idiary s tudies by others , provided original
obj ective s are no t compromi sed .
Many Forest Service and non- Fores t Service sc ient i s ts have found WREF a
convenient and appropriate location for a variety of sc ient ific
inve s tigations - -both long and short term .
cooperative s tudies i s given in table 2 .
A l i s t of recent and current ac tive
Thi s provides an indicat ion of the
nature of research now conducted at WREF and a measure of current activity .
For addit ional background informat ion on pas t s c ientific use of WREF and
adj o ining areas , as wel l as the availab i l i ty o f bas ic s i te informat ion , see the
b ib l iography .
60
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Figure ?-Location of permanent research plots in and near Wind
River Experimental F orest (continued).
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Figure 7-Location of permanent research plots in and near Wind
·
River Experimental Forest.
3*
'32
,
.
33
Table ! - - Description of major permanent plots and study sites in and near WREF
Location
on map
(number)
I
Title of study and current
responsible PNW scientists
Description of physical layout
or plot treatment
Status
Other informa ti on
Douglas-fir Heredity Study
R.R. Sllen
(COI'VIIllis
Plantation established In 1 9 1 5 and
1 9 1 6 with open-pollinated progeny
from 1 20 parents, representing I )
provenances (source locations).
Remeasured at 10-year
Intervals, last
measurement was in
198).
Precommercial Thinning of
Young Douglas-fir
O.L. Reukema
(Olympia)
Three unreplicated plots established
in 1 9 1 9 In 9-year-old stand (control,
thinned to appro)(lmately 8 feet by
8 feet leaving all dominants and
thinned to 8 feet by 8 feet by leaving
best spaced trees), four more plots
of thinning and pruning established
nearby in 1 9)4.
Remeasured at 5-year
intervals, last
measurement in 198).
No future remeasurements planned.
Represents development of
stand precommerclally thinned
but not commercially thinned,
thinned, opportunity to assess
effects of pruning on wood
quality when stand is harvested.
The Wind River Arboretum
R.R. Silen
(Corvallis)
Eleven-acre area containing specimens
of about 150 tree species, primarily
conifers from temperate zones of the
world.
Reassessed at 1 0-year
Intervals, last
measurement I n 1985.
Last publication in 1 939, should
update (Silen and Wolke).
Visitor and demonstration
activity. Less than )0 years
of life e)(pected because of
Increasing mortality.
4
Permanent Sample Plots in
Natural Stands of Various
Ages.
O.L. Reukema and R.O. Curtis
(Olympia)
J .F, Franklin
(Corvallis)
Consists of 1 -acre plots established
in 1 9 1 4 for regional growth and yield
study. Four plots are In stand
originating in 1 9 10, five plots are
in stand originating In 194 1 .
Terminated. Last
measurements by PNW
scientists in 1960-6).
Plots have renewed significance
because of current concerns
regarding characteristics of
mature and old-growth forests
and wildlife.
5
Growth and Mortality in a
VIrgin, Old-Growth Forest
(T. T. Munger Research
Natural Area)
o.s. DeBell
(Olympia)
J .F. Franklin
(Corvallls)
Permanent sample plots established
In 1 947, Inventory and growth have
been measured periodically on about
50 1/20- and 1 /5-acre concentric
circular plots and mortality has
been assessed on about 100 I by 2
chain cruise strips.
Remeasured at 4- to
7-year intervals,
last measurement was
1983.
Area used for basic research
(that is, dead-down ti m ber,
owl habitats, etc.)
6
Wide Spacing Study in
Douglas-fir
D.L. Reukema
(Olympia)
Established in 1953-54. Consists of
sl)( atocldng levels ranging from 825
to 1 25 trees per ha, each applied to
rectangular plots and replicated In
two contigUOU$ blocks.
Remeasured at 5-year
Intervals, last
measurement was In
E)(ample of severe initial
shock and long-term
recovery follow in g
thinning.
2
7
Nitrogen Application
to Douglas-fir
R.E. Miller
(Olympia)
Ammonium nitrate applied at three
levels ( 1 40, 280, )20 lb N/acre in
1964, treatment and control plots are
1 / 1 0 acre, with a 1/20-acre measurement plot. Completely randomized
design with three replicates.
1984.
Remeasured annually
or biennially through
1970 and periodically
theaeafter. Last
measurement In 1983.
Stand response to
fertilizer was high and
long -lasting.
Location
on Map
(number)
8
Title of Study and Current
Description of Physical Layout
or Plot treatments
.Rasoonslble PNW Scientists
Statu$
Other Information
Measurements were last
made In 1 940, no future
remeasurement planned.
Plantation has survived
and trees now are approximately
30 feet tall, but growth is
much less than surrounding
Oouglas-flr plantation.
Planting of Ponderosa Pine
R.R. Sllen
(Corvallis)
Ten-acre plantation established In
1925.
9
Red Alder/Oouglas-fir
Plantation
R.E. Miller
(Olympia)
Alder interplanted In 4-yeer-old
Douglas-fir plantation In 19J3, the
interplant.lng consists of 11 strip
about 70 feet wide and I mile long.
Four pairs of 1 15-acre sample plots
established In mixture and adjacent
plus Dooglas-flr stands In 1 974.
10
Monitor Plots in
Operational Pre-commercially
Thinning
D.L. Reukema
(Olympia)
Six pairs (thinned and unthlnned) of
1/5-acre plots plus buffers were
established when plantations on Troot
Creel< Hill ( 1 969) and Planting Creek
( 1 976) were precommerclally thinned.
Remeasured at 5-year
intervals. Troot
Creel< plot measured
In 1 982.
II
Research Plantations on
Trout Creek Hill: Spacing
Tests and Species Mixture
D.S. DeBell
(Olympia)
Planted during 1 979-82 and tre11tments
were established on 1 -acre plots in
five clearcut units. Spacing tests
established with 1'lve or she levels
for Douglas - fir, western hemlock,
western redcedar, noble fir, and
western white pine. Mixed planting
Includes all of above plus Paoiflc
sliver fir In two or three species
mixtures.
Replanting of spots
where trees died, and
herbicide application
of developing brush
done in 1 982-86.
12
Wind River Valley Transect
(Camp 8 plots)
D.S. DeBell
(Olympia)
R.R. Sllen
(Corvallls)
Trees followed from birth on 1 -rodsquare plot, spaced 2 chains apart
established in 1 9 1 8 across a cut-over
and slash-burned section of Wind River
Valley,
Initially examined
annually, since 1 962
measurements at 10year intervals. Last
measurement taken
1 982
Early data provided basis for
recommendations on patchcutting In Oouglas- fir.
Probably longest documented
record of timber stand
development in U.S.
13
Regional Races of Ponderosa
Pine
R.R. Sllen
(Corvallis)
Established In 1929 with SOUI'ces from
10 localities throughout western U.S.
Plots are of various sizes and are unreplicated at Wind River but Identical
plantings were established at six
other sites.
lnlt.lally measured
yearly, then at 5 -year
Intervals to 1 966, now
at 10-year Intervals.
Last measured in 1 976,
scheduled for 1 986.
Demonstrates importance of
seed soorces. Significant
difference In survival,
growth, crown characteristics and susceptibility to
animal damage.
14
Initial Spacing o f Douglasfir
D.L. Reukema
(Olympia)
Established In 1925 with unrepllcated
treetment plots of 2.8 ��eres for square
spacing of 4 , 5, 6, a; and 10 feet.
An 0.5-acre plot spaced at 12 feet was
also established. Measurements taken
taken primarily on three 1/4-acre
plots located within each treatment
plot for spacing at 4- to iO-equare feet.
15
Crop Tree Pruning
T .A . Snellgrove
(Portland)
D.L. Reukema
(Olympia)
Trees in 28-year-old Oouglas- fir
stend near Warren Gap.
Remeasured at J-year
Intervals, last
measurement In 198}.
I
Since age 29, measured
at 5-yeer Intervals.
Last measurement In 1980
and scheduled for 1 986.
Terminated but many
trees remeln.
Oooglas-flr growth better In
m ixture than in pure stand,
heavy bear damage to Douglasfir in mixed stand in 1976.
Troot Creel< plot trees are 5-6
Inches dbh; Planting Creek
trees are 4-5 inches dbh.
Demonstrates effects of
spacing on height, diameter
crown characteristics, and
mortality of Dooglas- fir
on site IV land.
May provide material for
assessing eff��ets of pruning
on lumber recovery and
grade.
Table 2 . - - Selected examples of other recent and currently ac tive cooperat ive
s c ient ific inves t igations on or near WREF
Descriptive title
Contrac tor or
inves tigator
Effects of different ni trogen fertil izer appl i ­
cations on 5 0 - year old Douglas - fir ( installation
is part of regional nutrition research proj e c t ) S . Gessel (Univ . o f Washington) Deve lopment o f blacks tain root disease i n a
young Douglas - fi r plantation
D . Goheen (R- 6 ) Integrated logging sys tems planning via
digi tal model (WREF is one tes t s ite )
R . Twito ( PNW ) S tructural and composi tional features of old­
growth fore s t s as contrasted with younger fores t
s tages (WREF and environs provide 2 5 percent )
T . Spies ( Oregon S tate Univ . / PNW S tation) Input of coarse woody debris to forest floor
and subsequent comp o s i t ion
P . Sollins ( Oregon S tate Univ . ) Measure and model dynamics of decompos i t ion
of s tanding dead and down trees
R . Lambert Graham ( Oregon
S tate Univ . , now with
Weyerhaeuser Co . )
Source of woody debris in s treams as related
to t imber type , s tream order , and topography
H . McDade ( Oregon S tate Univ . ) Basel ine l itter fall and l i tter chemis try
s tudies in northwes tern coniferous forests
T . Hinds ( Batte lle Northwest Laboratory) Timing , causes , and spatial distribution of
mortal ity in northwes tern coni ferous forests
P . Harcombe (Rice Univers i ty) Crown we ights in old - growth Douglas - fir and
wes tern hemlock
K . Sne ll ( PNW S tat ion , now R- 6 ) Bo e we ight s tudies in old- growth Douglas - fir and
we s tern hemlock ; includes three s tudies to improve
e fficiency of heavy - l i ft logging techniques M . Lambert , W . Y . Pong , D . Wadde l l ( PNW S tation) Re lations of s elected mammal spec ies to old­
growth fores t hab i tats
S . Wes t
(Univ . o f Washington)
Bird populations and o l d - growth Douglas - fir
fore s t s
D . Manuwal
(Univ . of Washington)
As s e ssment o f herpe tological communities in
Douglas - fir fores t s on WREF and H . J . Andrews EF
B . Bury
61
CHAPTER VII I FACILITIES Alton R . Hooten " The Wind River Adminis trative S i te :
Long Range Development Plan" ( FSH
7 3 0 9 . 11 Chapter 1 0 ) is be ing prepared by the Gi fford Pinchot Nat ional Fore s t .
Now in draft s tage , this p lan depicts the es tab l ishment and placement of
improvements , buildings , pede s trian and vehicular c irculation ways , and
ut i l i t ies .
Management needs and long- term management concepts are be ing used
to shape this p lan .
Nearly al l the exi s t ing buildings ( fig . 8 ) are used daily by D i s trict or
Nursery personnel . The PNW Bui lding No , 1 3 19 , constructed in 1 9 3 5 , and
Warehouse Bui lding No . 2 3 1 7 , constructed in 1 9 3 6 , are used by PNW S tat ion
personnel .
A condition - and- use survey document for PNW building 1 3 19 , dated June 1 9 8 2 ,
i s on file at PNW S tation headquarters , Portland .
In describes exi s t ing uses ,
and uses to which the bui lding could be readily adapted .
can provide temporary l iving quarters for 10 people .
The present s tructure
S leep ing accommodations
for more than 10 occupants on the second floor will require the S tate fire
marshal ' s approval .
The ground- floor meeting room will accommodate 40 people ,
but modifications are needed for acces s by the phys ically handicapped .
Building 1054 is the original Exper imental Fores t o ffice and res idence . I t
is s t i l l usable a s a year - round res idence for an emp loyee and family .
Certain Nursery and D i s trict fac i l i ties have been ident ified for pos s ib le
part - time use by Res earch ,
Some of these fac i l ities are avai lable immediately ,
62
but in o thers are no t available for prac tical reasons or would need to be
modified to fit changing res earch needs .
Fac i l i ty
Building Number
Training center
2815 Dormitory bunkhouse
1317 Dining hall
141 3 Maintenance shop
2 31 8 Warehouse/carpenter shop
2116 Re frigerated cold rooms
Fue l supply
Func t ional fac i l i t ies , such a s telephone s and word proces s ors , will b e
availab l e a s needed .
Ons i te recreat ional fac i l ities for swimming and
picnicking are available to both the pub l i c and Fores t S ervice employees .
Emergency health c are for ser ious illnes s is available at the Skyline
Hosp i tal and White Salmon Family Cl inic , both in White Salmon , Washington .
Commerc ial fac i l i t i e s , such as res taurants , gaso l ine service s tations , and
temporary hous ing , are available at the following locations :
Carson , WA
8 miles ( l im i ted hous ing)
S t evenson , WA
1 5 miles ( l imited housing)
Cascade Locks , OR
1 8 miles ( l imited hous ing)
White Salmon , WA
3 0 miles ( l imited housing)
Hood River , OR
3 5 miles
Portland , OR
6 0 miles
For a more complete de scription o f o ffs i te fac i l i ties , see " Long Range S ite
Development Plan - - Soc i al Factors . "
63 N
TROUT C R E E K
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Figure 8-Existing buildings at Wind River.
"I
21 1 6
1317
1 054
H E L I PO RT
Research activities may increase the need for public fac i l i ties (educat ion ,
recreation , and information) .
The exi sting s i te can accept s ome public use
depending on the number of peopl e , number od vehicles , and the funct ion .
Agreements between the PNW Research S tation Direc tor and the Gi fford
Pinchot National Forest Supervisor must be developed in the following areas :
Procedures for modifying fac i l ities
Building and s ite maintenance
Utility costs
Operating guide l ines
Frequency of review for agreements
OPPORTUNITIES
The PNW building ( no . 1 3 1 9 ) should be modified to provide for a l ive - in
summer s taff of no more than 10 people . Food preparation and dining fac i l i ties
will be necessary in addi tion to a small meeting space for up to 40 peop le .
Ups tairs live - in s taff areas should provide separate shower and to i let space
for men and women crews .
Safety s tandards , building codes , l imited recreational floor space , and
handicapped access can be deve loped during any building modi fication .
In
addi tion , current heating · and energy - loss problems mus t be addressed .
Any
modifications in this s tructure will be in l ine with s tandards required to
pro tec t i ts h i s torical features .
64
ACTIONS
1.
Deve lop architectural plans to bring building 1 3 1 9 up to needed
s tandards .
2.
Deve lop method o f sharing costs of us ing the building .
D i s trict and
PNW to de termine who should carry building on property l i s ts .
3.
Deve lop j o int protection and maintenance plan for bui lding in
cooperation with the Wind River Ranger D i s tric t .
65
CHAPTER IX ROADS AND TRAILS Roger H . Twi to CURRENT ACCESS
Trout Creek D ivis ion
Portions of the Trout Creek D ivis ion north of Trout Creek can be acce s s ed
eas i ly by roads 4 3 and 54 , and the ne twork of roads over Trout Creek H i l l ( fig .
3) .
Much of the area s outh of Trout Creek and s outheast of Planting Creek ,
however , was burned- over when the divis ion was es tab l ished and remains
essential ly unroaded .
The original road to Lookout Mounta in ( 4 10000 1 )
parallels much o f the s outhern boundary of the Trout Creek Divis ion , and the
newly relocated Pac i fic Cre s t Trail traverses thi s area .
In addi tion , several
abandoned trails enter the unroaded , burned- over portion from po ints along th is
road .
These trails should be reopened to provide improved access for timber ­
s tand examinations and o ther planning and reconpaissance activi ties .
Panther Creek D iv i s i on
The wes tern portion of the Panther Creek D ivis ion already has its bas ic
access routes constructed ( fig . 4 ) .
Road 6 8 0 1 ties into the Gi fford Pinchot
Nat ional Fores t ' s road network on the north s ide of the divis ion . Roads 68 and
6 5 do the same from the south and wes t .
Thes e roads should provide the bas ic
cl imbing roads needed to serve whatever spur roads are necess ary for full
t imber access ( landings ) and future harvest ac t ivitie s .
66
The exi s t ing roads through the Panther Creek Divis ion are of adequate
s tandard to mee t pres ently ant icipated harves t ing and acc e s s needs .
They may
require some additional widening at landing locat ions for t imber yarded
direc tly to the roads .
Slump are as , however , do j eopardize the ir permanence ,
and may demand cos tly treatment for s tab i l izat ion .
apparent along road 6 80 1 near Mouse Creek .
Such areas are mos t
Spur roads within the uni t , such as
road 680102 3 , are no t now adequate for t imber hauling .
Drainage problems and
lack of good stream c ro s s ings are the mos t obvious shortcomings .
Recons truc t ion will be neces s ary .
S lump areas also endanger these exi s t ing
spurs .
Access is absent on the eastern third o f the divi s ion .
Because thi s
port ion i s bordered by the Pac i fic Cres t Trail and with in the inventoried
roadless area , a direct connec ting route to the east may b e unnecessary .
Mo s t
of the be tter t imber s t ands could b e acces s e d by spurs not cro s s ing the Pac ific
Crest Trail .
S everal abandoned trails traverse thi s portion of the divi s ion .
One abandone d trail b egins on spur road 6 801029 and connec t s with the Pac ific
Crest Trail near B i g Huckleberry Mountain ( T . 4N . , R . 8E . , Sect ions 4 and 1 0 ) .
Ano ther abandoned trail trave l s the ridge forming the wes tern border of
watershed no . 1 between the Pac ific Cres t Trail and road 6 8 0 1 in Sec tion 1 7 of
T . 4N . R . 8 E .
Al so , port ions of the ori ginal Big Huckleberry Trail are north of
the recons tructed Pac i fic Cre s t Trail and provide al ternate acces s to upper
leve l s of s everal watersheds .
Reopening the two abandoned trails and
cons truc t ing a midslope , level trail that provides acces s acro s s the four
watersheds is des irab l e .
67
I
I
'
.
FUTURE ROAD CONSTRUCTION
New construction for the Trout Creek Divis ion during the next 5 years will
depend on p lanned WRRD and WREF timber- sale activity , such as the Atlant is and
Mowich sales .
The Wind River Ranger D i s trict has two t imber s ale s , scheduled on the ir
current 5 - year p lan , that will border on the Panther Creek Divis ion (Moongoose
and S pearfish ) .
Roads will be constructed in conj unction with thes e sales that
could augment access to the D ivi s ion .
The Moongoose timber sale l ies along the
northeas t boundary o f the Divis ion and wi thin one mile o f Big Huckleberry
Mountain ( fi g . 1 0 ) .
C l imb ing roads constructed on this sale could provide
needed acces s to s ome of the better stands in the eas tern third of the Panther
Creek Division , which includes four watersheds .
The road for this sale should
be extended about one - third of a mile through the saddle at the head of Mouse
Creek into the interfluvial area between watershed 2 and 4 to provide access to
the proposed 2 0 - acre harve s t unit at that point .
This unit is a suggested
addition to the Moongoos e timber sale .
The WRRD - planned S pearfish timber s ale lies along the southwe s t border o f
the unit j us t south o f S tub Creek i n Sect ion 24 of T . 4 N . , R . 7 - l/2 E .
The spur
road that enters road 68 at Gobbler Knob wi ll probably be used as one of the
access roads to thi s s ale .
The road can be extended around the upper end o f
S tub Creek and cros s the Experimental Fore s t to reach the s a l e area .
Extra
care in road cons truct ion wi l l be essential to protect s teep s lopes .
This same
spur provides access to a cons iderable volume of timber in S tub Creek with in
the Divis ion ; however , any concurrent timb e r - s ale ac tivity requiring the same
spur should be avoided .
This road activity will require coordination with the
WRRD .
68
'
RECONSTRUCTING AND MAINTAINING ROADS
Exi s t ing roads that form part of the D i s trict ' s road sys tem have had normal
maintenance , surface replacement , and brushing performed by Fores t personne l .
Spurs so lely within the Panther Creek Unit are as sumed to be a PNW S tation
respons ib i l i ty .
The t imber purchaser can maintain o r reconstruct the roads
when they are used in a t imber s ale . At o ther time s , maintenance will depend on
appropriated funds .
Because the Dis trict is faced wi th the s ame funding
l imitat ions as the Exper iment S tation , coordination is e s s ential to de termine
the bes t approach to road maintenance .
The three spur roads ( 68 0 1 0 2 2 , 680102 3 , and 6 801024) need recons truc t ion
and reopening .
A harves t e ffort and s alvage logging in thi s area should be
pl anned to b r ing the roads to a s tandard that can be maintained and to provide
cont inued acc e s s to res earch locat ions .
In a first s tage , at least two harves t
s i te s appear needed t o accomp l i sh thi s .
MANAGEMENT COORDINATION WITH THE WIND RIVER DI STRICT
Vi sual management , recreation , and wildl i fe management direct ions specified
by the G i fford Pinchot National Fore s t planning documents will be c arefully
weighed a s to the ir bearing on the transportation plan . Recently agreed - on
direct ion for suspected spotted owl nes t ing areas represents a ser ious impact
on planning for the uni t ,
Res tricted patch - harves t uni t s in adj acent vi sual
management units may also affect the harves t ing and , consequently , the
road -building ac tivities .
PNW S tation immediate and long - range planning for road cons truc t ion or
recons truc tion within the D ivis ion will begin with thi s draft of the WREF
Management Plan e ffort .
Del ineating speci fic new route s is impos s ib l e now ;
69
I
- I
-- ,
\
\
__
_J
I
F igure 1 0-Units of Spearfish and Moongoose timber sales within
Panther C reek Division.
I
-
L
l
.I
such dec is ions mus t take into account requi rements of oth r research
disc ip l ines for land us e .
TRANSPORTATION PLANNING STEPS
1.
Initial direction on which areas at Wind River are to be managed for
t imbe r harves t will be provided by researchers .
Thi s direction mus t take into
account not only immediate harves t and long- term management but the s cope of
p lanned research , including harves ting s tudies .
Planning only for the short
term w ithout regard to an effic ient long - range p lan mus t be avo ided .
Some
s tands can be bypas s ed within the harves table area if required for specific
research o r management needs .
But the road sys tem should be laid out to permit
e ffic ient coverage for harve s t ing .
2.
A digital terrain model will be permanent ly s tored for this Divis ion
and used with s everal re lated planning programs to evaluate the yarding
coverage available from different landing locations for highlead and skyl ine
sys tems and the connecting road sys tem .
Alternat ive transportion and harve s t
plans can be compared and evaluated to mee t research and management needs .
The steepne s s of the upper end of the Divis ion indicates i t will be
pr imar i ly a cable - logging area .
A parallel sys tem of roads should be laid out ,
where the terrain permits , to provide better pos s ib i l i ties for skyline thinning
from parallel settings between roads .
This may be mos t obvious where road 6 8 0 1
parallels Mouse Creek ; good thinning opportunit i e s are apparent there .
Large ridge - top landings are appropriate in o ther areas , such as the upper
portion of S tub Creek .
'
. i
Here , skyl ine corridors could converge and create
almo s t a c learcut rather than a thinning pattern .
Deferring to hel icopter
thinning as an option for such areas does not now appear to be economically
70
I
I
real i s t ic .
I f more re s earch needs to be done on economical systems of skyline
thinning , the research needs mus t be taken into account dur ing layout of the
timber - access roads .
71
CHAPTER X EDUCATION AND INTERPRETATION J . Louise Mastrantonio The Wind River Experimental Fores t is particularly valuable as a s i te for
fores try education and interpretation .
fores try research in the Wes t .
I t is an important historic s i te for
Research dates back to 1910 , and s tudies have
been conduc ted continuously s ince .
The long h i s tory of research adds to the
value of the Fore s t for both research and educat ion purposes .
I t s fore s t types are typ ical of much of the wes t - s ide Douglas - fir region in
the Pac i fic Northwe s t , and thi s makes the results useful to a large , important
fores t ry c l i entele . The many s tudies conduc ted there have added to the value of
the s i te for educat ional purposes :
methods of forest planting , natural
regenerat ion , genet ics , fire protect ion , di sease and insects , timber - harvest
methods , tree s tocking , thinning , and other cul tural techniques .
These
experimental results are easy to see and lend themse lves to demons tration
activi ties .
The land - use h i s tory at Wind River parallels that of much of the
Douglas - fir region in the Pac i fic Northwes t wi th a his tory of old- growth
forests , fire , refores tation , second- growth management , and s trong mult iple - use
values . Further , the locat ion i s central to much o f the Douglas - fir region and
has good roads and trails that make for easy acces s .
The opportunities for education and demons tration at Wind River have long
been recognized . Interpretive activities date to the e s tab l i shment of the
Experimental Fore s t . Several "wave s " of interpret ive activity have occurred in
more recent t imes . The ques tion now is what direction thes e act ivi ties should
72
take in the future .
How can sc ient ists , research adminis trators , and land
managers direc t informat ion ac t ivi t ies to trans fer research resul ts to
prospec t ive users and improve the pub l ic ' s understanding of good forest
practice ?
OPPORTUNITIES FOR INTERPRETATION
Several features of the Experimental Fore s t (Trout Creek and Panther Creek
Divis ions ) and the surrounding area lend themselves to interpre tat i on and
educat ion ac t ivi ties . Three of these , the Nursery , the Arbore tum , and the Uppe r
Wind River Valley s tudies , are not i n the Exper imental Fores t , but should b e
cons idered a s part of the total interpre t ive area .
The Nursery was es tab l i shed
in 1909 to provide seedl ings for res tocking burne d - over areas , pr inc ipally the
Yacolt Burn .
The Arbore tum was established in 1 9 1 2 to tes t nonnat ive tree
spec ies for po tent ial use in fores try in the Pac i fic Nor thwe s t .
The Wind River
Exper iment S tat ion was e s tab l i shed at Wind River in 1 9 1 3 and a building
cons truc ted to serve as headquarters for the research .
PAST INTERPRETIVE ACTIVITI ES
Because of its h i s tory , the diversity o f research ac t ivity , and its
pr
imity to a maj or urban area , Wind River is an i deal s i te for use by the
general pub l i c as we l l as fores try s tudents and profess ionals .
By the early
1 9 7 0 ' s , the area was attract ing enough a ttention from the various users that
the i r questions and need for direc t ions created a heavy workload for Ranger
Distr i ct and Nursery personne l .
73
In 1 9 7 3 , the first interpret ive plan for Wind River was prepared to
alleviate thes e prob lems .
I t proposed three phases :
Phas e ! - - preparat ion o f a
general brochure including a map ; s igning to get to each s i te and s i gning at
the Arbore tum and Nurs ery to provide information ; and an introductory display
at the Nursery .
Phas e ! ! - - development of materials for school group s ,
preparation o f a guide to the Arboretum and Nursery , and deve lopment of trails
and ways ides .
Phase I I I - - s i gning at Government Mineral Springs , preparat ion of
a nature trail through old- growth Douglas - fi r , and beginning a long - range
planning e ffor t with Skamania C ounty for ways ides and picnic s i te s along Wind
River Road .
In 1 9 7 7 , a task force a ttempted to update the 1 9 7 3 p lan but with a
The emphas i s was on making Wind River into a
di fferent perspec t ive .
demons tration fores t and concentrating all USFS Region 6 tours , demons trations ,
and reviews at thi s locaton .
research - or iente d .
The goals were highly management - and
The p lan was never approved , al though s everal interpretive
proj ects were comple ted .
The s ta tus of various interpretive materials is as
fo l lows :
1.
Printed Matter :
The general brochure , "Discover Wind River Valley , "
and a brochure done by the Experiment S tation in the mid - 1 9 7 0 ' s , "Wind River
Experimental Fores t . "
At the same t ime , the Experiment Stat ion did a series of
one - page descriptions about various s tudies at Wind Rive r .
The information
about the Arboretum is outdated and out of p rint .
2.
S igning :
the Nursery .
Three large wood s igns with photos provide an introduction to
Not in good repair , the s igns are removed from November through
Apr i l to protec t them from the weather .
The Nursery has no o ther s igning .
S igning at the Arbore tum is very good , but one incorrect s ign is be ing
74
corrected .
The s igns showing the way to the Arboretum are hard to see .
No
direct ional s igns po int to e i ther the Panther Creek or Trout Creek Hill S tudy
Areas , and only minimal s igning is in place at Planting Creek .
Hill has no s igning .
Trout Creek
The s igns showing the way to the Research Natural Area
are good , as are the s i gns in the RNA .
3.
Trai l s :
The trails in all areas except the Nursery need to be
maintained regularly to provide acces s for educational as well as res earch
purpo s e s .
ACTIONS
The dominant need for interpre tive activities at the Experimental Fore s t is
for the extens ion of research information to fores try profe s s ionals , educators ,
s tudents , and o ther spec ial audiences .
Interpret ive ac t ivi t i e s for thes e
group s , if carefully p lanned , can a l s o s erve the needs of o ther vi s i tors .
Mo s t of the previous interpre t ive act ivity at Wind River has as sumed that
the audience knows about and has arrived at the Wind River s i te . Little has
been done to encourage addit ional use of the s i te for educational purposes , to
inform potential audience s about the Exper imental Fore s t , or to work with
groups to encourage tours or o ther interpretive act ivities .
DOCUMENTATION OF RESEARCH FINDINGS
In this s e c t ion , s ome sugges tions are made about improving the
documentation of res earch results and the extens ion of res earch informat ion
gained from s tudies at Wind River .
The emphas i s is on accomp l i shing the work
at minimum cost , but with a lot of personal involvement and s a t i s fac t ion for
interested people .
75
Several needs are apparent :
( 1 ) documenting research results ,
(2)
maintaining h i s torical records , and ( 3 ) increas ing education and demons trat ion
( for fores try profe s s ionals and general pub l ic ) .
Pub l ications of s c ienti fic reports and summar ies of res earch findings are
normal course of bus ine s s for sc ientists and research units .
a
Yet special
attention mus t be given to ensure that all pertinent information is retained
and organized in such a way that it is use ful to other s c ienti s t s working in
the area .
S tudy p lans and other pertinent records should be maintained in a central
location for easy re ference by sc ient i s t s ( o r o thers ) both with in and outs ide
the Forest Service .
