United States Department of Agriculture Forest Service Pacific Northwest Research Station WIND RIVER EXPERIMENTAL· F REST MANAGEMENT PLAN. 1987 WI»> RIVER EXPERIMENTAL FOREST RESEARCH MANAGEMENT PLAN PACIFIC NORTHWEST FOREST AND RANGE EXPERIMENT STATION Coordinated by: Richard o. Woodfin, Jr. Dean S. DeBell Jerry F. Franklin Reviewed by: Glenn A. Cooper Deputy Director Pacific Northwest Forest and Range Experiment Station Ap proved by: Robert L. Ethington Director Pacific Northwest Forest and Range Experiment Station October 1987 TABLE OF CONTENTS Page 2 CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION CHAPTER II HISTORY CflAPTER III MANAGEMENT DIRECTION AND GUIDELINES CHAPTER IV PLANNED ACTIONS BY PNW STATION MANAGEMENT CHAPTER V FINDINGS AND KEY RESEARCH 21 CHAPTER VI PHYSICAL AND BIOLOGICAL FEATURES 42 CHAPTER VII RESEARCH PLOTS AND ACTIVE STUDIES 60 CHAPTER VIII FACILITIES 62 CHAPTER IX ROADS AND TRAILS 66 CHAPTER X EDUCATION AND INTERPRETATION 72 CHAPTER XI RESOURCES AND AREAS OF RESEARCH 80 CHAPTER XII TimbeP 82 Hatershed and Soils 92 Hildlife and Fisheries 98 Pro tection =Fire, Insects, and Disease 112 Recreation and Visual 132 Harvesting, U tilization, and Residues 136 BASIC RESEARCH APPENDIX BIBLIOGRAPHY PRESCRIPTIONS FOR tVIND RIVER EXPERIMENTAL FOREST== GIFFORD PINCHOT NATIONAL FOREST MANAGEMENT PLAN 147 WIND RIVER EXPERIMENTAL FOREST RES EARCH AND MANAGEMENT PLAN CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION Richard 0 . Woodfin , J r . , and Dean S . DeBell Fi fty years ago , 10 , 310 acres of National Fore s t land in s outh - central Skamania County , Washington ( fig . 1 ) , were officially des ignated as the Wind River Experimental For e s t (WREF) Columb ia National Fore s t (now G i fford P inchot National Fore s t ) ( fi g . 2 ) . Divided into two blocks , Trout Creek and Panther Creek D ivis ions , the acreage was selected to repres ent forest conditions and problems of that t ime . Thus , the WREF cons i s ted primarily of overmature , old - growth s tands ( 2 5 0 years or older ) , recently burned- over land , and young - growth ( 30 to 9 0 years old) Douglas - fir s tands that originated after s evere burns in the mid-1800 ' s and cutt ing in the early 1 9 00 ' s . The founding document ( I s aac 1 9 3 2 ) , s igned by the Regional Fores te r and Station Director , s tated that : I t , like many other exper imental fore s t s , is intended to serve as a center of work for research ac tivi ties appropr iate for the re gion of which it i s typ ical and as a tes ting ground for various s ilvicultural techniques . It i s s e t aside for s tudies of s ilviculture , fores t protection , ecology , and fore s t explo i tati on . The results obtained will add to the knowledge of the b e s t methods of prote c t ing , growing , harve s t ing , and renewing fore s t crops and s o promote b e tter management of the Douglas - fir type on both government and p r ivate lands . The use of this area for exper imental purpo ses to s e rve the Douglas - fir region at large transcends the normal commodity uses of Nat ional Fores t lands . A general management plan , which spec ified re spons ib i l ities as we l l as philos ophies of admini s tration and control , was prepared in 1 9 3 5 (USDA Fore s t Service 1 9 3 5 ) . S tudy plans were formulated for individual re search s i tes , and one comprehensive management p lan was made for harves t and regenerat ion of a 3 , 000 - acre b lock of old-growth timber in the Trout Creek Divis ion (USDA For e s t Service 1 9 7 5 ) . WREF has me t i t s intended purpose for many decade s; much res earch in natural regenerat ion , gene t ics , and spac ing control of Douglas-fir was concentrated at the s i te . Such s tudies have provided not only s c ient ific data for management but also on-the - ground demons trat ions of prac t ices that have become standard in the region . Al though many o f thes e p ioneering and basel ine s tudies have been maintained unt i l this day , s c i entific emphas es and management problems of the 1 9 6 0 ' s and early 1 9 70 ' s led to concentration of new Douglas-fir res earch in and around the Fore stry Science s Laborator ies at Corva l l i s and Olymp ia . Inve s t igations were concerned pr imar ily with methods of art i fic ial regeneration , vege tat ion control , and response to thinning and fert i l izat ion in s tands much younger than mos t of tho s e at WREF . Many of the s tudie s were rel tively short term and e s tabl i shed on lands of indus trial and s tate ownership . Recent changes in both s c ientific and management concerns have once again focused attent ion on WREF . One examp le of research concern is a recognized need for long-term , interdiscipl inary s tudies on many matters related to management and produc tivity o f fore s t ecosys tems . Such res earch requires a subs tantial inve s tment of s c i entific talent and funds over long periods , and 3 .---------·,.- ------- ' o 0 I I I I : -----(.=: /I "fl 27 \}: I I I I I I _.J ________ .1.---- --- - I - ----- W lngton GIFFORD PINCHOT FOREST Figure 1-Vicinity map of Wind River area in southwest Washington. I -L ------- J -- --t. WIN 0 TROUT R IVER EXPERIMENTAL CREEK COLUMBIA PAC IF"IC ,--- ----,.-R.IS E. 1 I I I I 14 I ---11 I - I l 1 : 6 I I I R.7 E. -r--- -----I r 3 I I I 1... \ i:( , I . i 4&: ... I ---- i NORTHWEST "" -" - -- .11>'"" 1 0 Ill.[ I 2 I _I -- I I I I ST -- FOREST DIVISIONS fOREST EXPE"'IUI!:NT STATION R.e L E. R.7 I : l -- I --------1 I I 12 I I ---t------I 14 I i 11 jWIHD I l II/VCR .. -- - +--l...m.'- -mi----+::::».(J i I I -i- -- L--- ---- . 1 I 32 ---- I 35 __ --- - and boun­ Fi gure 2-0riginal map of Experimental Forest Divisions Forest. da ri es within Columbia (now Gifford Pinchot) National I -- ---, I 10 A. /II& H4 MT.I L-----1 I I I 13 ----- I IQ I I I .l I I I I 3 I 12 I 31 I - ____ I I I 4 6 II - I F - -- ..,.- - - I 18 NATIONAL T. 4- N., 11\. 3., 7.,77a,l. IS E., W. U. I 7 &. PANTHER CREEK 20 __ -t I I 1 21 I ---+-29 I --- 28 I I I -- --- -- --- I I I .J I I I 13 I I i 22 ----- I I • 21 1 1 I I I ; I I I thus should be ini tiated only on lands where a high degree of protect ion and control i s poss ible . The value of WREF has been recognized nationally by The Ins t i tute of Ecology ( T I E ) as one of 6 7 s i te s throughout the Nation suitable for such work . Concurrent with recent developments in s c i ence is the shift of maj or concerns of National Forest t imber management from protect ion and harve s t of overmature , old - growth s tands to management of thrifty young plantat ions and natural s tands e s tablished s ince the 1 9 5 0 ' s when timber harves t ing increas ed . Although many exi s t ing older , unmanaged s tands are no longer typ i cal of e i ther present or anti c ipated future condit ions and problems , the WREF - - with its central locat ion , natural divers i ty of hab i tats , and long his tory of research - - remains admirably suited as a site for concentration of future research and demons tration ac t ivities in the Douglas - fir regi on . This out s tanding sui tab ility for research is true de spite que s tions that have s ome t imes been raised about environmental and biologic peculiar i ties of the Wind River Valley . The unique Columb ia Gorge environment ( for example , the windine s s , cold , and cont inental nature of the valley ) , recent vulcanism , and infer tile s oils have all been c i ted as unde s irable differences between Wind River and the " typ ical" Douglas - fir region . The Douglas - fir re gion i s , in fac t , a very heterogenous area ecologically and all of thes e attributes occur - - and are often widespread- - in the region . No s ingle locale can repres ent the whole , and Wind River is as appropriate as any other location for res earch on fore s t s of Douglas-fir and assoc iated spec ies . A much higher order of re search planning and management coordination i s needed t o maintain and , perhaps more important , t o improve WREF for research and demons trat ion needs of the future . Opportuni ties mus t not be foreclosed 4 for future inve s t igat ions in unmanaged s tands ; that i s , some s t ands of old- growth and second - growth ( now 100+ years old and beyond normal rotat ion age ) should be re tained for s tudies while the Research Natural areas will provide natural patterns and proces ses . Such s tands can serve as base - l ines agains t which to compare change s assoc iated with management ac t ivities , and also as places to s tudy e ffects of manipulations and develop prescriptions for long - term management of old- growth . Of equal impor tance is the need to create new s t ands - - an array of age clas ses , spac ings , spec ies mixtures , and so on- -to provide answers to current problems , as wel l as to serve as future exper imental areas for ques t ions ye t unasked . In addition , e s tab l i shing new s tands and applying new road- building , harve s t ing , and s i te - treatment techniques provide exce llent opportuni ties for demons trat ing nonstandard or new fores try practices at the Wind River s i te . W i th such present and long - range concerns in mind , the Director of the Pac ific Northwe s t Re search S tation assembled a team of s c ientis ts , repres ent ing the entire range of fores t resource concerns and discipline s , and charged us with develop ing a res earch and management plan for WREF . Thi s working document is the result of our e ffor t . Chap ter authors de scribe the his torical background in Chap ter I I , s ignificant findings and contributions in Chap ter V , the b iological and phys ical setting in Chap ter VI , and the current s tatus o f many s tudies (Chap ter V I I ) as the foundat ion on which to plan the future . Thi s information and the b ib l iography in Chap ter XII will also be of value to o ther researchers and fores ter s , who may contemplate us ing WREF as a s i te for s c ient ific inve s t i gat ions or workshops and meet ings . We also examine the pre s ent s i tuation and act ions relative to fac i l i t ie s in Chap ter VI I I , road and trail sys tems in Chapter IX , information - educat ion 5 ac tivi t i e s in Chap ter X, and forest resources ( s tands ) that are needed to ful ly cap i tal ize on opportuni ties avai lab le at WREF today and to prepare it for an even more us e ful future ( Chapter XI). Finally , based on the above - mentioned informat ion , we identify Management Direction and Guide l ines ( Chapter I I I ) and Planned PNW Management Ac tions ( Chapter IV) , which are cons idered e s s ential to the research goals for WREF . Thes e chap ters are at the front for readers not wishing to examine the ent ire plan . The plan is intended to document Experimental Fore s t status , provide input to the National Fore s t , be support mater ial for vis i tors , and as s i s t the ' Wind River Ranger D i s trict in management direct ion . The direction s e t by this plan i s reflected in the "Prescrip t ions " prepared for the G ifford P inchot National For e s t Management Plan . the Fore s t Supervi sor ' s office . The final prescript ions are available from A draft copy is included in th is document after the Bibl iography . We are grateful for the contributions by the authors of each chapter of thi s plan . Spec ial thanks are extended to Roy R . S i len , genetici s t , Will iam T . Stein , plant ecologi s t , and J erry F . Franklin , ecologis t , for the ir contr ibutions to , and knowledge of the WREF . 6 CHAPTER I I HISTORY Roy R . S ilen Al though a formal h i s tory of the WREF might concentrate on events after its des ignation in 1 9 3 2 , Wind River had long before become the focal po int of forest research in the Douglas - fir Region . Wind River is aptly called the "cradle of Fores t Res earch in the Pacific Northwe s t . " No other s i te in the Wes t provides so concentrated a capsule of fores try from i t s beginning to the present . Firs t exper iment s at Wind River began when a 5 - acre spot in the val ley was cleared in 1909 for a nursery ; eas tern white p ine was among the first s eed lots sown . In mos t years s ince , s ome s owings have been done for exper imental purposes . By 1 9 1 3 , p ar t of the expanded clearing was formally called the Wind River For e s t Exper iment S tation , and research activity cont inued to expand there through the next two decade s . In 1908 , a year be fore the first nursery clearing , Fore s t Service admini s tration in the Nor thwes t was reorganized . The Bureau of Fores try was decentralized with e s tab l i shment of a D i s trict Fores ter ' s Office ( later called Regional Office ) in Portland . Two s ect ions of thi s office were invo lved with research at Wind River for s everal years . The Section on Planting unde r Jul ius F . Kummel founded the nurs e ry and conducted nurs ery and regeneration s tudie s . Thes e mainly informal s tudies were documented annually in nursery reports s t i l l maintained a s a complete f i l e at the Wind River Nursery . article s in scientific j ournals reflect thi s work . Relatively few The S ection on S i lvics under Thornton T . Munger conducted formal as we ll as informal s tudies . 