A report should be prepared at regular intervals ( 10 years ) that summarizes
and updates important res earch findings , for easy reference .
A b ib l iography should be updated yearly and repub l i shed every 5 years and
include reports o f all s tudies conduc ted in the Experimental Fore s t .
A l ibrary of technical materials pub l i shed about work at the Experimental
Fores t should be e s tabl i shed .
CATALOG OF CURRENT AND PAST ACTIVITIES
The TRI Sys tem ( Total Resource Informat ion Sys tem) i s used on National
Fores t s in the Pacific Northwes t Region to provide s torage and retrieval for
all in - p lace resource data ,
I t is a mul t imedia information system us ing maps ,
photograph s , papers , forms , microfilm , and computer s torage .
I t was deve loped
in 1 9 6 8 and i s in place at WRRD .
Ground locat ion of all data i tems is recorded on large - scale photo maps
us ing an indexing sys tem developed for the TRI sys tem .
76
The sys tem works by
locating each in - p lace resource data i tem to a spe c i fic p iece of land and
identifying it by a " TRI Locat ion" and an " index label . "
All lands for whi ch
there is National Fore s t management re spons ib i l i ty are included .
Land features
are separated into " compartments " that fo llow land features .identifiable on the
ground .
This cataloging sys tem should be followed by PNW S tation s c ienti s ts
and othe r researchers us ing WREF and the WRRD .
Cataloging would be by " Expe r imental S tudy Ac t ivity Record" card
( TRI - sys tem Form R - 6 - 4000 - 10 ) prepared by a s tudy leade r at the s tart of each
new s tudy .
An examp l e i s in the appendix .
The original copy , when s ent to the
D i s tric t , would have compartment and cell identity entered p lus management
re s tr i c t ions .
The D i s tr i c t retains a copy and the original is re turned to the
research leade r .
When exper imental ac tivi ties are completed , the " S tudy Re sults " and
" Sub sequent Us e " b locks of the card should be comple ted and the original card
sent to the D i s tr i c t to update the TRI Sys tem records and microfilm the
Ac tivity Record card , which would be re turned to the s tudy leader .
The " Exper imental S tudy Act ivity Record" card should be made out for all
research ac t ivi ties on Wind River Ranger Distric t , b o th on and o ff the
Exper imental Fore s t .
MAINTAINING THE HI STORI CAL RECORD
Because Wind River has such a long and interes ting fore s t ry research
his tory , information of potential h i s torical value must be ident ified and
s afeguarded .
Many kinds of information might be retained :
reports ,
correspondence , map s , brochures , general interest publications , photographs ,
oral h i s tories , and newspaper and magazine article s .
77
Camera po ints should be e s tab l i shed and a profe s s ional photographer
document at regular intervals ( 5 - 10 years ) the resul ts of important , long- term
s tudie s .
The Fore s t His tory Society should be contac ted about doing oral h i s tories
of those who have knowledge of the h i s tory of the Exper imental
research conducted there .
res t and
Interviews might be pub l i shed in Forest His tory .
C op i e s of pert inent newspaper and magazine articles should be c l ipped ,
organized , and filed with the l ibrary materials .
Reports and correspondence about the Experimental Forest should be reviewed
before sending to the Federal Record Center and more permanent re tent ion
cons idere d . Important documents might be made a part of the Wind River l ibrary
or the USFS R - 6 collect ion of his torical records .
EDUCATION AND D EMONSTRATION
Mo s t of the interpret ive ac t ivities previously done at Wind River were
under the dire c t ion of the Forest Service Re gional Office and the G i fford
P incho t National Fore s t .
Thes e ac tivities have, emphas ized interpretation for
the general travel ing pub l ic and have been somewhat low budge t .
A spec ial - interes t group ,
"Volunteers for Wind River , " should be
e s tab l i shed .
A p lan should be prepared for education and demons tration ac tivi t ies at the
Experimental Fore s t .
I t should include ways to work with fores try schools to
provide annual tours for s tudent s , the Oregon Mus eum of Sc ience and Indus try ,
and the World Fores try Center .
The PNW S tation should al lot a port ion of i t s research funds for extens ion
and demonstration ac t ivi ties and should take a larger role in planning and
78
direc ting an interpretive program for the Experimental Fores t .
A forester
pos it ion located at Wind River should be es tabl ished by the PNW .
Informational materials should be reviewed at 5 - year intervals and updated
and republ ished as needed .
A permanent collection of general interes t photographs ( as opposed to
camera point s ) about the Experimental Fores t should be es tab l i shed in the PNW
S tation Information Office , Portland .
S igns should be reviewed by PNW S tation sc ient i s ts and WRRD s taff at
appropriate intervals to make sure thay are in good repair and up - to - date .
The suitab i l ity of various his torical buildings at Wind River , including
PNW building 1 3 19 , should be analyzed for information and educ at ion purposes ,
perhaps to inc lude photo graphs and displays .
The PNW S tation and R - 6 should conduct an aggres s ive informat ion program to
raise the vi s ib i l i ty of Wind River as a fores try demonstration s i te .
PNW should work with R - 6 to deve lop an educational program for teachers and
s tudent s , focus ing on les sons learned through research at Wind River .
A s l ide - tape program about the Wind River Exper imental Fores t should be
prepared for use by s chools , at fores try mee t ings , or o ther programs .
This Management and Re search Plan should be pub l i shed as a PNW S tation
mi cellaneous or general technical report .
79
CHAPTER XI RESOURCES AND AREAS OF RESEARCH Dean S . DeBell INTRODUCTION Previous chapters in thi s document have described h i s torical and pres ent
rese arch ac t ivities as we ll as the general physical and biological features of.
WREF ; deve lop ing or improving fac i l ities , road and trail systems , and
intrepre t ive activities were also examined .
This chapter is concerned more
spec ifically with deve loping the fore s t i ts e l f for s c ientific and educat ional
use .
I t includes planning cons iderat ions related to specific res ource and
research discipl ines .
Planning deve lopment of WREF is complicated by the importance of var ious
resources at WREF and the dive r s i ty of sc ient ific discip l ines and research
approache s .
of fores ight .
A p lan i s needed s o that future opportuni ties are no t los t by lack
At the s ame time , too rigid a p lan could impair the value o f
WREF f o r future research .
To provide maximum flexib i l i ty for pres ent and
future research and demonstration options , a balance is needed between creat ion
of new s t and s truc tures with associated increases in forest divers i ty and
pres e rvat ion of exi s t ing s tand and biological divers ities . .
Compromises mus t be made be tween manipulation and preservation .
To ensure
that all pert inent mat ters were cons idered , we enl is ted the aid of GPNF
spec ialists and many S tation s c ientists from a variety of sc ienti fic
disciplines .
The s c ient ists were asked to prepare a report pertaining to the ir
disc ipl ine or resource management area that ( 1 ) described the res ource
s i tuat ion at WREF as related to their subj ect ,
80
( 2 ) discus sed the res earch
opportunities at WREF , and ( 3 ) recommended policies or ac tions needed to
protect oppor tuni ties for pres ent and future research .
These many reports were
blended into the sect ions of th is chap ter - - t imber , soils and watershed ,
fisheries and wildl i fe , protection ( insects , disease , and fire) , recreation and
visuals , and harve s t - re lated concerns ( logging technique s , residue treatment ,
and util ization ) .
This chap ter concludes with a cons ideration o f bas ic
research opportunities at WREF and ac tions necess ary to enhance the s e
opportunities ; many important areas for bas ic research do n o t surface in
resource - or iented analyse s .
I
81
CHAPTER XI RESOURCES AND AREAS OF RESEARCH Dean S . DeBe l l INTRODUCTION Previous chapters in this document have de scribed his torical and present
res earch activities as we ll as the general phys ical and b iological features o f­
WREF ; develop ing or improving fac i l ities , road and trail sys tems , and
intrepret ive ac t ivi ties were also examined .
This chapter is concerned more
specifically with deve lop ing the fores t i tself for sc ientific and educational
use .
I t includes planning cons iderations related to spec i fic resource and
res earch discip l ines .
P lanning deve lopment of WREF i s compl icated by the importance of var ious
resources at WREF and the dive r s i ty of sc ient ific discip l ines and research
approache s .
of fore s i ght .
A p lan i s needed s o that future opportunities are no t los t by l ack
At the s ame time , too r i gid a p lan could impair the value o f
WREF for future research .
To provide maximum flexib i l i ty for present and
future research and demonstration options , a balance is needed be tween creation
of new s t and s tructures with associated increases in forest dive r s i ty and
preservation of exi s t ing s tand and biological divers ities . .
Compromises mus t be made be tween manipulat ion and preservat ion .
To ensure
that all pertinent matters were cons idered , we enl i s ted the aid of GPNF
specialists and many S tation sc ient i s ts from a variety of sc ient ific
discipline s .
The sc ient ists were asked to prepare a repor t pertaining to their
di s c ip l ine o r resource management area that ( 1 ) described the resource
s i tuat ion at WREF as related to their subj ect , ( 2 ) discus sed the res earch
80
opportunities at WREF , and ( 3 ) recommended policies or act ions needed to
protect opportunities for present and future research .
The se many reports we re
blended into the sect ions of this chap ter - - t imber , soils and watershed ,
fisher ies and wildl i fe , protection ( ins ects , disease , and fire) , recreat ion and
vi suals , and harve s t - related concerns ( logging techniques , res idue treatment ,
and util izat ion) .
This chap ter concludes with a cons iderat ion o f bas ic
res earch opportunities at WREF and ac tions necessary to enhance these
oppor tuni ties ; many important areas for bas ic res earch do not surface in
res ource - oriented analyses .
I
81
TIMBER J erry F . Frankl in and Dean S . DeBe ll DESCRIPTION Wind River Experimental Fores t is composed of two divi s i ons :
( 1 ) Trout
Creek - - about 6 , 500 acres originally selected to repre sent typ ical virgin ,
old- growth Douglas - fir t imber and some burned- over land ; and ( 2 ) Panther
Creek - - about 3 , 500 acres selected to represent even - aged , young - growth ( 9 0
years old in 1 9 3 3 ) Douglas - fir t imber . Some younger s tands now exi s t in both
divi s ions ; these are pr imarily p lantations es tab l i shed after harve s t cutt ing in
the 1 9 5 0 ' s and 1 9 70 ' s . Because timber s tands of the two divi s ions s t i l l di ffer
in basic characte r i s tics , each will be cons idered separately in this section .
TROUT CREEK DIVIS ION
The Trout Creek Divi s i on now contains four rather different t imber s tand
conditions .
Old G rowth
Old- growth s tands cons i s t primar i ly of Douglas - fir and we s tern hemlock
mixed wi th various amounts of wes tern redcedar , true firs , and hardwoods .
Few
of the original wes tern white p ine remain ; they were killed by the mountain
p ine beetle and b l i s ter rus t .
Dominant Douglas - fir in the s tands originated
the late 1 6 00 ' s and early 1 7 00 ' s ; other species are younger .
in
Of 4 , 000 acres of
old- growth t imbe r s e t aside in 1 9 3 3 , s l i ghtly more than 3 , 000 acres remain .
About 1 , 000 acres have been preserved in the Thornton T . Munger Research
Natural Area ; the other 2 , 000+ acre s are mos tly on Trout Creek Hill and along
Trout Creek .
A few of the more acces s ible of these s tands have been
82
selec tively cut or salvage logged .
Produc tivity of the area is variable ;
estimated s i te indices range from 90 to 140 feet at 100 years .
Burne d - Over Land
Ab out 2 , 3 00 acres o f the D ivis ion were burned in the original Yacolt Fire
of 1902 ; this l and is s outh of Trout Creek .
fires of 1 9 1 7 and 1 9 2 9 .
I
Some acres were reburned in the
Timber s tand examinations have no t been done for mo s t
of the s tands , but stand conditions generally are var iable .
Some s tands have
res idual old- growth trees scatterpd among young - growth ( 70 - to 8 0 - year - old)
Douglas - fir and wes tern hemlock .
A large , 5 0 - year - o ld Douglas - fir plantation
is in the Planting Creek area , wh ich conta ins s tudies of precommercial
thinning , fert i l izat ion , and admixed red alder .
S i te indices in the
burned- over area are e s t imated at 90 to 110 feet at 100 years .
Young Plantations
About 900 acres o f plantations were e s tab l ished after two maj or per iods of
c learcutting . During the 1 9 50 ' s , several small units were cut on Trout Creek
H i l l , as were larger units al ong Trout Creek near the mouth of P lanting Creek ;
these cuts totaled about 300 acres , and the Douglas - fir p lantations have been
precommercially th inne d .
In the 1 9 70 ' s , two additional uni ts were cut near
Plant ing Creek and e i ght large uni ts ( 5 5 to 80 acres each ) were harve s ted on
Trout Creek Hi l l .
Douglas - fir .
The two Plant ing Creek units received s tandard plant ing of
The Trout Creek units rece ived a var iety of res idue - removal and
s i te - preparation treatments and now contain s tudies on various planting s tocks ;
spac ing trials for Douglas - fir , we s tern hemlock , wes tern redcedar , wes tern
whi te p ine , and nob le fir ; and mixed plantings o f two or three spec ies of the
above conifers and Pac ific s i lver fir .
83
,
We ll - S tocked , Mature S tands on Martha Creek Flat
These s tands of 7 0 - to 8 0 - year - o ld Douglas - fir are on the ori ginal
160 - acre experimental area of the Wind River Exper iment S tat ion .
Spac ing ,
thinning , and pruning s tudies were es tab l i shed in port ions of the s tand
regenerated naturally .
Heritab i l i ty S tudy .
Thi s area also contains the 1 9 1 2 Douglas - fir
Martha Creek Flat probably contains the mos t operable l and
in the Experimental Fore s t ; i t also contains some of the more product ive land
with s i te indices e s t imated at 110 to 140 feet at 100 years and averaging about
1 3 0 fee t .
Subdivis ions
Information on t imber s tands , espec ially those in the 2 , 300 - acre
burned- over area , is inadequate for deve lop ing proposals for compartments or
subdivi s ions s imilar to thos e proposed for the Panther Creek D ivis ion .
Des i gnation of control areas reserved for future manipulative s tudies is
l ikewise precluded by lack o f adequate information .
PANTHER CREEK DIVIS ION
The Panther Creek D ivis ion cons ists primarily of mature , even- aged s t ands
of Douglas - fir originating between 1 8 2 0 and 1 8 7 0 , presumab ly after rather
severe fires . Two exceptions to this general condition are :
a small s tr ip of
old- growth t imber remains along Panther Creek near the wes tern boundary , and
young Douglas - fir plantations are now es tab l i shed on about 2 5 0 acres clearcut
s ince 1 9 5 0 .
Three small uni ts total ing 30 acres are in the central port ion of
the D ivision ; the remaining 2 2 0 acres are mainly in l arger uni ts in the
southwes tern port ion of the D ivis ion .
Many of the se acres were apparently
replanted one or more t imes ( some t imes after brush - control treatments ) and
84
known harve s t date and year of or igin o ften di ffer greatly . Brush and hardwood
competit ion problems are c ommon in the s outhwe s tern area . Mo s t o f the o l der
plantat ions were precommercially thinned in the mid - 1 9 7 0 ' s .
S i te indices range from 90 to 160 feet at 100 years and average about 1 2 0
feet .
Data from s tand examinations indicate that the mature t imber averages 24
inches in diameter .
Such s tands contain an average of 160 trees and 2 50 s quare
fee t of basal area per acre , but s tocking varies greatly from stand to s tand
with tree numbers ranging from 7 7 to 8 2 0 and basal area from 1 9 3 to 3 14 s quare
fee t .
Such variat ion is partially related to extens ive partial cutt ing that
has occurred on gentle topography in central portions of the D ivi s ion .
S ome
part ial cutt ing was done for experimental purposes in the late 1 940 ' s and early
1 9 50 ' s ; thi s was fo llowed by salvage logging of bee tle - ki lled timber in the
mid - to - late 1 9 5 0 ' s and 196 0 ' s .
Subdivis ions
Subdivis ions with de s criptive names proposed for Panther Creek D ivis ion
( f igure 9 ) are de scribed as follows :
1.
Ridgetop - - Th is subdivis ion cons i s t s o f the ridge top and s teep upper
s lopes along the s outheastern margin of the D ivis ion .
I t includes 100
percent of the area de s i gnated as future exper imental watershed 1 , 7 5
•
percent o f 2 , and 4 0 percent o f 3 .
An area avai lable for manipulat ive
exper iments is l ocated we s t o f watershed 1 .
Extens ive adequate control
areas for th is subdivis ion are provided by exper imental watersheds 1 and 2
( fig . 10 ) /
2.
Uppe r Mouse Creek - - This subdivis ion includes the generally gentle
s l opes at higher elevations ( 2 , 800 fee t ) in the nor theas tern part of the
D ivis ion .
I t includes 60 percent of exper imental water shed 3 ( l ower
85
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I I
• I
:'{.,
"'.:{,
... ... ,,..
II
fm m
Ridgetop
U pper M ouse Creek
South B re a ks
IV [] VA
[] VB
'"'''
,,,,
·''''
·''''
.
.
G obbler
Central
-
East and North of
South Fork Mouse Creek
Central - West and S o u t h of
South Fork and M a i n Fork
o f M o u s e Creek
m :& L'
VI
P a nther Stub
Control
3 £
. ......
Somu a nd Control
4ff!Rr &e
---
- ,__
,
k, l ebe r ry
'B i g H u e .
1 'S M t n .
' l
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I
Figure 9-Subdivisions selected for Panther Creek D ivision_
port ions ) ,
100 percent of 4 , and 2 5 percent of 2 .
One segment of
watershed 2 i s proposed as an adequate control area for this subdivi s ion .
3.
South Breaks - - This subdivis ion cons i s t s of the very s teep , b roken ,
s outherly exposed s lopes north of Mouse Creek .
About hal f of this uni t is
a control area reserved as a Spotted Owl Management Unit ( SOMU) .
4.
Gobbler - - This subdivis ion cons i s t s of the s teep , mid - e levat ion sl opes
in the southwes tern port ion of the Divi s ion .
I t includes Gobbler ' s Knob
A
and is generally a heavily roaded and cutover portion of the D ivis ion .
portion of the S tub Creek drainage is proposed as a control are a .
5.
Central - - Thi s subdivis ion cons ists of two tracts o f gently s loping
m id - e levat ion land in the central portion of the Divis ion .
Subdivision
SA
i s east and nor th of the South Fork of Mouse Creek at 2 , 000 to 2 , 800 fee t .
I t is we ll roaded and has three clearcuttings .
A s egment in the southwe s t
corner (partially included i n the SOMU) i s proposed a s the control area .
Subdivis ion 5B i s we s t and south of the South and Main Forks of Mouse
Creek at 1 , 6 00 to 2 , 400 feet and has had extens ive partial cutt ing and
some c learcutt ing .
An area in the north and the northeas t corner (part of
the SOMU ) is propos ed as the control area .
6.
Panther - S tub - - This subdivis ion includes miscel laneous , mos tly
moderately to gently slop ing lands at the wes tern margin of the Divis ion .
The s e are at lower e levations ( 1 , 600 fee t ) and include lower S tub Creek
and the Panther Creek flats .
The proposed control area is lower S tub
Creek , which is contiguous with the control area for Gobb ler ( 4 ) .
86
OPPORTUNITIES
TROUT CREEK DIVI SION
About 30 percent of the ori ginal old- growth stands outside the RNA have
been converted to young p lantations ; mo s t of the cutt ing has occurred in the
pas t decade .
Cons ider ing that an ideal exper imental fore s t has a balanc ed
range of age c lasses and that resources for s c ient ific s tudies are rather
l imited , emphas is for the next decade should probably be p laced on maintaining
p lots and securing information that will be needed to use the exi s i tng s tudies
in the area mo s t effectively in the future .
Among the ac t ivi ties that should be cons idered in this Divis ion are :
1.
Continue ac t ivities to ensure e s tab l ishment of planting s tock ,
spac ing , and mixed spe c ies trials on Trout Creek Hi l l .
2.
Es tab l ish p l o ts wi thin the above trials including collect ion and
analys i s of s o i l s amples to provide basel ine data .
3.
Cont inue growth and success ion measurements in the Thornton T . Munger
4.
Fol low e ffects o f res idue - removal and s i t e - preparat ion treatments on
RNA .
long - term produc t ivity on units 1 , 2 , and 3 of the Trout Creek H i l l T imber Sale
( fi g . 1 1 ) .
5.
Plant red alder or S i tka alder at various dens i t ies with in the
exi s t ing younger Douglas - fir p l antat ions on Trout Creek H i l l and along Plant ing
Creek .
6.
Analyze woo d qua l i ty of trees pruned many years ago in Martha Creek
Flat and in Warren Gap .
7.
Use future harves t units to compare perfo rmance o f Douglas - fir stands
e s tab l i shed naturally and planted with seedl ings grown from local , seed zone ,
87
I
"<0
1 . ;;;. .
'
0'
r
,.....
Figure 1 1 -Trout Creek Hill portion of Trout Creek Division with exist­
ing clearcuts and road network (units 1 -8 harvested, u nits 9 and 1 0
proposed for harvest).
I
I
I
or gene t ically improved seed .
Other possib l e uses include Douglas - f ir genotype
x spac ing s tudie s , crop rotation or mixtures of redcedar and Douglas - fir , and
mixtures of S i tka alder and Douglas - fir .
8.
Use Martha Creek Flat , a uniform , eas i ly acces s ible s tand , to
demons trate and compare s i lvicultural sys tems for regenerating Douglas - fir
after cutt ing o f rotation - age s tands .
9.
Use s i lvicul ture research opportuni ties avai lable in exi s t ing s tudies
and undis turbed areas adj acent to the Experimental Fores t .
The se include the
Douglas - fir spacing trial and ponderosa p ine seed - source test in the upper Wind
River flat , the h i s toric record of natural reproduc tion along the Camp 8
transe c t across Wind River Valley , S is ter Rocks RNA , and the undis turbed
Trappe r Creek b as in ( Trapper Creek Wilderne s s 1 9 8 4 ) .
10 .
Comp are es tab l i shment success and yield of true fir s tands when
pre s c r ibed fire was and was not used for s i te preparat ion .
PANTHER CREEK DIVI SION
Exper imental use of the D ivi s i on is now l imited because of an inadequate
range of age c lasses and poor acc e s s ib i l i ty .
Acc e s s ib i l i ty can be vas tly
improved by recons truct ion of three spur roads in the central subdivi sion ,
reopening and maintaining s everal old trail sys tems , and cons truc t ing a new
trail paral l e l ing the old Big Huckleberry Tra i l through the mid - elevations of
.:
Watersheds 1 , 2 , and 3 ( fi g . 1 0 ) .
S tudi e s c ould be estab l i shed in units created by future harve s ts :
1.
Compare growth performance o f natural or direct seeded Douglas - fir
with planted s tock grown from local , seed zone , and gene t ically improved s ee d .
88
. i
'
i
I
2.
Tes t and demons trate young - s tand management prac t ices including but
not l imited to spacing control , fe rtil izat ion , and use of ni trogen- fixing
.
plants in mixture or i.n rotation wi th Douglas - fir .
3.
Contras t di fferent s trategies for young - s tand management ( for example ,
maximum growth , s tandard , and mul t iple - use orientation ) .
4.
S tudy natural succe s s ional proce sses in mature Douglas - fir fore sts
us ing control areas , such as experimental watersheds 1 and 2 .
5.
S tudy e ffec ts o f various management activi t i e s on l ong - term
productivity .
6.
Compare different s i lvicul tural sys tems for regenerating Douglas - fir - ­
for example , s ome form o f selec tion harve s t vs . shelterwood and clearcutting .
RECOMMENDATIONS
TROUT CREEK DIVI SION
1.
Assure that spac ing and mixed species trials are e s tab l i shed ( that is ,
early maintenance and replanting) and that early growth is moni tored .
2.
Re locate and open old trails throughout the burne d - over area .
3.
Ob tain timber s tand examinations for the burned- over area , as we l l as
the rest of the Divis ion , by us ing the Dis trict S i lvicultur i s t and regular
s tand examination programs .
4.
Use above and additional information to subdivide the D ivis ions into
compartments and de s i gnate control areas ( reserved for future manipulations ) in
each compar tment .
5.
Exchange land with D i s trict to provide improved boundary and
protect ion of Thornton T . Munger Research Natural Area .
89
6.
Gate the spur roads on Trout Creek Divis ion to prevent cutt ing and
removal of snags and fal len logs by firewood gatherers .
7.
Develop seed bank for use in regenerat ing units after future harve s t
cuts o n the Divi s ion .
8.
Develop long - te rm harves ting plan that provides for sequence of s tands
es tab l ished at 1 0 - to 1 5 - year intervals and wel l distributed throughout the
Divis ion , as noted in Chapter IV , i tem 8b .
9.
Obtain maximum refores tat ion
KV
funds as part o f future sales for s i te
preparation , p lanting , early tending , and subsequent monitor ing ac t ivities in
sale area .
PANTHER CREEK DIVI SION
1 . Continue to work with D i s tr i c t on the two timber sales ( fig . 1 2 ) :
a,
A s ingle 2 0 - acre harves t unit in the interfluvial area between
watersheds 3 and 4 will provide a road to access the northeas tern corner of the
Divi s ion ; trails or future extens ions of the road from th i s unit could then
provide improved access to all h ighe r e levat ion areas .
I
b.
A s ale in the central subdivis ion that will cons i s t of 40 - to
6 0 - acre s of c learcuts and she l terwood cut p lus salvage logging along all spur
roads .
Goals would include providing refores tation
KV
funds to e s tablish young
s tands and improving access by recons tructing all exis ting spur roads .
2.
( fig . 9 ) .
Es tab l ish the des ignated control areas in each subdivis ion as proposed
Such areas provide unentered s tands to contras t with manipulated
areas and also as sure the exis tence o f undi s turbed , older s tands for
manipulat ive s tudies by future generations of for e s t s c ient i s t s .
3.
Reopen old trails and construc t new trails as needed .
90
4.
Work with D i s trict to complete timber s tand examinations with
cons iderat ion of nontimber values and disease problems .
5.
Work with Forest Eco logist and D i s trict S i lvicultur i s t to deve lop a
communi ty type clas s i ficat ion and to map the D ivi s ion .
6 . Deve lop plan for use of exis t ing p lantations ; cons ider data to be
collec ted and degree of monitoring appropriate for deve loping young s tands .
7.
Develop gat ing p lan for spur roads to restrict access and thereby
minimize damage to research values caus ed by f irewood gatherers .
8.
Develop general des ign for incorporat ion o f control areas in areas
treated with s ome s tandard s i lvicul tural prac tices , such as precommer c i al
An examp le would be ident i fying paired acre plots of which one would
thinning .
randomly be s e lected for treatment as part of the s i lvicultural proj e c t and one
would no t .
With proper field marking and o ffice documentation , such pairs
would allow subsequent analys is o f treatment e ffects .
9.
Evaluate potential for RNA in upper Mouse Creek drainage that i s in
the Ridge Top Subdivi s i on of the Panther Creek Divis ion .
This area i s composed
of watersheds 1 and 2 ( fig . 10) and is now planned as a nonentry control area
( and part of Spotted Owl Management Uni t ) .
91
_ _
..J
I
Figure 1 2-Experimental watersheds in Panther C reek Division .
/,
I
WATERSHED AND SOILS Frederick J . Swanson DESCRIPTION TROUT CREEK DIVI S ION
Ripar ian areas and large watersheds are l imited within the Trout Creek
D ivis ion .
Only in areas underlain by tert iary geological uni ts at the south
end of the Divis ion are individual small watersheds we l l defined , but no two
bas ins are sufficiently s imilar to be useful in paired watershed s tudie s .
Pris t ine r iparian zones are e i ther restricted to low- order s treams or to
the somewha t unusual , low- gradient or deeply inc i sed conditions set up by the
late Pleis tocene intracanyon lava flows , which dominate the Trout Creek
Divi s ion .
The large s t s treams with intac t r ipar i an zones and away from the
influence of Trout Creek flows are the east fork of Plant ing Creek and an
unnamed s tream 1 . 5 miles eas t .
The se streams drain about 400 - 600 acres and
have gradients of about 1 2 percent (measured from 1 : 6 2 , 500 map scale ) in the ir
mid to lower reaches after spilling down s teep slopes that dominate the
headwaters of the b as in .
PANTHER CREEK DIV I S ION
The Panther Creek D ivis ion is particularly we l l - endowed with r iparian
z ones and watersheds .
Four p r i s t ine watersheds of reasonably s imilar drainage
area and topography are located at the east end of the Mouse Creek drainage
( fig . 1 0 ) .
The l imited t imber harve s t and road cons truc t ion to date within the
Mouse Creek drainage have had minimal effec t on conditions of s tream channel s
92
and riparian zones .
A basin of this s ize at low elevation wi th a relatively
undis turbed s tream corridor is unusual .
OPPORTUNITIES
TROUT CREEK DIVIS ION
The greates t research oppor tuni ties based on s tand manipulat ion in the
Trout Creek Divis ion fall in the typ e s of work already underway in the area .
Th is includes cutt ing areas to address plo t - level top ics such as e ffect of
various amounts of residue and disposal methods on soil nutr ient cap i tal .
The
Divis ion is we l l suited for this type of research because the flanks of Trout
Creek H i l l cover about 3 s quare miles of rather uniform , moderate s lope , and
subs trate .
Al though the Thornton T . Munger Research Natural Area to the eas t serves
as a control area , ident i fying control areas close to the cone and at the wes t
end o f the Divis ion i s important t o repre sent the mi lder range o f s o i l
conditions that may be present .
Eruptions from the Trout Creek Hill cone
spewed out c inders and scoria in late s tages of act ivity .
The texture and
th ickne s s of s o i l parent material varies somewhat sys tematical ly away from the
vent and across the area ( probably the result of sorting by wind) ( Franklin
1972) .
Perhaps the maj or extant research resource in the D ivis ion i s the long
history of fore s t ecology research in the RNA .
Although this work has
emphasized growth and mortality , the long - term records of s tand condit i ons and
treatments make the se s i tes e specially valuable for s o i l and nutrient cycl ing
re search .
Future research on s tands and res idues in connec t ion with new
cutt ings would offer much greater research opportunities i f s ome s o i l and
93
nutrient - c ap i tal measurements were incorporated into the proj ect before
cutting .
PANTHER CREEK DIVIS ION
Opportuni t i e s for paired s tudies of undis turbed watersheds are rapidly
disappearing .
Although the paired watershed approach to address ing hydrologic
and watershed ecosys tem s tudies is currently unfashionable , these bas ins should
be retained in a natural condition unt i l it is opportune to use them to addre s s
ques t ions that have not yet surfaced o r become crit ical in thi s region ( for
example , the e ffect o f whole - tree harve s t ing on s teep lands ) .
Maintaining a natural r iparian corr idor in the Mouse Creek drainage would
allow it to serve as a control ( though s omewhat compromised by management
act ivi ties with in the basin) in s tudies of water quality ( especially
temperature ) , channel , and r iparian z one changes in response to maj or s torms
and cumulative e ffects of management activitie s .
Research on this top ic
centers on effec ts o f fores try practices on peak flows and sediment load and
the i r cons equence s in terms o f downs tream channel change s - - concerns that
currently fall under the rubric " cumulative impacts . "
One approach to examining change s in r ipar ian zones ( one s tudy i s now
underway in the W i l lame t te National Fores t , Oregon) requires examination of
several bas ins o f Mouse Creek s ize .
Bas ins o f thi s s ize with l i t tle or no
management ac ivity s o they can be used as control s are becoming increas ingly
rare .
Maintaining a relatively undi s turbed r ipar ian corr idor also offers
oppo r tunities for future research on fores t - s tream interact ions and wildl i fe
use o f r iparian zone s .
For example , a recent s tudy ( H . McDade , Oregon S tate
94
Univers ity ) of large organic debris input to s treams included s tudy s i te s in
the Panther Creek Divi s ion .
The reach o f the
ain stream of Panther Creek i s an exce l lent s ite for
s tudying fore s t - flood plain - s tream interac tions along a river .
This
inte rac t ion is crit ical to maintaining or improving fish and wi ldlife hab i tat
in this dynamic part of the landscape .
The Panther Creek D ivis ion also contains a variety of s ites sui table for
repl icated - plot s tudi e s . Al though the extent of areas with reasonably
homogenous conditions are more restric ted than in the Trout Creek D ivi s i on ,
soils and topography in the Panther Creek Divi s i on are representative of a much
broader area in the s outhern Cascades of Washington .
Moderate s l opes wi th a
we s t aspec t and s teep s lopes with various aspects could be used as s ites for
plot and s tand research on vegetation and soil .
OTHER AREAS
The Trapper Creek drainage (Wilderne s s Area 1 9 8 4 ) is a large ( 6 , 000 acres )
p r i s t ine drainage at low e levation in the Cascade Range and provides oppor ­
tunities for s tudies o f a natural fifth - order s tream .
I t has been used in
s tudies of coarse woody debris in s treams (McDade ) and old- growth wildl i fe
hab i tat .
Future cutt ing for any type of research should be based on a thorough
inventory of s tand typ e s s tratified by hab i tat typ e , soil type , aspe c t , s tand
age class , and dis turbance his tory ( for example , clearcut , s alvage cut ) .
This
information provide s a bas i s for zoning the landscape , including indenti fying
control areas .
Future s tand manipulations for s o i l or vegetation research
should be coordinated with cons iderat ions for wildl i fe and the downs lope and
95
.
I
I
downs tream r ipar i an corridor .
In both Divis ions , develop ing a b as i c inventory
of water bodies is important , including the ir physical and b io logical
characteris tics such as length of perennial s tream , type of s tream control , and
amounts of woody debris .
The inventory should include an aquatic - hab itat
survey in the Trapper Creek drainage and S teamboat Mountain Research Natural
Area .
TROUT CREEK DIVI S ION
1.
E s tab l ish control areas in the Trout Creek Hill area .
2.
Collect and analyze basel ine s o i l s amples from cutover and regenerated
s ites .
3.
Evaluate po tential of burned- over areas for watershed and s o i l
research .
.i
PANTHER CREEK DIVIS ION
P lan future cutt ing and roadbuilding with in the basin with very b road
1.
buffer zones to maintain natural riparian vege tat ion along the stream .
I
2.
Avo id t imber harves t or road building on steep s lopes immediately
above s treams in future sales .
A s i gnificant loss would occur if a lands l ide
init iated on a small portion of the upland are a , whi ch can sub s t antially alter
a large part of the drainage network , and thereby render r iparian - zone
protect ion ineffective .
3.
Maintain the four small watersheds in the Panther Creek Divis ion in
natural condi t ion unti l the ir value in smal l , paired -basin studie s and as
Res earch Natural Areas can be fully evaluated . Ac i d - depo s i t ion research may be
a key role for the se watersheds .
96
\
!
4 . Protect r iparian corr idors , including all s tanding and down dead woody
debr is , throughout the Panther Creek D ivi s i on except as a part of exper imental
res earch aimed at evaluating alternat ive management prac tices .
5 . Create an interdisc ipl inary research team to plan res earch in the
riparian zone .
97
WILDLIFE AND FI SHERIES WILDLI FE Leonard F . Ruggiero and Tara Zimmerman DESCRI PTION A typ ical array of Cascade vertebrate species are found with in the WREF .
Included are the mammal , b i r d , amphibian , and reptile species character i s t i c of
both p r is t ine and cutover forest lands a t middle e levations in the Cascade
Range .
TROUT CREEK DIVIS ION
Black - tailed dee r and e lk inhab i t Trout Creek Hill from spr ing through
fal l .
The use of the area as b i g - game winter range is incons i s tent but does
occur and is at t ime s h eavy .
Trout Creek Flats adj o ining the we s tern edge of
the Exper imental For e s t is a s i gnificant b i g - game winter range .
Timbered
s t ands on Trout Creek Hill provide thermal cover , and regeneration uni ts
provide forage .
S everal re generation s tands have incurred damage from b i g game
as a result of browsing ac t ivity during winter and spr ing .
The e dges of Trout
Creek H i l l are charac terized by gentle terrain and are used for c alving and
fawning in addi tion to the ir winter use .
Other wi ldl i fe spec ies preferr ing
early success ional - s tage and edge hab i tats , such as grous e , bl ack bear ,
coyote s , and various pas s e r ine s , also inhab i t Trout Creek Hi l l .
been removed from harves ted s i tes .
All snags have
As a resul t , the se areas c an no longer
support nes t ing populations of cavity - dependent species , but in the adj oining
uncut s tands , snags are amp le to support nes ting populations .
c ommon to old- growth or mature t imber s t ands are also present .
98
Some species
The northern
spotted owl is known to use the lower portions of Trout Creek Hill as foraging
hab i tat .
Goshawks and pi leated woodpeckers also occur .
But because o f
somewhat frequent harve s t ac tivities and high road dens i t ies , spec ies requir ing
undis turbed expans es of old- growth timber , such as martins and fisher , may no t
find sui table breeding or pr imary foraging hab i tat wi thin any given cutt ing
unit .
In contras t to Trout Creek Hill , the southern portion of the Trout Creek
Divis ion has no harve s t ac tivities .
The area is mostly young - growth t imber ( 50
to 80 years old) with s cattered patches of old growth throughout .
ranges from 1 , 600 to 2 , 400 fee t , op timal for big game winter range .
Elevat ion
With the
except ion of the areas bordering regenerat ion uni ts on Trout Creek Hill and the
ripar ian zone s of Trout Creek , use by b i g game is expected to be minimal
becaus e concentrated forage is absent .
This port ion of the Experimental Forest
lacks early success ional s tages , edges , and s i gnificant quant ities of old
growth ; consequently , the divers ity of wildl i fe spec ies po tentially inhab i t ing
th is area is l imited .
Spec ies assoc iated with old growth , such as the spotted
owl or fisher , may find th is area sui table as sUpplemental foraging hab i tat ;
however , i t is not l ikely to mee t requirements for reproductive or preferred
foraging hab i tat .
Species that inhab it this area include a var iety of smal l
mammals and pas serine s , hairy and downy woodpeckers , flickers and s apsuckers ,
and poss ibly goshawks .
Black bear , bobcat , beaver , and mink are a few of the
larger spec ies known to inhab it the lower portions o f the Trout Creek D ivis ion .
The Thornton T . Munger Research Natural Area is a large , conti guous s t and
of old- growth Douglas - fir .
The abundance of l arge - diame ter snags over 2 1
inches diameter a t breast he ight ( d . b . h ) and the mul t i s toried canopy provide
99
suitable hab i tat for a var i ety of wi ldl i fe unique to old- growth ecosys tems .
A
pair o f northern barred owls have been confirmed in the RNA . P i leated
woodpeckers have been s ighted repeatedly , and one s i ghting of a p ine mar tin has
been recorded .
The RNA s e rves as a reservoir of undis turbed old- growth
hab i tat e s s ential for ma intaining populations of old- growth - dependent spec ies .
In addition to old- growth hab i tat , a s i gnificant area of swamp hab i tat ,
including s i tes with year - round s tanding water , i s in the mos t eas tern corner
of the RNA .
Thi s area has a r ich divers i ty of wi ldl i fe , including several
spec ies uncommon to the forest in gene ral because of res tricted hab i tat .
Res ident , breeding spec ies include wood ducks and great blue herons .
Common
mergansers , mallards , p i leated woodpeckers , and downy and hairy woodpeckers
Common furbearers assoc iated with thi s
also nes t in and around the swamp area .
hab i tat include beaver , o tter , and mink .
Deer and e lk u s e the edges and
fingers of the swamp that extend out of the RNA into Cold Creek and the
surrounding flats for wintering hab i tat .
Some calving and fawning may occur in
this area dur ing spr ing but to an unknown extent .
PANTHER CREEK DIVI SION
Wildl i fe c ommon to the Panther Creek Divis ion includes b i g game spec i e s
that inhab it the area from spr ing through fal l .
Black - tai led deer is the mo s t
prevalent species ; e lk u s e the area but t o a l e s s e r extent .
Regeneration units
that provide forage s ources for b i g game are present but l imi ted .
The maj ority
o f these units have progre s sed beyond the forage - producing stage because o f the
growth of coni ferous tree spec ies ; consequently , the area does no t support high
dens i t ies of b i g game .
Portions of the Panther Creek Divis ion , however , i s
wintering hab i tat for deer and e lk .
Winter use areas are along the Mouse Creek
and Panther Creek s treams ide corr idors .
100
With the exc eption of several olde r regeneration uni ts , the Experimental
Fo re s t is predominantly mature , s ingle - s tory s tands of coniferous sawtimber .
The lower s treams ide z.ones of Mouse Creek and the area south o f lower Mouse
Creek contain patches and s tringers of old growth .
This component divers ifies
the structural charac ter i s t ics of the predominantly homogeneous second- growth
s tands so as to s imulate many of the charac teristics common to a true s tand of
Douglas - fir old growth .
The presence of a northern spotted owl in the lower
Mouse Creek streams i de corr idor sub s t antiates the area ' s suitab i l i ty as hab i tat
for spe c ies primar ily assoc iated with old- growth hab itats .
A Spotted Owl
Management Unit ( SOMU) in this area was sugges ted by the Wind River Dis trict
and approved with modificat ion by the PNW Research S tation Director ( fig . 1 3 ) .
The upper port ions of the Mouse Creek drainage and paral l e l ing ridges
north of Mouse Creek lack old- growth or early succe s s ional - s tage hab i tats .
These second - growth s tands are primar i ly homogeneous but commonly support
species such as the b lack bear , bobcat , goshawk and a wide variety o f small
mammals and b i rds .
S eve ral small natural openings are present throughout the
area and vary from rocky b luffs to vine map le and alder thickets .
The
geomorphic conditions and di s t inc t vege tative communities surrounding the se
s i ghts create hab itats capable of supporting divers e , localized popul ations of
wildlife .
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PA N T H E R C R E E K D I V I S I O N
S POTTED OWL
MANAG EM ENT
U N IT
r -
- - - - - ...L -
Figure 1 3-Portions of a Spotted Owl Management Unit in the Pan­
ther Creek Division.
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FI SHERIES Fred H . Evere s t DESCRIPTION FISHERIES AND AQUATIC RESOURCES
Wind Rive r , a fifth - order watershed in the Columb ia Bas in of southwes t
Washington , enters the Co lumb i a River at r iver mile 154 ( fig . 6 ) .
The r iver
rises on the we s t slope of the Cas cade Range near McClellan Meadows at an
elevation of about 3 , 200 feet and flows about 30 miles south , where it enters
the Columb i a River at an e levation of 72 feet .
Maj or tributar ies of the Wind
include Bear , Panther , Fal ls , Paradise , Dry , Trapper , and Trout Creeks .
H i s torically , Wind River was noted for its fishery re source s .
A large
s tair - s tep b arrier , Shipherd Fal ls ( 42 - foot drop ) , l imited use o f the upper
bas in to a unique run of summer s teelhead ranging in we ight from 10 to 20
pounds (McMillan 1 9 8 1 ) .
Logging act ivit ies b egan in the basin in the late 1800 ' s , but maj or
changes in fisheries did not occur until later .
S teelhead spawning was
severely curtailed in the upper watershed dur ing the early 1 9 00 ' s by an
8 - foot-high mill dam .
In the 1 9 30 ' s , a maj or splash dam
ons truc ted on the
main r iver near Hemlock b locked migration of summer s teelhead into much of the
spawning and rearing hab i tat of the r iver .
The flushing and s couring of
repeated log drives had disas trous effects on s almonid spawning and rear ing
hab itat in the main s tem below the dam .
In the late 1930 ' s , Bonneville Dam flooded prime summer s teelhead holding
water and salmon spawning area .
102
In the mid - 1 9 5 0 ' s , a fish ladder was p laced at Shipherd Fal l s and coho and
In
chinook s almon and winter s teelhead could acce s s the upper Wind River .
1 9 5 6 , the Washington Department of Game (WDG ) introduced s teelhead smo l t s o f
hatchery or igin t o the upper bas in t o compensate for fish l o s s e s from angl ing
and for hab itat l o s s e s from logging .
The present WDG management p l an for the
Wind River calls for a re turn to a wild- only , s ingl e - s tock s te elhead fi shery
composed entirely of Wind River fish .
To achi eve a succ e s s ful wild s teelhead management program , the WDG i s
imp lementing the fo l l owing procedures :
1.
Protect and improve aquatic hab itat in the upper Wind River basin to
increase carrying capac ity for j uvenile wild summer s teelhead . The
G i fford - P inchot National Fores t is act ive ly partic ipat ing in thi s program .
2.
Reestab l ish wild fish s tocks through eyed - egg planting programs us ing
Wind River s tock whe rever pos s ible .
3.
Cease s tocking of hatchery smo l ts in the bas in .
4.
S e t regulations that max imize protect ion for j uvenile and adult summer
s tee lhead ye t allow angl ing on the s tocks .
TROUT CREEK DIVIS ION
The Trout Creek D ivis ion contains or borders port ions of Trout Creek ,
Eas t Fork Trout Creek , and Trout Creek tributaries , Martha Creek and Plant ing
Creek .
WREF .
None of the watersheds o f the se s treams are completely wi thin the
All of the headwaters lie outs ide o f WREF .
Trout Creek i s e s t imated to
contain enough spawning hab i tat for 1 , 500 pairs of anadromous s a lmonids
(Wash ington Department of Game 1 9 8 1 ) , but use of Trout Creek by anadromous fish
was large ly l o s t by the turn of the century and i s s ti l l recove r ing .
103
The
logging dams bui l t on both Trout Creek and Panther Creek in the late 1 8 00 ' s had
no ladders for fish passage unt i l 1 9 14 .
Trout Creek also had two divers ion
dams cons truc ted by the Forest S ervice before 1 9 3 5 .
Both were total b arriers
to s teelhead in summer when water in Trout Creek was dive rted to Forest Service
use .
Provis ion for f ish pas sage at thes e s truc tures was completed in 1941 .
The Trout Creek Divis ion s t raddles Trout Creek from r iver mile 3 to mile
5 . 4 , borders the east s ide o f Trout Creek from river mile 5 . 4 to mile 7 . 8 , and
borders the Eas t Fork Trout Creek from i ts confluence with Trout Creek for 1 . 0
mile ups tream .
Trout Creek and its tr ibutar ies were surveyed by G i fford
P incho t National Fores t personnel in 1 9 8 0 .
The ent i re reach on or adj acent to
WREF is acces s ible to anadromous s almonids and the gradient is favorable .
Spawning and rear ing hab i tat are in fairly good condition and appear to be
improving , especially in the upper reaches where the s tream contains
substantial amounts of large woody debris .
Trout C reek i s used primar i ly by
summer steelhead and res ident r ainbow trout .
Martha Creek and Planting Creek are the only maj or tributar ies of Trout
Creek that enter WREF .
Martha Creek , a second - order , nor th - aspect s tream ,
enters Trout Creek at river mi l e 0 . 2 5 and traverses WREF between r iver mile 1 . 0
and 1 . 2 5 .
The s tream , although small and intermit tent in summer , serves as a
spawning area and sho r t - term rearing area for summer steelhead .
The s tream has
been s i gni ficantly d i s turbed by recent logging and road cons truc t ion downstream
from WREF .
S ince 1 9 7 8 , s everal road cut , fill , and culvert fai lures have
occurred in this area . During summer , lower Mar tha Creek rece ives warm
nutrient - and s edimen t - rich irr igation re turn water from Wind River
Nursery . Planting Creek is a second - order , nor th - aspect tributary enter ing Trout
104
Creek at river mile 5 . 5 . The s tream heads on Mowich But te and flows 2 . 0 miles
to its confluence with Trout Creek .
The lower 0 . 7 5 miles is on WREF .
PANTHER CREEK DIVIS ION
The Panther Creek D ivs ion is located entirely within the Panther Creek
watershed .
A
1 . 2 - mile reach of the main s tem o f Panther Creek traverses the
we s tern port ion of the D ivision , and the watersheds of two wes t - aspect
tributar ies of Panther Creek , S tub Creek , and Mouse Creek are ent irely within
the D ivis ion .
S tub Creek is a shor t , s teep , second - order s tream with a
watershed area o f about 400 acres and average s t ream gradient of about 20
percent .
S tub C reek has no fishery re source s .
Mouse Creek is a th ird - order s tream draining a 2 , 500 - acre watershed .
The
main s tem is 4 miles long and the South Fork , a maj or tr ibutary , is 2 miles
l ong .
The gradient ave rage s 9 percent in the 1 . 5 - mile reach be low the forks
and exceeds 20 percent in the headwaters .
The main s tem of Mouse Creek be low
mile 0 . 5 provides spawning and rear ing hab itat for s tee lhead and resident
rainbow trout .
Rearing hab i tat in Mouse Creek has a good balance b e tween
riffles and pools throughout the dis tribution of s teelhead and res ident rainbow
trout .
Spawning hab itat for anadromous salmonids is l imited to the lower 0 . 4
miles .
The reach of Panther Creek flowing through the we s tern port ion o f the
Divis ion provides good spawning and rear ing hab i tat for anadromous salmonids .
Summer s teelhead , winter s teelhead , and spring chinook s almon use thi s
low - gradient reach o f fourth - orde r s tream .
Extens ive t imb e r -management
ac tivi t ies have occurred in the upper watershed .
105
SUBBAS INS IN THE WIND RIVER BAS IN
Trapper Creek , located several miles up stream from WREF ( fig . 6 ) , is a
Wind River subbasin of cons iderable intere s t to aquatic researchers .
I t is a
5 . 5 - mile - long , fourth - order s tream that drains a largely undis turbed
6 , 000 - acre , southe as t - aspect watershed .
The basin has no his tory of timber
harve s t , but the east s ide o f the bas in burned in an 1 8 50 ' s wi ldfire and is
currently in s econd- growth coni ferous fores t .
The wes t s ide o f the drainage
and r iparian zones are p r imarily in old- growth fore s t .
Another interest ing aquatic feature occurs in the eas tern portion of the
Thornton T . Munger Re search Natural Area j ust north of the Trout Creek
D ivis ion .
The area contains a var iety of perennial swamp and marsh hab itats
including s ignificant amounts of open water on the flats along the wes tern base
o f Bunker H i l l .
OPPORTUNITIES
WILDLIFE
The potential for wi ldl i fe research at Wind River is high as a result of
several fac tor s :
1.
The oppor tunity for s tudying animal (both game and nongame ) re spons es
to various s i lvicultural manipulations , including manipulat ion of dead wood
s tructures ( for example , snags ) as we l l as vegetat ive cover and compos ition .
2.
The availab i l i ty o f extens ive p r i s t ine forest areas repres enting a .
wide range of ages ( including old growth ) , which permit s tudy of the natural
l i fe h i s tory of many animal specie s , including some of spec ial interes t ; the
106
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Trapper Creek drainage s i gnifi cantly improves the array of oppor tuni ties
available to wildl i fe researchers at Wind River .
3.
The oppor tuni.ty to s tudy e ffec ts o f wildl i fe on es tab l ishment and
growth of managed forests .
4.
The opportunity to s tudy extinc t ions and migrations in animal spe c ies
in an increas ingly isolated old- growth i s l and represented by the Thornton T .
Munger Re search Natural Area .
The planned use of Wind River Experimental For e s t by the PNW S tat ion
Old - Growth Forest Wi ldl ife Hab i tat researchers illustrates the pos s ib i l i tie s .
Ver tebrate populations will be assessed in a cross s e c t ion of young , mature ,
and o l d - growth fores ts , and attemp ts will be made to relate the i r popul at ions
to s tructural and compos i tional features of the s tands .
Four o ther spec ific research opportunities are :
1.
The Panther Creek Divis ion offers a unique opportunity to s tudy
hab itat use by spotted owls .
The owl was located in a dra inage comprised
largely of s ingle - s tory second - growth , usually cons idered unsui table as pr imary
hab i tat for spotted owls .
A s tudy us ing radio telemetry to track movements ,
ne s t ing succe s s , and hab i tat use could provide pert inent information on the
hab i ts of the owls and the ir relat ion to timber types and management
ac tivi t ies .
2.
The e ffects o f harves t ac tivi ties and roads in o l d - growth Douglas - fir
fore sts on b i g game .
Research opportunities include impacts of road dens i ty
and traffic on general b i g - game use patterns ; s tudies of use patterns during
c r i t ical s tres s peri ods ( for example , winter or calving periods ) in relation to
haras sment from traffic ; and harvest act ivi ties and hab i tat alterat ions .
107
3.
The e ffects of forage - seeding programs in comparison to s tandard
methods of decreas ing or el iminating damage by b i g game to new fore s t
plantat ions .
4.
Both D ivi s ions offer outs tanding oppor tuni ties to deve lop and te s t
management s trategies for preservat ion o f snag populations with in intensively
managed commercial forest lands .
Many s imi lar oppor tuni ties exis t and would be used if interes ted
sc ienti s t s were aware o f the availab i l i ty of the WREF and its support ing
fac i l ities ,
Research on the l ife h i s torie s , population dynamics , and food
hab i t s of various annual spec ies , e spec ially those assoc iated wi th old growth
or fores t - damage problems , would be appropria te .
Res earch on s i lvicul tural
prac tices to favor or discourage part icular species is a logical fol lowup to
various autecological s tudies .
Opportunities for wildl i fe or z oologically related research are l imited
pr imari ly by financ ial resources and availab i l i ty of logi s t ical support a t the
s i te , and , secondar i ly , by a lack of famil iar i ty wi th the s i t e among academic
s c ient ists who carry on mos t of thi s research .
An important cons iderat ion in
maintaining the potential for wildl i fe research i s to see that enough l arge ,
central or undis turbed areas are maintained in the various age c lasse s ,
including old growth .
Thi s will allow the cont inued opportunity for res earch
on natural populat ions o f mos t spec ies .
I
The SOMU within the Panther Creek
D ivi s ion , the Thornton T . Munger Research Natural Area ( as we ll as S i ster Rocks
and S teamboat Mountain Research Natural Areas ) , and the Trapper Creek drainage
all contr ibute to this goal .
108
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FI SHERI ES
WREF offers an array of opportuni ties for aquatic research .
Mixed
owne rship patterns and admini s trative respons ib i l i ties within the Wind River
drainage compl icate e s tab lishment of long - term , contro lled watershe d - fisheries
s tudies on WREF .
Opportunities for such s tudies exi s t in the p l ans to
es tab l i sh four exper imental watersheds around the head of Mouse Creek .
will be maintained in p r i s t ine condition as control watersheds .
Two
Hydrologic
da ta from the s e exper imental and control watersheds will provide understanding
of the e ffects of land management on water regimen and downstream fish hab i tat
in the s e volcanic bas ins .
S ome ideas are given for aquatic research that could
be conduc ted at WREF :
1.
Develop techniques for instream enhancement of wild summer s teelhead
populations .
2.
Determine interspec ific interactions for food and space b e tween nat ive
wild s teelhead and exotic eas tern brook trout now pres ent .
3.
Analyze the role of beaver in providing fish hab i tat divers i ty and
complexity , providing dissolved organic nutrients to s treams , providing s tored
water for fish rearing hab itat in summer , and controll ing age and compo s i tion
of riparian vege tation .
•
4.
Dete rmine e ffects of r iparian management and large woody debris on
water qual ity , fish hab itat divers ity , and carrying capac i ty .
5.
S tudy winter behavior and hab i tat needs of wild j uvenile s teelhead .
6.
Determine e ffects of upland management and roading on water qual ity
and fish hab i tat .
7.
Determine e ffects o f Wind River Nursery activi ties on water quality in
Martha Creek and Trout Creek .
109
8.
De termine e ffec ts of mas s eros ion on fish hab i tat complex i ty ,
dive r s i ty , and s almonid s tanding crops .
9.
Analyze geomorphic var iables controll ing fish hab itat in the vo lcanic
province o f WREF .
10 .
S tudy the assemblage of amphib ians in lotic and lent ic hab i tats of
WREF and c losely adj o ining areas .
11 .
Inve s t i gate the aquatic inver tebrates of WREF and closely adj oining
areas .
ACTIONS
WILDLIFE
1.
Make known the ava i lab i l i ty of the s i te among the zoologic ! research
community .
2 . Select control areas to maintain the options for s tudy of natural
ver tebrate populations .
3.
Deve lop cooperative program wi th the Dis trict to minimize human
predation of nongame animal spec ies .
4.
Coordinate management ac tivi ties in b i g - game winter range with a
wildl i fe b iologis t to ensure t imber harve s t i s scheduled to maintain favorab le
and s t able forage and cover requirements over time .
Guide l ines for proper
management of b i g - game wintering areas are presented in " Coordinating Deer and
Elk Winter Range and Timber Harves t , " W . Ruediger and E . Garc ia ( 1 9 8 0 ) .
5.
S chedule any management ac tivi ties to avo id haras sment during cri tical
winter and spring calving and fawning per iods .
110
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6.
Retain snags through timber harve s t wherever pos s ible in some areas .
This should be rigorous ly pursued .
Snag - re tention areas should be coo rdinated
by a wildl i fe biologi s t and fire - management and logging - sys tems specialists .
7.
Deve lop a res earch and demons tration program in management o f snags
and down logs on intens ively managed fore s t lands in cooperat ion with D i s trict
pers onne l .
FI SHERI ES
To max imize op tions for present and future aquatic re search opportuni t ies
on WREF the fo llowing management prac t ices would be benefic ial :
1.
Maintain undis turbed riparian zone s along second - o rder and larger
s treams .
2.
Allow timber b lowdown in s tream channe ls to remain in place but
evaluate impacts assoc iated with each decis ion to leave blowdown .
3.
Stop removal of large or ganic debris from stream channel s .
4.
Stop beave r trapping on WREF .
5.
Deve lop bas i c inventories of the b iological elements o f water bodies
in WREF , Trapper Creek , and adj unct Re search Natural Areas .
111
PROTECTION - - FIRE , INSECT , DISEAS E FIRE David V . Sandberg DESCRI PTION Fire played a key role in e s t ab l i shing the forests of the WREF .
Catas trophic fire about 500 years ago generated the exi s t ing o l d - growth
s tands .
A second era o f widespread catastrophic wildfire occurred in the
mid- 1 8 00s throughout the Douglas - fir subregion as a result of human activi ties ,
espe c i ally late - 1 9 th century s e ttlement and logging .
A third series of maj or
fires occurred with rap id economic growth in the region and increased fores t
use around the turn o f the century .
The Yac o l t Burn of 1902 , in part icular ,
spawned the first research proj e c ts in the Wind River Vall ey .
S tudies relating
to the regeneration of burned areas , me thods and effects of s lash burning , and
management o f fire - originated second - growth s t ands have been part o f research
ac tiv i ty in the 7 0 - year his tory of the Fores t .
WREF boundaries encompass a repres entat ive mix o f fire influences .
One - third of the area ( that is , the Panther Creek D ivis ion) is c ompr ised o f
s tands averaging about 140 years old One - fourth o f the WREF area is comprised
o f s tands originating near the turn o f the century and contains the longe s t
record o f regeneration success after fire .
The remaining two - fi fths of the
Fore s t escaped the influence of e i ther series of fires .
Fire protect ion within the WREF is the respons ib i l i ty of the GPNF .
The
WREF is located entirely within the GPNF and its fire protect ion cannot b e
managed s eparately .
Management o f wildfire hazard and r i sk in the surrounding
Fore s t de termines r i sk within the WREF , and conversely s o .
112
S ome research
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ac tivi t ies , such as trials of harve s t ing or fuel - treatment methods , can have a
subs tant ial impact on fire - protect ion requirements within the GPNF .
Prescribed- fire research mus t cons ider valuable res earch plots that may be put
at risk .
PROTECTION AND SUPPRES S ION
Fire - management pol icy on the GPNF has been to aggres s ively attack and
extinguish all fire s tart s , regardl ess of s ource , locat ion , or burning
condit ions .
In the 1 9 7 0 ' s , an average of 7 8 fires burned 5 9 0 acres per mill ion
acres of fore s t land per year .
1900 - 2 9 levels .
The area burned is a 9 5 - percent reduct ion from
Two - thi rds of the fires were human caus ed and accounted fo r 9 9
percent of the area burned .
Catas trophic fires can be minimized , but s ome large fires are inevitable .
Large fires from es caped s lash burns occurred on the GPNF in 1 9 6 7 and 1 9 7 9 , for
example .
The large s t and mos t severe fires have been assoc iated with east
winds in late Augus t to early Oc tober .
The mos t recent , large , es caped fire
( Ruth fi re ) began less than 10 miles we s t of the Thornton T . Munger Re search
Natural Area .
PRESCRIBED FIRE
Prescribed fire has replaced wi ldfire acreage on a one - to - one bas is .