7 The Douglas - fir Heredity S tudy and Wind River Arbore tum , both s tarted in 1 9 12 , were formal proj ects s t i l l maintained for the ir long- term research value . Th is s e c t ion evo lved into the present Re search S tation . Organizat ionally , Fore s t Service res earch ac tivities were o fficially located at Wind River in 1 9 13 on a s i te adj o ining the nursery . Foll owing a pat tern in o ther wes tern regions , the s i te was cal led the Wind River Experiment S tation . Adminis trative control remained wi th the Dis trict Fores ter ' s office unt il 1 9 1 9 ; then research j ur i sdict ion shifted to the Washington , DC , Off ice of the Fore st Service . The Director of the Wind River Exper iment S tation from 1 9 13 to 1924 was Jul ius V . Hoffman (he used the ini tials "J . V . , " presumably to dist inguish from Jul ius Kumme l ) . The northernmos t dwe l l ing - s i te building in the pre s ent row of s tructures on the s i te was erected as the Exper iment S tation Headquarters . When the Pac ific Northwe s t Fore s t and Range Exper iment S tation ( PNW S tat i on ) was e s tab l i shed in 1924 , the Wind River Exper iment S tation became an impor tant branch location . By then , Martha Creek Flat , a 1 6 0 - acre tract adj acent to the nurs ery in the Wind River Val le ¥ , was devo ted exclus ively to exper imental use and dotted with many s tudie s . In 1 9 32 , Leo I s aac was ass igned to recommend addit ional l and in the area that would be sui table for exper imental forest de s ignation . The committee on experimental fore s t s and range s and natural areas decided in 1930 to s e t as ide an experimental fore s t for the Douglas fir type on the Co lumb ia Nat i onal Fore s t in the vic ini ty o f the Wind River Branch S tation at S t ab l e r , Washington . In accordance therewith , two areas of the surrounding c ountry we re examined and maps and a prel iminary report prepared during the past year ( I s aac 1 932) . 8 I s aac looked for old - growth s tands , young s tands , and cutovers or burns to provide ample area for experimental plots in each of thes e forest condit ions . The 1 0 , 3 10 acres propos ed by Isaac in 1 9 3 2 included the original 160 acre s . They were located in two blocks or " Divi s ions " - - Trout Creek ( fig . 3 ) and Panther Creek ( fi g . 4 ) . Original boundaries from the e s tablishment report are indicated by the shaded boundary . Solid lines represent the current boundary . The Trout Creek D ivis ion contained 6 , 500 acres of mature and overmature fore s ts , burns , and cutover lands . I t included a natural area of 280 acre s , s e t as ide in 1 9 2 6 , which was later expanded to 1 , 180 acre s . I s aac s tated that : by including the non - t imbered s e c tions b e tween the [natural area] and the Wind River S tation , the pre s ent experimental reservation and the proposed exper imental fores t will become a continuous compact unit and will include Douglas - fi r land in s everal natural s tage s , i . e , remnants of fire - killed old growth , 30 - year - old burn with varying degrees of res tocking , non - restocking brush [s tocked b rushland] , and fresh burns partially replanted . The Panther Creek D ivis ion was pr imarily second - growth Douglas - fir fore s t . I s aac made thi s spec ific po int about Panther Creek : The Panther Creek D ivis ion cons t i tutes the even- aged young growth ( 90 • year ) Douglas - fir are a . S ince there was no area near thi s age class in the Trout Creek watershed and it is a type in which much p r ivate cutt ing i s now be ing done and a s iz e at whi ch Douglas - fir will probably be cut under management , it was dec ided to include this area in the Experimental Fore s t . In total , s tands on the Exper imental Forest are cons idered typ i cal of Douglas - fir fore s t s in the Cascade Range . Formal e s tablishment of an 9 exper imental fores t as sured control over compe t ing fores t uses that might j e opardize long - te rm s tudy plots . S ince 1933 , the area's official s tatus as an Exper imental Fores t has no t changed , except for minor boundary adj us tments that brought the acreage to 10 , 8 1 5 based on map perimeter measurements as o f January 1 , 1 9 8 3 . Res earch activi ties and emphas e s have undergone changes every decade in response to nat ional and regional events . The period up to World War II was characterized by gradual expans ion of programs and fac ilities at Wind River by research pioneers in the Fore s t S e rvice . During the 1 9 30's , s everal residences and a headquar ters building were constructed under the C ivilian Conservat ion Corps ( CCC ) program , and enrollees also helped with research s tudies, Re s earch activities ebbed dur ing World War I I , but expanded afterwards wi th emphas is on t imber harves t and regeneration problems . Long- term growth and mor tal ity plots in an old- growth natural area were s oon e s tabl ished , and the dynamics of rodent populations in c learcuts and adj acent s tands were s tudied . Harve s t - cutt ing trials were ins talled in both old-growth and second - growth s tands on the Experimental Fores t, Wind River ' s role as a pr imary research location decl ined after the mid- SO ' s as programs at o ther field locations were developed and as nat ional emphas is trans ferred s c ient i s t s away from field s tat ions to s c ient ific laboratories . After 1 9 6 0 , Wind River Experimental Forest no longer had a fores ter or forestry technician in res idence , and Experiment Station buildings were trans ferred to the Wind River Ranger Distric t . S ince thert , exi s t ing and new s tudies have been adminis tered by PNW S tation proj ects headquartered at Fores try Science s Laboratories in Olympia , Corvallis , and Portland . 10 36 ( • I , Rgure 3---Trout Creek Division road locations. __ .J I WlN D RIVER EXPER I M E N TAL FOREST Figure 4-Panther Creek Division, current boundaries. An e ffort was made in the late 1 9 60 ' s to b ring the old - growth s tands on Trout Creek Hill under a management plan . Under the direc t ion of D i s trict Ranger Beal , Jon S . Bums tead completed a Trout Creek Hill Management Plan in A pr imary obj e c tive of Research and National Fores t Sys tems was to 1 9 74 . naturally regenerate the 2 , 800 - acre trac t in success ive entr ies . W i th this first entry of e i ght clearcut uni ts in 1 9 74 - 7 9 , research by Portland sc ient i s ts on forest - re s idue reduct ion was ini t iated on Trout Creek Hill . Res earch was conduc ted on methods of treating residue us ing prescribed levels of utilization . PNW S tation Olympia Laboratory s ci ent i s t s aided by the S ilvicultural and Young Adult Conservation Corps (YACC ) s taff of the Ranger District ins talled spac ing s tudie s , mixed - species plantations , and related regene rat ion s tudies on the clearcuts . Thus , regeneration methods differed from the natural regeneration envis ioned in the 1 9 74 management plan . The impact of the Wind River Experiment S tation and Experimental Fore s t on sound fores try prac t ices in the Douglas - fir Region has been great . Although mos t o f the PNW S tation's research i s now cente red elsewhere , Wind River ·always has b e en and remains the focal po int . Nursery prac tices throughout the wo rld are s t ill founded on pioneer findings from Wind River Nursery . S ilvicultural concepts and cutting prac t ices have developed out of the t ials - - and even the mis takes - - at Wind River . Re fore s tat ion methods , espec ially concepts about natural regeneration , s t ill rely heavily on data from s tudies conducted at Wind River , The gene tic s tudies s till in progres s continue to contr ibute impor tant information . Careers of many leaders in the Forest S ervice , both in research and admini s tration , were molded by research experience gained in the Wind River Valley, For example , during the 1 9 2 0 ' s and early 1 9 30 ' s , R . E . McArdle with 11 help from W . H . Meyer s tarted and fur thered growth and yield s tudies that led to the Douglas - fir yield table s . River . McArdle also did some early fire s tudies at Wind R . McArdle , L . A . I s aac , E . Wright , W . H . Meyer , T . T . Munger , and J . V . Ho fmann were also early researchers . The Wind River drainage has some unique features no t found e l s ewhere in the Cas cades: i t drains to the southeast from the middle of the mountain range , and all other drainages flow primarily we s t or eas t . I t does no t ge t the direct influence of the s trong , cool ing , marine air flows common to val l eys in the western Cascades . vio lent , turbulent winds . Proximity to the Columbia Gorge expos e s the val ley to Because of its po s i t i on deep in the Cascades , the 1 , 100 - foot e l evation at Wind River probably rece ives more ra infall and snowfall , a deeper snowpack that s tays longer , and more summer frost than i s common at the same e l evat ion i n o ther val leys we s t of the Cascade s . more c lo s e ly approach conditions at 2 , 500 fee t . ash s o i l s of the Trout Creek Divi s ion . 12 I t may Also unique are the vo lcanic CHAPTER I I I MANAGEMENT DIRECTION AND GUIDELINES Richard 0 . Woodfin , J r . , and Dean S . DeBell 1. Background- - The WREF was permanently s e t as ide to provide sufficient area for fores t -management research on land not subj ect to the r i sks , limi tat ions , and regulations assoc iated with normal National Forest sys tem management . Present and future research opportunit i e s can be improved at WREF by spec ific planning for preservation of exis t ing opportuni ties - - and creat ion of new ones . Direction- -WREF will be managed for the purpos e whi ch it was es tablished for , according to guidelines laid out and approved with this plan . The goal will be to preserve exi s t ing research opportunities while conduc t ing current s tudies and to create s tands of various s tocking , age clas s , and compos ition . The pr imary emphas is will be enhancement of present and future research opportuni ties . 2. Background . - - Forest management prac t ices change to meet new needs and conditions , and also to take advantage of new informat ion and technology . WREF provides a location to test and demons trate current and develop ing technology . Direction- - In addition to its role in providing opportunities to conduct research and develop new prac t ices , WREF will be used as a demons trat ion fore s t . In general , management activities and operations will cons i s t of those currently deemed " b es t , " as well as those potentially des irable but not ye t cons idered economically or operationally feas ible . 13 3. Background- - H i s tor ically , a research fore s ter or fores try technician has l ived at WREF . Thi s person was concerned with plot remeasurement , conduc ting tours , mainta ining fac i l i t ie s , and in general looking after research intere s ts in cooperation with the Wind River Ranger D i s trict ( WRRD ). Field crews working on the WREF need lodging and o ther support . D irec t i on- -A j o intly funded ( PNW , R - 6 ) fores ter pos i t ion is proposed for WREF and a res idence , such as no . 1054 made available . PNW S tation will ask that bui lding no . 1319 be made ava ilable , and plans will be deve loped to remodel it for crew quarters in l ine with architectural l imi tations . ( Building numbers refer to Region 6 property codes . ) 4. Background - - Forest Service sc ient i s ts are located at l aborator ies and s i tes throughout the PNW S tation territory . Research opportuni ties and needs vary by locat ion and prob lem ; however , the opportuni ties afforded by WREF can be further enhanced by incre ased res earch act ivi ty . Direction- - The PNW S tation Director will encourage sc i ent i s ts to use WREF more ful ly , especially for long- term s tudies and interdi s c ip l inary res earch ; those propos ing new research e fforts wi l l be ur ed to cons ider us ing WREF . 5. Background - - Acce s s ib i l i ty in the WREF i s e s sent ial for e ffective management , protect ion , and use for rese arch , s o the system o f roads and tra ils mus t be improved and maintained . Direction- - PNW S tat ion wi l l cooperate with the WRRD as they provide for WREF roads and trai l s maintenance , rebuilding , or improvements , whi ch requires that PNW S tat ion as s i s t in locating routes be fore D i s trict land-management ac tivities , such as t imber s al e s , thinning , spur - ro ad gating , or c l o sure , are be gun . Abandoned trails will be reopened as s oon as pos s ible . 14 As a gene ral pract ice , new roading will no t cross the de s i gnated sub divi s ion control areas. New roading requires approval from the PNW Research Stat ion Direc tor . 6. Background - - Trout Creek and Panthe r Creek Divis ions are each unique , and can provide di fferent research opportuni t ies and contro l ( nonentry) areas . Addit ional informat ion is needed to de s i gnate subdivis i ons and control areas with in each D ivis ion , and to plan and manage WREF more effectively . Direction - - Appropr iate bas e l ine resourc e - inventory information will be collected to provide a s ound bas is for describ ing parcel s of the WREF and planning the ir management . 