Pre s c r ibed fire has commonly been us ed for treating res idual fuel s on recently
harve s te d units in the GPNF .
treated by fire each year .
Nearly 1 percent o f the Forest land area is
The total land area treated ( G PNF) by prescribed
fire and burned by wi ldfire in an ave rage year is about the same as the
113
wildfire acreage in the 1900 - 2 9 per iod . Prescribed fire contributes 9 5 percent
of the total area burned .
Paired s lash - disposal plots were es tab l i shed in
numerous c learcuts on the WREF to dete rmine the e ffects of di fferent
intens i t i e s of s l ash burning over 30 years ago .
They have been remeasured
infrequently s ince .
AIR QUALITY
Smoke from prescribed fire is managed under guidelines s e t for th in the
Washington Smoke Management Plan .
The D i s tr i c t Ranger is respons ib le for
avo iding accumulat ions of smoke in des i gnated smoke - sens i t ive areas or in areas
of h i gh recreat ional use .
The WREF is close to two of these des ignated areas .
Carson , Washington , in th
Columb ia Gorge , i s 8 miles down canyon , and the
Pac i fi c Cre s t Trail runs through the eas tern e dge of the Panther Creek
D ivi s i on .
S everal Federal Class I a i r - qual ity s tandard areas will influence
pre s c r ibed fire management in the future .
Mount Adams Wi lderne s s Area , where
vis ib i l ity is an important value , l ie s 25 miles , to the northeas t .
Mount Hood
l ie s about the s ame distance to the southwe s t , and Mount S t . Helens to the
northwe s t .
The Fore s t is with in the area that has received a Washington S tate
mandate to reduce to tal emi s s ions from prescribed fire by 35 percent before
1990 .
Extra restriction on h i gh - use recreation days , espec ially weekends in
July and Augus t , will further restrict prescribed burning ac t ivi ty , including
res earch .
1 14
OPPORTUNITIES
Mo s t f ire and fue l res earch in the Pac ific Northwe s t and Alaska Regions is
done on undedicated National Fores t lands , in conj unct ion wi th exi s t ing
forest - management goal s .
Every National Forest within the se Regions has been
the site of s ome PNW S tation fire - rese arch activity s ince 1 9 8 0 .
The
technolo gy - transfer and proj e c t - fund ing advantages of extens ive research
ac tivi ties are cruc ial .
Mo s t fire re search requires subs tant ial financ ial
backing and operational support of National Fore s t personnel .
The WREF o ffers a unique opportuni ty for several modes of research .
S tands c an be harve s ted on an adj usted schedule based on e conomic and
bi ological matur i ty .
Long - te rm ecological and produc t ivity s tudies can be
accommodated . The representative mix of s tand h i s tories allows a wide
app l i cab i l i ty of resul ts within the Douglas - fir subregion .
In second - growth fue l s management , an enormous challenge faces the Re gions
in pl anning for appropriate fue l treatment after harve s t of the 1 2 0 - to
160 - year - o ld s tands that wi l l make up an increas ing share of future timber
harvests .
Knowledge of fire hazard and how it change s ove r a rotation ,
short- term e ffects of fue l - treatment ac tivities , and long - term product ivity are
of criti cal importance .
The Panther Creek Divi s ion is an ideal s i te for a
coordinated , advance examina tion of treatment needs and e ffects .
Ne i ther the PNW S ta t ion nor the GPNF prefe r a concentration of
fire - research ac tivi ty on the WREF .
S tudies with resul ts that apply to a
collect ion of wes t - s ide National Fore s ts could be coordinated with the R - 6
Aviat ion and Fire Management s taff . A procedure for j o int spe c i fication o f
rese arch needs and j o int adminis trat ion o f complex s tudies with NFS would , no
doubt , enhance opportuni t i e s for cooperative endeavors in the Region at l arge .
115
Above all , the WREF provides a logical environment for mult idiscipl inary
re search to l ink fuel management and fire research with o ther discip l ines
including fore s t recreation , t imber harve s t ing , wil dl i fe management , water
qual i ty , s i lvicul ture , and forest eco logy .
Opportunities for interdi scipl inary
res earch us ing conventional t imber sales in the Region at large are difficult
to a rrange because o f l imited flexib i l i ty both in NFS and Research .
Management
of the WREF could , however , provide the neces sary flexib i l i ty in timber - s ale
arrangements and treatment op tions .
PNW sc ient i s t s have es tab l i shed geographic
terr i tories for individual s tudies and RWUs .
The WREF can become an
overlapping territory whe re we can e ffec tive ly interac t .
Can pres c r ibed - fire research and fuel -management goals be attained without
adversely impac t ing the a i r - quality values related to recreat ional use of the
Pac i fic Crest Trail and Mount Adams Wi lderne s s ?
s cheduling prescribed burns for low - use periods ?
Can confl ict be avo ided by
Is a formal screening
procedure necessary to ant icipate and avert adverse smoke impac ts?
C an pub l i c
educat ion be enhanced through interpre tation and demonstration of
fue l - treatment activi t i e s ?
F i r e prevention and f ire protect ion e fforts on the E xper imental Fo rest
de termine the risk o f loss to the WREF from wildfire .
One obj ective in the
WREF p lan is to maintain a sub s tantial proportion of old- growth ecosystem
wi thin the Trout Creek D ivis ion .
Analys is o f fire - protection needs in the
mus t prescrib e the measures needed to afford extra p ro tec t ion to the WREF .
GPNF
To
accompl ish thi s , PNW S tation should review with the GPNF plans for prote c t ion
for WREF . Are additional preattack ins tallat ions ( that i s , handline
cons truc t ion , hel ispots , roads ide c learing , and wate r - source improvement )
warranted within the WREF to give added protection to the Re search Natural
116
Areas and pe rmanent exper imental plots?
Do d i spatch procedure s provide for
prior ity for ini tial at tack on fires that threaten WREF?
Fuelbreaks for preventing catastrophic wildfire are part of fire
They have not been
pro tec tion in many areas of the country and e lsewhere .
success fully used in Region 6 .
Alder was interpl anted in a Douglas - fi r
plantation as a fue lbreak i n 1 9 3 3 along part of the wes tern boundary o f the
WREF , but no fires have occurred and the "break" is now dominated by
Douglas - fir .
alder type ?
Should that fuelbreak be rehab i l i tated and maintained in a red
Should a more conventional fue lbreak , cons i s t ing of thinning ,
pruning , and brush contro l , be es tab l i shed on the perime ter o f the WREF?
Should the fue lbreak acreage (mileage ) be extended? Previous attempts at
fue lbreak cons truc tion and the continued occurrence of large wi ldfires present
a unique opportunity for examining the value of fue lbreak cons truc t ion at
WREF .
The maintenance cost and the e ffec t ivenes s of alder fue lbreak
ins tallat ion have no t been evaluated and should be .
An advisory panel of PNW S tat ion , Re gion 6 , GPNF , and o ther wes t - s ide
National Fore s t Avia ion and Fire Management (A&FM) s taff should be formed to
review WREF t imber s ales and fue l - or fire - related s tudy plans .
could ensure appl icab i l i ty of re sul ts to a wider area .
The panel
The pos s ib i l i ty of
us ing timbe r - sale rece ipts ( that is , brush disposal collect ions or Regional
funding app l icable to s everal NF ' s ) could be explored .
The var iety of s tand h i s tories in a small area provide s an excellent
oppor tuni ty 'for interpreting the role of fire in Pac i f i c Northwe s t fores t s .
Pa ired , comparat ive s tudies on o ld growth , fire - origin second growth ,
fire - ori gin young growth , and fire - vs . nonfire - treated harve s ted s tands could
be used for profe s s ional and pub l i c interpre tat ion .
117
Interpretive e fforts and
s tudies o f pub l i c perception of or reac tion to management activities should
include partic ipat ion by Fores t Fire and Atmospheric S c ience Rese arch ( FFASR ) .
The different f ire histories in the two WREF divisions and conditions within
the Trout Creek Divis ion provide the most obvious opportuni ties for
demonstration and test ing of reactions .
New p roblem analyses by PNW S tation fire research units that addre s s fue ls
or fire - management prob lems in second - growth stands should , by S tation p o l icy ,
include an analys i s of the advantages and dis advantages of field s tudies in the
WREF .
Prob lem analys es and s tudy p lans should be reviewed by the WREF
management .
Timber harves t ing adj acent to and within the WREF increas es the risk of
wildfire .
Are spec ial c lauses for supplemental fire - pro tection forces and
treatment for hazard abatement included in contracts for timber sales l ocated
outs ide but adj acent to the WREF?
Should a fue l - treatment s tandard more
s tringent than the Forest - wide s tandard be app l ied to sales on or near the
WREF?
Should priority be given in annual work planning to fue l - treatment units
near WREF?
Th is should be part of a WREF fire -management plan .
WREF i s ideally l ocated for tes ting air - quality management strategies and
pub l i c react ion to them .
The Washington S tate obj e ctive of a 3 5 - percent
reduc tion in prescribed fire emi s s ions should be accelerated so experience can
be gained be fore the s trategy is used Region- wide .
Increased use and
meteorological s chedul ing techniques to achieve emi s s ion reduc t ion sh uld be a
part o f every new t imber sale and pres cribed fire plan in WREF .
Vis ib i l i ty requirements are based on untested percept ions o f wildernes s ­
user values .
The WREF enj oys the proximity to diverse recreation opportunities
and us er groups , and i t is isolated from sources of regional haze .
118
Readily
ident ifiable po int s ources impact the s ame recreat ional users .
Presc ribed
burning should be scheduled to create a variety of user impac ts , combined with
a s tudy of user percep.tions . A be tter obj ective func tion for visib i l i ty
protect ion would result .
Pub l i c percept ion of fire is one of was ted res ources and environmental
damage .
The frequency of prescribed fire use in WREF and the pub l i c ' s pres ence
there c reate the opor tuni ty for public invo lvement no t now real ized .
As part
of an improved inte rpretation pro gram , pub l ic demons trations of prescribed
burning are recommended .
ACTIONS
1.
Develop j o int PNW S tation-CPNF plan for fire protect ion of WREF and
adj unc t RNAs .
2.
Evaluate effectivenes s of alder fuelbreak ins tallation .
3.
Develop PNW S tation - R - 6 advis ory panel for fire - related aspects of
WREF timber sales and research proposals .
4.
Develop fire - related component of WREF interpre t ive and demonstration
program .
5.
Develop p lan for use of WREF to s tudy the percept ions by recreat ional
users of e ffec ts of contrac ting prescribed- burning procedures ; for example , the
effec ts on vis ib i l i ty .
119
INSECTS Rus sel
G.
Mi tchell DESCRIPTION Mature Douglas - fir forests are remarkab ly free of insect pests .
The chief
pests recorded on the WREF have been the Douglas - fir beetle ( Dendroc tonus
pseudotsugae ) , whi ch attacks Douglas - fir , and the mountain p ine beetle (Q .
Ponderosae ) , which at tacks we stern white p ine .
Maj or outbreaks with heavy
kill ing occurred in the 1 9 50 ' s and influenced harve s t ing .
The Douglas - fir
beetle outbreak began when large populations were generated in windthrow that
occurred in the winters of 1949 - 50 and 1 9 50 - 5 1 and then over flowed into the
surrounding green s tands . The ori gin of the mountain p ine beetle problem is not
c lear but l ikely s tems from a comb ination of maturity , overs tocking , and
general infe c tion by whi te p ine b l i s ter rus t ( C ronart ium rib icola ) .
The p ine
beetle problem is not l ikely to cont inue because mos t of the mature white p ine
have been killed , and the b l i s ter rus t prevents younger trees from reaching
matur ity .
Al though the Douglas - fir beetle prefers mature trees ( over 8 0 years old) ,
.
it should remain a cons iderat ion in s i lvicultural ac tivi t ies .
I t is at trac ted
to freshly cut tree s , creating particular problems in s e lect ion cutt ing when
down logs are wel l shaded and sui table for a ttack over several months .
Beetles
will be attrac ted to even smal l s aw logs and can overflow into adj acent green
trees .
Hazards can be reduced by promptly removing logs fe lled dur ing the
bee tle - fl ight season of Ap ril through Augus t .
Defoliating insects have not presented maj or p e s t problems in the WREF .
An introduced sucking ins ect from Europe , the balsam woolly aph id (Adelges
120
picaea) , has been a s ignificant problem in subalp ine fir and Pac ific s i lver
fir , mainly at the low end of the ir elevation ranges ,
Pac ific s i lver fir is in
part icular j eopardy because most of the WREF is at elevations below 3 , 500 feet
where the tree is mo s t suscep t ible to damage .
The aphid has also killed and
severely damaged several species of true firs in the Wind River Arbore tum .
Change s in conditions have altered the inte re s t of res ource managers in
the types of insect pests and the nature of information required in deve lop ing
pe s t - management ac t ivi t ie s ,
When old- growth t imber was the princ ipal resource
of concern , the ins e c t problems of concern were l imited largely to
tree - ki l lers , such as the Douglas - fir bark beetle ,
Pests reducing growth were
relatively unimportant because old trees grow slowly anyway . Fores ters are now
working in younger s tands and recogniz ing new kinds o f insect prob lems .
Increas ingly , they no tice insects affect ing tree growth , s tocking dens i ty , and
the quant ity of good tree seed .
They are also apprehens ive about the pos s ible
side e ffec ts of fert i l ization , gene tic manipulat ion , and pestic ide appl icat ion
on ins ect populations .
A second new trend is integrat ing management of pests wi th the o ther
fore s t ac t ivi ties , seeking informed compromi ses wherever po s s ible ,
This
requires an improved ab i l ity to forecas t pest populations under a var iety of
manftgement regimes and to assess pest impact accurately .
And because of
increased awarene s s o f the importance of ecological interrelat ions in fore s ts ,
better information on what forest management prac t ices do to benefic ial ins ects
is also needed .
Increased intens ity of forest management will l ikely reveal that spec ific
insect prob lems will be related to the management his tory o f the s tand ,
121
Accordingly , if insect research is to yield resul ts of value. to fores ters , it
mus t be assoc iated with treatments and comb inations of treatments in real
fore s t - management s i tuations . That , then , is the entomological research
opportunity provided by the Wind River Exper imental Fore s t - - a tes ting ground
where insects can interact with s i lvicultural and cul tural treatments and where
data and expertise o f s everal research dis c ipl ines can be shared and compared .
OPPORTUNITIES
The pr inc ipal areas of prac t i cal research opportunities for insect s tudies
will be related to ( 1 ) tree s eed produc t ion ,
( 2 ) s eedl ing mortal i ty ,
( 3 ) growth
loss in seedl ing and sapl ing s tands , and ( 4 ) mortal i ty and degrade in young
sawtimber s tands .
All these features can be affected by cultural and
s i lvicultural treatment s .
Because insects have large b iotic potent ials and are
sens i t ive to small environmental changes , the damage effects can be quite
unexpec ted and s evere .
We know from past experience that the problems of
insects associated with regeneration are l ikely to be the mos t erratic , the
harde s t to measure , and have the mos t severe impac t .
Re search opportunities are improved by the number of treatments , the
comb inat i on of treatments , and the number of repl ications at di fferent s i tes .
The questions should address the degree that treatments affect insect
populations , the processes involve d , the duration of the effec ts , and the
damage that can be expected at various population dens ities .
Opportunities for
research into appl ied problems assoc iated with forest management are not wholly
pest oriented .
Beneficial insects such as poll inators , natural enemies of
p e s ts , soil fauna assoc iated with mineral cyc l ing , and s tream insects are also
affected by s i lvicultural and cultural treatments . Conce ivably , the e ffects on
122
the se benefic ial insects populat ions could be more impor tant to long - term s i te
product ivity than the effects on pest ins ects .
To have prac tical value , and to achieve the unique benefits o f an
experimental fore s t , ins ect res earch assoc iated with intens ive forest
management mus t be done in concert with o ther res earch discip l ines - - a team
approach . For exampl e , an analys i s of the s o i l fauna would be of l i t tle value
unless it were tied to a s t and treatment ( for example , thinning or
fe rtilization) and related to invest igat ions on res idue accumulat ions and s o i l
propert ies .
For a de tai led analy s i s of insect s tudies needed in the kinds of fore s ts
found at WREF , see the problem analy s i s for RWU - 2 2 0 1 , Problem 1 :
Affe c t ing Douglas - Fir Wes tern Hemlock Type by Rus sel G . Mi tchel l .
Insects
Sugge s t ions
for the three s tudy areas mos t crit ically in need of work ( in descending order
of importance ) are :
1.
Analysis of ins ects affect ing seed product ion .
The number of ins e c t
pests o n Douglas - fir and hemlock are rather few when compared to o ther tree
species .
That is no t true , though , when seed and cone insects are cons idered .
There , ins ects are plent iful and de s truc tive , and the i r impact is inc reas ing
each year as the impor tance of securing adequate seed for expanding
re generation programs increas es .
2.
Analys is of ins e c ts affect ing regenerat ion .
Management technique s to
improve res tocking o f harves ted s i tes also affect inse c t populations . S cattered
reports the last few years have noted that s ome rather poorly known insects are
deve lop ing a taste for planted trees .
Because keep ing track o f individual
trees is difficul t , ins ects have l ikely been respons ible for qui te a few
mys ter ious plantation failures .
123
3.
s t ands .
Analys i s o f insects assoc iated with reduced growth in managed s apl ing
Ac t ivi ties such as thinning and fer t i l i z ing sometimes produce
outbreaks of insects that do not kill trees but greatly reduce growth .
Aph ids ,
in particular , are quick to respond to management ac tions , and though the ir
damage i s o ften not obvious , i t can be s i gni ficant .
ACTIONS
1.
Have one o r more PNW entomologis ts provide an ideal conceptual model
of all pos s ible interac tions within the affec ted ecosys tems for
timbe r sale at Panther Creek .
a
planned
The obj e c t ive would be to see how various
disciplines ( entomology , for example ) fit into the ant icipated s tudy .
The
model will also have value in showing each d i s c ip l ine the goal of the
exper iment and how to collect data in compatible units
If this initial
exercise proves valuable , procedures can be deve loped for s imilar analyses of
addi tional planned manipulat ions .
2.
A PNW S tation entomological review group should be e s tab l i shed to be
sure insect problems rece ive early and adequate cons ideration when .
mul t i func tional exper iments are e s tab l ished .
This is important becaus e
s ampl ing is always a problem when insect inves t igations are superimposed on
o ther s tudies .
Insect populations charac ter i s t ically have great variance and
require larger samples for a good e s t imate than do o ther parameters .
3.
Make an e ffort to replicate fores t -management treatments in as many
environments as poss ible . Insect reactions vary greatly from s i te to s i te .
Accordingly , the real impact of insect reac tion cannot be rea l i s tically
evaluated without s e e ing what i t doe s in di fferent places .
124
4.
Fore s t .
Estab l ish a good distribut ion of s tand ages over the Expe rimental
Insects typ i cally are associated with some age group , and a range of
s tand ages would permit analysis o f where we can expect problems .
5.
Deve lop and te s t unconventional s i lvicul tural sys tems on the
Exper imental Fores t .
For exampl e , ins tead o f even- aged management fo r
Douglas - fir , a sys tem could be implemented and tes ted that would a im for
management of c l imax species .
There is no way to gues s the entomological
consequences o f such a management scheme , but the quest ion will eventual ly be
asked and an experimental forest is the p lace to deve lop some answers .
6.
Remove downed logs as rapidly as pos s ible .
In s aw- timber s ize
Dougl as - fir s tands , the Douglas - fi r bee tle i s attracted to blown down and
freshly cut trees and to roo t - rot weakened trees .
This is particularly a
problem in s e lect ion cutt ings where down logs are generally wel l shaded and
subj e c t to attack for a long t ime .
I f the beetle population in the woods is
large and the logs will not accommodate all the beetles drawn to the area , then
the surplus beetles o ften attack the adj acent green trees .
The hazard can be
greatly reduced i f trees b lown down from the previous winter and logs fe lled
during the beetle fl ight season of Apr i l through Augus t are removed from the
woods quickly .
7.
'
Maintain lower elevat ion s tands as Douglas - fir s i tes .
Pacific s i lver
fir is mos t suscep tible to the balsam wooly aphid when it is permitted to move
downs lope below 3 , 50 0 feet e l evat ion (Mi tchel l 1 9 6 6 ) .
Pac ific s i lver fir regeneration should be discouraged .
125
That means advanced
DISEASE Earl E . Nelson D iseases now pres ent on the Wind River Exper imental Fores t are typ ical of
thos e in the PNW Region within the represented t imber type s .
How commonly
diseases occur both in the Experimental Forest and in the surrounding GPNF will
depend on distribution of forest types , s tand age s , pas t histories , management
practices , and environmental factors .
D isease di fferences between Panther
Creek and Trout Creek divis ions largely reflec t differences in s tand age s and
spec ies compo s i t ion .
C onk rot and o ther s tem decays of old- growth Douglas - fir and assoc iated
spec i e s in the Trout Creek Divis ion tend to lose the ir importance in
s econd - growth s tands .
They may b ecome even less important as inoculum i s
reduced with harves t of defective old- growth s tands and s e lective removal o f
de fe c t ive trees i n c ommercial thinning .
Bes ides s tem decays , hemlock dwarf
mis tletoe is common in old- growth stands where we stern hemlock i s the maj or
component .
The greates t disease threat in second- growth stands comes from root rot
fungi including Phel l inus we i r i i , Forne s annosus , Armi lleria me llea , and ,
probably when more acreage i s in regeneration , Verticladiella wagneri .
Phe l l inus we i r i i is currently the most important disease i n managed s tands i f
not the mos t important management problem .
was done by T . Chi lds on
p.
wei r i i .
Extens ive res earch ( unpub l ished)
No s i gnificant fol i age disease problems or
s tem canker problems (with the exception of b l i s te r rus t on white p ine )
apparently occur in the Experimental Fores t .
126
OPPORTUNITIES
Cons iderably more research is needed to improve management guide l ines for
diseased s tands , espec ially those wi th laminated root rot and black s tain root
dis ease caus ed by V . wagneri .
Laminated root rot i s common in Douglas - fir
s tands at Wind River . Faci l i ties could be made avai lable to nonres ident
sc ient i s ts and technic ians for res earch on this disease in WRE F .
Becaus e
proposed dire c t control work on the patho gens requires s i z ab l e inves tment in
equipment rental and materials , re fores tation funds may be available to help
cover research costs related to refores tation .
Continued research on control of laminated root rot by fumigants and
b iological agents has the highes t priority .
Excellent opportuni ties exi s t for
coupl ing research plots used to s tudy control opportunities for root rot with
demons tration areas for educat ing forest managers and the pub l i c on the logic
of control treatments .
Black s tain root disease , though no t now a problem at Wind River , will
probably become one , at leas t in some areas when more acres are harves ted and
re generated .
The apparent absence of the disease provides an opportunity for
gathe ring basel ine information on pres ence of vec tor ins ec t s , whe ther or no t
they are carrying the causal fungus , and how changes in the for e s t hab i t at
mig t influence the i r numbers .
Other diseases also cons ti tute good research opportunities i n the fores t .
Many are no t thought to be o f much economic impor tance in unmanaged
second- growth s t ands but are common in the Douglas - fir type throughout the PNW
Region .
Fo l iage diseases of Douglas - fir , usually minor problems in the pas t ,
may become more important with wider appl icat ion of management prac tices such
as fer t i l ization . Commercial thinning causes changes in the fores t environment
127
that could inc rease disease activity , e spec ially root and butt rots .
Excep t
for dwarf mistletoes , very l i ttle is known about how intens i fied forest
management affects disease deve lopment . Fol l owing are examples o f what c ould be
s tudied at Wind River to better evaluate how intens ive or special management
prac tices affe c t fore s t diseases .
FERTILIZATION
Are fo l iage di seases more common in young , fer t i l ized s tands than in
unfertil i zed s tands , and when present , are they more s evere in fertilized
s tands ?
What i s the e ffect on the economics of fertil ization?
Does
fer t i l ization aid recovery o f trees infected with root - ro t ( that is , A. me l lea ,
F . annosus , or P . we ir i i ) , or does i t affect spread of insec t - vectored root
disease ( for example , V . wagner i ) ?
COMMERCIAL THINNING
The prac tice of commercial thinning in s t ands of Douglas - fir and hemlock
increases opportuni ties for wood- rot ting fungi to gain entry .
The dec is ion to
enter s t ands for commercial thinning should be made knowing that gains from
increased growth rates could be offs e t by increas ing decay , if harves ting is
not done careful ly , especially when the res idual trees will no t be harve s ted
for a t leas t 10 years .
several important fungi .
Wounds , e spec ially basal wounds , are common entr ies for
Wes tern hemlock is highly suscep tible to wounding and
once wounded is a high risk for decay .
Fornes annosus and S tereum
s anguinolentum are probably the mos t des tructive rots in hemlock .
Wounded
Douglas - fir suffer much less loss than hemlock , but S . s anguinolentum and
pinicola , as we l l as s ome o thers , can cause s ome infection and vo lume los s .
128
Conk rot and o ther decays of old- growth Douglas - fi r and assoc iated species
tend to lose the ir importance in second- growth s tands , especially s tands
managed on shor t rotat ions .
In s tands managed primarily for timber production ,
disease damage can b e minimi zed by practicing good s i lvicul ture .
S tem decays
are no t expected to be s igni ficant prob lems in s tands managed to rotat ions of
+
100 years so long as s t and ope rations are done c arefully to minimize wounding .
With mos t root
Roo t - disease problems are more diffi cul t to deal with .
diseas es , s tand harve s t does no t in itself e l iminate the problem for future
rotat ions .
Mos t fores t tre e - root pathogens are capable of l iving in root
sys tems and s tump s of harves ted trees for many years and re infe c t ing trees
regenerat ing the s i te .
S tand harve s t does , however , offer a good beginning
point for root rot control .
Though many of today ' s management opt ions are no t
thoroughly tes ted , annosus root rot ( F . annosus ) , l aminated root rot (
we ir i i ) , and shoe s tring root rot ( A . mel lea) can be reduced by removing
infes ted s tumps and maj or roots from s o i l or us ing more res is tant tree species
in refores tation .
Shoestr ing root rot is se ldom so severe in we s t - s ide s tands
that these measures are j us t ified ; however , annosus root rot o f hemlock or
laminated root rot of Douglas - fir and associated species demand cons iderat ion
of alternat ive management op t ions where infection is common .
THINNING
Within the l imits of p ractical management , does hos t spac ing affect
incidence or sever i ty of fol iage disease in regeneration?
spread o f insec t - vectored root disease ( in V. wagner i ) ?
Does spac ing affect
What wounds created in
thinning ope rat ions wi l l lead to decay losses within a rotat ion?
129
What fungi
are respons ible for decay losses , and what are the ir requirements for
e s tab li shment?
How long can wounded residuals be left before decay becomes s ignificant?
Can decay be prevented wi th some wound dre s s ings ?
Can decay in l iving trees be
s topped with fumigants or with b iological agent s ?
RELATED CONCERNS
How can hazard trees ( trees l ikely to cause inj ury in h i gh use areas such
as campgrounds ) be identified for removal or treated to minimize the hazard?
What decays mos t commonly provide hab itat for cavity dwel lers ?
Can these
fungi be manipulated in wildlife areas ?
Stands tend to have disease problems of one sort or ano ther as they
p rogress through var ious s tages of deve lopment .
Fo l iage diseases , s tem
cankers , rus ts , or root diseases o f otherwise minor consequence may be very
important in the first several years of s tand deve lopment , j us t as heart rots
become maj or problems in mos t old- growth s t ands .
I am not propos ing that
diseases be introduced to the fore s t for s tudy , but that tho se diseases of
greatest importance in the forest be s tudied as they occur .
The greate s t
opportunities for fore s t - disease research are i n the broad distributions o f
s t and ages and fore s t types over a variety of elevations , slopes , aspec ts , and
classes of s i te produc t ivity .
Diseases of importance in the future can then
more l ike ly be s tudied on rep l icated plots under a var ie ty of s tand condit ions .
130
ACTIONS
1.
Implement the fo l lowing gui delines in managing WREF s tands :
a. Target wounded leave trees for removal at the fir s t opportunity
or inc lude them in planned s tudies as needed for repl ications .
b. Use equipment only heavy enough to get the j ob done and at times
of the year when s o i l s are dry and less subj ect to compac t ion .
This reduces the s tress on root sys tems o f re s i dual trees ,
making them less subj ect to attack by secondary diseases and
insects .
c. Use good skid trail planning and direct ional fall ing to reduce
problems of s o i l compact ion and wounding .
d. Avo id comme rc ial thinning o f those port ions o f s t ands where root
rot is present because leave trees are often infec ted and
exposed to windthrow in the more open s tands .
Conduc t s ome
salvage s ales to reduce high risk condit ions .
2. Develop better knowledge of dis tributi on , types , and infect ion
intens ities of dis eases in newly regene rated , young , and mature
s tands as part of expanded WRRD timber s tand - examination program .
131
RECREATION AND VI SUAL
I
I
Roger H . C lark
DESCRIPTION
The Wind Rive r Exper imental Fore s t provides opportunities for several
year - round recreat ional ac t ivities , but a cauti ous approach needs to be taken
in encouraging such use because of pos s ible conflicts with research
obj e c t ive s .
Recreat ional opportuni ties in the Experimental Fore s t ( or on
adj acent Nat ional Fore s t l ands ) range from pr imi tive to concentrated ,
fac i l ity - or iented .
Berry picking , wood cutt ing , hiking , hors eback riding ,
camp ing , s ightsee ing , and fishing are among the more popular ac tivi t ies .
The Wind River Valley leads to the crest of the Cascade s , where the
Pac ific Cre s t Trail provides backcountry recreational experiences for thous ands
annually .
The road sys tem ( some of which allows loop trave l ) o ffers mo torized
access to nearby Mount Adams and viewpo ints o f Mount S t . Helens , Mount Hoo d ,
Mount Rainier and o ther scenic areas .
Use of the Experimental Fore s t ( as we l l as the res t of the Wind River
are a ) is diverse and extens ive and some s i gning , and interpre t ive e ffor ts have
been ini t iated dur ing the pas t 10 years to fac il i tate use .
Documentat ion of
the opportunities avai lable (or pos s ibl ) . and the nature , extent , and location
of present recreat ional use is far from complete .
I S SUES AND IMPACTS
S i lvicul tural manipulat ion or any t imber harve s ting ( and related road
bui lding ) on the WREF will l ikely impact the vi sual quality of the area .
Some
areas , such as near the Pac i f i c C re s t Trai l , road corr idors , and adj acent to
the Indian Heaven Wi lderness Area , are more s ens i t ive than o thers .
132
To date , recreational use of the forest has been large ly uncons trained .
Dispersed camping is a l l owed , and vis itors have estab l i shed many impromptu
recreat ion s i tes at attractive locat ions .
With a pos s ib l e acc e s s corr idor to
Mount S t . He lens , pas s - through traffic and local use is l ike ly to increas e .
Exi s t ing roads and trails rece ive cons iderab le use now , and the close proximity
to Vancouver and Portland sugge s t that the se uses w i l l grow .
The present road sys tem plays a dual role for vis itors - - pas s - through
acce s s to areas no t on the Experimental Forest and access to areas within i t .
Future transpor tation p l ans mus t take into account the potential effects of
roads ( locat ion , des i gn , and maintenance ) on exi s t ing and po tential pub l ic
use .
Roads p lay a maj or role in enhancing some types of recreat ion and
detrac t ing from o ther s .
Bas ic information for evaluating consequences of
proposed act ions is presently lacking .
Pub l i c use wi l l l ikely re sul t in a variety o f e ffects such as l itter ,
vanda l i sm , and damage to res earch plots .
Whether or no t the se prob l ems are the
re sul t of intent ional or inadve rtent ac t ions by fore s t vis itors , the resul t is
the same .
Res o lving the s e prob l ems can b e s t be done in conj unc tion wi th an
information and educat ion program and an on - the - ground management program
coo rdinated with the GPNF .
Invo lving user groups should a l s o be serious ly
con idered .
OPPORTUNITIES
S i lvicul tural res earch on the WREF provides an opportunity to examine s ome
c r i t ical reGreation - r e l ated is sues .
Important que s tions about recreation and
t imber harve s t are not only how and where to modify t imbe r harve s t to minimize
133
impacts on recreation , but what k inds of recreational ac tivities are po s i t ive ly
assoc iated with di fferent kinds of s i lvicultural treatments , harve s t methods ,
and road sys tems .
How might these be phys ically arranged over the land and
scheduled to enhance both timber and recreation values ?
As plans are deve l op ed
for future s ilvicultural re search , these is sues should also be evaluated .
The potent i al for enhancing recreat ional opportunities on the WREF exi s ts ,
but recreation- management obj ectives have no t been identified .
is what uses wi ll be favored and what discouraged ,
The basic issue
Address ing this concern is
fundamental to determining policies about roads ( old and new) , scenic trail s ,
interpre t ive exhib i ts , trails , and campgrounds .
ACTIONS
1.
Develop a cooperative plan with GPNF for collecting basel ine recreat ion
data .
Basic recreation- management obj ectives need to be e s t ab l i shed in
conj unct ion with adj acent areas under management by the GPNF .
Improved informat ion ab.out exis ting recreat ional use and
opportuni ties wi ll be nec e s sary to ( a ) identi fy recreation management
options ,
(b ) evaluate consequences of p lanned research on pub l i c value s ,
A
and ( c ) fac i l i tate any recreation research that might be conduc ted .
mult imethod approach us ing a Code -A- S i te ( CAS ) inventory , Rec reation
Opportunity Spectrum (ROS ) mapping , and the Vi sual Management Sys tem (VMS )
is de s irable .
Visual - qua l i ty obj ec tives and s tandards mus t be es tab l i shed for the
WREF and reviewed to ensure cons is tency with public expectations .
Where
departures from conventional National For e s t prac t ices may be required , an
aggres s ive I&E program will be necessary .
134
2.
Have PNW S tat ion and GPNF personnel collaborate to de te rmine the role the
WREF should play in p roviding recreat ional opportuni ties and develop ing a
coordinated recreation- management p lan .
Policies on ac tivi ties such as wood cutting , Chr i s tmas - tree cutting ,
dispersed camp ing , and mo torized recreat ional travel on and o ff roads
should be deve loped to ensure that pub l i c use is cons is tent with basic
goals o f the WREF .
In the recreat ion - management plan , the cooperative roles and
respons ib i l i t ie s o f the PNW S tation and the GP about pub l i c use on the
WREF should be c learly documented .
Mos t vis itors do not readily
distinguish between management agenc ies in general , and to them we are one
ores t S e rvice .
Ineffe c t ive coordination will lead to undes irable
s i tuat ions for us and our vis i tors .
An
informat ion and education program
should be e s tab l ished to communicate with fore s t visi tors .
3.
Inc lude recreation - re lated is sue s in roading plans we l l in advance of any
on- the - ground ac tion .
135
HARVESTING , UTILI ZATION , AND RES IDUE RESEARCH HARVESTING Charles N . Mann and Roger H . Twito DESCRI PTION TROUT CREEK DIVI S I ON
Trout Creek H i l l is fully roaded , and harve s t of maj or blocks of timber i s
planned f o r 1 0 - year intervals .
PANTHER CREEK D IVI S ION
The t imber s tands in the Panther Creek Unit are even aged ( averaging about
140 years old) and have resulted from pas t fires .
certainly of merchantab le s i z e and harves table .
mos tly in the early 1 9 50 ' s ( fi g . 9 ) .
appear to be yarded by highlead .
Most o f the s tands are
Previous harve s t ing was done
Four units in s e c t ion 13 o f the Divis ion
Additional units s outh of Mouse Creek in the
flatter terrain of s e c tions 8 , 1 7 , and 18 were yarded by tractors and were
par t i al cuts .
Many o ther areas could be harves ted to deve lop a variety of age clas s e s .
Harves t ing in the eastern port ion of the Divis ion along the Pac ific Cre s t Trail
near Huckleberry Mountain doe s not appear economically attrac t ive because the
s tands may barely qua l i fy as commerc ial fores ts .
Furthermore , the s e areas are
des i gnated as retent ion watersheds .
OPPORTUNITIES
TROUT CREEK DIVI S I ON
Harves t ing i s expec ted to be by convent ional logging methods , and no
unusual harves t oppo rtuni ties are planned , unl ess the heavy l i ft (He l i ­
136
S tat) test s i tes (harve s t uni ts 9 and 10 ) currently ident ified are used .
PANTHER CREEK DIVI S I ON
Deve lop ing var ious age classes in the D ivis ion for research purposes by
pl anned future harve s t s appears to be promi s ing .
Some prerequi s ites should be
e s tab l i shed , however , even before prel iminary planning of thes e harves t s is
begun .
1.
Use exi s t ing s o i l - inventory map to help ident i fy cri tical eros ion areas .
S lumps have appeared near s everal exi s t ing roads , and the terrain is s teep .
For
The yarding of the harve s ted timber may thus be subj ect to cons traints .
example , in some places , no yarding or harve s t ing res traints may be needed
( s table s o i l s and flatter terrain) ; tractors or highlead can be used .
Other
areas may require one - end suspens ion or full suspens ion of the yarded logs to
prevent s o i l dis turbance and protect s treams .
Skyline logging c an b e done
where deflection is exce llent or logging with he licopters may be appropr iate .
Perhaps some areas should not be logged at al l because l iving tree roots are
needed to s tab i l ize the soil , and unacceptab l e damage would resul t from any
type of harve s t ing .
2.
Res earchers should provide direct ion on which areas to harve s t and which to
set as ide as control or natural areas .
direction .
Management p lanning should provide that
The type of harves t des ired - - clearcutt ing or some kind of selective
cut ting - - i s also important .
Areas where visual qua l i ty is important may
dic tate a selective cut , and the obj ec tive of deve lop ing an even - aged s tand may
indic ate a clearcut .
TI\e exi s t ing road ne twork provides acc e s s to landings that could b e used
for harve s t s in the near future as des c r ibed in the chapter , " Road and
137
Trails . "
Such acc e s s is sometimes also to t imber sales on adj o ining Nati onal
Fore s t land .
This Divis ion has the physical charac ter i s t ics of a high r idge above
harve s table t imber . Al though not unique , this setting o ffers a research
opportuni ty but doe s not require that a portion of it be set aside for re search
on exi s t ing or new harves ting sys tems .
Harves ting sys tem research would be
more controllable by harves t ing on the Experimental Fores t .
Any harve s t ing
activities planned should be reviewed for po tential opportunities to s tudy
harves t sys tems .
To ensure the maximum feas ib i l i ty and progres s of harves ting activities ,
the harve s t and transportation plan should be laid out for maximum long- range
economic e ffic iency .
For example , a higher s tandard of yarding ( such as full
suspens ion) than is needed to protect the s i te should not be bui l t into the
p lan .
Th is would no t prevent a h i gher s tandard of yarding from be ing used on
the area if new sys tems , such as heavy - l i ft logging , are used in Panther Creek .
Timber harve s t ing can be used as an oppor tunity to inform the public about
balancing the environmental and economic concer s by careful harves t planning
and layout .
Thi s could be accomp l i shed by use ing special s i gns at harve s t ing
s i tes , by brochures , and also having trained District or Research people
available to answer questions .
Cons ideration should also be given to s imilar public information
opportuni ties at previous ly harve s ted s i tes to po int out regeneration or
management obj ect ive s .
Harves ting in s ome special way to get particular results may be de s i rable ,
but contro l led logging may cause added expense for a logger operating under the
s tandard Fore s t Service timber sale contrac t .
138
Th is added expens e deve lops from
lower than normal produc t ion because of extra e ffort needed to protect s tudy
plots .
We should exp lore the pos s ib i l i ty of us ing special contracts or
arrangements that would no t economically penalize a cooperator .
An examp le of
harves t ing that cons iders research more important than produc tion is avai lable
at Oregon S tate Univers i ty , where the Univers ity hires the logger to maintain
control over results .
Force - account logging could have advantage s and should
be cons idered .
Al l harve s t and transportation p lanning mus t be deve l oped in cooperation
with the GPNF and WRRD .
ACTIONS
1.
Deve lop a fore s t - harves t ing plan after estab l i sh ing stand convers ion
dire c t ions .
Harve s t ing p lanning must be integrated with the transportation
plan because the roads will have to provide access to l andings .
In gene ral ,
th is plan should be deve loped for effic ient harve s t ing and permit full yarding
access to a l l s tands s lated for harve s t .
A digital te rrain model w i l l be
permanently s tored for the Panther Creek D ivi s ion , to be used with several
related planning programs to evaluate the yarding coverage ava i l ab le from
di fferent l andings for h i ghlead and skyline sys tems , as wel l as the connec t ing
ro d sys tem .
Alternat ive harve s t plans can be produced for economic compari son
and evaluated - - - meeting research and management needs .
139
UTILI ZATION
Thomas A. Sne llgrove
DESCRI PTION
Although WREF has been in existence s ince 1 9 3 3 , few s tudies on timber
util ization have been done . The lack of uti l ization research at Wind River is a
result of previous PNW empha s i s ; that i s , mos t utiliz ation research at PNW has
been to relate timber- qual i ty characteristic s to product recovery , and the
samp ling obj ective has been to represent the geographic range of t imber
quality , defect , s ize , and s ites avai lable for a given species . The WREF o ffers
l imited opportunities for this type o f work .
Practi cal considerations ( for
example , the cost of log transportation) have dictated that higher priority be
given proximity of the resource to a particular sawmill or veneer mill than to
have phys ical control over the resource ,
TROUT CREEK DIVI S I ON
Old- growth s tands in the Trout C reek Divis ion are over 400 years o l d , and
trees contain an average of nearly 2 , 000 board feet .
in timber quality and defect .
present .
These s tands vary greatly
Many younger s tands ( 5 to 8 0 years old) are also
Douglas - fi r and western hemlock are both wel l represented .
PANTHER CREEK DIVIS ION
The Panther Creek Divis ion of the WREF o ffers a narrower range of s i tes
and age classes than the Trout Creek Divi s i on . It has smaller s ized Douglas - fir
trees on s omewhat less than average s ites with l ittle variation expected in log
grades o r tree defect .
140
OPPORTUNITIES
S i lvicul ture research on the WREF provides an opportunity to address the
relat ion of s tand management to product quality .
The lack of variat ion in
s i tes at Wind River somewhat l imits benefi ts , but the advantage of having
complete control of the resource enhances the opportunity .
s tudies might be used in thi s general area of research .
The Planting Creek
Harves t ing o f trees in
s i lvicul ture research on e i ther the Trout Creek or Panther Creek Divis ions
should inc lude cons iderat ion of util izat ion research .
The WREF could provide s ample material ( logs or trees ) for produc t
recovery s tudies .
When proces s ing fac i l ities ( s awmill , venee r mill ) are
selected near the WREF , it should be cons idered as a s ample s ource .
The Experimental Forest could be used for long- term s tudies assess ing
rates of deterioration after natural catastrophes or logging operations .
Likewise , the Research Natural Area could also be used to e s tabl i sh
grade - demons tration plots or trai ls .
Particular cons ideration should be given to us ing WREF for uti l i zation
research when s tudy or management restrictions are key to success of the
res earch .
I f severe res trict ions are to be placed on the logger , if unusual
merchantab i l i ty spec ificat ions are to be used , or if the work is contrary to
typ ical National Fores t Sys tem pol i cy , WREF should be cons idered .
I f the
research requires a range of t imber qual i ty , s ize , spec ies , or s i te s , WREF
should be used only when these criteria can be met .
141
RES IDUE RES EARCH Thomas C . Adams and Susan N . Little DESCRIPTION Wind River Experimental Fore s t has a variety of res idue condit ions
For example , many snags and old
depending on fores t type and age clas s .
windfalls occur in the 2 5 0 - to 450 - year old growth on Trout C reek Hil l .
A high
degree of defect in the s tanding t imber there c reates large amounts of logging
residue when these s tands are harves ted .
S tands on Trout Creek H i l l proved highly suscept ible to windthrow damage
after clearcutt ing near the top of the h i l l and along s ides of clearcut uni ts
gene rally .
The windthrow problem is expected to be more severe as more cutt ing
units are harvested , and the open areas act to funnel winds agains t the exposed
face or edge o f the s tanding leave settings .
The younger , 140 - year - ol d t imber in the Panther Creek Divis ion is
relatively free of defect , but will create moderate amounts o f logging res idue
from tops and branches when logged .
The mos tly 8 0 - year - old t imber in the south
port ion o f the Trout Creek Divis ion across Trout Creek will c reate s t i l l less
residue when logged .
Windthrow after cutting in these two areas is expected to
be less than on Trout Creek H il l .
The planned old- growth convers ion on Trout Creek Hill and s ilvicultural
research with various forms of t imber harve s t ing in the Panther C reek Divis ion
will present b o th a cont inuing need to manage the res idues and an opportunity
for trials and demonstrations of res idue management and use ,
Economic incentives and management direction throughout the Pac ific
Northwes t wil l be toward greater removal and use o f forest res idues .
142
This
could aff c t nutr ient cycl ing , amounts of s o i l organic matter , and soil
product ivi ty in gene ral .
Logging res idues on WREF , as e l s ewhere on the WRRD , are currently managed
under prescript ions set forth in the brush disposal p lan , a documented part of
the timbe r - sale planning and appraisal task .
Princ ipal respons ib i l ity for the
plan l ies with the D i s trict fire - management s taff , but interdi s c ip l inary
consul tat ions and review are provided by s taff specialists in t imber sales ,
s ilviculture , wildl i fe , soils , watershed , and recreat ion management .
Old- growth logging re s idue on the WRRD i s managed chi efly by yarding
unmerchantab le material (YUM) and prescribed fire .
Broadcast burning i s used
on s teep ground , and machine p i l ing and burning on s lopes up to 30 percent .
Precommercial thinning s lash is dragged to the roads ide in a s trip 5 0 to 100
feet wide on each s ide o f the road for chipping or burning .
S alvage o f
old- growth windthrow i s followed by machine p i l ing and burning .
Firewood
cutt ing of yarded unmerchantable mater ial or s alvage - logging residue is
permitted unt i l burning i s r equired to mee t p lanting schedules .
TROUT CREEK DIVIS ION
The 1 9 7 5 Trout C re ek Hill t imber s ale included seven res idue - re lated
s tudies and e ight cutt ing units ( fig . 1 1 ) .
All units cut in the sale have been
planted and include spac ing and spec ies - mix s tudies under the direction of
sc ient i s t s at the PNW S tation Olymp ia Fores try S c iences Laboratory .
OPPORTUNITIES
1.
Identify and t e s t s i tuations where intens ive residue removal can e l iminate
the need for burning .
143
2.
Assess the importance of wood res idue to long - te rm s i te productivity ,
espec ial ly on poor soils where organic content is low .
3.
Deve lop an operat ional method for requir ing residue removal beyond current
usage levels .
4 . Determine potent ial for hand clearing of brush after p lanting in unburned
clearcuts to release reproduct ion .
5.
Develop trials of improved harves ting sys tems for res idue removal or
treatment .
6.
S tudy use of harves t res idues for energy .
7.
Develop trials o f one or more firewood concentration yards .
RESIDUE PROBLEMS IDENTIFIED BY DI STRICT SILVICULTURI ST
The following additional problems have been ident ified on WRRD and should
be regarded as pos s ible research opportunities .
1.
P reserving an adequate duff layer on shal low soils in Pac ific s i lver fir
and western hemlock types .
A s tandard method is needed for predicting and
monitoring changes in the duff and upper soil layer in these timber types where
I
retaining mos t of the duff layer is des irable .
2.
Retaining an acceptable level of s lash for shaded micros ites particularly in frost pocke t areas . 3 , Determining cos t - e ffectivenes s of precommercial thinning s lash treatments . 4.
Determining potential for nutrient dep letion by s lash reduc t ion in both clearcut and thinned areas ; that i s , how much res idue can be removed and s t i l l ensure adequate nutr ient capital for future growth?
How does this change for different soil type s , spec ies , and s i te treatments , such as p rescribed fire ? Can the nutrient cap i tal be enhanced on poor s i tes by leaving more residue ? 144
What type of residue mus t be left on the s i te to prevent eros ion?
What are
impacts on ac tivi ties such as plant ing , fire protect ion , and recreat ion?
Re lated que s t ions include :
available for plant growth?
How quickly do nutrients from residue s become
How doe s burning affect the release of nutrient s ?
W i l l the res idue s generated from thinning treatments release enough nutrients
to improve the growth of the remaining tre e s ?
Can burning the s e r e s i dues
has ten this release sufficiently for a measurable increase in tree growth?
Can
s i te quality be improved on soils low in organic matter by adding residues from
other s i tes ?
Such research must include monitor ing nutr ient pools over a range
of s i te qual i t ie s and over several years .
Phys ical impac t s of harves t ing res idues have been s tudied for s ome t ime ,
and guidel ines exi s t to mit igate the e ffec t s of harves t ing res idues on
compac tion and eros ion ( Pierovich and o thers 1 97 5 ) . Thes e avai l able guidel ines
should be applied and demons trated .
S imilar guidel ines for evaluating the
impact of harve s t ing res idues on nutrient cap i tal are not ava i l able .
Another impor tant i s sue relates to public obj ec tion to the c luttered look
of fore s t ground after logging , with heavy s lash viewed as a was te .
ACTIONS
1.
_
Modify s tandard dis trict prac t ices on sale areas in WREF so that YUM
yarding and broadcast burning are used only when spec ifically needed to mee t
exper imental obj ective s .
2.
Make WREF generally off - l imits for firewood collec t ion ; f irewood use to be
cons idered j o intly by GPNF and PNW S tat ion case by cas e .
145
3.
Analyze the pos s ib i l i ty of no - burn util ization trials in mid- age s tands and
on low - s i te areas on nor thwes t face of Trout Creek Hill , as we l l as in Panther
Creek Division .
4.
Develop a p l an for s tudying the e ffect o f adding more organic mat ter to
poor soils ; for example , by chip and s catter on gentle ground .
5.
Develop a plan for s tudying residue removal to spe c ified s izes below
current usage leve l s .
6.
Deve lop a p l an for hand c learing o f brush after planting in unburned
clearcuts to release or otherwise benefit reproduct ion .
7.
Remove harve s t res idue for energy or other uses .
146
CHAPTER XI I OPPORTUNITIES FOR BAS I C RES EARCH Jerry F . Franklin The preceding sections have emphas ized opportunities for app l ied or
s trongly prob l em - or iented research by Fores t Service and cooperat ing
s c ienti s ts .
Very sub s tantial opportunities also exist for us ing the WREF fo r a
b road array o f b iological , geological , and pedological res earch by academic
s c ient i s t s .
Much of this research might be referred to as "basic , " al though
thi s i s an art i ficial distinction ; experience at the H . J . Andrews Exper imental
For e s t has indicated that essentially all the research proj ects conduc ted there
have proved relevant to identi fication and so lution of management - oriented
problems . S uch proj ects also contribute sub s t antially to developing the
s c ientific information base for the Experimental Forest .
Other factors
c ontributing to the distinc tion between s o - cal led applied and basic res earch
include di ffering b ackgrounds of s c ient i s ts ( that is , from basic s c ience
departments rather than s chools of fore s try) and funding sources ( typ ical ly
National Sc ience Foundation) .
The array _ o f po s s ible basic research proj ects at Wind River Exper imental
Forest is great because such a wide var iety of environments and forest
communities are avai lable .
They inc lude the following :
Taxonomic and b iogeographic s tudies Autecological s tudies o f individual organisms I
Terre s trial vertebrates .I
. I
I
I
Terre s trial invertebrates Aquatic invertebrates 147
Vascular plants
Fungi and o ther lower plants Community and success ional s tudies Ecosys tem process s tudies Litterfall Decompos i tion Process ing of coarse woody debris S o i l - development s tudies Rates of soil deve lopment Belowground produc tion and cycl ing S o i l carbon dynamics Geomorphic s tudies Causes and rates o f eros ion Stream phys ical s tructure These top ical areas are exp lored briefly in fo llowing paragraphs .
The
res earch efforts can appropr iately range from vi s i ts by individual s to collect
s amples to
_
oj ects by relatively large interdi sc ip l inary teams .
The impor tant
implications for management are to ensure that ( 1 ) opportuni ties for thi s type
of re search are no t l o s t through management actions ,
( 2 ) s c ienti s ts are
informed of the opportunities a t Wind River , and ( 3 ) to the degree prac ticable ,
s c i enti s ts ' needs for logistical suppor t , s ite data , and protected o r
manipula ted field s i te s a r e provide d .
The taxonomy and d i s tr ibution o f organisms i s a n active area o f res earch
for both plants and animals .
Lower plants , such as l ichens and fungi , are
rece iving increased attention as a result o f inte re s t in e ffect s of pol lutants
148
and in decompos i t ion proce s s e s .
Wind River has already received attent ion in a
survey of coniferous needle endophytes ( Carrol l and Carrol l 1 9 7 8 ) and faunal
observat ions in the natural area are c ited by Shel ford ( 1 9 6 3 ) .
S tudies of
invertebrates , including insects and spiders , would be part icularly appropriate
at Wind River given the importance of s uch organisms in ecosys tem func tioning .
The value of taxonomic collections and checkl i s ts of organisms found in the
WREF could be eas i ly discounted as "hobby" research , with no relevance to
app l ied research programs .
But such information o ften proves e s s ential to
progr e s s in problem - oriented research ; witne s s the increas ing attent i on to the
role o f mycorrhizal fungi in tree growth and of s o i l animals in decompos i tion
and nutrient cyc l ing .
Wind River Exper imental Fores t presents a broad variety o f opportunities
for autecological and popula tion s tudies o f organisms .
Not only are a l arge
array of terre s trial and aquat i c p lant and animal spec ies present , but so also
are broad environmental gradients , varied success ional s tages , and contras t ing
experimental condit ions .
Few such s tudies have been deve loped except for tree
spec i e s and , in a very l imited context , certain wildl ife species .
The
opportunit i e s are there for research on fores t pathogens , c r i tical wildl i fe
specie s , and tree s and other plants of commercial interes t . These are only a
tiny frac t ion of the organisms present at Wind River , however ; maj or groups of
organisms as we ll as individual species of broad intere s t to s c ience are
pres ent at leve ls and in c ircums tance s appropr iate to autecological and
population research .
Such s tudies , whe ther o f fungi , ferns , frogs , fish ,
spiders , l iverworts , or nematode s , should b e s trongly encourage d .
Community and suc c e s s ional s tudies include the current s tates and
dire c tional changes in s tructural and comp o s i tional features .
149
Some of thi s
research is already in progre s s as part of both PNW S tation and Nat ional For e st
System programs .
Wind River Exper imental Forest is be ing used , for example , in
deve lop ing community type clas s i ficat ions by area ecologi s ts .
The Thornton T .
Munger Re s earch Natural Area i s the locale for a long - term s tudy o f growth and
mor tal i ty ( succe s s ional change s ) in an old- growth Douglas - fi r fores t .
This
represents only a small segment of p o s s ible community s tudies , however .
Detailed res earch could be conducted on r iparian communi t ies , on suc ce s s ional
deve lopment on the Yacolt Burn and afte r c learcutting , on spatial patterns of
unders tory and trees w i thin fore s t s t ands , on importance o f gaps in unde rs tory
and t re e - reproduc t i on dynamics , and on gradients in fore s t communi t i e s and
landscape s - - to give j us t a few examples .
Microc l imate s tudies could be
conduc ted al ong with the b iological s tudies .
Ecosys tem -proces s s tudies include research on produc t ivity ( in i ts
broade s t s ens e ) and nutrient cyc l ing .
Typ ical components include analys is o f
s t te s o r compartments ( How are c arbon , nutr ients , o r both dis tributed within
the s tand? ) , proce s s e s by whi ch these materials are altered or trans ferred , and
biological and phys ical contro ls on proce s s e s .
, Examples include analys i s of
dis tribut ion of ni trogen or o ther nutrients among l iving b iota , necromas s , and
soil ; l i tterfall ; rates o f decompos i t ion and mineralizat ion of var ious o rganic
components , including coarse woody debr i s ; and nitrogen transformations
including fixation ( w i th i t s many potent ial agents and locales within a forest
ecosystem) , nitri ficat ion , ammoni ficat ion , and denitri ficat ion .
The fore s t canopy and i ts interact i ons with the atmosphere are important
areas of the ecosys tem that nee d res earch ; c anop ie s , w i th the i r extens ive
surface areas , are where maj or inputs o f materials and mo i s ture occur through
precipi tation and c ondens at ion .
Thes e processes are poorly under s tood desp i te
150
the ir demons trated importance in e ffects of pol lutants , water yie lds , and
cycl ing o f some elements .
S ome research on ecosys tem proce sses i s already
underway at Wind River as i l lus trated by research on woody debris ( So l l ins
1 9 8 2 , Graham 1 9 8 3 ) .
Other examples are the research proj ects on leaffall by
personne l at Battelle Northwes t and on source areas for s tream woody debr i s by
McDade .
A new proj ect on H+ budgets and ecosys tem acidificat ion by Sollins and
B inkley wi11 exp lore the interaction b e tween enhance d s o i l fert i l ity and the
proces s e s o f acidificat ion and cation l eaching .
Bas ic ecosys tem research has
high potential for app l ication in management of fore s t landscapes and should be
s trongly encouraged at Wind River .
Wind River Experimental Fores t offers sub s tant ial opportunities for
s tudi e s of geomorphi c and pedologic processes .
Some of the s e were discus s e d in
ear l i e r s e c tions because many of these top ics are of direct practical
s igni ficance in fores t management .
A broad array of basic research
opportunities are available in the relatively youthful volcanic landscapes of
the two contrast ing segments of the Experimental Fore s t .
These include natural
patterns and rates of geomorphic processes as basel ines for manipulated
landscapes and proces s e s and rates of s o i l format ion .
The importance of this
proc e s s can b e examined in a variety o f landscape pos i t ions and forest age
c las s e s .
The youthful nature of the l andscape and importance of tephra as the
dominant s o i l parent mater ial provide spec ial research opportunities and
relevance to much of the Cascade Range .
The purpose of this brief section has been to c lari fy opportunities for
s o - called bas i c research at the WREF .
The potential i s huge , and the long - term
contribution from such research could eas i ly equal or exceed that from many
app l i ed s tudies .
Ce rtainly , the mix of bas i c and app l ied , agency and academic
151
programs is what dist inguishes the most productive o f the research properties
( for example , Hubbard Brook and Coweeta) in the United S tate s .
Univers i ty s c ient i s ts should be encouraged to use WREF for the ir proj ects ,
even when the immediate value of such research i s not obvious .
Opportunities
for such res earch need to be actively promoted by managers , the opportunities
at Wind River need to be advertized frequently and widely within a b road
s c ient ific community , and , whenever pos s ible , technical , and l ogi s tical support
should b e provided .
152
FOREST S ERVICE MANUAL SUPPLEMENT 406 2 - 6 . 2 , JULY 1 9 7 2
LEGAL ASPECTS
PANTHER CREEK BOUNDARY CHANGE
4060 Research Fac i l i ty Memo .
May 1 9 , 1 9 7 6 .
Manage r .
TRI SYSTEM CARD EXAMPLE
PLANTING CREEK SUMMARY AND LOCATION
WIND RIVER ARBORETUM SUMMARY
TROUT CREEK HILL SALE - PLANTATION SUMMARY
153
To Edward H . Clarke , Program
4062 . 6--1
SERIES
4000
-
RESEARCH
*4062 . 6 -
O_perat ion and U s e .
The follD"t."i.ng b an agreement b e tween
the Regional Fore s ter , Region 6 , and the D i re ctor , Pac i f i c Northwest
Fores t and Range Experiment S ta t i on , for e stablishing respons ib i l i t i e s
and c oord inating e ffor t in t h e d evelopment , pro t ec t i on , operation ,
and use of exp erimental fores t s and ranges tha t have b een es tablished
on National Fore s t land s .
lbis supplement supersed e s a l l previous agreements b e tween the
Regional Fores ter and the Direc tor concerning the d evelopment and
adminis tra tion of experimen tal f orests and r anges exc ept Supplement
to FSM 5104 . 7 , which c overs pro tec tion respons ib i l i ty .
Des ignated experimental fore s t s and ranges wi thin Na tional Fore s t s will
b e · d eveloped , p rotected , and managed a s a j oint respons ibil i ty of the
Dire c tor and Reg ional Fores ter with the obj e c t ive of c r eat ing the bes t
possible c ond i t i ons for p lanning and conduc t ing a program of res earch
(FSM
4063. 2) .