7. Background - - WREF and vicinity has been the location of maj or advancement in fores try research , fore s t management , and nursery management for nearly 75 years . That record needs to be told more effectively and the learning ( I&E ) opportunities for vi s i tors expanded . Direction- - S igning , written material , and general interpret ive information wi l l begin to be updated by 1 9 8 5 and at 5 - ye ar interval s . In addi tion , the shared position referred to in i tem 3 will have a port ion of time dedicated to I&E work . Recommendati on in Educat ion and Interpretation , Chapter X, will be evaluated and imp lemented as funding is availabl e . 8. Background - - Res earch s i tes throughout the WREF wi l l often be adj acent to £Xist ing plots , National Forest boundar ies , planned harve s t s i tes , or contro l areas . Dire c t ion - - S tandard prac t ice for WREF land will be to provide buffers around new research s i tes rather than l ocate such s i tes at boundaries and attempt to provide "pro tection" with additional non - WREF land as was done in 1983 with a 2 50 - fo o t buffer s trip around the eas t s ide of the Thornton T . Munger Re search Natural Area . 15 9 . Background - - The WREF is fully bounded by National Fore s t land that mus t be managed to mee t numerous legis lated requi rements of use and development . Because of the proximity of commercial timber operat ions and numerous po tential impac ts , some guide l ine s are e s s ential to protect research inves tments now and in the future . Direction - - A maj or effort will be made t o l imit nonres e arch - re lated ac tivities on WREF . Th i s requires s trong support from the GPNF Supervi sor and the D i s trict Ranger at Wind River . These l imited ac tivi ties wi ll inc lude mine ral entry , off- road vehicle use , firewood cutting , plant removal , Chr i s tma s - tree cutt ing , trails or road bui lding to meet D i s tr i ct t imber sale needs , rights - of-way spraying , and trapping of fur bearers . Some t ime s any or all o f the s e ac tivi t i e s may be de s irable , but an intentional dec i s ion- -with research cons iderat ions pr imary - - will be made before such ac t ivi t i e s can be undertaken . Any such ac t ions as gating on spur roads must be ful ly explained to the public . 16 CHAPTER IV ACTIONS PLANNED BY PNW STATION MANAGEMENT Dean S . DeBell , and Richard 0. Woodfin , Jr . Recommendations were made by authors of each s e ct ion of this plan on dec i s ions , act ions , or changes needed to fully use the s c ient ific opportunities available at WREF . Thes e sugges tions ranged from maj o r dec i s i ons to be made by the S tat ion D i rector to the preparation of spec ific s tudy plans . S imilar sugges tions appeared t ime and time again with for each top ic or resource/research disc ipline cons idere d . This chapter provides a synops i s o f these recommendat ions i n the form of an Ac tion Plan . We have sugges ted generic responses or actions to some o f the recommendations or problems that appeared s everal t imes , And to a degre e , we have been selective in listing the Planned Actions ; we felt that actions on recommendations made on spe c i fic sc i enti fic inve s t i gations were b e s t le ft to PNW S tation sc ientis ts . These s tudies are frequently reflected in Research Work Unit Problem Analys es . The following i tems are therefore res tric ted to Ac tions that can be taken by PNW Re search S tat ion Management in cooperation with Region 6 and the Gifford P inchot National Fore s t , and they will benefit all research and demons trat ion opportunit ies at WREF . 1. Es tablish PNW S tation - WREF commi ttee o f s c ienti s ts and land managers concerned with research at the WREF who will meet at least yearly with WRD Ranger and princ ipal assis tants to discuss accomplishments on WREF and interact ion with WRRD for the pas t year ; develop plans for the coming year ; and review other needs and concerns of both organizations . include but are not l imited to : I tems to b e discus sed t imber - sale plans ; road maintenance and 17 cons truc tion ; regeneration ac tivities ; public use of WREF such as for firewood , gathering , or p lant removal ; I&E e fforts ; and the use , maintenance , and protect ion of bui ldings and other fac i l i ties . 2. Determine the s tatus of mineral and leasab le resource entry on WREF and , based on informat ion , proceed to accompl ish land wi thdrawal to the maximum extent poss ible to protect res earch s i te s and opportuni ties . 3. Es tab l ish wi thin the WREF C ommi t tee an interdi s c ipl inary ( ID ) research committee to s erve as a review board for ongoing and planned e fforts on WREF . The tasks will include reviewing s tudy plans , evaluating impact s of land - management ac tivities , and as s i s t ing in direc t ion of WREF . Pr imary respons ib i l i ty for WREF management is as s igned to a PNW S tat ion Sc ientist by the Res earch S tat ion D irector . That person will , as needed , use the I D team ski l l s to direct planned e fforts . 4 . Prepare up - dated PNW S tation/R - 6 (GPNF) Agreements covering WRRD compound fac ili ties and their use by PNW , including remode l ing , us ing , protecting , and maintaining buildings . 5, Deve lop methods w i th which Region and PNW will s taff and fund a Fores ter at WRE F . 6. Develop , with GPNF , a s trategy for obtaining basel ine information about WREF us ing PNW S tation , Fore s t , and District employees . The information will include t imber inventory , stand exams , maps with digital terrain model s , hab itat type s , s o i l informat ion , water routes and b odies , phys ical and biolo gi cal characteris t ic s , recreational data , and s tatus o f regeneration . 7. Del ineate land-base subdivis ions in both Trout Creek and Panther Creek Divis ions , and des ignate contro l areas where no spec ific land- management ac tivity wi l l occur . 18 8. Work with the WRRD to s e l l and harve s t timber and regenerate forest land in each Divis i on to mee t research goals as follows : a ) Trout Creek Divis i on : 300 - 500 acres during the next 5 - 7 years ( 1 9 9 0 ) , cons i s t ing o f 100 - 2 00 acres o f old- growth t imber and 200 - 300 acres of young s econd- growth t imber . decades . Cut s imi lar amounts in subsequent Clearcuts will be at leas t 40 acres whenever pos s ible and pract ical and will be located in di fferent environments . This s ize of clearcuts wi ll create blocks of timber adequate for future research . b) Panther Creek Divis ion : 1 5 0 - 2 5 0 acres during next 5 - 7 years ( 19 90 ) . 9. In all WREF harve s t e fforts , work wi th the D i s trict Timber Management s taff and the District s i lvicultur i s t to provide that refores tation funds are used for s i te preparat ion , planting ( including replanting , if needed) , early care , and monitoring of plantations on WREF . 10 . Where the need exis t s , reopen abandoned and neglected trails . Cons truct a new trail in Panther Creek to provide access to the four control watersheds . 11 . Develop a p lan with the District to provide for l imi ting effects of nonresearch act ivities ident ified in the Management Guidel ine l is t . 12 . Work with WRRD to plan a roading sys tem that cons iders t imber harve s t i n WREF and adj acent NF lands , recognizes recons truct ion needs , provides for road maintenance , and cons iders pres ent and future research options . 1 3 . Plan fire prevention and suppress ion as we l l as o ther protect ion ac tivities appropriate to the value s at risk . Expanded research ac t ivities and permanent research plots at WREF create a sub s tantial increase in value . 19 PNW S tat ion wi l l therefore work with WRRD to deve lop a prote ction plan that recognizes and is commensurate with tho se values . 14 . Work with the WRRD to provide a Spotted Owl Management Unit ( S OMU ) in the Panther Creek Divis ion and encourage research in this atyp ical spotted owl hab i tat . 15 . Permit SOMU to ove rlap control areas . Minimize dis turbance to the riparian z ones immediately adj acent to second - order and large r streams . The obj ective of minimiz ing dis turbance i s to provide the 's ites necessary for s tudies and experiments on riparian zone ecology and management . 16 . Cons ider po tential problems with insects and disease in planning and management , and wherever pos s ible conduc t operations to minimize the ir occurrence and e ffec t . Some port ions of WREF have high inc idence o f root rot; others have incurred ser ious infe s tat ions of bark beetles in the pas t . Should bark beetle outbreaks occur , cause and e ffec t s tudies will be encouraged . 17 . Develop a check - in sys tem on WREF trails and provide a means to de termine usage , educate users about WREF , and collect information on user response to WREF research and management e ffects . 18 . Work with WRRD and Wind River Nursery to supply planting s tock of appropr iate seed sources for use in refore s t ing c learcuts and o ther harve s t s i tes . Gene t i c i s t s should provide guidance for this selec tion . 20 CHAPTER V FINDINGS AND KEY RESEARCH Roy R . S ilen The lull in research ac t ivity during World War II provides a convenient point to separate research at the WREF into two logical periods . The s c ient i s t s who dominated fore s t research in the Northwes t before World War I I were winding down the i r careers b y then . A surge of new PNW S tat ion s c ient i s ts associated wi th Wind River s oon after World War I I have , by now , comple ted the i r careers . Thes e two surges of effort contributed the maj o r i ty of research at Wind River . The climate for re search in the two per iods was different . Fores t S ervice emphas i s during the first period was mainly on protection and asses sment of the resourc e . In the s econd , harves t ing and assoc iated problems were dominant . Research in the firs t period cons i s ted mos tly of controlled observations with broadly ranging , pragmatic , ecologically oriented goals . . spec ial i s ts . The re were few true In the s econd period , spec ializat ion and s ophis t icat ion became dominant at the loss of some capac i ty to research broad que s tions e ffec tively . There were few true general i s t s . Adminis tration of research in the first perJod was low key , local , o r by s c ient i s t s in Portland who were s till ac tive in research at Wind River. After World War I I , local adminstration flour i shed briefly ; then the Experimental Fore s t adminis tration became more and more dis tant as it shifted to the Olympia Research Center and the Portland Headquarters and diffused to research proj ects of the Fores try Sc iences Laboratories at Olymp ia and Corvallis . 21 I .I I l The res earch findings are divided into contr ibut ions from each period . Where s ingl e s tudies contributed s i gnificantly , these are highlighted . 1908 TO WORLD WAR I I Re search during thi s period was mos tly o n nursery prac tice s , planting and seeding , natural regeneration , ecology , s i lvicul ture , growth and yield , spec ies trials , provenance and family tr ials , and monitoring natural areas . NURSERY PRACTI CES Nursery. s tudies were included with the first sowings in 1909 . By 1 9 1 1 , C . P . Willis produced a s eparate section of the annual Wind River Nursery report on such s tudies . Some idea of the s cope o f the 1 9 1 1 e ffort is provided from the annual produc tion of over a mill ion s eedl ings . Res earch que s t ions addres sed in this s ingle annual report were dri l l versus broadcast s owing , seed- covering techniques to promote more even germination , irrigat ion schedule trials , thinning dens i t i es o f 1 - 0 s tock , sulfuric acid treatment for damp ing off , late summer transplanting , and gang - dibble versus p lant ing - board trials . ac tivities were reported in each subsequent annual report . Similar Most of the prac ti cal ques t i ons o f nursery and planting prac t ices received s ome research at Wind River between 1 9 0 8 and World War I I . For many years , Wind River was the only nursery in the Region , but s ome trading o f information went on initially wi th George C . Sawyer o f the S ilverton Nursery near Granite Fal l s , Washington , a Fore s t Service nursery that operated between 1 90 9 and 1 9 14 . 