The Regional For e s t er has primary responsib i l i ty for pro tec tion and
for the d evelopment and maint enance of improvemen ts tha t s erve the
needs of the general pub l ic or that facili t a t e the management and
pro tec t i on of Na t i onal Fores t lands within the experimental forest
or range .
All p r o t e c tion and improvement plans should b e d eveloped
j ointly by the Proj ec t Leader and the FGres t Supervi sor (FSM
5104 . 7 ) .
Final plans mus t be approved by the D irector and the Regional Fore s t e r . •
The Direc tor h a s p rimary responsib i l i ty for p lanning and condu c t ing
the research program and for d eveloping and ma intaining improvements
needed to fac ili t a t e the research program . · The Direc tor may arrange
to have research improvements c ons truc ted or maintained by the
Fore s t Supervisor when personnel and equipment are available .
Management and d evelopment o f the forag e , recreation , timber , wild­
life and wa ter r esources on experimental fores t s and ranges will b
a j oint responsi b i l i ty of the D irector and the Regional Fore D t er .
The Direc tor wi ll d e te rmine whether a propos ed u s e or occupan y i s
c ompa tible with the res earch program .
For any · us e , the Proj ec t
Lead er will d e t ermine the s pecial requi rements and cond i tions needed
to a t tain res earch obj ec tives and to ad equately pro tec t res earch
ins tallations .
·
The Regiona l Fore s ter and Direc tor d elegate to d es i gnated Fores t
Supervis ors and Proj e c t Lead ers the respons ibi l i ty for j ointly
planning resource use and d evelopment .
* July
1972
S upplement No .
Fores t Service Manual
Supplement No .
4
2*
4 06 2 . 6--2
SERIES 4000 - ·RESEARCH
The Fores t Supervisor and Proj e c t Leader will j ointly d evelop a 5-year
coordinat ing agreement describing resource use and development f or
each experimental fores t and rang e .
* * *
e i ntent of the agreements wil l be to prov i d e coord inat ion of research
and resource management programs i n a manner cons is t ent with each p ro­
g r am ef f or t .
No more d e tail i s t o b e provided i n the agreements than
is necessary to produce . a f i rm und erstanding between the Fores t Super­
visor and Proj ec t Leader .
Five-year coordina t ing agreement s will be reviewed annually by the
Fores t Supervisor and Proj e c t Lead e r .
* * *
The Fores t Superv is or will b e responsible for i ssuing permit s , adver t i sing
and awarding s ales , checking c omp liance with contrac ts , and f or taking
correc t ive a c t i on in the case of noncomp liance f or any use approved by
In special s i tua tions , the adminis tration of a given s a le
the Direc tor .
o r use may be d e lega ted to the Proj e c t Lead er by the Fores t Supervisor
when r eques ted by the Direc tor .
Administrative 'polic ies which
e s t r i c t t imber cut t ing or other r esour c e
u s e wi th in land scape management a reas or wi thin s cenic o r road s id e
s t r ips will b e followed wi thin experimental fore s t s and ranges i f thes e
policies are c ompa tible with research obj e c t ives .
I f a conf l i c t exis t s ,
however , research obj e c t ives wil l g overn .
F inancing of protec tion , improvements , adminis tra t ion , and the res earch
p rogram on experimen tal fores t s and ranges w i l l be governed by f i s c a l
r egulat ions (FSM 4082) .
General ly , the .Regional Fores ter will f inance
the pro tec tion , adminis tration, and related improvements t o about the
s ame level as on the mos t intensively managed National Forest lands
wi thin the s ame d is tric t or f ores t .
The D ir ec tor will f inance the re­
s e arch program and related improvement s and , in add i tion , will general ly
f inance thos e special-protect ion and admin i s t ra t ive costs that exceed
the level of the mos t intens ively managed adj acent National For e s t lan4 s .
*July 1972
PNW Supplement No . 4
R-6 Supplement No.
2*
Forest Service Manual
LEGAL ASP ECTS E ldon M . Es t ep Various l egal au tho r i t i es in t h e fo rm o f laws and Sec r et ary of Agr ic u lture
r egu lations p ro vid ed for the es t ab l ishment and earlier operat io n o f t h e Wind
R i ve r Exp e r i mental F o r e s t
the Doug l as -f i r r eg ion .
( WR EF )
as a s i t e d ed ic a t ed to res earch on p rob l ems o f
Th is round o f p lann ing for t h e WR EF is b e ing carr ied
out in a c l imat e of mand atory comp r ehensi ve p la nning for resource management
ac t ions and b ro ad en ed t echno logy tran s fe r .
The provis ions of laws enac t ed i n
t h e las t d ec ad e and a h al f , and r e l a t ed r egu lations e s t ab l is h ed p r in c ip a l l y b y
t h e Coun c i l on Environment a l Qu a l i t y ( C EQ )
a r e p e rt in ent to t h is p lanning act ivity .
and the Secretary o f Agr icu lture ,
These laws a r e :
Nat ional Environment a l Po l ic y Ac t o f 1 96 9 ( NEPA )
Forest and Rangeland Renewab l e R es ources P lanning A c t o f 1 97 4 ( RP A )
Nat iona l Fores t Managemen t A c t o f 1 97 6 ( NFMA )
Forest and R angeland R en ewab l e R e s ou rc es R e s e arch A c t o f 1 97 8
Techno logy Innovat ion o f 1 9 80
The Renewab l e Resources P lanning Act
Management A c t
( RP A ) , as amended by t h e National F o r es t
( NFMA ) , and r e la t ed p lann ing regu lat ions r e qu i r e t h e Fores t
Servic e to c onduct an a s s es smen t o f t h e Nation ' s renewab l e r es ources and t o
d evelop a p rogram o f u s e .
Tha t c omprehen s ive p rogr am is b as ed on t h e res u l t s
o f a n i.nt egrated process f o r d eveloping p lans f o r management and u s e o f fo r es t
and assoc iated rangeland resourc e s .
Th is p lann ing p roc e s s i s cont inu ou s and
i t erat i ve and is c arried out on t h r e e l evels :
Nat iona l
- -RPA As s e s s ment and Program
Region a l
- -Reg io n a l Gu i d e
Loc a l
- -Fores t Land and R esourc e Management P lans f o r t h e Natio nal
Fores t s
- -S t a t e Forest R es ourc e P lans d eveloped b y t h e S t a t e for S t a t e
and pr i va t e lands
- -Research p lans
This management p l an for t h e WR EF is a local
level R e s earch p lan .
Imp lemen ting
its provis ions wi l l l i m i t s ome a lt e rn a t i ves fo r management of resources o n the
Gi fford P inchot Natio nal Fo res t
( GPNF )
lands that make up t h e WREF .
For t h is
reason , thes e p lans for research ac t i vi t i es mu s t b e cons ider ed as a part of the
integ r a t ed land and r esourc e management p lan for the GPNF .
The Nat ional Environmen t a l P o l i c y Act
( NEP A )
and i mp lemen t ing r egu la t ions
requ i re that an anal ys is b e mad e o f t h e envi ronment al c o nsequ ences o f F ede ral
Acts such as tho s e p ropo s ed in the WREF management p lan .
F o r mo s t F ed e r a l
ac t ions , the NEPA p ro c e s s r e qu i r es t h a t env i ronme n t al info rmat ion b e d ocument ed
and mad e ava i l ab le to p u b l i c offic ials and c i t i ze n s b e fo r e d ec i s ions a r e mad e
A p e rtinent featu r e o f N EPA and r e l a t ed r egu l at i o ns i s
and act ions are t aken .
the c a t egor i c a l exc lu s io n from s ome p a r t s o f t h e NEPA proce s s o f researc h
act ions meet ing c er t ain c r it eria
( ac t io n s
l imit ed i n c o n t ext and i n t ensi t y ;
ac t ions wh ich d o n o t ind i v id u al l y o r cumu la t i ve l y h ave a s igni fican t effec t o n
the human environment )
•
This management p lan wi l l d ocument t h e r e su l t s of t h e
environmen t a l anal ys is o f t h e ac t ions cons ider ed for futu r e managemen t o f t h e
WR EF .
The o t h e r l aws l i s t ed r e l a t e to t h e
WREF
in t h e c o n t ext t h at t h e Fo rest Servic e
i s d i r ec t ed t o conduc t fores t r esearch and t o tran s fe r n ew t echno logy r es u l t ing
from such r esearch .
The F o r es t and Rangeland R e n ewab l e Resources R e s earc h Act
o f 1 97 8 au thor i zes the Secretary o f Agr icu ltu r e t o i mp lement a comprehens i ve
r es earch p rogram and to t ak e ac t ions n ec es sary to o b t ain , anal yze , d ev e lo p ,
d emo n s t r at e , and d is s emina t e s c ientific informa t io n about p ro t ec t ing , managing ,
and u t i l i zing fo r es t and r ange land r enewab l e r esourc e s .
Sp ec i fic au tho r i t y i s
g i ven t o t h e Secretary t o es t ab l is h and ma in t a i n exp e r i ment s t a t ions , research
laboratories , and exp e r iment al a reas , s u ch as t h e
WR EF .
The Technology
Inn o va t ion Act o f 1 980 mak es i t c le a r that i t is t h e intent of Congre s s to
mand a t e and p romo t e t echnology t ransfer ac t i v i t i e s at t h e F ed e r al agenc i es and
t h e i r laborator ies to ins u r e fu l l u s e o f t h e Na t io n ' s F ederal inves tmen t in
res earch and d eve lopment .
The
WR EF
has g r eat p o t ential fo r expanded u s e in
t echnology t rans fe r ac t i v i t i e s .
. I
U NITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
FOREST SERVICE
For e s t ry S ciences Laboratory
Rout e
\
4,
Box
.500
98502
Olympia . Washington
· -
­
IU:PL Y TO:
.
sumEc
'TO:
4060
,
Research Faciliti es May
19 , 1976
Panther Creek Divis ion Boundary
Edward H .
Clarke , Program Manager
Interp r e t a tion of the P an ther Creek Division Boundary from
the informat i on in the d e s crip tion by Leo A.
I s aac ,
1932 .
The dash line on the map i s the old b oundary and the solid
red line i s the t entative new boundary a s d e t ermined by
Jim Nie ls en of the Wind River R . D .
After r e ading I s aac ' s
d es c ript ion and s tudying the t opog map , I now concur with
Nielsen ' s boundary location .
I have numbered on the map
the maj or d i s c repancies between the two lines and l i s ted
the reasons for changes as I s ee them.
I
jl 1.
I s aac ' s d e s c ription specifies the area e as t of P an ther
Creek.
13 .
2.
Mus t have meant the
3.
The legal b oundary is d e s c r ibed here .
4. The d ash line boundary on the map falls within the Cedar
. not W
of S e c .
Creek d r a inage in the s outhern portions of S e c .
18 .
5 . The
17
and
dash line boundary leaves the ridge and heads down­
s lope to the road .
Here a gain the watershed boundary
should p revail .
6. In S e c .
7 the dash l ine b oundary follows s traight b earing
lines rather than the watershed boundary .
The final b ound ary location should be determined on the ground
as the watersheds may not b e c l early d e f ined in s ome place s .
if J/%-'dr-/7
HARLOW B . S COTT For e s t ry Tec
ician HBS : mj b
Enclosures
cc:
Jim Niel s en
I
I
I
I
,
I , I,
>
l
I , I ;
I I
I l
)
I '
Ii
I
l
I i
IJ
I
I
Ì
.[ The Pent.h e r C reek DlT h ! cm e on 111t 1 t u t e 111 I 't he eTen-e.
.
c! J
ll"OWth ( 0 y e &.r ) Doue l u fir uea . S in ce t bere{' wal!l 1!10. area MU' th h . a.go e l atu� 111 the Trout C r H k t� ahrehed and i t 18 a ty p� b. wh io h II!IJ.Oh pri 'ftt e o ut t ing b now be ill8 Clone and 111. d z e at which Dougl1 u fir wi ll 1M lude \ hi a llHil
prob1:1b ly b e c ut w:ad.er managemeat 0 1 t w u d.eo i ded
b the e xpe riJ.te nt al tared • .
Lee a t ion
s cript ion
Pant her C re ek , l ike Trout Creek, is a t ributarr of W in d ! r
t h6.t flows int o Wind Rher a fn mi h 1 below the mout h of Trout C re e k.
The area. prop01 ed l ies a pproxima:h l:y 4 JD.il ea nortbea111 t o f th e W ind R h er
Branch sta t i on an d 1.11 pe.
of a e ons i denble b od y of t ini:l er of the
aee c l&m s t hat extends • nerlll ll i e s to the norlh and e u t •
The t nc t propos ed in.c luCiu the are a ea. 1 t of Panther C ree k ( :SO
s l.l
E
a o re s ) i n th e
o f se c .. 12 a.nd
and lot a 1 1 a , f , a Dd 1 2 o r sec . 1 :5
e.nd
of
ot Soc . 24 in 'r 4r N0 R
E, w .v, .. , find all t h e uea to
t h e e a st t o Hucklebe rry llount a in 1n 'WliU:rTeyed T <l N, "R 8 :! that t'a llJB
r-m,l-
N
'
...ji
. (./ .
-
wit hin the· drainage o r wba t b oalled Moul!l e Creek ud t he ��mall r� t ream
.1 '
:.�
\hat flows thro h the s outh t ie r ot' t o rt i eB in sea . lS , ae ind i c at ed by
the dash l in e b oundary on the map ..
The area as det erm ined by natun.l b ouun surveyed trac t b ap proxi.m�:: tely &>00 u re a ..
The plat t ed ,
l egal eub d 1vie 1one that b e e t t it th i a area ( indicated b y s o li d l ine a )
4arie8Tn""t'hrs
u
s
sw
sw
ot' 6Jl;:8 the W of
sw of 1 , the
N'ri'i: o f
SE
B
...
.,
si
s
SJ
of
ot s ec . 4 0 t h e
of
ot 5 9 • the
of •• · '• a l of
8 e xc pt nw . ct NW , all
and the
11
of
mil
s .
N! and
of
s
ud
ot
or . s•o . 9 exc ept
n, or BW.c; of 10, the Nl49 NW , or
Ne and the rta of s o t 170 ill of 18 e xc e pt s
ot' S&O·. lt o
nd
ot
1 II'Q.b­
The t o tal area at th e t n.et , 1f cal eu h t e d tram the 1
tely 3550 e.crea if det ermined
d 1v ia 1 one g i ven . i s 3090 acres and app:rax
the natural bounderie• on the ri d g e eumm i t e 1n t he unsurv
d part .
The t ie r of s e c t ions in R
X waa surTeyed hen the 1 econd gu i de me r-
tram
1cU.an e a s t w a s e st ab l ished an d t h e t opograph ic map for the ���.rea was pr.:..
pared tor the Panther Creek Lan d C la.es i fic at ion Pro j e ct .
The acHl.i t i onal
t op<>gn.ph)' on the a ttached map w u 111 k etched trorn t he u . s .c . s , quadrugle
s hee t
tor u e l.n t h ia hpart .
'fhe Pant he r C rook Land Clan 1t ioaU . on d.one in 1912 and 1Ql.5 41..,_
1gnd ed the lmd on the �MX row cuyo:n 'bot tom e� having aer ieult u:ral poae­
1b1l i U e a ltu t be e a ua e of surro unding t opogr�oph;r U 11UI a lb n it' h d u
ohieflJ val uab l e t or en e t purpoa u .,
t
The a re a i11 all OoTe:nwent o wned land w it h in tbe Oolumb i�o Nat iou.l
lor e a t not s et ad ele tor a.ny ot btrr pu.rpoa o and upoD. whi ch
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TH E PLANTING CRE E K STUDIE S
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. ' =i PURPOSE AND LOCATION OF THE STUDIES tively poor growth of the plantation is partly due to
The Planting Creek Study Area lies on the east
edge of the Yacolt Burn. A short trail leads to several
interesting study areas. The trail begins on a short
graveled spur toad which extends south from Road
N 47. Signs guide travel to and through these areas.
the offsite seed source (near Roy, Washington).
However, the greatly improved growth of these
Douglas-fir when treated with nitrogen fertilizer is
strong evidence that insufficient nitrogen seriously
limits tree growth in the area. The Douglas-fir also
grow better here in association with red alder. Alder
Nitrogen Fertilizer Study
has root nodules containing micro-organisms which
Douglas-fir/Red Alder Study
have the capacity to fix atmospheric nitrogen.
From various locations on the trail, Trout Creek
Wide-spacing Study
Hill can be seen approximately l Y2 miles to the north.
Spot-thinning Study
Ponderosa Pine Plantation
This mountain
Except for the Ponderosa Pine Plantation, all the
is an extinct shield volcano that
spewed hot lava less than 1 million years ago. Lava
from the volcano flowed down the present Trout
Creek and the Wind River drainages and temporarily
dammed the Columbia River.
study areas were planted with 2-year-old Douglas-fir
seedlings in the spring of 1 929 . The area is of low site
quality for commercial timber production. The rela-
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STUDY L EGEND
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Douglas-Fir Widu Spacing
llllllJll N itrogen Ft rt ilitzar
Ponderosa Pine Plantation
----17"----+�-
WIND
ll@><'d
Spot Thinning
D'll u glas-Fir/Red Alder
RIVER EXPE R I M E NTAL
FOREST WASH I N G TON G i fford Pinchot National Fo rest R '1 E
REFERENCES
Wise. William S . Cenozoic volcanism in the Cascade Mountains of sou thern Washington. Washington State Devartment of Natural
Resources Bulletin No. 60. 45 pp., 1970.
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Re earch Plantation Establishment on Trout Creek Hill (Wind River Experimental Forest )
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Study type and species
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# of
treat­
ments
Plot
size
(hectares )
M.. -::; 'l 2 B' '-
.-.
• :Je)
D::>uglas-fir
D::>uglaS-fir/Westem hemlock
1
tt
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6
1981
8
6
6
1981
6
.4
6 '
6
19 7 9
4 ,5 .4
rjJ
4
1982
4
5
4
1980
7
iY
6
1981
8
6
1981
5
6
1981
5
4
1980
7
7
.4
.4
Douglas-fir/Western hemlock/
Western redcedar
.4
D::>uglas-fir/Noble fir
.4
3
.4
3
1980
Douglas-fir/Western white
pine
.4
3
1982
Western hemlock/Pacific
silver fir
.4
3
1980 ·
:fir
I
Units
Juglas-fir/Westem redcedar
Douglas-fir/Pacific silver
• .
Year
.4
.4
,.
-To be Planted­
Spacing trials
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# of
:repli­
cates
1/
- Spacing treatments for IF , WH , WRC :
21
Spacing treatments for
.
NF··,
WWP(·
2,
3
1 , 2 , 3- 4 , 5, 6
3, 4 , 5, 6
m.
m.
3/
All conifer mixture plots planted at 3 m spacing; treatments would be :
·
1
( 1 ) pure conifer A ,
( 2 ) pure conifer B, and ( 3 ) 50 : 50 alternate tree mix of A and B .
:I ·:,,:. f . . }he DFIWH/WRC mixture alternates
rows
( e . g. ,
raw
IF with the other 2 species both in
1-DF , 'WH , DF , WRC 11 IF , WH ,
• • • •
).
:rows
and between
URUNCES
Kay Sommerfe ld
on . S uama rized resul t s o f s e lec ted experiment s in progre ss on the Wind
liver Experimental Forest . [ Place of publication unknown ] : [ Publi sher name
unknown] ; 1 9 56 Kay . On f i le at : Forest Re sidues and Energy Program , Pac i f ic
Northwe s t Fore s t and Range Experiment Stat ion , 80 9 N . E . 6th Ave . , Port land ,
OR 9 7232 .
Anon . F ield review agend a , Douglaa-f i r s ilviculture projec t , Wind River
Experiment a l Forest . [ Place of publication unknown ] : [ Publisher name
unknown] ; 1 9 65 Septembe r 8 . On f i le at : Fo rest Residues and Energy Program ,
Pac i f i c Northwe s t Fore s t and lange Experiment Station , 80 9 N . E . 6th Ave . ,
Port land , OR 9 7232 .
·
Anon. Keaorandum o f understanding between tbe D i rector , Pacific Northwest
Fore s t and lange Experiment Statiq n ; the legional Forester , Forest Service ,
legion 6 ; and tbe Fo rest Supervi sor , Gifford Pi nchot NF .
S igned October 1 ,
1 9 7 4 . 5 p . On file a t : Fore a t Re sidues and Ene rgy Program , Pac i f i c No rthwe s t
Fore s t and B.anse Experiaent S tation, 809 N . E . 6t h Ave . , Po rt land , O R 9 72 32 .
e
Anon . Wind Rivar demonstration area i nventory . [ Place of publication
unknown] : [ Publi sher naae unknown] ; 19 7 7 . 7 p . On f i le at : Forest Re sidu s
and Energy Program , Pac if i c Northwe s t Forest and Rang e Experiment Stat ion,
809 N . E . 6t h Ave . , Port land , OR 9 7232 .
Ano n . S U���W ry o f research ac tivi t i e s at Trout Cree k Divi s ion., Wind River
Experimental Fo rest . ( P l ace of publicat ion unknown ] : [ Pu blisher name
unknown ] ; ( n . d . ] . 6 p . [Document prepared fo r the GMR o n June 2 0 , 19 7 8 . ) On
f ile a t : Forest b dduee and Energy Program , Pacific No rt hwe s t Fo rest and
B.aaae Bxper!Mnt Station , 809 N . E . 6th Ave . , Portland , ()R 9 72 3 2 .
Adwu , Thomas C . A l a nd aanageaent contract f o r reduc iaa logging re ddue .
Port land , O R : U . S . Department o f Agriculture , Fore s t Service , Pac ific
Northwe s t Fore s t and iaQge Experiaent Station ; 1 9 7 7 . [Draft of office
report J . On file e t : Fore s t Re sidue s and Burgy Progra , Paci f i c Northwe s t
Fo res t a nd Rause Experiment S tation, 809 N . E . 6t h Ave . , Po rt land , O R 9 7 2 3 2 .
Adame , T bou s C . Loggi ng coet s f o r e trial o f i ntendve res idue removal .
l.ee . Note PNW- 34 7 . Port land , OR : U . S . Department o f Agricul ture , Forest
Service , Pac i f i c Northwe s t Fore s t end lange Experiment Station; 1980 . 12 p .
On f i le a t : Fo rest Re sidues a nd Energy Program , Pacific Northwe st Fo rest and
huge Experiment Station , 809 N . E . 6th Ave . , Port land , OR 97232 .
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Adaas , T b.oma s .£ . Managing logging residue under the t imber sale contract .
Res . Note PNW-348 . Port land , OR : U . S . Department of Agriculture , Forest
S ervice , Pacific Northwest Forest and Range Experiment S tation ; 1980 . 1 2 p .
On f i le at : Forest Re sidues and Energy Program , Pacific Northwe st Forest and
Range Experiment Station , 809 N . E . 6th Ave . , Portland , OR 97232 .
Allyn , W . J . Climatological dat a , Wind Rive r weather station, 1911-1940.
[ Place o f publication unknown) : ( Publisher name unknown ] ; 1941 February 15 .
23 p.
Bransfo rd , Loyd ; with Munger , T hornton T . Format ion o f knots in Douglas f i r .
Re s . Not e 2 7 . Port land , O R : U . S . Department o f Agriculture , Forest Service ,
Pacif ic Northwest Fo rest and Range Experiment S tat ion ; 1 9 39 : 6 . On f ile at :
Rdsea rch Information Service s , Pacific Northwe s t Forest and Range Experiment
Stat ion, 809 N . E . 6t h Ave . , Port land , OR 9 7 232 .
B riegle b , P . A . New data o n Douglas-f i r sav-tiaber growth . Re s . Note 3 1 .
Port land , OR: U . S . Department o f Agr iculture , Forest Service , Pacific
Northwes t Forest and Range Experiment Statio n ; 1940 : 3-4 . On file a t :
Re search Inf ormation Services, Pacific Northwest Forest and Range !xperiment
Stat io n , 809 N . E . 6th Ave . , Port land , OR 9 72 3 2 .
Bryant , Floyd G . A eurvey o f t he Co lumbia tive r and i t s t ri butaries with
special reference t o i t s f i s hery resources : 2 . Washington s t reams f rom the
mouth of the Co lumbia River to and i ncludina t he Kl ickitat River ( a rea I ) .
Spec . Sci . Rep . 2 . Washington , DC : U . S . Department o f the Interior , Fish and
.
Ser"!ice ; 1 9 49 : 33- 3 7 .
Wildlife
·
Bullard , W . E . Some references on watershed management . Re s . Note 6 3 . Po rt land ,
OR : U . S . Department o f Agriculture , Fore s t Service , Pacific Northwest Forest
and Range Experiment Station; 1 9 50 . 26 p . On f i le at : Research Informat ion
Service s , Pacific Northwe s t Forest and Range Experiment Station , 809 N . E .
6th Ave . , Po rt land , O R 9 7232 .
Bullard , William K . Work p lan for e stablishaent o f P . S . P . 102 , Wind River
Natural Area , ccimprising growth , mortality , and ground cover study plot s .
Port land , OR: U . S . De partment o f Ag riculture , Forest Service , Pacific
Northwe s t Forest and Range Experiment Station ; 194 8 . [Office report ] . On
f ile wit h : R . R . S i len, Pac if ic Northwe s t Forest and Range Experiment
Station , Forest ry Scienc e s Laborato ry , 3200 Jef ferson Way , Corvalli s , OR
9 7331 .
Carki n , Richard E . An excerpt o f t he s tudy plan on t he growth & yield of
no bl e f t r (Abies procera Bebd . ) . Study plan 12 51-IEC-1 . Portland , OR: U . S .
Department o f Agriculture , Forest Service , Pacific Northwe st Forest and
Range Experiment S tation ; 197 6 . 6 p . [Office report ] . On file at : USDA
Forest Service , Wind tiver Ranger S tation, Careon, WA 9 8610.
Child s , Thoma s W . ; Worthington , Norman P . Bea r daaage to young Douglas-fi r .
le e . Note 1 1 3 . Port land , OR : U . S . Department o f Agricultu , Fo rest Se rvice ,
Pac if i c Northwest Fore s t and RaDge Experiment Station; 195 5 . S p . On f i le
at : Research Inf ormation Services , Pac ific Northwe s t Fo rest and Range
Experiment Statio n , 809 N . E . 6th Ave . , Port land , OR 9 7 23 2 .
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Cowli n , Robe rt JtJ . Federal f ore s t re search i n the Pacif i c Northwest . Po rt land
OR : U . S . Department of Agriculture , Forest Service , Pac ific No rthwe s t Fore s t
and Range Experiment Statio n ; 197 3 . 54 9 p . ' [Of fice document ] . On file a t :
Re search Inf ormation Service s , Pacific Noru we st Forest and Range Experiment
Stat ion, 809 N . E . 6th Ave . , Port land , OR 9 1 2-JZ .
: > i��l;.t;: ..
i:>p ent and site e s t imate s
Curt is , Ro bert 0 . ; Re ukema , Donald L . Crown <f.
i n a Dougla s-f i r plantation spacing test . Fo r·; ' Sc i:. 16( 3 ) : 287-301 ; 197 0 .
Available f rom : WESTFORNET , Fore st Re sourc e s Li brarY AQ-1 5 , University o f
Was hington , Seat t le , WA 9819 5 .
DeGroote , L . H. ; Zaayer , C . V . Wind River Experimental Forest t imber
survey report--19 3 5 . Portland , OR : U . S . Department of Agriculture , Fore s t
Se rvi ce , Pacific No rthwe s t Forest and Range Experiment S t at i o,J) ; 1935 . 33 p .
On f i l e at : Fore s t Re s idue s and Energy Program , Pac ific No r.th,ea t ¥ore s t and
Range Experiment S tation, 809 N . E . 6th Ave . , Port land , OR 9 7'2.··3;,2':
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Doig , Ivan . Early f o re s t ry re search : a history o f the Pacific Noft. we.st· Fore st
& Range Experiment S tation, 1 9 2 5-1 9 7 5 . Port land , OR : U . s . Department o f .
Agriculture , Fore s t Service , Pacifi c Northwe s t Fore st and Range Expe rime nt
S t ation; 1977 . 35 p . On f i le at : Research Info rmat ion Se rvices , Pacific
Northwe s t Fore s t and Rang e Experiment Station , 80 9 N . E . 6th Ave . , Port land ,
OR 97232 .
Eve r so le , Ke nneth R . Be tter marking means cheaper pruning . Re s . Note 87
Port land , OR : U . S . D partment o f Agriculture , Fore s t Service , Pacific
No rthwe s t Forest and Range Expe riment Station ; 1 9 5 3 . 4 p . On f i le at :
Re search Inf ormation Service s , Pacif i c Northwe s t Fore s t and Rang e Experiment
I
Station, 809 N . E . 6th Ave . , Po rt land , OR 9 7 232 .
Eversole , Kenneth R . Spacing test s i n a Dougla s-f i r plan ation . For . Sc i .
1 : 14-18 ; 1 9 55 . Available from : WESTFORNET , Forest Re sburces Li brary AQ-1 5 ,
i
U nive r sity o f Washingto n , Seat tle , WA 9819 5 .
I
Eve rsole , Ke nneth R . ; S t eele , Ro bert W . Report on t e st o 'f X-ray t reated s eed
at Wind Rive r . Po rt land , O R : U . S . Depa rtment o f Agriculture , Fore s t Servic e ,
Pac if ic No rthwe s t Fores t and Range Experiment S tat ion ; !, [ n . d . ] . 5 p . [ O f f ice
report ] .
Frankl in, Jerry F . Wind River Re sea rc h Na tural Are a . In : Federal Re search
Natura l Area s in Oregon and Washington : a guidebook fo r scientist s and
e ducators . Port land , O R : U . S . Department of Agr iculture , Forest Service ,
Pac if i c No rthwes t Fore s t and Range Experiment S t ation ; 1971 : WR-1 t o WR-1 3 .
On f i le at : U SDA Fore s t S e rvice , Wind Rive r Ranger S t ation, Ca rson, WA 9 8 610 .
1:1 Hale , Charle s E . Some o bservat ions on soi l freezing in fore s t and range land s
o f t he Pacific Northwe st . Re s . Note 66. Po rt land , OR : U . S . Department o f
Ag riculture , Fore s t Service , Pacific No rthwe s t Fore s t and Range Experiment
Station ; 1 9 50 . 17 p . On f i le at : Re search Information Service s , Pacific
No rthwes t Fore s t and Rang e Experiment Statio n , 80 9 N . E . 6th Ave . , Port land ,
O R 9 7 232 .