22 The s tudy on Douglas - fi r s e e d reported in 1 9 1 5 , by Willis and Hoffman , was the large s t seed s tudy ever done on the spec ie s . It covered seed yields p e r tree , bushel , cone , and pound , and variation by tree age as well as b y parent . Much o f the data are s t ill applicable and useful . Res e arch into nur s e ry practices under Kummel was long sustained toward upgrading prac t ices at Wind River Nursery . This rese arch covered nursery des ign , cultivation , fertilization , bed des ign , s owing methods , seed s torage , wee d and p e s t control , root p runing , culling , grading , and packing methods . Thes e early experiments and t rials have undoub tedly merged indist inguishably into the technology of all modern fores t nurse r ie s . The only documentation for much o f thi s research is in the publicat ion , " Fores t Planting in the Douglas-fir Region" by Kummel , Rindt , and Munger in 1 9 44 . PLANTING AND S EEDING STUDIES The earlies t seeding s tudy , a trial of eastern whi t e p ine at Warren Gap in 1 9 10, r esulted in complete failure . Some of the mos t imaginat ive work at Wind River re sulted from the e arly finding that mice consumed virtually all the s eed in s owing of cutovers . C.P . Will i s in 1 9 1 6 discussed his frustrations from s tudies of concealment , burying , and chemical protection of the seed . De sp i te coat ings of such repuls ive i tems as red lead , tar , belladonna , and mink urine , the mice located and e ffic ient! consumed the s eed even under 2 inches of soil . Plant ing methodology was developed to cons iderable s oph i s t icat ion . Seedling s iz e , time of planting , planting methods , planting tools , care in transpor t , and s torage methods were s tandardized . Some indicat ion of the succe s s of the me thodology i s provided by the 1 9 1 5 and 1 9 1 6 planting of the 23 C arol ina S tate Univers i ty and an outs tanding leader of Southern fores try after Wo rld War I I . I s aac s tudied natural regeneration after 1924 , and it was one of his maj or interes ts . His approach included detailed s tudy of the phys ical fac tors o f light , temperature , mo is ture , compe ti tion , and damaging fac tors . Over a long period , he produced many s c ient ific papers which are s t i l l re garded as the b e s t information avai lab le o n the top ic for Douglas - fir . " Reproduct ive Habits of Douglas - fir , " pub l i shed in 1943 , summar ized his life work in refores tat ion res earch . I t was t imely . The heavy cutting in the Region that began after World War II was bas ed on a s ound s i lvicul tural body of knowledge . Both Oregon and Washington soon pas sed fores try laws that reflected this work . On Nat ional Forest land , I saac ' s " patch cutting" or " s taggered setting" proposal became the s tandard cutt ing prac t ice . Al though I s aac had regeneration plots over the region , he used the Wind River Valley clearcut and the adj acent Yacolt burn as his main s tudy areas . Several reburns had kept many openings in the Val ley floor unt i l the mid - 1 9 3 0 ' s as convenient res earch s i tes . Virtually all of his ins trumented plots were , near the headquar ters s i te . ECOLOGY Thornton Munger ' s career was s trongly s lanted toward ecological s tudies. He observed the natural succe s s ion o f spec ies in all the t imbe r types . Munger and C . S . Judd , who had a short career in research at Wind River , perhaps were the firs t to deduce the true role of forest fires as dominating the ecology o f the Re gion . Munger elab orated this theme in his later publ ications , which are the bas i s of the intens ive ecological s tudies today . 26 E s tabl ishment of the natural area in the Trout C reek D ivis ion was only one of the e fforts by Munge r to provide for long- term ecological s tudie s . He was the p rime mover in s tarting other experimental forests , each usually providing a natural area . He extended this concept by formal ly setting as ide natural areas in each unique forest hab i tat , the s tart of today ' s system of Res earch Natural Areas. SILVICULTURE Information needed to maximize p roduc tivity o f s tands from e s tabl isment through harves t was addressed in several early s tudies . Few s tudies in Douglas - fi r have p roduced more persuas ive impact on s tand­ management p rac tice than a spac ing t rial sugges ted by Rummel and ins talled by I saac in 1 9 2 4 . Desp i te i t s des ign shortcomings - - such a s lack o f replication over a range o f s i te qualities - - i t has cons tituted a striking demons tration and has p roduced much information on the consequences of overdense early s tocking . Anyone who has vis ited the area comes away convinced that value loss is severe wi thout control of tree dens ity . An unexpected outcome o f the s tudy was that height as wel l as diame ter reduct ion occurred with increasing s tand dens ity. A c lear indication of inc reas ing snow damage with increased s tand dens i ty was verified on a larger scale on the Wind River T ransect S tudy . The s tudy has been regularly reported on in rec ent years by PNW S tat ion s c ient i s ts Donald Reukema and Robert Curtis . Although o ther Wind River plots have not been as famous , they have e s tab l i shed important concepts . Cons idering the year- - 19 19 - - a s tudy of p recommerc ial thinning o f a 9 - year- old s tand would no t have been expec ted . I ts ins tallation by Hoffman has provided unusual ins ight into the interplay of 27 trends experienced over mos t of a rotat ion . The dense reproduc tion e s tab l i shed after logging in 1 9 1 0 was thinned to 8 - foot by 8 - foot dens i ty on two plots and a third left unth inned as a control when the trees were about 6 feet tall . This s ingle early thinning succeeded in shift ing a large portion o f subsequent growth to large - s tem produc tion . This s tudy , along with the ini t ial spac ing trial , provided the b e s t demons trat ion in the Region to promote the widespread pract i c e of precommercial thinning . The s tudy also addre s s e d another question: I s i t be tter to thin to an exact 8 - foot by 8 - foot spac ing or to leave an equivalent number of dominant tre e s ? For about 30 years , leaving the dominants was clearly better . however , the plot thinned to exac t spacing is better . indirec t . By now , The caus es appear to be Many of the smal lest trees that fell on the exact spacing did no t deve lop , hence the plot - - for prac tical purpose s - - developed as i f i t were at wider spacing , even though i t took many years for the good trees on the plot to express this advantage . Gross growth on the three plots appears about equal once the crowns closed , j us t as in the spac ing , even though it took many years for the good trees on the plot to express thi s advantage . Gross growth on the plots appears about e qual once the crowns c losed , j us t as in the spac ing s tudy. Walter Meyer ins talled a series of repl icated thinning and p runing plots in 19 34 . Because of s torm damage to some o f the serie s , thei r results have been c l ouded and the i r contribution to practice has been small . GROWTH AND YIELD S tudies on improving s tem qua l i ty by pruning showed that pruning may also improve growth i f continued up the s tem into the lower l ive whorls . Apparently, the shaded branches in dense s tands are in e s s ence "paras i t ic " ; i f 28 the b ranches are removed by p runing , the additional photosynthate available can result in detectable increases in s tem growth . Selec t ing the right tree to p rune in a young s tand is difficul t , howeve r . S tudies of crop - tree pruning reviewed two decades later showed only about 70 percent of the pruned trees survived comp e t ition . Cons iderable ins ight was gained by pathologists into the extent of stem rots detected , based on external indicato rs such as fruiting bodies and s tem swe l l ing . Some of the early work by J ohn S . Boyce was done at Wind Rive r , but h i s coverage of pathol ogical problems of all western species was regionwide . These studies were used in estimating the amount of cul l degrade in c ruis ing or scal ing . A main e ffort of PNW , inventory of the Region , s tarted July 1 9 2 9 . A part of this e ffort by Richard McArdle and Wal ter Meyer was directed toward develop ing yield tab les for unmanaged second - growth stands of Douglas - fir . Some of the plots were on the Wind River Expe rimental Fores t . The pub l icat ion "The Yield of Douglas - fir in the Pacific Northwe s t " in 19 30 may have been one of the PNW Station ' s mos t important contribution to forestry because it p rovided e s t imates o f volume - growth rates for any Douglas - fir fores t . SPEC IES TRIALS Fore s t species from the Eas tern Uni ted S tates were represented in early s owings at Wind River , presumably because such seed was commercially avai lable . Some planting of each lot behind the Experimental S tation Headquarters was a common p rac t ice , and represented the beginning of the Wind - River Arbore tum . Soon , the trial of fore s t trees from all parts of the world became a vigorous project unde r Thornton Munger . 29 Meanwhi le , forest plantings of introduced spec ies were showing mixed results . Summe r drought was usually too severe for spec ies that came from regions l ike the Eastern United S tates that have ample summe r rains . Undoubtedtly , animal damage was also a maj or problem . By 1924 , Wind River sc ient i s ts had concluded that introduced hardwoods were generally a failure even in the Arbore tum , and henceforth the emphas i s on introduced trees would be confined to conifers . The main trials of introduced spec ies after 1924 were conifers at the Arbore tum or on experimental forests such as Cas cade Head , c l imate was cons idered too harsh . Arbore tum record . if the Wind River Nearly 2 00 spec ies trials are in the Initally , great interest was generated by the clearly superior early growth o f European and As iatic l arches . For up to 2 0 years , several of them exhib ited a 5 0 - percent superiority over Douglas -fir in the Arboretum . Fortunately , enthus iasm for thes e spec ies did not carry over into many operational plantings . By age 50 , all the introduced larches were fading , and any such commercial plantings might now be a disaste r . A few individual species , l ike Norway spruce , continued to compete with Douglas - fi r through three or even four decades , but by now all are outs tr ipped by Northwest conifers . The Wind River exper ience wi th species introduc tion has thus provided two priceless lessons on which a s ound fores t gene tics program can be based . The first is that our s ummer droughts are more severe than those o f most o ther maj or commercial forest regions of the world: thus , exotic trees from the se regions , part icularly hardwoods , are probably not adaptable o r useful . The second is that for each genus , our native Northwes t conifers may s ta t more slowly , but in the ir grand period of growth they outgrow the ir counterparts 30 from other Temperate Zone fores t regions of the world . Northwe s t spec ies will probably be used on a quarter o f the fores t s i tes o f Wes tern Europe for this reason . . The se two lessons have permitted the Region to confidently devote its limi ted e fforts in fores t genetics to native spec ies . PROVENANCE AND FAMILY GENETIC STUDIES Al though only two s tudies were ins tal led at Wind River with a gene tic motivat ion , both have had an impact far beyond the original s tudy plans . Both were ini tiated by Thornton T. Munger . The Douglas - fi r Heredity S tudy o f 1912 , unusual for i ts t ime , i s a s tudy o f 1 2 0 individual parent trees , even though 1 3 local ities from which the parents originated are highl i ghted in subsequent reports . Rac ial s tudies were more usual e l sewhere , but c learly the questions asked had to be approached through s tudies of individual parent trees . Are diseased trees , young trees , or trees growing on poor s o i l s suitable parentage in refore s tation? Al though the s eed crops o f 1 9 1 2 were l i sted as moderate , the crews sent out by Munger to col lect cones along the l ogging railways were succes s ful in gather ing seed samples from individual trees located throughout mos t of the Douglas - fir region . Name s that later became widely known- - l ike E . J . Hanz l ik , C . R . Kraeb e l , R . W . Weidmann , C . R . Til lotson , A . R . Ames , and C . P . W il l i s - -were assoc iated with the collect ions . W i th such talent , i t is small won er that embel l ishments appeared in the execut ion o f the s tudy that were ahead o f their t ime . A mimeographed parent - tree descript ion form recorded the location of each tree , and a ske tch of every parent tree plus the record of germinat ion on its seed were included . As another innovat ion , the s tudy was repl icated at s ix 31 locations , and over two p lanting seasons , a prac tice that was no t reins t i tuted until the 1 9 30 ' s . Every tree was tagged with a cus tom - made , s tamped aluminum tag that numbered its row and pos i tion . And a set of 1 2 long rows of 100 progeny per family - - each a separate fami ly - - ran the length of the p lantation; the de s i gn was speci fically planned to assess within - p l o t s i te var iation . Unfor tunate ly , randomization for s tatist ical purposes was s t i l l unheard o f , so the s tudy violates randomne ss , the maj or assumption of modern s tat i s t ical analys is . (R . A . Fisher was s t i l l in knee pants . ) The s tudy quickly demons trated gene tic differences at the rac ial leve l . It al so quickly showed large family di fferences in the family rows of 100 trees , al though t he s i gnificance of the family observation was no t highlighted unt il after 1 9 5 0 . Through the per iod unt il World War I I, the viewpo int of each analysis was that certain seed source s , l ike Darrington , Washington , should serve as seed s ources for general planting because of demons trated superior growth rate on mo s t of the five remaining planting s i tes . The s ixth s i te was de s troyed in a 1 9 1 7 fore s t fire . Eventually , the overriding impact of survi yal di fferences began to sugge s t different princ iples i n interpret ing results . High - e levat ion races began to show superior survival , growth , and s tand - forming charac ter i s t ics when planted at high - e levation s i tes . Northernmos t races began to show superior deve lopment at the northernmos t s i te . The coas tal race , which failed at four s i tes , showed excel lent growth at the coas tal s i te , desp ite originat ing from 1 , 00 0 feet lower than the test s i te . Cascade seed s ources showed up best at the Cascade s i tes . A broad brush view of seed- source spec i fi c i ty was evolving . Family differences within each race were always large , but be gan to dominate after the s tands closed and suppres s ion reduced family numbers of 32 weaker progeny . Today , any fore ster can rank the parent performance wi thout s tatistics by s imply observing large differences in growth and survival , wh ile walking from one family row to the next at any o f the five s i tes . The impac t of thi s s tudy on tree improvement in the Northwe s t has been great . In the 1950 ' s when the first practical programs were s tarted by Northwe s t landowners , they copied European and S outhern United S tates These programs poorly fit Northwes t condi tions because plus - tree programs . selection was difficul t , and Douglas - fir was among the mos t graft - incompatible of specie s . A comp letely different type of program was proposed for Douglas - fi r , based primar ily on large - scale progeny tes ting to sub s t i tute for p lus - tree s election , on highly localized programs to fit thes e s tudy results , and s eedl ing orchards to avo id graft ing problems . The Douglas - fir Heredity S tudy was then over 50 years old . The new program could be proposed with l ittle r i sk because the use of wind - po l l inated seed was already known from Northwes t experience to provide an adequate tes t of parent trees . The Ponderosa Pine Regional S tudy es tab l i shed in 1 9 2 6 was based on a range - wide collection of seed from 10 s ources . This col lection was outplanted at s ix locations both east and we s t of the C as cade Range . Rac ial di fferences were already large in the nursery , and have widened with time . A publ ication by .Squil lace and S i len ( " Geographic Var iation in Ponderosa Pine " ) in 1 9 6 2 devel oped m o s t of the findings . Inherent grwo th of ponderosa p ine is b e s t in southwe s tern Oregon and northern Cal ifornia and drops off cl inally eas tward , northward , and s outhward in response to as sured mois ture availab i l ity in spr ing . Needles were shown to be longes t in western s ources and are inherently shorter in a c l inal pattern that roughly fol lows the inherent growth pattern . The western races have three or more needles . 33 Those eas t of the Continental -! Divide have two needles , as a rule . Winter cold suscep tib i l i ty is al so cl inal with wes t coastal races mo s t suscep tible . Large di fferenc e s in damage by fro s t and animals are also inherent . The ponde rosa p ine s tudy has one plantation at Wind River . The trees are a local s train of ponderosa p ine , of which a few individuals are on the boundary of this plantation . None of the 1 0 planted races approach the growth rate o f the Douglas - fi r sur rounding the plantation , but the ponderosa p ine native to the val l ey i s actually tal ler than Douglas - fir o f the same age . After the vis itor views the problems w i th the lq p lanted races , a vi s i t to the nearby examples of local ponderosa p ine provide a las t ing demons trat ion of the impor tance of correct seed s ource . Like the c lear demons trat ion of dens i ty effec ts in the nearby 1924 spacing s tudy , the Wind River p lo t of the ponderosa p ine race s tudy is a convinc ing demonstrat ion of gene tic differences . The s tudy , when combined with s imilar data from a contemporary study at Prie s t River , I daho , has provided the main rac ial - variation data for the spec i e s . MONITORING NATURAL AREAS The set ting as ide of 160 acres of natural area for future s tudies , and its increase to 1 , 18 0 acres s oon after the Wind River Exper imental Forest was establ ished , emphas ized the de s i re to gain data and information on dynamics of natural s tands . Measurements of growth and mortality of plots in the Natural Area e s tab l i shed that growth of old- growth s tands was in essence offset w i th mortality losses . In o lder s tands , this balance represented a shift in growth from high -value old- growth Douglas - fir to lower value , younger hemlock and true firs . Th is trend toward s tand degeneration became the focal po int in the 34 earlier controversy over selec tive logging as the o ffic ial pol icy of Regi on 6 ! I in the mid- 1930 ' s . Munger and Isaac s aw in the practice a po tent ial to degrade the Region ' s National Forests by has tening the succe s s i on to an al l - aged , low-value fore s t heavy in cull trees . The outcome was estab l i shment by I s aac of a large - scale s e ries of old- growth yield plots on s e lectively logged National Fores t lands . World War II interrupted this e ffort , but s oon afterwards I saac p roduced data to show that thes e concerns were real . Selective logging o f old- growth Douglas - fir was then discontinued as the. pol icy in USFS Region 6 . POST- WORLD WAR I I .I In perspe c t ive , the proportion o f total research e ffort assoc iated with Wind River Experimental Fores t after World War I I is much larger than it might appear in thi s review . The decades after the war were one of the more active periods - - cons ider such names as S teele , Eversole , Bullard , S te in , Krueger , Meaghe r , S taebler , Tarrant , W i l l iamson , Wright , Childs , Reukema , Franklin , Cur t i s , Miller , and S i l en , which found the ir way into the l i terature in this period . A fair portion of post -war e ffort is already reported for early s tudie s that have been brought up to date in the previous sect ion . The new s tudy areas reported in this sect ion cover second- growth management , harve s t cutt ing , alde r and fertilizer s tudies , s o i l s research , seed and seedl ing research , and general contributions . 35 SECOND - GROWTH MANAGEMENT A heavy emphasis of the Exper iment S tation after 1947 was on second- growth management . An ad hoc re gional " S econd - Growth Management Committee , " spons ored by Phi l l ip Briegleb to rapidly upgrade the information base of second growth , drew heavily on W ind River spacing and thinning s tudie s . Publ ication of the committee report ent i tled , "Management of S econd Growth S tands in the Douglas - fir Re gion , " s t imulated research general 1y , and led to several new s tudies at W ind River . In 1 9 5 2 , a series of thinning plots was e s tab l ished in the century - o ld s tand on the Panther Creek divis ion . Two obj ect ives are l i s ted , one economic and the other b iological - - on two leve l s of thinning . s tand proved to be s l ower than in younger s tands . The responses in this For more than a decade , growth per acre was decreased in both thinning 1 eve l s . Results impl ied that removal of expected mortal i ty could be recommended , but removal of appreciable fractions of the s tand at this age required periods longer than a decade be fore growth began to approach former rates , This valuable experience contributed to a more mature view of second - growth management . Spac ing s tudies also received renewed intere s t . G . S . Meagher was e s tab l ished in 19 5 1 . One s tudy conce ived by I t involved removing 0 , 1 , 2 , and 3 compe t ing trees in a 4 1 -year - o ld s tand from around each of 10 des igned crop trees in dominant , codominant , and intermediate crown c lass es , Re sults after a decade were c lear and cons is tent , in that the greates t response was on dominant trees , and with the large s t number of competitors removed . The early response was nonl inear , however , with much l e s s response on codominants or intermediates , and a much greater response with two or three compet i tors 36 removed than with only one . The s tudy had wide impl icat ions for young stands in showing requirements for a quick growth response from thinning . A second spac ing · s tudy was aimed to extend information beyond the 1 2 - foot x 1 2 - foot spac ing of the 1924 s tudy . W ider spac ings were achieved by thinning a 2 5 - year - o l d p lantation from a dens i ty of 6 8 0 trees to dens i ties of 50 , 100 , 1 5 0 , 2 00 , 2 5 0 , and 350 trees , the narrowes t corresponding to about 1 1 - foot x 1 1 - foot spac ing . The initial result was unexpected . All thinned plots suffered " shock" to the extent that he ight growth after 5 years was reduced 46 to 6 9 percent compared to the unthinned s tand . mortal i ty also occurred . thinning . Sunscald and some S ince then , the plots have begun to respond to the As intended , they are beginning to demons trate tradeoffs in financ ial re turns in the goal o f concentrat ing growth on fewer , larger s tems . Thus the plots ins talled in this period round out the early work toward producing a regional long - term experience with spac ing control . HARVEST CUTTINGS Another deve lopment soon after World War II was the PNW S t a tion ' s research into harves t ing of mature s tands . This research centered mainly at the H . J . Andrews and Cascade Head Experimental Forests . At W ind River , some t imb er sales were made in the Trout Creek D ivis ion to provide new age classes for future studies . Emphas is began to decl ine on this activity in the mid - 19 5 0 ' s . Interes t revived again at W ind River around c o cepts concerning the conical extinct volcano of Trout Creek H i l l . The idea that this landmark might s erve as an unusual s tudy area was conce ived by David M . Smith , Yale Univers i ty . Smith spent a summer reviewing the PNW S tation S i lvicultural research program . The idea developed slowly with modificat ion as a cooperative 37 undertaki by District and PNW Experiment S tation personne l . The final plan , wh ich called for es tab l i shing a new age class o n each aspect a t 1 0 - year intervals , has one ins tal lment completed . RED ALDER STUDI ES The po tential role of red alder in Douglas - fi r management was first recognized at the W ind River Experimental Forest . This spec ies i s one of the main natural s ources of nitrogen in the s o i l s of the region . An interplanting of red alder proposed by E . S . Hanz l ik as a fi rebreak s trip on the rrout Creek Divis ion provides a s triking example of its eff ct on Douglas - fir growth . Isaac first no ticed that Douglas - fir seedl ings within the s trip had more vigorous fo l i age than those j us t outs ide . Tarrant related improved ouglas - fir growth to increased amounts o f s o i l nitrogen in the mixed red alder Douglas - fir s tand . The finding by PNW S tation pathologists that alder might play a role in the contro l of the root dis ease Phel l inus we irii further enhanced the prospect that the spec ies might play an important role in Douglas - fir management . FERTILI ZER STUDY Effect of ni trogen fert i l izer was tes ted in 1 9 64 on a 3 5 -year - old , S i te V , chlorotic plantation on the Yacolt burn . from appl icat ion o f 200 to 600 lbs of Both ammonium iame ter and he ight increased nitrate per acre . in diameter was nearly l inear and favored larger diame ter tree s . The response Severe snow breakage o f codominant trees occurred with highes t appl ication rates , however . 38 SEED AND SEEDLING STUDIES One s tudy at the Wind River Nursery by Krueger and Trappe contributed much to the concepts surrounding succes s ful fores t p lanting . Two seas ons of nursery growth were monitored for root and shoot growth , as wel l as amounts of food reserves . The findings that shoot and root growth alternated in surges throughout the season contributed a more bas ic unders tanding of hy pianted For example , seedl ings planted at the time of shoot trees often fai l . e longation would produce few roots . Another s tudy by S i len asses sed the effect on seed of premature cone harve s t , and whether the immaturity could be overcome by artific ial r ipening . Seed from cones collected up to a month too early could be succes s fully r ipened in cool , damp peat mos s . Placing them in a running stream or in plastic b ags proved to be lethal , however . app l ication . The s tudies were carried to commerc i al The practice of artific ial r ipening has become widespread for mos t western conifer spe c ie s . Large cool ing fac i l ities are incorporated into USFS Region 6 seed-proces s ing to r ipen cones artific ially . THE GENERAL CONTRIBUTION The total contribution of WREF has been far greater than the sum of its individual s tudies . its continuity . I ts greate s t s ervice to Northwe st fores try has s imply been The long- term nature of mos t o f its s tudies has repeatedly demons trated how init ial results change over t ime . " Seed S torage in the Duff , ,; a s eemingly clear early resul t , was upset a decade later . The early no tions o f what const i tuted satisfac tory res tocking o n the W ind River regenerat ion transects were almo s t totally at odds with the l ong - term resul ts . 