Ha rring ton , Constance A . ; DeBe l l , Dean S . S tudy p lan : Trout Creek
Hill--re search plantation e stablishment . Po rt land , O R : U . S . Depa rtment o f
Ag riculture , Fores t Service , Pac ific Northwe st Forest and Range Experiment
S tatio n ; 1 97 8 . 2 7 p . [ Review draf t of off ice report ] . On file a t : USDA
Fore s t Servi ce , Wind River Ranger S tation, Carson, WA 9 8610 .
6
Kolbe , E . L . w wi t h Munge r , T . T . The Wind River Arboretum f rom 1912 to 193 2 .
Port land , OR : U . S . Department of Agri culture , Fo rest Se rvice , Pac ific
Northwe s t Fores t and Range Experiment Statio n ; 193 2 . 2 2 p . [Office report ] .
On f i le at : Re search Inf ormat ion Service s , Pacific No rthwe s t Forest and
Range Experiment S t at io n , 809 N . E . 6t h Ave . , Port land , OR 9 7 2 3 2 .
Kumme l , Julius F . ; Rindt , Charles A . ; Mung e r , Thornton T . Forest p lant ing i n
t he Dougla s-f i r reg io n . Portland , OR : U . S . Depa rtment o f Agriculture , Fore s t
Servi ce ; 1944 . 1 5 4 p . On f i le wi t h : W . I . S tein, Pacific No rthwe st Fore s t
and Range Experiment Station , Fore s t ry Science s Laboratory , 3200 Jefferson
W y , Corvalli s , OR 9 7 331 .
McMi llan , B i ll . The Wind ltive r c ontroversy . Salmon Trout Steelheader . 1981
June-July : 6-9 .
McMi llan, B i ll . The Wind Rive r controve r sy : part I I . Salmon Trout Stee lheader .
1 9 8 1 August-September : 4 9- 5 1 .
Ma cS i urtain, Mairtin. Wind River Ranger Di stric t , Ca rson, Washing t on , U . S . A .
I ri s h For . 3 6( 1 ) : 1 9-24 ; 197 9 .
Ma tt hews , Donald N . Beware o f rotten wood . Re s . Note 2 7 . Port land , OR :
U . S . Department o f Agricult ure , Fore s t Service , Paci f i c Northwe s t Fore s t and
Range Experiment S tat ion; 1 9 39 : 7 . On f i le a t : Re searc h Info rmat ion
Se rvice s , Pac i f i c No rthwe s t Fore s t and Range Experiment Station , 80 9 N . E .
6t h Ave . , Po rt land , O R 97232 .
Ma tthews , Donald N . Ef fect of s hape , dens ity , and methods of exposure of f ue l
mbisture i ndicator s t i ck s . Re s . Not e 3 0 . Port land , OR : U . S . Department of
Agriculture , Fores t Service , Pac if ic No rthwe s t Forest and Range Experiment
Statio n ; 1940 : 1-4 . On f i le a t : Re search Information Service s , Pacific
Northwest Fo re st and Range Experiment Stat ion, 809 N . E . 6th Ave . , Po rt land ,
OR 9 7 232 .
Me ag her , George S . Timber management researc h . In : Annual report : 1 9 6 3 ,
t he f ifty and f i f t ie t h yea r ( s ) . U . S . Depa rtment o f Agriculture , Fore s t
Service , Pacific Northwe s t Fore s t and Range Experiment S tation ; 1 9 64 : 1- 3 .
O n f i l e a t : USDA Fore s t Service , Wind Rive r Range r S t ation, Carson, WA 98 610 .
Hi lle r , R . E . ; Pienaar , L . V . Seven-year response o f 3 5-year-old
Douglas-f i r to ni t roge n f e rt i lizer . Re s . Pap . PNW-16 5 . Port land , OR : U . S .
Department o f Agriculture , Fore s t Service , Pacific Northwes t Forest and
Range Expe riment Statio n ; 197 3 . 2 4 p . On file a t : USDA Fore s t Service , Wind
Rive r Ranger S t at ion, Ca rson, WA 9 8610 .
Mi ller , Richa rd ; S i le n , loy . Proposal : Wind River Experimental Fore st .
Port land , OR : U . S . De partment o f Ag r iculture . Fo re st Service , Pacific
No r thwes t Fore s t and Range Experiment Statio n ; June 1 0 , 1968 . 4 p . [Fina l
draft o f o ff i ce report ] . On f i le a t : Forest Re sidues and Energy Program ,
Pac i f i c Northwe s t Fore s t and Rang e Experiment Stat ion , 80 9 N . E . 6th Ave . ,
Port land , OR 9 723 2 .
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Miller . Ri chard E . ; Beukema . Donald L . S tudy plan : comparative e ffect s of
ammonium nit te and urea f e rt ilize rs on 5 2-year-old Doug las-f ir within a
g radient o f ni t rogen deficiency . Port land , OR : U . S . Department o f
Ag ri culture , Forest Service , Pacific No rt hwest Forest and Range Experiment
S t at io n ; 197 8 . 2 7 p . [ Review draf t o f office report ] . On file a t : USDA
Fo re st Servi ce , Wind Ri ver Ranger Station. Ca rson. WA 98610.
Morri s , William G . E f fec t o f ground surface and height o f exposure upon fue l
moi sture i ndicator s t ick value s . Re s . Not e 3 0 . Port land , OR : U . S . Department
o f Agriculture . Fore s t Service . Pacific Northwe s t Fore s t and Range
Experiment Stat ion ; 1940 : 5-6 . On f i le at : Re searc h Informat ion Servi ce s ,
Pac ific Northwe s t Fore s t and Rang e Experiment Station , 809 N . E . 6th Ave . ,
Port land , OR 9 72 3 2 .
Mo rri s , William G . ; S i leo, R . R . ; I rg ens-Molle r , H . Consistency of bud
bursting i n Dougla s -f i r . J . Fo r . 5 5 ( 3 ) : 208-210 ; 195 7 . Avai lable f rom :
WESTFORNET , Forest Re sourc e s Li brary AQ-15 , University o f Washington,
Seat t le , WA 9 819 5 .
Mo rse , J . Edwin. An e conomic model for optimum i nitial spacing i n f o rest
plantation s . Syracuse , NY : State University College of Fores t ry , Syracuse
Uni ve r sity ; 1 9 62 . 2 2 6 p . M . S . t he si s . Avai lable f rom : WESTFORNET , Forest
Re source s Library AQ-1 5 , University of Washingto n , Seatt le , WA 9819 5 .
'
Munger , T . T . The Wind River Arbore tum f rom 1912 t o 1947 . Ar bor . Bul l .
University o f Washing to n , Arboretum Foundatio n ; Fall 194 8 ; 9 ( 3 ) : 1 1-1 5 .
Munger , Thornton T . Re cent growth record s o f Doug las-f i r s t and s . Re s .
Not e 34 . Portland , O R : U . S . Department o f Agriculture , Forest Service ,
Pacific Northwe st Fore s t and Range Experiment Station; 1946 : 9-1 0 . On f i le
a t : Re sea rch Information Service s , Pacific Northwe s t Forest and Range ·
Experiment Station, 809 N . E . 6th Ave . , Port land , OR 9 7232 .
Munger , Thornton T . The spacing i n plantations . Re s . Note 3 4 . Port land ,
OR : U . s . Department o f Agriculture , Forest Service , Pacific Northwe st F o rest
and Range Expe riment Statio n ; 1 94 6 : 3-4 . On file a t : Re search Informat ion
Service s , Pacific No rt hwe s t Fo rest and Range Experiment S tation, 809 N . E .
6th Ave . , Port land , OR 9 7 2 3 2 .
Munger , Thornton T . , c ollab. Growth of ten regional races o f ponderosa pine in
six p lantations . Re s . Not e 3 9 . Port land , OR : U . S . Department of Agriculture ,
Forest Service , Pacific No rthwest Forest and Range Experiment S tation; 1 94 7 .
4 p . On file a t : Re search Information Service s , Pacific Northwe s t Fore s t and
Rang e Experiment S t at ion. 8 09 N . E . 6th Ave . , Port land , OR 9 7232 .
Munger , Thornton T . The Wind Rive r Arboretum f rom 193 7 t o 194 6 : progre s s
re port no . 3 . Port land , OR : U . S . Department o f Agr iculture , Fore st Service ,
Pac ific Northwe s t Fore s t and Range Experiaent Statio n ; 194 7 . 2 5 p .
Munger , Thornton T . ; Ko l be , Ernest L . The Wind Ri ve r Arbore tum from
1 9 1 2 to 1932 . Po rtland , OR : U . S . Depa rtment of Agriculture , Fore s t Servic e ;
1 9 32 . 2 2 p . Available f rom : WESTFORNET , Fo rest Re sources Li brary AQ-15 ,
University o f Washington , Seat t le , WA 98 19 5 .
I
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Munger , Thornton T . ; Kolbe , E rne s t L . The Wind River Arboretum f rom 1932 to
1 9 3 7 . Portland . OR : U . S . Departaent o f Agriculture , Forest S e rvice , Pacific
Northwest Fore s t and Range Exp eriaent Station ; 1937 . 15 p . [Office report ] .
On f ile a t : Re search Info ation Servicea , Pacific No rthwe s t Fo rest and
Range Experiment Statio n , 80 9 N . E . 6th Ave . , Port land , OR 9 7 23 2 .
Munger , Thornton T . Fi fty year s o f fore s t reae arc h i n the Pacific Northwe s t .
Oreg . Hist . Q . 5 6( 3) : 22 6-24 7 ; 195 5 . On f i l e at : Research I nforaa t ion
Servi ce s , Pacific Northwest Forest and Range Experiment S tation, 809 N . E .
6t h Ave . , Port land , OR 97232 .
National Science Foundat ion. Experimental ecological re serve s : a p roposed
national network. Washington , DC ; 197 7 . 40 p . On file a t : Fore s t Residue s
and Energy Program , Pacific Northwest Forest and Range Experiment S t at ion ,
809 N . E . 6th Ave . , Port land , OR 97232 .
The Oregonian. "Glacial" landslide pushe s i t s weight a round road and
line . 1978 Septembe r 24 : Bl (co l . 1) . Available from : WESTFORNET , Fore s t
Re sources Li brary AQ-1 5 , University o f Washington, Seatt le , WA 9819 5 .
Reese , Bil l . Proposed young growth aanagement i n Upper Siouxon drainage wi th
re spect to ault iple-use ; 1 9 6 6 . [Office report ] . On f i le at : USDA Fo rest
Se rvice , Wind River Ranger Statio n , Carso n , WA 98 610 .
Reid , El bert H . ; Isaac , Leo A. ; Pickford , G . D . Plant succession o n a cut over ,
burned , and grazed Douglas f i r a re a . Re s . Not e 2 6 . Port land , OR : U . S .
Department o f Agriculture , Forest Service , Pacific No rthW'f;!! st Forest and
Range Expe riment S tatio n ; 193 8 . 8 p . On f i l e a t : Research Inf o ation
Servi ce s , Pacific Nort hwest Fo rest and Range Experiment S tation, 809 N . E .
6t h Ave , Port land , OR 97232 .
Reukema , Donald L . Re port o f the Planting Creek increment-spacing s tudy ,
Wind Rive r P . S . P . 10 6 . Port land , O R : U . S . Depa rtment o f Agriculture , Fore s t
Servi ce , Pacific No rthwest Fo rest and Range Experiment S tation; 1 9 59 . 1 0 p .
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Reukema , Donald L . Some recent deve lopments i n t he Wind liver Douglas-fir plantation spacing test s . Re s . Not e 167 . Port land , OR : U . S . Department of Ag riculture , Forest Service , Pacific Northwe s t Forest and Range Experiment S tatio n ; 1 95 9 . 7 p . On file at : Fore s t Residue s and Energy Program , Pacific
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OR 9 7232 .
leukema , Donald L . Re sponse o f i nd ividual Douglas-fi r t rees t o re lease .
Res . Not e 208 . Portland , O R : U . S . Department o f Agriculture , Forest Service ,
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a t : Researc h Inf o rmation Service s , Pacific Northwe s t Fore s t and Rang e
Experiment S tation, 809 N . E . 6tb Ave . , Port land , OR 9 7232 .
I
Re ukema , Donald L . Report o n Wind liver P . S . P . ' s 1 3 , 14 , and 15 ( Piedmont
precommerc ial t hinning aerie s ) , 1919-19 62 . Port land , OR : U . S . Department o f
Agriculture , Fore s t Service , Pacific North e s t Forest and Range Experiment
Station; 1 9 63 . 1 6 p . [Office report ] . On f i le a t : USDA Forest Service , Wind
River Ranger Statio n , Carso n , WA 98610 .
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B.euk.ema , Donald L . Thirty year record o f stand development on Meye r ' s
thinning plot s : Wind River P . S . P . ' a 1 0 , 1 1 , 14 , 1 6 , 1 7 , 18 , 19 , 2 0 ;
1934-1963 . Port land , OR : U . S . Depart.ent o f Agriculture , Fore s t Service ,
Pac ific Northwe st Fo rest and Range Experiment Stat ion ; 1 9 64 . 16 p . , p lus
append ix . On file a t : USDA Fore a t Service , Wind Rive r Range r Station,
Carson, WA 9861 0 .
Beukema , Donald L . The yield and dens i ty a spec t . Does dense spacing really
p roduce the .est volume ? In : Proceed ing s , Weatern Fores try and Conserva t ion
Association , Weatern Reforestat ion Coordi nating Commi t tee ; [Date o f meet ing
:
unknown ) ; [ P lac e of meeting unknown ] . P o rt land , OR : Western Fore st ry and
Conservation As soc iation; 1 9 66 : 23- 26 . On f i le at : Research Informat ion
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6th Ave . , Port land , OR 9 7232 .
Re ukema , Do nald L . Growth response of 3 .5-yur-o ld , s i te
V Douglas-f ir t o
ni t rogen f ert i li ze r . Ba s . Mot e PNW-8 6 . Port land , OR : U . S . Depa rtment of
Agriculture , Forest Service , Pacific No rthwest Forest and Range Experiment
Statio n ; 196 8 . 9 p . On file a t : USDA Fore s t Service , Wind Rive r Ranger
Stat i on , Carson, WA 9 8610 .
Beukema , Donald L . Fo rty-year development o f Douglas-f ir stand s p lanted
at various spacing s . Re s . Pap . PNW-100 . Port land , OR: U . S . Department o f
Agriculture , Fo rest Service , Pacific No rthwest Forest and Range Experiment
Station ; 197 0 . 21 p . On file a t : Research Informat ion Service s , Pac i f i c .
Northwe s t Fores t and Range Experiment S tation, 809 N . E . 6t h Ave . , Port land ,
OR 9 7 232 .
Beukema , Donald L . Fifty-year deve lopment of Doug las-fir s tands p lanted at
va rious spacing s . Re s . Pap . PNW-25 3 . Port land , OR : U . S . Department of
Agriculture , Forest Service , Pac i f ic Nort hwest Fo rest and Range Experiment
Station ; 197 9 . 21 p . On file a t : Fore s t Re s idue s and Energy Program , Pac ific
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OR 9 7232 .
Silen , Roy R . Comparat ive growth of hy brid poplars and native northern black
cottonwood s . Re s . Note 3 5 . Port land , O R : U . S . Department of Agriculture ,
Fore st Service , Pacific Northwest Forest and Range Experiment S tat ion ; 1947 :
3 p . On file a t : Research Informat ion Service s , Pac i f i c No rthwe s t Fore st and
Range Experiment S tat ion, 809 N . E . 6 t h Ave . , Port land , OR 9 7232 .
S i le n , Roy R . A d i scussion o f fore s t tree s i ntroduced int o the Pacific
Northwe st . J. For . 6 0( 6 ) : 4 0 7-408; 1 9 62 . On f i le at : U SDA Forest Servi e ,
Wind River Ranger Stat io n , Caraon , WA 98 610 .
S i le n , Roy R . Regenera t ion asp e c t s of t he So-year-old Douglas-f ir heredi t y
study . In : Proceedings , 1964 annua l meeting o f Western Refore s tat ion
Coordinating Commi ttee ; 1 9 64 November 30-December 1 ; Spokane , WA . Port land ,
O R : Western Fores try and Conservat ion Assoc iatio n ; 19 64 . 4 p . On file at :
USDA Forest Servi ce , Wind River Ranger S tat ion, Carson, WA 9 8 610 .
S i le n , Roy a . A 5D-year racial study o f Douglas-f i r in western Oregon and
Was hing ton. In : Proceeding s , Western Forest Genetics As sociat ion ; 1965 .
[ P lace o f publication unknown ) : [ We stern Fore s t Gene t ic s Association ) ; 196 6 .
2 p . Abstrac t . On f ile a t : USDA Foreat Service , Wind River Ranger Station ,
Carso n , WA 98610 .
10
S i le n , Roy R . ;c" Woike , Leonard R . The Wind River Arboretum from 1912
to 1 9 56 . le a . Pap . 3 3 . Port land , OR : U . S . Department o f Ag riculture , Forest
· Se rvice , Pacific Northwe a t Forest and Range Experiment Station; 1959 . 50 p .
t ion Service s , Pacific No rthwest Forest and
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Range Experiment Station , 80 9 N . E . 6 t h Ave . , Port land , OR 9 7 23 2 .
Simso n , A . G . The Wind Ri ver f i re . Fo r . Patrolman. 1925 August 1 5 .
S imso n , A . G . Climatolog ical dat a 1 91 1- 1930 , Wind River Statio n , Washi ng ton. [ Place o f publication unknown ] : [ Publisher name unknown ] ; 1 9 31 . Sjolte-Jorgensen , J . The inf luence o f spacing o n the growth and development of
coniferous plantations . Internat l . Rev . For . Re s . 2 : 4 3-9 4 ; 1967 . On f ile
. at : Research Inf o rmation Service s , Pacific Northwe s t Fore s t and Range
Experiment Station, 809 N . E . 6th Ave . , Po rt land , OR 9 7232 .
Squillace , A . E . ; Sile n , Roy 1. . Racial variation i n ponderosa pine . For . Sci
Monog r . 2 . Washing to n , DC : S ociety o f Ame rican Foresters ; 1 9 62 . 2 7 p . On
f i l e a t : Fore s t Residue s and Eneliy Program , Pacific Northwe s t Fore s t and
Range Experiment S t a tion, 809 N . E . 6th Ave • • Port land , OR 9 7 2 32 .
,
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S taeble r , George R . Effect o f eontr9lled releas e o n growth o f individual
Douglas-f i r t rees . J . For . 5 4 ( 9 ) : . 567- 5 68 ; 1 9 56 . Available f rom : WESTFORNET ,
Fore s t Re source s Library AQ-15 , University o f Washingto n , Seatt le , WA 9619 5 .
Stae ble r , GeQrge R . Evidence o f shock f o l lowing thinning o f young Douglas- f i r .
J . For . 5 4 ( 5 ) : 339 ; 195 6 . Available from : WESTFORNET , Forest Resources
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unknown ] : [ Publisher name unknown ] ; 1 9 51 . 20 p .
Statio n Staff . Summa ry o f some o f the experiment s i n the Wind River val ley , Wind River Experimental Fo rest , Ca rson, Washington. [ Pl ace of publication unknown ] : [ Publisher name unknown ] ; 195 2 . 1 1 p . Stewart , Ronald E . ; S tein, William I . Re forestation systems for c oastal
envir9oment s : memorandum of understanding for a research and development
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Steele , R . w . Wind Rive r climatological data , 1911 t o 1 9 50 . [ Po rt land , OR :
U . S . Dep rtment o f Agriculture , Fore s t Se rvice , Pacific Northwe s t Forest and
Range Experiment S t at i on ] ; 1 9 52 . 21 p .
Steele , R . W . Cold we ather d amage s promhing apeeiea i n the Wind River
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Fore s t Service , Pacific Northwe s t Forest and Range Experiment Statio n ; 1954 .
7 P•
S t eele , l.o bert W . Light t hinning i n century-old Doug las-f i r . Re s .
Note 4 3 . Portland , OR : U . S . Department o f Agriculture , Forest Service ,
Pacif ic Northwest Forest and lange Experiment Station; 1 948 . 3 p . On f i le
at :
sea rch Inf o rmation Service s , Pacific Northwe s t Forest and Range
Experiment S tat ion, 809 N . E . 6th Ave . , Po rtland , OR 9 7232 .
11
S teele , Robe rt w. Mortality i n the Natura l Area from 1947-51 . Port land , OR :
u . s . Department o f Ag riculture , Forest Se rvice , Pacific Northwe st Forest and
Bange Expe riment Station; 19 5 1 . (Of f ic e report ] . On file with : R . R . Sile n ,
Pacific Northwest Forest and RaQie Experiment Station, Forestry Sciences
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S t ee le , Robe rt W . Thirty years o f natural regeneration on a Doug las-f ir
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Pacific Northwest Forest and Range Experiment Station; 1 9 5 1 . 7 p . (Office
report ] . On file a t : USDA Fore s t Service , Wind River Ranger Statio n , Carso n ,
WA 98610.
Stee le , Ro bert w. Increment a nd aortality i n the Wind Ri ver Natural Are a .
Report o f the 1 9 5 3 remeasureaent o f P . S . P . 102 . Portland , OR : U . S .
De pa rtment o f Agriculture , Forest Service , Pacific Nort hwest Forest and
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Re s . Not e 9 7 . Portland , O R : U . S . Department o f Agriculture , Forest Service ,
Pacific Northwest Fo rest and Range Experiment Station; 1 9 54 . 5 p . On f i le
a t : Re search lnfonaation Service s , Pacifi c Northwe s t Forest and Range
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Steele , Robert W . Growth aft e r p recoamercia l thinning i n two s t and s of
Douglas-f i r . · Re s . Note 1 1 7 . Port land , OR : U . S . Department of Agriculture ,
Fore s t Service , Pacific Northwe s t Forest and Range Experiment Station; 195 5 .
6 p . O n f i le at : Forest Residues and Energy Program , Pacific Northwest
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Steele , Ro bert W . ; Worthington, Norman P . Increment and mortality in a virgin Douglas-f i r f o rest . Re s . Not e 1 10 . Portland , OR : U . S . Department of Agriculture , Fore st Service , Pacific Nort hwest Forest and Range Experiment Statio n ; 1 95 5 . 6 p . On file a t : Research Information Service s , Pacific Northwe st Forest and Range Experiment Station, 8 09 N . E . 6th Ave . , Port land , OR 9 7232 . •
Stein, William I . ; S teele , Ro be rt W . Wind River Natural Area : growth mortality
and g round cover study . Establishment report for P . S . P . 10 2 . Port land , OR :
U . S . Department o f Agricul ture , Fo rest Service , Paci f ic No rthwest Forest and
Range Expe riment S tation ; 195 2 . [ Of f ic e report ] . On f i le with : R . R . Sile n ,
Pacific Northwest Fo rest and Range Experiment S tation, F o restry Sciences
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a lder plantatio n . For . Sci . 7 : 2 3 8-246 ; 19 61 . Ava i lable f rom : WESTFORNET ,
Forest Resources Li brary AQ-15 , University o f Washi ngton , Seattle , WA 98195 •
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. Tarrant , Iebert F . ; Mille r , Ri chard E . Accumulation of o rganic utter and soil
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U . S . Depart���en t o f Agriculture , Fore s t Service . Sunset Recreation Are a ,
Wind River Di stri c t , Re gion No . 6 , Columbia Nat ional Forest . Recreat . Guide
4a-3 . Port land , O R ; 193 5 . Available f rom : WESTFORNE T , Fore s t Resources
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Area Region No . 6, Columbia National Forest . leceat . Guide 4 . Port land , OR ;
1 93 6 . Available f rom : WESTFORNET , Fore s t Re sources Li bra ry AQ-15 , University
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400 0 , sect ions 4062 . 11 , 4062 . 12 , 4062 . 3 , 4062 . 4 , 4062 . 5 , 406 2 . 62 , 4062 . 63 ,
1966; and section 4 063 . 3 ( PNW aupp l . 4 . R-6 auppl . 109) , 19 65 . On f i le at :
Fore s t Residues and Energy Prograa , Pacific Northwe s t Fore s t and Range
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U. S . D
epartaent o f Ag riculture , Fore s t Service . Trout Cree k Hil l aanagement
plan . [ Place of publication unknown ] ; 1 9 7 5 Ausust 2 5 . 5 6 p . , p lus append ix .
On f i le a t : Fore s t Residue s and Energy Program . Pacif i c Northwe s t Forest and
Range Experiment S tation. 809 N . E . 6 t h Ave • • Port land , OR 9 7232 .
U . S . Department o f Agriculture . Fore s t Service . Interim d i rective no . 2 :
2353 . 04b--National Trail System . In : . Fo rest Service Manual , chap . 2 350 :
f o rest development trail s . ( Place o f publication unknown ] ; 197 8 . 12 p .
[ Interim d irective for R-6 aupp l . 3 1 , 7 72 3 . 2 ] . On f i le at : Fo rest Re sidue s
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for location, design, and management . In : Forest Service Manual ,
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Ave . , Po rt land , OR 9 7 2 3 2 .
U . S . Department o f Agriculture , Forest Service , Gifford Pinchot Nat ional
Forest . Wind Rive r t ree nur sery . Vancouver , WA ; [ n . d . ] . 1 7 p . On file at :
USDA Forest Service , Wind River Ranger S tation. Car son, WA 98610.
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June . 1 1 5 p . On file a t : Fore s t Residues and Energy Prograa . Pacific
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OR 9 7232 .
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River Range r Statio n , Cano n . WA 98610 .
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U . S . Department o f Agriculture , Fore s t Service , Gifford Pinchot Nationa l
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U . S . D epartment o f Agriculture , Fore s t Service , Gifford Piuchot National
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f ile at : Forest Re sidues and Energy Program, Pacific No rthwest Forest and
Range Experiment Statio n . 809 N . E . 6th Ave . • Port land , OR 9723 2 .
U . S . Department o f Agriculture , Forest Service , Gifford Pinchot Nat ional
Forest . Cowlit z planning uni t . Draft environmenta l s tatement . Vancouver , WA ;
1 9 78 August . 2 9 2 p . , plus appendix . On f ile at : F o rest Residues and Energy
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U . S . Department o f Agriculture , Forest Service , Gif fo rd Pinchot National
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appendi x . On f ile at : Fores t Re sidue s and Energy Program , Pacific Northwe s t
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U . S . Department o f Agriculture , For st Service , Gifford Pinchot National
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plus appendix. On f ile at : Forest Residues and Energy Program , Pacific
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OR 9 7232 .
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Vancouve r , WA ; 1980 . On f ile at : Forest Re sidues and Energy Program , Pacific
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U . s . Department o f Agriculture . Forest Service , Pacific Northwest Forest
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Port land , OR; 1 9 37 .
U . S . Depa rtment o f Agriculture , Forest Service , Pacific Northwest Forest and
Range Experiment Statio n . Intensive culture o f Dougla s-fi r . Port land , OR;
( n . d . J . 2 p . Brochure . On f i le at : Forest Re sidues and Energy Program ,
Pac i f i c Northwe s t Fore s t and Range Expe riment Station , 809 N . E . 6th Ave . , .
hrt land .
9 72 .
[U . S . Department o f Agriculture , Forest Service , Pacific Northwest Forest and Range Experiment Statio n ] . The Planting Creek studie s . Port land , OR; [ n . d . J . 7 p . [A packet containing d e scriptions o f s ix s tudies at Plant ing
Creek : 1 . Dougla s-f i r wid e spaci ng ; 2 . Ni trogen f e rtilize r ; 3 .
Douglas-f ir/red a lde r ; 4 . Wind River Re searc h Natural Area ; 5 . Regional
race s o f ponderosa pine ; and 6 . Dougla s-fi r plantation spacing . ] On f ile a t :
USDA Fo rest Service , Wind Ri ver _ Ranger S tation, Carson, WA 98610.
U.S . D
epartment of Agriculture , l'onuiB·t Service , Pacific Northwest
Fore st and Range Experiment S tation. Wind River Experimental Fo rest .
Portland , O R ; ( n. d . ] . 2 p . Brochure and map . On f i le at : USDA Forest
Service , Wind River Ra nger S tation, Carson, WA 98610.
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U . S . De partment o f Ag riculture , Fore s t Service , Pacif i c Northwes t Forest and
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10 p . On f i le at : Forest Re sidue s and Energy Program . Paci f ic Northwest
F ores t and Range Ezperillent Statio n , 809 N . E . 6th Ava • • Port land , OR 972 32 .
U . S . Department o f Agriculture , Forest Service , Paci f ic No rt hwe st
Forest and lange Experiaent Station. Wind River Experimental Forest near
Carson, Washing ton. Port land , OR; 1 9 51 . 20 p . Available f rom : WESTFORNET ,
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U . S . Department o f Agriculture , Fore s t Service , Pac i f ic Northwe st Forest
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1 9 1 1-1950/Pacific Northwe st Forest and Range Experiment Stat ion. Po rt land ,
O R ; 195 2 . 21 p . Avai lable from : WESTFORNET , Fore s t Re source s Library AQ-15 ,
Unive r sity o f Washiaaton. Seatt le . WA 9 81 9 5 .
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and Range Experiment Station. The 1 9 1 2 Douglas-f i r hered ity study . In :
Annual report : 196 3 , the f ifty and f i f t ieth year( s ) . Portland , OR; 1964 :
4-7 . On f i le at : U SDA Forest Service , Wind River Ranger Stat ion . Ca rson, WA
9 8610 .
U . S . Department of Agriculture , Forest Service , Pacific Northwest
Forest and Range Experiment Statio n . A p ioneer search for better kinds o f
t rees f o r the Northwest : W i nd River Arboretum . Port land , OR; 1 9 67 . 16 p .
Brochure . Avai lable f rom : WESTFORNET , Fore s t Re source s Library AQ-1 5 ,
University o f Washing ton, Seat t le , WA 981 9 5 .
U . S . Department o f Agriculture , Fore s t Service , Pacific No rthwest Fore s t
and Range Experiment S tat ion. Wind River Experimental Forest . Port land , OR ;
[ 1975 ) . Brochure .