39 The early no tions that larches could outgrow Douglas - fir took half a century to correct . What was cons idered des irable spac ing changed over a few decades from 6 - foot x 6 - foot to 12 - foot x 1 2 - foot or beyond , as spacing s tudi es matured . The emphas is for mo s t of the first half century of the Douglas - fir Heredity S tudy was a search for better seed s ources , rather than the more modern search for better parents within a local s ource . The early no tions that selective cutt ing was pert inent for o l d - growth Douglas - fir required several decades to deve lop convinc ing data that c learcutt ing and other forms of even- age management were more appropriate . Wind River serves as the prime fores try example in the West of priceles sness o f cont inuity of research . Ye t the forces at work that dissemb le such long - term effor ts , both unplanned and somet imes del iberate , have been s trong enough to succeed almo s t everywhere e l s e . Even at W ind River the quest ion " Why should we continue here ? " has served to terminate port ions of and some time s threatened all o f the continuity . But to those who take the troub l e to visit , t o s tudy , and perhaps to add to the research , the answer always has come out , " I t ' s too valuab le to terminate " or " Sound long - term experience in fores try is too rare and prec ious to give up . " Because of the l ong - term findings , Wind River i s perhaps the s ingle mos t ­ las t ing fores try exper ience t o any vis i ting fores try newcomer . Where else would one find a complete , documented s tand his tory from s ee dl ing to harve s t s ize o f tree s , o r find a demons tration o f how superior - - for thi s p lace - - are the nat ive species over species from anywhere else in the world , or observe how abj ect most off - s ite plantings become in a half century , or find a rotat ion- age demons tration of how Douglas - fir fami l ies , s ide by s ide , compare in growth and survival , or s e e how real ly poor most of the s tems become in a half century 40 when p lanting was too dense , or how few s tems are really needed to s tock an acre , o r how overmature s tands produce fiber at a dec l ining rate , and also de ter iorate in value? Such demonstrations tend to re inforce one ano ther to give the newcomer , and even the exper ienced fores ter , an unusual ins ight into the s c ient ific bases of fores try in the Douglas - fir region . 41 CHAPTER VI PHYS ICAL AND BIOLOGICAL FEATURES Frederick J . Swanson , Fred H . Everes t , and J erry Franklin . I I DESCRIPTION Centrally located in the W ind River Bas in , the WREF cons i s ts of two divis i ons - - Trout Creek ( about 6 , 500 acre s ) on the wes t s ide o f W ind River and Panther Creek ( about 3 , 500 acre s ) on the east s ide - -which differ subs tant ially in resource s and phys ical and b io logical features . CLIMATE An excellent c l imatological record dating from 1 9 1 1 has been kept at the W ind River Weather S tation on the wes t s ide of the W ind River Valley close to the Ranger S tation , Nurs ery , and Experimental Forest Headquarters ( S teele 1 9 5 2 ) . At 1 , 15 0 feet in e levation , this s i te represents the lowe s t e l evat ion , valley - fl oor c l imat ic condi t ions in the WREF , which extends upward to elevat ions of more than 4 , 000 feet at Big Huckleberry Mountain . Cl imatic conditions are summa rized from : C l imatological Handbook , Columb ia Bas in S tates , Vol s . I & I I . July 1 9 7 1 . Me teorology Committee . Pac ific Northwes t River Bas ins Commi s s ion . 908 , Vancouver , WA 98660 : 42 Box WIND RIVER EXPERIMENTAL FOREST CLIMATOLOGY 1911 - 65 Degrees Fahrenhe it Degrees Ce ls ius Mean annual temperature 47 . 8 8.8 Mean January temperature 31 . 9 - 0.1 Mean July temperature 63 . 6 17 . 6 Mean J anuary minimum temperature 25 . 5 - 3.6 Mean July minimum temperature 80 . 5 26 . 9 Record maximum temperature 107 41 . 7 Record minimum temperature - 18 -27 . 8 Mi l l imeters Inches Mean annual precipitation 9 8 . 64 2 , 505 4 . 48 114 Record minimum annual to tal 54 . 1 5 1 , 375 Record maximum annual to tal 142 . 60 3 , 622 9 1 . 70 2 , 32 9 2 1 1 . 50 5 , 37 2 Mean June -Augus t p re c ipi tation Mean annual snowfal l Record maxi um annual snowfal l The cl imate o f the WREF i s cool and mo ist with a fall and winter period of heavy precip i tat ion and a summer dry season . Total average annual precipi tation is nearly 100 inches , and annual snowfal l averages more than 90 inches . Up to about 3 50 0 - foot elevat ion , the WREF l ies within the trans ient snow z one ; higher e l evations have a winter snowpack . Precipitation intens ities are ab out 4 . 5 inches/24 hours for a 2 -year re turn period event and 7 . 5 inches/24 hours for a 5 0 - year event (Miller et al . 1 9 7 3 ) . 43 The weather s tation is between the Trout Creek and Panther Creek D ivis ions , so it provides repres entative values but no bas is for distinguishing the two areas . GEOLOGY Trout Creek D ivis ion The Trout Creek H i l l D ivis ion is underlain by bedrock of both wes tern and High Cascade origin . The olde s t rocks . exposed in the area are in a narrow band of the Middle Eocene to early Oligocene Ohanapecosh Formation ( described in Panther Creek Divis ion Geology Sec t i on) outcropping in the south - central port ion of the D ivis ion . Further south , the Ohanapecosh is overlain success ively by the S tevens Ridge Format ion and l ava flows of Three - Corner Rock of late Oligocene to early Miocene age (Hammond 1 9 8 0 ) , The S tevens Ridge Formation i s composed of inters tratified rhyodac i te to dac ite pyroclas tic flows and reworked volcaniclastic sands tones and conglomerate s . Dips up to 2 5 in variab l e directions are reported from the area (Hammond 1 9 8 0 ) , 0 and Three - Corner Rock lavas are inters tratified andes ite porphyry l ava flows , lahar ic breccias , and minor volcaniclas tics (Hammond 1980) . Quarternary units are of alluvial , glacial , and vo lcanic origin , Oldest uni ts are glac ial dr ift left by periods of extens ive glac iation of the area greater than 3 8 , 000 years B . P . (before present ) and s omet imes probably more than 340 , 000 year B . P . ( Hammond , Portland S tate Univers i ty , personal communicat ion , 198 3 ) ; the glac ial his tory of the area is poorly understood ( Hammond 1 9 8 0 ) , depos its . Fluvial eros ion and mas s was t ing sub s tantially modi fied the se Erup tion o f the Trout Creek Hill cone produced dark- gray ol ivine basal t , forming a series of intracanyon lava flows that descended W ind River 44 about 340 , 000 years B . P . communicat ion , 198 3 ) . ( K - Ar age determination , Hammond , personal The flows temporar i ly blocked s ide s treams and raised the ir base levels , resul ting in accumulation o f al luvial depo s i t s adj acent to the lava ·flows . No quarr ies or mining c laims are located in the D ivision . 19 7 1 , the RNA was wi thdrawn from mineral entry . On July 2 1 , The Management Plan for the Trout Creek H i l l D ivis ion ( c over memo 4060 , Augus t 2 3 , 1 9 74 ) proposes that the ent ire D ivis ion be closed to mineral entry . A geo logic feature of special note i s a lava tube near the top of Trout Creek Hi l l . It is des c r ibed in the 1 9 74 proposed Management Plan for W ind River Experimental Fore s t - - Trout Creek H i l l Divis ion as having an " opening in solid rock . . . about 3 feet in diame ter . This shaft cont inues vert ically for about 12 feet , then opens in a convex fashion unt i l a floor is reached . The vertical depth o f the tube is approximately 100 fee t , with a diame ter at the bo ttom of about 70 fee t . " See no tes on "Mar ilyn ' s Hole ( Lava Cave ) " ( 2 pp . + 1 il lus . ) and pg . 5 2 in the 1974 Management Plan . Panther Creek D ivis ion the Panther Creek D ivis ion is in the western Casc ades Geological province . The. area is underlain by the Eocene to Oligocene Ohanapecosh Formation composed of lava flows and brecc ias chiefly o f pyroxene andes i te but ranging in compos ition from basal t to rhyodac i te ( Wise 1 9 7 0 ; Hammond 1 9 8 0 ) . We l l - s tratified vo lcaniclas tics of a variety of origins are widespread . Low grade me tamorphism has resulted in format ion o f zeol i te , smec tite c l ay , and other secondary minerals . nor thwe st at 1 3 0 to 2 1 0 Bedrock units with in the area dip to the wes t or (Hammond 1 9 8 0 ) . Th e valley floor of mains tream 45 Panther Creek in the Divi s i on is covered with Quarternary al luvium , which was in part depos ited in response to damming near its confluence with W ind River by lava flows from the Trout Creek Hill vent . Quarternary deposits from lands l ides have been mapped in the low - rel ief , central port ion of the drainage (Hammond 1 9 80 ) . The Baker Quarry b orders the Divis ion along its northern boundary ( extending the quarry operation about 100 fee t acro s s the boundary into the D ivis ion was recently proposed) . No mining claims have been made in the Divis ion , but lease appl icat i ons have been made in the area for leasable minerals ( for example , o i l , gas , geothermal ) . Thes e app lications have been forwarded to the Chief , because the Fores t cannot proces s leave appl icat ions for Experimental Forests . The claims are expected to be denied ( T . Re illy , Geologis t , G i fford Pinchot National Forest , memo of February 9 , 1 9 8 3 ) . GEOMORPHOLOGY Trout Creek D ivis ion Geomorphic features in the Trout Creek H i l l D ivis ion are dominated by construct ional volcanic landforms including the Trout Creek Hill c inder cone and assoc iated l ava flows . Fluvial modification of these lava flows , flow brecc ias , and airfall tephra depos i t s have been minor . S tratigraphic or geomorphic evidence of glac iation o f these volcanic features has been identi fied . The s outhernmos t portion of the D ivis ion has a mix of s teep to moderately s teep topography s imilar to terrain in the Panther Creek D ivis ion . This area is underlain by o lder bedrock units that have had a long his tory of eros ion by 46 fluvial , mass movement , and glacial processes . The Wind River Valley was glaciated s ome t ime before the erupt ive activity from the Trout Creek H i l l vent , about 340 , 000 years B . P . (Hammond , personal communicat ion , 1 9 8 3 ) . Elevat ions range from 1 , 100 to 2 , 900 fee t . Panther Creek D ivis ion The we s ternmo s t portion of the Divis ion contains about 1 mile o f the main s tem of Panther Creek . The val ley floor i s about 1/4 mile wide at this point . Al luvium on the val ley floor is in part as soc iated with the Trout Creek H i l l lava flows that flooded the Wind River Val ley . Hammond ( 1 9 8 0 ) maps the terminus of the Evans Creek glac iat ion ( 12 , 500 to 20 , 000 years B . P . ) from the Red Mountain area as extending down Panther Creek to within a mile of the D ivis ion boundary . Earl ier , more extens ive gl aciations , such as Hayden C reek ( 3 8 , 000 to 140 , 000 B . P . ) , probably s ent an ice mass do the we s t end of the D ivis ion . drainage is unknown . Panther Creek through The extent of glac iat ion within the Mouse Creek Opportunity for ice accumulat ion in the bas in was l imited because of its aspect and the l ow elevation of the s outhern ridge l ine . The Mouse Creek drainage of the Panther Creek Divis ion contains mos t ly a mix of very s teep and moderately s teep s lopes . The east and s outheast port ions of the bas in contain four s teep s econd- order watersheds that provide an excellent opportunity for paired watershed s tudies . relief dominate the center of the bas in . Landforms o f moderate These areas are mapped by Hammond ( 1 9 8 0 ) and the Fore s t as l arge , mas s - movement features . Some areas o f s l ow , deep - s eated mas s movement are presently active ( G . Regas , W ind River Ranger Distric t , personal communication) , but mos t appear to be dormant . Some of the undulat ing topography in the wes t - central part of the Mouse Creek drainage may 47 der ive in part from sediment depos i ted behind a glac ial ice dam in the mainstern Panther Creek val ley . 0 S lopes in excess of 30 appear subj ect to periodic deb r i s s l ides . Elevation in the Divis ion ranges from 9 5 0 to 4 , 200 feet . SOILS Trout Creek D ivis ion S o i l s within the Divis ion have been mapped and de scribed generally in the S o i l Resource Inventory ( SRI ) . The SRI ( scale 1 : 1 5 , 840 on orthophoto bas e ) de s i gnates nine individual s o i l - mapping units and four complexes i n the D ivi s ion , S o i l types are mapped and recorded in the D i s trict Total Resource Inventory (TRI ) records . Currently in use is a 1 9 7 8 loose l eaf notebook of s o i l - type maps based on revi s ion of a 1 9 7 2 s o i l s resource inventory for the GPNF . so i l - type map has not been prepared j us t for the WREF . A separate Units and complexes in each D ivis ion ( fi g . 5 ) are taken from S o i l Resource Atal s of Maps and Interpret ive Tab le s , revised edition , G i fford Pinchot N . F . , undated ; map pages 16 and 1 7 . The mos t extens ive s o i l - mapping unit of the D ivis ion , including much of Trout Creek H i l l itsel f , is Uni t 43 , a moderately deep to deep nonplastic to s l ightly plas tic s o i l der ived from flow breccias and pyroc lastic airfall material , mainly c inders and scoria from the Trout Creek H i l l vent . Surface s o i l s are we l l - drained sandy loams , and s ubsoils inc lude inters trati fied gravel ly sandy loams and s i lty clay loams . This s o i l covers the s outhern and eas tern portions of the RNA . 48 Franklin ( 19 7 2 ) describes a 19 0 - crn thick profile in the Thornton T . Munger Res earch Natural Area . He cons iders soils within the RNA as s imi lar morphologically to the S tab ler shotty loam series forming a Brown Podzolic - Brown Lateritic intergrade covered by the Skamania County soil survey . The upper part of the Trout Creek Hill cone , including the summi t , cons ists of shal l ow , excess ively drained soils (Units Sa and Sb ) deve loped in the coarse - textured c inder and flow breccias exposed at the vent . Small areas of marshland and we t meadows occur at the eas t end of the Thornton T . Munger Research Natural Area and along Trout Creek on the western border o f the D ivis ion . The se poorly drained areas of low relief have shallow to deep , sandy loams to s i l t loams . S o i l s at the south end of the Divi s ion underlain by t i l l and deeply eroded Tert iary volcanic rocks range from nonexis tent in local ized , s teep areas of bedrock outcrop to thick on depos its of old col luvium and t i l l . On the s teep s l opes carved in l ava flow and competent volcaniclas t ic rocks along the southern and southeas tern boundary of the D ivis ion soils (Uni ts 8 2 and 8 3 ) are shallow , nonp las t ic , grave l ly sandy loams with thin grave l ly loam subs oils . Moderate slope s making up the remainder of the area have s o i l s derived from less competent vo lcanic las tic rock , t i l l , and as soc iated colluvium . These soils (Units 8 3 6 and 8 7 ) range from moderately deep to deep , nonp las tic to s l i ghtly plas t i c , loam , grave lly sandy loams , and grave l ly loam . Panther Creek D ivis ion S o i l s mapped in the S o i l Resource Inventory ( SRI ) as 11 s eparate uni ts and 4 complexes in the Panther Creek D ivis ion can be grouped into three board cate gories : soils assoc iated wi th alluvium , colluvium , and t i l l along the main . 49 - .. • "1 •• .. ..• • I •. ..• • o 1..sJ = r I : c, - -o - · ;:.. . <rt 0 ... - . ... . . .. c , • 1•2 • " • •.. _ _ I" • • • • . • • ·· · • 7 -.. •. . e I . .. ,.• I I •, •••• I ..... •. • •e . - - -- - - I •. 1I • - - ­ TROUT CR EEK D IVISI O N .. t · ·. • .. • I I ••• I •lo s " • • • . : t- - - - - ­ 1 : _ _ .. .._ ... ... _ _ _ .. .-., 1 Tro.... • . ek re ct t u 44 .. : • • · · I • H i • l t· • • • • "• 1 7 I • • • 1 8 ...• • • • I • • •. 1 3 .. I • I "e I I .• • • •0 •. • • t --­ - -- -,I - - l. •. • SOI L MAP P I N G U N ITS - - - - - - - - L - - - - - - - -Whisky : TH O R N TO N T. M U N G E R N AT U R A L R ES EA R C H A R EA 91 • •. .. . .. l . • •. ... • u'• · · 1 • •• • • • • .r • •. • : •• · · . ;s a: • • -- I .-;.•• J • I • 0 · -.>4 . . '!,, .s ·• . • 83 6 1 • • • • "• • _.. _,. _ _ - - 1 '<:"87•• - - - !- . . •" I • ,•• " •• t •• •• • • • • • • • I • • "' l • • .. •• • • • ' •• 8 7.. • •• • 1 : . • • • Jo 91 o •• • •" • • " I . • 1 .. • • o28 • • • ao . • ": • 1 • . • 29 • • • 83 •· · •• • • • 5 • • • • •• • • .. • 82 I • · 6 <t• •g• I • ••2 • •• ' •• : • • •• I • I • • •' • . . • • •• : · . •• • • • •• 1 oI 2 8 • I o • "' ..., . ". • • . .. • • •• o . I •• • • • • • \ . "' • • • • • • • • • • • • • , ' · - - • "!.& I ,. .,; • • .,. : , ·.,·•· I ·. e• • I •• • • ,. • • . .. • . .. I I .. .. 1 G re e n K n o b I • I • •• 3 1 ·r' . "32. 83 • • 33 I .. • • • •• 35 • •• I • 6 .. ' I I • 3 ,.• e I I I ...• oe l .. I .. I _ _ f •r"J- --- - .. . . { Figure 5-Soil mapping units and complexes in the Wind River Ex­ perimental Forest. f 1 B u n ke r H i l l •• 11 22• r ..• • • • 1 • 1 43 •• • 1 • • ,. • • • •• • • 1 - - - - - - - - -- - - - ­J - • WI N D 1 I •• RIVER l •.I I 24 ··: • •• ----��---�--, r- _ _ 23 11 -- - 14 e'f..,. e 0/ 23 35 _ z 0 en > c r- _J I I I I I w w a: u I L- - - - 1 - -j I I I I I I r ' e ¥-' '(.'§.� • • • e • • e e • I l(') I I I - -I 1- - - .J I I I I I ..J I - - I I I I ' -\ l_ ­ I - ­ I I I I I I I I I I _L - r- ' ­ - ­ s tem of Panther Creek ; thin soils on s teep s l opes ; and thick soils on gentler s lopes . S o i l s along Panther Creek inc lude fresh alluvium (Unit 1 ) ; very deep nonplas tic to s l i ghtly plastic gravel ly sandy loams with thin surface s o i l s derived from colluvium and till (Uni t 7 5 ) ; and s andy loams deve loped o n thicker depos i ts of volcanic ash and res i duum of volcanic breccias (Unit 2 8 ) . These las t deposits occur in a toeslope p o s i t ion , sugges t ing accumulat ion after downs lope transport of a irfall tephra from a s ource such as the Trout Creek H i l l vent 6 miles to the wes t . On s teep s lopes along the Panther Creek valley and in the Mouse Creek drainage , surface soils are thin , nonp las tic , generally nongrave l ly to grave l ly loam or s il t loam (Units 8 1 , 8 3 , 9 1 ) . Local areas of exposed bedrock are common (Units 6 , 7 ) . Gentler s lopes are marked with thick mass - movement debris , t i l l , or other colluvial depos its , so subsoils are thick and immature surface soils are thin , typ ically loams and clay loams (Units 8 8 , 8 9 ) . Broadly undulating terrain dissec ted by s treams result in a complicated mix of s teep and gentle s lope and use of complexes in s o i l mapping . WATER AND FISHERIES Wind River , a fi fth - order watershed in the Columbia Bas in of s outhwe s t Washington , enters the Co lumbia River at r iver mi le 1 5 4 ( f i g . 6 ) . rugged south - aspec t watershed dominated by recent volcanism . I t drains a The highes t peaks in the watershed exceed 5 , 000 feet . S i lls , dike s , and lava flows from pas t volcanic activity in the bas in cause frequent abrupt change s in the gradient of the main s tem of Wind River and its tributaries . 50 Rap ids , cas cades , and fal l s i I i are pres ent on mos t s treams and influence movement of res ident and anadromous fish within the bas in . Shipherd Fal l s , l ocated at r iver mile 2 . 1 , drops 4 2 feet in s everal s teps , including maj or s teps of 1 3 . 5 , 1 3 , and 11 fee t . A large and vigorous race of summer s tee lhead capab l e of ascending Shipherd Fal l s deve loped in the Wind River . The s e fish were highly s ought by anglers . The run made init ial entry into the River in March and congregated below the fal l s unt il June when conditions in the River became op t imum for ups tream pas sage . The h i s toric run was e s t imated at 2 , 500 to 5 , 000 s teelhead that spawned in the upper Wind River and its tributaries . In addition , up to 1 , 000 chinook salmon were also e s t imated to have spawned in the main s tem of Wind River below Shipherd Fal l s . The fisheries of the W ind River have changed dramatical ly , however , s ince the turn of the century and espec ially s ince the mid - 1 9 30 ' s . The nat ive summe r s te e lhead population in the W ind River has dec l ined more or less cont inuously for about four decades from a comb ination of hab itat changes and increased angler effec t ivene s s . Bonneville Dam raised the leve l of l ower W ind River . S tee lhead spawning was s everely curtailed in the upper watershed during the early 1900 ' s by an 8 - foo t -h igh mill dam with a 14- foo t apron operated by Carson Lumber Company ( Bryant 1 949 ) . Large numbers of both summe r and winter s tee lhead have been s tocke d . Juv nile coho salmon have also been planted in the uppe r River by the Washington Department of Fi sheries . The summer s tee lhead introduced were o f Skamania s tock , a di fferent race than nat ive W ind River s teelhead . Al though ne i ther winter s te e lhe ad nor coho introduc t ions were highly successful , successful summer s te e lhead plants have probably altered the genetics of Wind River s tee lhead by natural interbreeding of Skamania and Wind River s tocks . 51 PANTH ER CREEK DIVISION WIND RIVER EXPERIM ENTAL FOREST Figure 6-Wind River Basin of southwest Washington. Trout Creek D ivis ion The Trout Creek D ivis ion s traddles Trout Creek from creek mile 3 to mile 5 . 4 , borders the eas t s ide of Trout Creek from creek mile 5 . 4 to mile 7 . 8 , and borders the East Fork Trout Creek from its confluence with Trout Creek for 1 mile ups tream . The gradient of the acc e s s ible portion of Trout Creek and its tr ibutar ies on WREF are favorable for steelhead production . Downs tream from WREF , the gradient is gentle , averaging less than 2 percent . Gradient increases to 5 percent as the stream traverses WREF and decrease s to less than 1 percent as the s t ream skirts the wes tern flank of Trout Creek H i l l . Martha C reek and Planting Creek are the only maj or tributar ies of Trout Creek that enter WREF . Martha Creek , a second - order , north - aspect s tream , enters Trout Creek at mile 0 . 2 5 and traverses WREF between mi le 1 . 0 and 1 . 2 5 . Plant ing Creek i s a s econd- order , north - aspect tributary enter ing Trout Creek at Creek mile 5 . 5 . The s tream heads on Mowich Butte and flows 2 mi les to its confluence with Trout Creek . The lower 0 . 7 5 mi les i s on WREF . Gradient on WREF averages about 5 percent , and the s tream is used as a spawning and rearing area by summer s teelhead . Beaver use in this s tream is excep t ionally high , espec ially in the burned- over area be low Mowich Butte , The Thornton T . Munger Res earach Natural Area wetland areas have probably been created or enhanced by beaver ac tivity ( Franklin et al . 1 9 7 2 ) . No fish are present in these wetland areas , but the areas provide excellent hab itat for aquatic invertebrates and amphibians . No checklist of e i ther taxonomic group has been comp i led . 52 Panther Creek Divi s ion The port ion of the Panther Creek watershed that lies within WREF contains One road contours four clearcuts and two l i ght - duty roads total ing 1 . 5 miles . around the headwaters , and the other enters the middle bas in . Both dead- end in the bas in . Mouse Creek is a third - order s tream draining a 2 , 500 - acre watershe d , the main s tem i s 4 miles l ong and the South Fork , a maj or tributary , i s 2 miles long . The gradient average s 9 percent in the headwaters . The basin contains 7 miles of access roads and five clearcuts . At mile 0 . 5 of Mouse Creek , falls prevent further up stream access for migratory fish . Eas tern brook trout , an exo tic salmono id species stocked in the sys tem in the early 1900 ' s , occur above the fal l s up to mile 1 . 2 5 . Outs ide the Panther Creek D ivi s ion , Trapper Creek - - located s everal miles ups tream from WREF - - has been altered and channeled where i t flows through the Government Mineral Spr ings development . mile 18 . Trapper Creek is about 30 fee t wide near its mouth and flows about 2 0 ft . 3/sec . i n summer . F range . The s tream enters W ind River at river Summer water temperatures are cool , remaining in the 50o Spawning hab itat above the channel reach near Government Mineral Spr ings is adequate for about 300 pairs of s almon and s teelhead . of this reach averages 2 percent . good rearing hab i tat for s te elhead , The gradient The lower 2 miles of Trapper Creek provides The channe l in this reach contains about 25 pools per mile and the gradient averages about 5 percent . Little use by anadromous s almono ids occurs above the mouth of Los t Creek (mile 2 . 2 5 ) . 