U . S . Department o f Ag riculture , Forest Service , Pacific Northwest Forest and
Range Experiment Statio n . Stump removal t o contro l laminated root rot of Douglas-f ir . S tudy 2209 WT-7 5-1 . Port land , OR; 19 7 6 . 11 p . [Office report ] . On f ile a t : USDA Fore s t Service , Wind liver Ranger Station , Carson , WA 98 610 . U . S . Department o f Agriculture , Forest Service , Pacific Nort hwe s t Forest and
Range Experiment Statio n . Yacol t burn noble f i r g rowth & y ield plot s
( e stablishment report ) . Po rt land , OR; 1 9 7 6 . [Of f ice report ] . On f i le at :
USDA Fores t Service , Wind River Ranger Station , Carso n , WA 98610.
U . S . Depart nt of Agriculture , Forest Service , Pac if ic Northwe st Forest and
Range Experiaent Station. Wind River Arboretum . Port land • OR; 197 7 June .
[Field t rip guid e ) . On f i le a t : Forest Re $idues and Energy Program , Pacific
Northwe s t Fores t and Range B:periment Station , 80 9 N . E . 6th Ave . , Port land ,
OR 91232 .
U . S . Department o f Agriculture , Forest Service , Pacific Nortbwe&t Region.
Wind River i nterp re tive p la n . Port land , OR; 197 3 July 2 6 . 2 5 p . , p lus
append ix . On f i l• at : Fore s t Res idues and Energy Program , Pacific Northwest
Forest and Range Experiment Station, 809 N . E . 6th Ave . , Portland , OR 9 7 2 3 2 .
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u . s . Depa rt.ent o f Ag riculture , Fore s t Service , Pac i f i c Northwe s t Fore s t
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f ile at : Re search Inf ormation Servic e s , Pacific No rthwe s t Fo rest and Range
Experiment Stat ion , 809 N . E . 6 t h Ave . , Port land , OR 97232 .
U . S . Department of Agriculture , Fo re s t Service , Pac i f ic No rthwe st Region .
Insec t & d i sease evalua t i o n plot s . Po rt land , O R ; 197 7 . 16 p . [ Of f ic e
re po rt ] . On f i le a t : U S DA Fo re s t Service , Wind Ri ve r Ranger S tatio . Ca rson ,
WA 98610 .
U . S . Department of Agriculture , Forest Service , Wind River Range r
D i s t rict . Experiment a l s t ud ie s , Wind Rive r R . D . , Carson , WA . ( Va rious
dates ] . ( Black note books l i s t i Qg re search s t udies by area , s tudy numbe r ,
t i t le , and subjec t . Not e books also contain a f e w publicat ions resulting f rom
s ome of the s tud ie s . One note book. for Panthe r Creek, Plant ing Creek , a.nd
Upper Wind liver a rea s . The second f o r Martha Cree k and Trout Creek a rea s . )
On f ile a t : USDA Fo re s t Service , Wind liver Ranger S tation, Carson, WA 9 8610.
U . S . Department of Agriculture , F ores t Service , Wind live r Rang e r Dis t ric t ,
Gif f o rd Pi nchot Na t io na l F o re s t . S tudy p lan ( C 6 . 3 1 2a , C 6 . 9 ) : Trout Creek
H i l l t imbe r sale . Carso n , VA; 197 5 Apri l 1 7 . 1 9 p . [Addendum to t imber sa le
c ontrac t ] . On f i le a t : F o re s t Re sidue s and Energy P rogram , Pac i f ic No rthwe s t
F o re s t and Range Experiment S t a t io n , 809 N . E . 6 t h Ave . , Port land , OR 9 7 2 3 2 .
Wa hle , R . H . ; C haney , E . E s tablishment o f non!ndigenous runs of spring
c hi nook ealmo n , Onc o r hynchus t sawyt scha , i n the Wind Rive r drainage of the
Columbia Rive r , 1 9 55-6 3 . F i sh . Bull . , U . S . Na t l . Ma rine Fi sh. Se rv .
Was hi ng to n , DC : U . S . Governmen t Printi ng Offic e ; 19 81 Jul y ; 7 9 ( 3 ) : 507-51 6 .
Available f rom : WESTFORNET , F o re s t Resourc e s Li brary AQ-15 , Uni versity o f
Was hi ng to n , Sea t t le , WA 9 81 9 5 .
Wa shing ton S tate De partment o f Galle . Wind River management p lan . Vancouve r ,
WA ; 1 98 1 . 1 6 p .
Wa shing ton Wood land Counc i l . E a r ly t hinning i n Douglas f i r wood land s . Ext .
C i rc .
318 . Pullma n , WA : Was hington Stat e University , Ins t i tute of
Ag ricultural Scienc e s , Extension S ervice ; 1961 . On f i le a t : F o rest Re sidue s
and Ene rgy Program , Pacifi c Northwe s t Fore s t and Range Experiment Station,
809 N . E . 6t h Ave . , Po rt land , OR 9 72 3 2 .
Williamson , Ric ha rd L . Thinning re sponse i n 1 1 ()-yea r-o l d Douglas-f i r . Re s .
Not e PNW-3 6 . Po rt land , O R : U . S . Department o f Ag r icult ure , Fo rest Service , .
Pac i f i c No rthwe s t Fore s t and Range Experiment S t a t i o n ; 1966 . 7 p . On f i le
a t : Re search Inf o rma t ion Se rvi c e s , Pacific No rt hwes t Fo rest and Range
Expe ri��ent Statio n , 80 9 N . E . 6t h Ave . , Port land , OR 9 7 2 3 2 .
W i ll i s , C . P . ; Hoffman , J . V . A s tudy o f Doug las-f ir seed s . Proc . Soc .
Am . F o r . 1 0( 1 ) : 141-164 ; 1 91 5 . Ava i la bl e from : WESTFORNET , Fore s t Resource s
Li bra ry AQ-15 , Unive r s i ty of Washi ngton, Seat t le , WA 9 81 9 5 .
W i l li s , C l a re nc e P . The preservative t reatment o f farm t imbe r s . Farme r ' s
Bu l l . 387. Wa shing ton, DC : U . S . De pa rtment o f Agr iculture ; [ n . d . ) . Available
f ro m : WESTFORNE T , Fore s t Re source s Library AQ-15 , Unive rs i t y of Washing ton,
Seat t le , WA 9 81 9 5 .
.-1. 6
Wi l li s , Clare nc e P . The contro l o f rodent s i n f ie l d seeding . I n :
Proceeding s , Society o f American Fo re s t e rs . Washington, DC : Society o f
Ame rican Fore ster s ; 1 9 14 ; 9 : 3 6 5-37 9 . Ava i lable from : WESTFORNET , Fore s t
Re sourc es Li brary AQ-15 , Unive r s i ty of Washing t on , Seat t le , WA 9819 5 .
Wi l li s . Clarence P . Inc ident a l result s o f a s tudy o f Dougla s-f i r seed in
the Pac ific No rthwe s t . J. F o r . 1 5 ( 8 ) : 9 91-1002 ; 191 7 . Available f rom :
WESTFORNET , Fore s t Re source s Li brary AQ-1 5 9 University o f Was hing t o n ,
Se at t le , WA 9 81 9 5 .
Wo r t hi ng ton, Norman P . Luaber-grade recovery f rom 1 10-year-old Doug la s-f i r
t hinning & . Re s . Not e 12 1 . P o rt land , O R : U . S . Depa rtment o f Agriculture ,
Fore s t Service , Pac i f ic Nort hwes t Fo rest and Range Expe riment S tation; 1 9 55 .
6 p . On file a t : Fore s t Re s idue s and Energy Program , Pac ific Northwe st
Fo re s t and Range Experiment S t a t ion, 809 N . E .
6th Ave . ; Po rt land , OR 9 7 2 32 .
Worthing to n , Norman P . Labo r requ i rement s i n thinning Dougla s-f i r and wes tern
hemlock on t wa Experimental f o re st s in wes t e rn Waehington. Re s . Note PNW-4 3 .
Port land , O R : U . S . Department o f Agriculture , Fore s t Service , Pac ific
Northwe s t Fore s t and Range Experiment Station; 1 9 6 6 . 12 p . On f i le at :
Fore s t Re sidue s and Energy Program , Pac i f i c Northwe s t Fore s t and Range
Experiment S t a t i o n , 809 N . E . 6t h Ave . , Port land , OR 9 72 3 2 .
Wright . Erne s t ; Tarrant , Robert F . Occurrence of myc orrhi zae after loggi ng
and s lash burning in t he Douglas-f i r f ores t t ype . Re s . No te PNW-1 60.
Port land , OR : U . S . Department o f Agriculture , Fore s t Service , Pac ific
No rthwe s t Forest and Range Experiment S t at i on; 1 9 58 . 7 p . On f i le a t : F o rest
Re sidue s and Energy Program • Pac i f i c Northwe s t Fore s t and Range Expe riment
Station, 809 N . E . 6th Ave . , Port land , OR 9 7 23 2 .
Ye rke s , Vern P . Wind Rive r Natura l Are a ( P . S . P . 10 2 ) mo rt a li t y 1957-5 9 .
Po rt l and , OR : U . S . Department o f Agriculture , F o re s t Se rvic e , Pacific
No rthwe s t Fore s t and Range
xpe riment Statio n ; 195 9 . [ Office repo rt ] . On
f il e wi th : R. R . S i le n , Pac i f ic No rthwes t Fo rest and Range Experiment
S t a t io n , Fores t ry S c ie nce s Labora to ry , 3200 Jef f e rson Way , Corva l li s , OR
9 7331 .
Ag
Yerke s , Vern P . Growth a f ter t hinning in l lo-year-o ld Doug las-f i r . Re s .
riculture , Fore s t Servic e ,
Note 18 9 . Portland , OR : U . S . Department o f
Pac i f ic No rthwe s t Fo re s t and Ra nge Experiment S ta t i o n ; 1 9 60 . 3 p . On f i le
a t : Fore s t Re s idue s and Energy Program , Pac if i c No rthwe s t Fore s t and Range
Experiment S tat io n , 809 N . E . 6 t h Ave . , Po rt land , OR 9 7 2 3 2 . ppe n d ix Forest-wide Standards/G u idel i nes
a n d Management Strategi es
Table of Conte nts
I N TRODU CT I ON
I.
II.
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· .\: \1. \ l.
. · y£Y.t .
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R e c r e a t i on •
W i l d l i f e and F i s h
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Range
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T i mb er • • • . • • •
W a t e r , So i l , A i r • .
M i n e r a l s and G e o l ogy
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R u r a l C on• nun i ty a n d Human Re sourc e s
L ands
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Faci l i t i es . . • • • • . • • • • • •
P r o t ec t 1 on • • • • • • • • • • • • .
R i p a r i an Areas . • • . • • • • • • • .
R e c r e a t i on O p p or t u n i ty S p e c t r um ( ROS ) .
V i s u a l Q u a l i ty Objec t i v e s
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•
R o ad Man ageme n t S c h e me s . • . • • • •
S i l v i c u l t u r a l E x am and P re s c r i pt i o n s
R e s t o c k i ng S t a n d ar d s • • • • . • • •
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4-6
6- 7
7
7-8
8- 1 0
10
1 0- 1 1
11
1 1- 12
1 2- 1 3
1 3- 1 7
1 7-20
20- 22
23-24
24-25
25-27
MANAGEMENT STRATE G I E S
·
IV.
2-3
.. '1.
FOR E S T -W I DE STANDAR DS/GU I DE L I N
III.
Page Number
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U n roaded R e c r e a t i o n ( U , J)
Roaded R e c r e a t i on ( R , D )
V i s u a l Emp h a s i s { V )
D e v e l oped R e c r e a t i on { 2 ) • • • •
S p ec i a l I n t e r e s t ( S , G , B , X , H)
W i l d a n d Scen i c R i vers ( 8 , N , 6 )
N a t i o n a l V o l c an i c Monument ( A )
O l d G rowth ( K , C )
•
• . •
•
W i l derness ( W ) •
S p o t t e d Ow l ( 0 )
W i l d l i fe Spec i a l ( I )
P i ne M ar t e n ( P )
Mo u n t a i n G o a t ( M , Q) •
P i l e a ted Woo d p e c k e r ( L )
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De e r and E l k W i n t e r R a n g e ( E , 7 ) •
T i mb e r P r o d u c t i on ( T )
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R e s earch N a t u r a l Area ( Y )
E x p er i men t a l F o r e s t ( F )
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Spec i a l P u rpose - Admi n i s t r at i v e S i te ( 3 )
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S p ec i : P ·; .... o s :- - t ! t i l i ':: ·; S i t. :; .1n
C or r i d o r s
E X I ST I N G PLANS
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28- 29
' 29-30
3 1 - 32
32-34
34-36
36- 38
38- 40
40-42
42-46
46-48
48- 49
49-51
5 1 - 53
53- 54
54- 56
57-58
58- 59
59-62
62-64
64-65
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( 4)
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66
be i nsta l led; e . g . , gaug i ng stat i ons and
i nstrument she l ters .
T I MBER
P l ann i ng and I nventory ( EOO)
2 . New roa d s and fac i l i ti es wi l l b e permitted
on ly if they contri bute to the Research
Natural Area objec t i ves . E x i sti ng roads and
fac i l i t i es may be reconstructed i f l im i ted to
the ori g i na l c l eari ng l im i t , unl es s approved
by the Stat i on Di rector.
T imber harvest wi l l not be scheduled, and other
t i mber management act i v i t i es wi l l not occur. The
only vegetat i ve man i p u l at i on p ermi tted woul d be
pos s i b l e removal fol l owi ng cat astrop h i c events
such as f i re , wi ndthrow, i nsect attac k , or
d i sease. Th i s does not prec l ude the removal of
snag s and other trees if they are a hazard to
l i fe or property.
PROTECT ION
I n i t i al Attack and Escaped F i re Suppress i on
T i mber S a l e P reparat i on ( E06)
(P08, 9)
F i rewood cut t i ng , i nc l ud i ng c ampf i re wood, wi l l
not be permi tted .
F i re s may be permi tted to burn i f they f i t i n
w i t h the object i ves of the RNA .
Treatment of Act i v i ty Fuel s ( P l l )
MI NERALS AND GEOLOGY
There wi l l be no treatment of fuel s . F i re Hazard
Reduc t i on App l i cation, no reduc t i on , shou l d be
used .
1 . Common var i ety mi neral mater i a l sources wi l l not be i nventori ed or dev e l oped . Pest Suppres i on ( P35)
2 . The deve l opment of mi neral or energy
resources wi l l not be perm i tted .
No act i on wi l l be t aken agai nst i nsects or
d i seases unl ess the outbreak threatens adjacent
resources or wou l d drast i cal ly a l ter the n atural
eco l og i cal proces ses w i th i n the RNA. When
suppress i on i s undertaken, b i ol og i ca l methods
wi l l be preferred .
·
LANDS
2)
-·
Experi m ental Forest - F
R i ghts-of-way, easemen t s , and other perm i t s not
requ i red for research or educati onal p urposes
wi l l not be permi tted i f there is a practi c al
a l ternat i ve .
Goal
FERC L i cense and Permi ts ( J03)
Manage the Experimental Forest as a center for
F orest research and demonstrati on , prov i d i ng a
vari ety of l ong-term research opportuni t i e s .
L i censes or perm i t s wi l l be recommended only when
proj ects are cons i stent w i th RNA management .
Lands Where this Strategy May Apply
W i thdrawa l s , Mod i f i cat i on s and Revocat ions ( J04 )
A l l port i ons of the W i nd R i ver Experimental
Forest except the Thornton T . Munger R esearch
Natural Area, to wh ich the Research N atural Area
Management Strategy app l i es .
The RNA wi l l be recommended for wi thdrawal under
the publ i c l and l aws .
Property Boundary L ocat i on ( J06)
L andownersh i p P l anni ng ( Jl l )
The Experimental Forest i s speci f i c a l l y s et as i de
for research essent i al to manag i ng the N at i on • s
t i mber and range resource s . I t i s adm i n i stered
by the P ac i f i c Northwest F orest and R ange
Experiment Stat i on i n cooperat i on w i t h the
G i fford P i nchot Nat i on a l Fores t .
A l l l ands wi l l be p l aced i n Ownership Category
I I , r et a i n or acqu i re .
Desi red Future Condition
RNA boundar i e s wi l l be surveyed and marked as
soon as pract ical . Post i ng of s i gn s shou l d not
c a l l pub l i c attent i on to these areas .
FAC I L IT I E S
Research acti v i ty i s apparent . Stand structure
and compos i t i on ranges from natural open i ng s to
stands of mature and ol d-growth t i mber. Roads
and trai l s provi de passenger car and foot access
to most of the Experimental Forest .
y
Transportat i on Pl ann i n , Road Construc t i on , and
Recons truct 1 on (LOl -24
1 . When approved by the Stati on D i rector,
Management and deve l opment of the forage,
recreat i on , t i mber, wi l d l ife, and water resources
temporary fac i l i t i es needed for research may
D-5 9
on E xperimental F orests wi l l be a joint
respon s i b i l ity of the Stat i on D i rector and the
Regi onal F orester . The D i rector wi l l determ i ne
whether a proposed use or occupancy i s compati b l e
w i th the research p rogram . Conf l icts between
research and any other ac ti v i t i es wi l l be
resol ved i n favor of research . F or add i t i on a l
d i rect i o n , refer t o the W i nd R i ver E xper i mental
F orest Research Management P l an.
Standards/Guidelines
RECREAT I ON
P l ann i ng (AOl )
1 . The G i fford P i nchot Nat i onal F orest and PNW
wi l l j o i ntly determ i n e the Vi s ual Qual ity and
Recreat i on Opportun i ty Spectrum objec t i ves to
be met .
The V i sual Qual i ty Obj ect i ve of Reten t i on ,
Part i al Retent i o n , Mod i f i c at i on or Max i mum
Mod i f i cat i on shoul d be met . D i rect i on
contai ned i n the Semi - P r i m i t i ve
Non-Motori zed , Semi - P r i mi t i ve Motori zed , or
Roaded Natural c l ass on the Rec reat i o n
Opportu n i ty Spectrum shou l d b e met .
Recreat i on emphas i s wi l l be subord i nate to
research needs .
2 . Research p l anners shou l d be attent i ve to the
v i sual qual i ty req u i rements of adj acent
Forest l ands .
3 . U n l ess i t i s spec i f i cal ly req u i red for
2. Trai l work shou l d usua l ly be done by the
Fore s t . Opportuni t i es shoul d be sought to
comb i ne i t with other acti v i t i e s ; e . g . ,
tra i n i ng crews i n f i re l i ne construc t i on . I t
may a l so be contracted by PNW .
Research ( A 1 9)
Opportun i t i es should be sought for both d i spersed
and deve l oped recreat i on researc h . Recreat ion
may be permi tted or encouraged if requi red to
meet spec i f i c research goal s . Refer to Prob l em
Analys i s for PNW Research Work U n i t N o . 4901 ) .
WILDL IFE AND F I SH
1 . M i n i mum Management Req u i rements for the
F orest ' s wi l d l i fe i ndi cator spec i es shou l d be
met u n l ess they conf l ict with s i gn i f i cant
researc h .
2 . A 700- acre area i n the Pan ther C reek D i v i s i on
wi l l be managed as a ded i cated ( no p l anned
t i mber harvest) spotted owl management uni t .
Th i s area i s part of a Spotted Owl Management
Area ( SOMA ) on adj acent l and . Thi s SOMA
shou l d r nai n i n tact as l ong as i t i s
req u i red to meet M i nimum Management
Requ i rements for the Forest . Th i s i ntent
shou l d be j o i nt l y revi ewed by PNW and the
Forest at l east every 10 years when the
F orest P l an i s rev i sed .
research, recreat i on use of the areas sho u l d
not b e encouraged . F i rewood/Chri stmas t ree
cut t i ng , col l ec t i ng p l ants , berryp i ck i ng ,
hunt i ng , f i sh i ng , and other act i v i t i es wh i ch
threaten research and educat i on val ues may be
d i scouraged or proh i b i ted . PNW shou l d rev i ew
recreat i on use and i ts i mp act on researc h .
The SOMA provides opportun i t i e s for research
on que s t i ons perta i n i ng to s potted owl
management . For examp l e , the f o l l owi ng
ques t i ons cou l d be exami ned :
a . T h e re l at i on s h i p of owl u s e t o stand
structure .
4 . P i c n i ck i ng and camp i ng shou l d be perm i tted i n
d e s i gnated areas only.
b . Owl movement wi t h i n the Mors e Creek
drai nage.
5. I nterpreti ve s i gns may be p l aced al ong the
c. The effects of nearby t imber h arves t i ng
on owl behavi or.
P ac i f i c Crest Trai l and e l sewhere to desc r i be
ongoi ng research projec t s .
6 . C u l tural resources and other spec i al f eatures
W i l d l i fe , F i sh, and P l ant Hab i tat Research ( C l 4)
1 . Research to determi ne the i mpact s of f i sh and
may be i nterpreted .
wi l d l i fe hab i t at man i p u l at i on shou l d be
encouraged .
U s e Adm i n i strat i on ( AOB)
Off-road veh i c l e s , i nc l udi ng snow mach i nes ,
shou l d not be permi tted .
2 . Research o n the adequacy of M i n imum Management Requ i rements for wi l d l i fe shou l d be emphas i zed . Trai l Constructi on , Reconstruc t i o n , Mai ntenance
and Operat1 on (AlO, ll , 12)
RANGE
1 . PNW and the F orest shoul d p l an trai l
reconstructi on , construc t i on , and mai ntenance
based on the expected need s of researc h .
Trai l s sho u l d b e primi t i ve u n l e s s a h i gher
standard i s requ i red by researc h .
Adm i n i strat i on and Management ( 007)
Graz i ng sho u l d be l imi ted to range research projects on tran s i tory forage areas . D-60 seed produced i s requi red by the N at i onal
F orest System. The status of the orchard
shou l d be revi ewed by PNW and the F orest at
l east each 1 0 years, when the F orest P l an i s
schedul ed for rev i s i on .
T IMBER
P l ann i ng and I nventory ( EOO)
1 . T imber harvest i ng wi l l not be sched u l ed .
T i mber harvest and s i l v i cu l tural treatments
wi l l occur as requi red for researc h .
2 . S e l ect i on of cand i d ate trees a s genet i c seed
sources shoul d be encouraged . I f poss i b l e ,
such trees shou l d have crowns w i thi n 1 0 feet
of ex i st i ng t i mber harvest areas .
2 . D i str i ct R anger wi l l ass i st PNW i n s l ash
d i sposal and reforestat i on p l anni ng to ensure
that cost of work requ i red on the
E xperimental F orest is i nc l uded in requests
for K-V f und i ng .
3 . Sel ect trees shou l d be protected .
Nursery Expans i on ( E l O)
I ntermed i ate H arvests ( E02 )
1.
2.
E xpan s i on onto the Experimental F orest wi l l not
be permi tted .
E ntry for removal of ord i nary sal vage i s
permi s s i b l e w i t h the approval of the Stat ion
D i rector. Fund i ng for preparat i on and
admi ni strat i on of these sales wi l l be f rom
the Forest ' s sal vage sal e f und .
T i mber E ng i neer i ng Research (E32)
E ncourage use, test i ng , and devel opment of new
harvest i ng systems .
I nd i v i dual tree sal vage sal es may be p roposed
by ei ther PNW or the Di strict but a l l must be
approved by the Stat i on Di rector .
T i mber Management Research ( E 33)
E ncourage use of the E xperimental F orest i n
devel op i ng improved methods for establ i sh i ng and
man i pu l at i ng timber produc i ng F orest s , i nc l ud i ng
yi e l d pred i c t i on s .
3 . R esearch p l ot s shoul d be protected .
S i l v i c ul tural Exams
& P rescript i ons
( E03)
Ut i l i zat i on Research ( E34)
The D i strict , with PNW part i c i pat i o n , shoul d
i nventory the Experimental F orest with stand
ex ams with i n f i ve years after approval of the
F orest P l an . Current Region 6 stand exams
p rocedures shoul d be used .
Research shoul d take advantage of both natural
and created opportuni t i es for uti l i zati on
researc h .
Reforestat i on ( E04 )
WATER , SOI L , AND AIR
1 . Regenerat i on wi l l be i n accordance w i t h research object i ves . I nventory (FOl )
2 . Atypical methods and sources may be used.
PNW and Forest so i l sc i enti sts shou l d joi ntly
determi ne base l i ne soi l i nventory and data need s .
T i mber Stand I mprovement ( E05)
Mon i tori ng (F09)
PNW and the D i st r i ct wi l l joi ntly p l an and
conduct al l precommerc i al t h i n n i n g .
Some research projects are desi gned to est imate
the mag n i tude of vari ous envi ronmental i mpacts .
When act i v i t i es exceed the Mi n imum Management
Requi rements for soi l , water, and a i r , the
Di strict and PNW shou l d joi ntly determi ne i f
correct i ve act i on i s needed t o protect . adj acent
resource val ues .
T i mber Sale Preparat i on (E06)
The D i strict staff wi l l ass i st PNW w i th
E xper i mental rorest t imber s a l e s .
H arvest Admi ni strat i on ( E0 7 )
1 . T h e D i strict wi l l admi n i ster t i mber s a l es on
the E xperimental F orest in consul tat i on w i t h
PNW .
RURAL COMMUN I TY AND HUMAN RESOURCES
l@h§l
Youth Conservat i on Corps Program and Vol unteers
2 . The D i strict and PNW shou l d j o i nt ly sponsor
preb i d conferences to c l ari fy
research-rel ated sale objecti ves before
contract b i d s are submi tted .
The p art i c i pat i on by vol unteers and young peop l e
i n research projects shou l d be encouraged .
Genet i c Forest Tree Improvement Program ( E09)
LANDS
1 . The F orest wi l l manage the P l ant i ng Creek
Seed Orchard in cooperat i on wi th PNW . I t i s
i ntended that the orchard shou l d remai n
i nt act as long as the genet i c al ly . superi or
R i ght-of-Way Grants for Roads and Trai l s (J02)
E xcept for those requi red for researc h ,
ri ghts-of-way, easements , and other
D -6 1
PROTECT ION
permits shou l d not be permi tted i f there i s a
prac t i c al al ternat i ve .
F i re Management P l ann i ng and Analys i s ( POl )
W i thdrawa l s Mod i f i c at i ons and Revocations ( J0 4 )
l . A cooperat i ve f i re protect i on p l an for the
Exper imental F orest shou l d be j o i ntly
prepared by the F orest and PNW .
The ent i re E xperimental F orest shou l d be
recommended for wi thdrawal f rom mi neral entry
based on a PNW statement of reasons and rat i ona l e .
2 . Prevent i on and suppress i on acti v i t i es and
pri or i t i es sho u l d be based on the threat to
sc i e nt i f i c val ues . Suppress i on Strategy C,
control , shou l d be used .
Property Boundary Locat i ons ( J06)
Boundar i es of the Experimental F orest sho u l d be
j o i nt ly determi ned and pos ted by PNW and the
D i str i ct .
GENERAL ADMINI STRAT I ON
The Forest and PNW shoul d act i vely seek
opportun i t i es to des i gn and i mp l ement control
programs .
Regi onal and F orest Level P l ann i ng ( J 2 1 , 22 )
1 . Representat i ves of PNW , the S upervi sor ' s
Off i ce , and the D i strict shou l d meet annual ly
to rev i ew the research p rogram and p l an
future operat ions i n the Experimental F orest
and i nteract i ons wi th surround i ng Forest l an d .
Special Pu rpose
Adm inistrative Site
3
Goal
2 . A forester or forestry techni c i an shou l d be
housed at the Experi mental F orest to ass i st
i n coord i n at i ng publ i c i nformat i on ,
techno l ogy transfer of researc h , and
mai ntenance and measurement of stud i es w i th
the D i str i c t . ( Note : T h e Stat i on D i rector
and Reg i on a l Forester wi l l determine who
funds thi s pos i t i on . )
Pro v i de for fac i l i t ies requ i red to accomp l i sh the
adm i n i s trat i on of the N at i onal F orest i n an
eff i c i ent manner.
La n d s Where t h i s Strategy May Apply
Exi st i ng s i tes such as R anger Stat i on s ,
eng i neer i ng zone compounds , road mai ntenance
shops and compounds , scal e stat i on s , l ookouts ,
the W i nd R i ver Nursery, seed orchards , the C i spus
Center , the Mount St . Hel ens Nat i onal Vol c a n i c
Monument Headquarters , work centers , and guard
stat i on s . Add i t i onal l ands requi red for these
and other act i v i t i es whi ch must be performed i n
order t o admi n i ster Nat i onal F orest System l ands .
3 . The D i str i ct TR I system shou l d be u sed to
record p l ot l ocat i o n s . I nformat i on shou l d b e
updated annual ly by P N W s c i enti sts.
Resource E conomi cs Research ( J30)
T he economic trade-off s of a l ternate l and
management treatments wi 1 1 be stud i ed on
appropri ate s i tes .
FAC I L IT I E S
-
Desired Future Condition
;
B u i l di ng s , road s , and other structures are quite
evi dent ; most have requi red the creat i on of
openi ng s . S i nce most o f the acti v i t i e s are
on-go i ng , structures are genera l l y permanent .
They are wel l kept , neat and orderly i n
appearance . Vegetat i on varies w i dely f rom
ornament al trees and s hrubs to stands of
old-growth t i mber .
y
Transportat i on P l ann i n , Construc t i on , and
Reconstruction {LO I - 16
l . A road management p 1 an for research projects
shou l d be devel oped by the F orest and PNW.
Other roads in the E xperi mental F orest s ho u l d
b e compat i b l e with research objectives. New
road s , u n l e s s needed to serve research needs ,
shou l d avo i d cros s i ng the Experimental F orest .
Standards/Guidelines
RECREATI ON
2 . N ew roads shoul d not be permi tted u n l e s s
approved by t h e Stat i o n D i rector. New roads
shou l d not cross PNW control areas.
Pl ann i ng and I nventory (AOl , 2)
1 . Po i nt s of i nterest s uch as c u l tural or b i o l og i cal features shoul d be i n ventori ed . P ub l i c access may b e provi ded when i t does not conf l i ct wi th the func t i ons of the adm i n i strat i ve s i te . Road Operati on ( L l 9 )
T he Road Management Object i ves ( see g l ossary)
s hou l d be revi ewed by PNW and the D i str ict
annual ly to assure compat i b i l i ty with the
research program. At a m i n imum, al l roads open
to pub l i c t ravel shou l d be managed to al l ow
passenger c ar access .
2 . The Mod i f i cat i on V i sual Qual i ty Objecti ve shoul d be met . D-62 ·1