53 VEGETATION Experimental Fores t Coniferous forests dominated by Douglas - fir charac terize the Wind River Experimental Fores t . Var iat ions in forest compos i tion and s tructure are assoc iated pr imarily wi th the t ime s ince las t maj or catas trophic dis turbance and with s ite environment (mo i s ture , temperature , and nutrient gradients ) . fores ts fal l within the Tsuga Heterophylla and Ab ies amab i l i s The zones , ( Franklin and Dyrnes s 1 9 7 3 ) . The four maj or age classes of forests in the WREF are : (1) Old- growth stands around 400 to 500 years o ld found primarily in the Trout Creek D ivis ion , total ing about 3 , 000 acres . (2) Mature stands around 100 to 150 years o l d , dominating the Panther Creek D ivis ion , and total ing about 3 , 2 5 0 acres . (3) Young s tands that orginated after the Yacolt Burn and other wi ldfires between 1902 and 1 9 2 9 ( currently 50 to 80 years old) , in the Trout Creek D ivis ion , and total ing about 2 , 500 acres . (4) Very young s tands deve loped by c learcutting and regenerating mature stands , in both divis i ons with about 900 acres at Trout Creek and 250 acres at Panther Creek , from 1 to 30 years old ( 19 84 ) . Compos i t ion and s tructure vary markedly wi th s tand age . general ly overwhelmingly dominant in classes ( 2 ) , Douglas - fir is ( 3 ) , and ( 4 ) , with occas ional exceptions , and trees within s t ands tend to be even - aged . The old- growth s tands have , on the o ther hand , lower dens ities of Douglas - fir , large volumes of o ther spec ies - - such as wes tern hemlock , Pac i fic s i lver fir , and wes tern redcedar - - and a b road range in s ize and age classe s . Portions of the old- growth 54 s tands are qui te decadent , particularly wes tern hemlock - dominated s tands on the nor thwe s t s lopes o f Trout Creek H i l l . intact . Other old- growth s t ands appear to be The long - term records from the Res earch Natural Area indicate that growth and mortal i ty are approximately in balance , but important change s in spec ies compos i t ion are taking place . Mo i s ture and temperature are the maj or environmental gradients , and the various age c lasses are found on s i tes representing a cro s s sec t ion of the se gradients . Temperatures are reflected in the maj or vegetat ive series found in the WREF- - the we s tern hemlock (warmer ) and Pacific s i lver fir ( cooler) series ( series are equivalent to the zone s o f Frankl in and Dyrnes s 1 9 7 2 ) . The Panther Creek D ivis ion is pr imar ily occupied by community types ( currently under de finition by the R- 6 area- ecology program) belonging to the wes tern hemlock series . At e levat ions around 3 , 000 fee t ( lower on north s lopes , higher on south s lope s ) communities begin to grade into the Pacific s i lver fir series , reflect ing cooler temperatures and permanent winter snowpacks . Trout Creek H i l l is occup ied by mixed Pac i fic s i lver fir -wes tern hemlock communi ty types , which is somewhat surpris ing cons idering some o f the low elevat ions ( for example , 1 , 200 feet in the Thornton T . Munger Research Natural Area ) . These mixed community types probably reflect the re lat ively cool nature o f the Wind River Val ley and , perhaps , the relative infe r t i l i ty of s ome of the s o i l s assoc iated with Trout Creek H i l l . The portion of the Trout Creek D ivis ion south o f Trout Creek ( that is , the Yacolt Burn segment) is mainly occupied by we s tern hemlock communities . The mo is ture gradient is b e s t expressed in the Panther Creek D ivis ion where communities range from very dry types on l i thosols to fern- and herb - r ich communities on lower s l opes and along s treams . 55 Dry s ites have communities with spe c i e s characteristics of Douglas - fir c l imax s i tes , such as ground j uniper , bearberry , various gras ses , tal l Oregongrape , and oceanspray . The bulk of the fore s t is on s i tes of moderate mo i s ture s tatus with unde r s tories dominated by salal , dwarf Oregongrape , vine maple , and various herbs such as vanil laleaf and bracken fern . S everal c ommuni ty types are probably represente d , but this modal group is j us t in the proce s s of defini t ion by the National Fore s t area ecologist . Beargrass and huckleberries are common at h i gher e levat ions . Fore s t s on mo i s t s ites have rich herbaceous understories with species such as sword fern , foamflowe r , and small false solomon ' s seal . Dense shrub layers of vine maple and hazel are also present , Ripar ian vege tat ion along Trout Creek cons i s ts primarily of devi l s - c lub , '' ! ' vine maple , bigleaf maple , red alder , we s tern redcedar , wes tern hemlock , and Douglas - fir . Several c learcuts occur close to the s tream on both the eas t and we s t banks along the southwe st s ide of Trout Creek H i l l , and s ome c learcuts in the vic inity of Planting Creek are immediately adj acent to the s tream . Dry s i tes ( includes to tal rainfal l ) are no t , found in the Trout Creek H i l l area . Communi ty types here range from herb - and fern- dominated in l imited lower s lope areas ( for example , near the base o f Bunker H i l l in the Thornton T . Munger Research Natural Area) through modal vine maple/dwarf Oregongrape types to vine map lejsalal on the mos t infertile and huckleberryjbeargrass on the colde s t s i tes , The relative proport ion and exact nature of these types awaits further defini t ion , Tree compos i tion can be related to the s e environmental gradients . mentione d , Douglas - fir is common throughout the WREF . rather broadly d i s tr ibuted , As Wes tern hemlock is also Wes tern redcedar is most abundant on mo i s t s i tes 56 and at l ower e levations . Pac i fic s i lver fir i s common on Trout Creek H i l l ( including the RNA) and at higher elevations i n Panther Creek but probably can occur anywhere in WREF . Noble fir is mos t common above 3 , 000 fee t in Panther Creek but does occur spar ingly around Trout Creek H i l l . Grand fir occurs sparingly in the RNA , mos t conspicuous ly at the lowe s t and wettest elevations . Western white p ine is ub iqui tous but generally in small numbers in mature and old- growth forest . I t was much more prevalent before a 1930 outbreak of whi te p ine b l i s ter rus t . This di sease was firs t no t iced in Canada in 1 9 1 0 . it was in Washington and prevalent at Wind River by the 1 9 3 0 ' s . infect ion was in the late 1940 ' s . By 1 9 2 1 , The peak of Wes tern' larch is a rare spec ies at higher elevat ions in Panther Creek , as is mountain hemlock . Among the hardwoods , red alder is the only common species occurring along B igleaf maj or s treams and on cutovers of high to moderate mois ture s tatus . map le occurs occas ionally in Panther Creek , black cot tonwood is in r ipar ian areas and on cutovers , and Oregon whi te oak is a rare , small tree _ nvery dry s i tes . Two s ens i t ive plant species , Thelypteris Nevadens is ( S ierra woodfern) and Pleur icospora fimbriolata ( fringed pinesap ) , are known to occur within the Thornton T . Munger Re s earch Natural Area . co Corydal i s aguae - ge l idae ( Clackamas dal i s ) has been located in s everal s i tes in Trout Creek Flats immediately adj acent to the WREF . The potential for occurrence of corydalis and addi tional s i tes support ing S ierra fernwood and fringed p inesap within the Experimental Fore s t and Natural Area is great . 57 Adj unct Research Areas Although the array of vege tation types assoc iated with the legally defined WREF is large , a variety of adj acent areas with superb examp les of many o ther vegetation types add immeasurably to the potent ial of the locale for both bas ic and appl ied research . Included are dedicated s i tes (Research Natural Areas ) , areas res erved from cutt ing in current plans ( e s pecially the Trapper Creek Wilderne s s Area ) , and a variety of s ites where individual s tudies are already located ( for examp l e , Fal ls Creek flat , Camp 8 transec t ) . We intend that the se adj unc t areas ( fi g . 1) be conceptually l inked with WREF in developing , promot ing , and coordinating research at WREF , and in p lanning for fac i l i t ies and other nece ssary logis t ical support . S ister Rocks Research Natural Area This is a 2 1 5 - acre tract of Pac ific s i lver fir forest cons i s t ing pr imarily of old growth (500 to 6 00 years old) from which Douglas - fir and noble fir have largely disappeared . I t i s about 12 miles northwes t of WREF along a r idgel ine at 3 , 600 to 4 , 200 fee t . Goat Marsh Res earch Natural Area A 1 , 1 9 5 - acre tract of true fir , hemlock old- growth forest , lodgepole p ine - dominated mudflows , and wetlands at 2 , 9 50 to 4 , 9 6 5 feet about 30 miles northwes t o f WREF . Record -volume stands o f noble fir exist at this s ite . 58 Cedar Flats Research Natural Area A 6 8 0 - acre tract of large , o l d - growth Douglas - fir and western redcedar in a val ley - bottom terrace along the Muddy River ( e levation 1 , 200 to 2 , 000 fee t ) ab out 20 mi les north o f the WREF . Wes tern hemlock community types are we l l represented , S teamboat Mountain Res earch Natural Area A varied 1 , 400 - acre tract of subalpine fore s ts at 4 , 000 to 5 , 42 5 feet encompas s ing e s s entially all o f a high Cascade peak , Fores t types include o l d - growth Pac i fic s i lve r f i r - mountain hemlock on nor th s lopes , mature sub alp ine fir on s outh s lopes , and mature mixed subalpine on lower s lopes and flats . Wet meadows are also present . The area is located about 2 2 mi les northeast o f WREF . Trapper Creek The Trapper Creek Drainage (became Trapper Creek W ilderne ss in 1 9 84 with 5 , 950 acres ) is perhaps the mos t important s ingle adj unct area b ecause of the added potent ial for sc ient i fic research it br ings to programs based at WREF . a fourth - order s t ream dra inage tributary to Wind River . This is I t is 8 to 1 2 miles northwes t of WREF . Timb e r harves t had been de ferred in mos t o f this drainage ; cons equently , the drainage provides a l arge , pri s t ine trac t and s tream sys tem wi thout future deve lopment plans but with high po tent ial as a control s i te whe re baseline measurements and monitoring can be done . O l d - growth t imber dominates the bo ttom and we s tern hal f of the drainage , mature timbe r dominates the eastern s lopes , with Douglas - fi r and we s tern hemlock dominant except at highes t e levations . 59 CHAPTER VII RESEARCH PLOTS AND ACTIVE STUDIES Dean S . DeBe ll Thi s chapter documents s ome of the spec ific research activities and opportunit ies and maj or , histor ical research plots for s c ient ific inve s tigations at WRE F . The locat ion and nature of several permanent research plots i n and near WREF are shown in fi gure 7 and table 1 . Most of thes e areas are remeasured per iodically by the S tat ion sc ienti s ts l i s ted as respons ible for the area . The plots are sometimes amenable to subs idiary s tudies by others , provided original obj ective s are no t compromi sed . Many Forest Service and non- Fores t Service sc ient i s ts have found WREF a convenient and appropriate location for a variety of sc ient ific inve s tigations - -both long and short term . cooperative s tudies i s given in table 2 . A l i s t of recent and current ac tive Thi s provides an indicat ion of the nature of research now conducted at WREF and a measure of current activity . For addit ional background informat ion on pas t s c ientific use of WREF and adj o ining areas , as wel l as the availab i l i ty o f bas ic s i te informat ion , see the b ib l iography . 60 __ ct ; - \ I l I e> (.<;)6 I I :2:.. c;_ . (_<;) I (/;\ (' nfb: ' - \I I\ . • , I I I I I \ l - I I 3 / / I I I , I I I -4 - - - - - -- ::--. I ) ig Huc leberry M t n. 10 P ER M A N ENT 24 ... t \ ,._ \ ' ,...... 1 II - '\ I ----.L--- 12 - ,/ o<' \ \\ I 11 ' " \" - "'· '' I I \' II '\J - - ..,... ­ - - -I ... r 19 R ES EA R C H P LOTS 1 I I - ­ Cect.ar C - ..L reeIl,_ l Figure ?-Location of permanent research plots in and near Wind River Experimental F orest (continued). - I - - - - ' • • - - - - - A I @'@) (located in sec 1 28) I I - - - - ­ t- - - ­ - - - - ­ ® 30 25 ,'''\.,• 1 ..,\ 1 \' I _ · 15 1,;I "' 36 i \. . I )j . I I f /#* - I 31 I Figure 7-Location of permanent research plots in and near Wind · River Experimental Forest. 3* '32 , . 33 Table ! - - Description of major permanent plots and study sites in and near WREF Location on map (number) I Title of study and current responsible PNW scientists Description of physical layout or plot treatment Status Other informa ti on Douglas-fir Heredity Study R.R. Sllen (COI'VIIllis Plantation established In 1 9 1 5 and 1 9 1 6 with open-pollinated progeny from 1 20 parents, representing I ) provenances (source locations). Remeasured at 10-year Intervals, last measurement was in 198). Precommercial Thinning of Young Douglas-fir O.L. Reukema (Olympia) Three unreplicated plots established in 1 9 1 9 In 9-year-old stand (control, thinned to appro)(lmately 8 feet by 8 feet leaving all dominants and thinned to 8 feet by 8 feet by leaving best spaced trees), four more plots of thinning and pruning established nearby in 1 9)4. Remeasured at 5-year intervals, last measurement in 198). No future remeasurements planned. Represents development of stand precommerclally thinned but not commercially thinned, thinned, opportunity to assess effects of pruning on wood quality when stand is harvested. The Wind River Arboretum R.R. Silen (Corvallis) Eleven-acre area containing specimens of about 150 tree species, primarily conifers from temperate zones of the world. Reassessed at 1 0-year Intervals, last measurement I n 1985. Last publication in 1 939, should update (Silen and Wolke). Visitor and demonstration activity. Less than )0 years of life e)(pected because of Increasing mortality. 4 Permanent Sample Plots in Natural Stands of Various Ages. O.L. Reukema and R.O. Curtis (Olympia) J .F, Franklin (Corvallis) Consists of 1 -acre plots established in 1 9 1 4 for regional growth and yield study. Four plots are In stand originating in 1 9 10, five plots are in stand originating In 194 1 . Terminated. Last measurements by PNW scientists in 1960-6). Plots have renewed significance because of current concerns regarding characteristics of mature and old-growth forests and wildlife. 5 Growth and Mortality in a VIrgin, Old-Growth Forest (T. T. Munger Research Natural Area) o.s. DeBell (Olympia) J .F. Franklin (Corvallls) Permanent sample plots established In 1 947, Inventory and growth have been measured periodically on about 50 1/20- and 1 /5-acre concentric circular plots and mortality has been assessed on about 100 I by 2 chain cruise strips. Remeasured at 4- to 7-year intervals, last measurement was 1983. Area used for basic research (that is, dead-down ti m ber, owl habitats, etc.) 6 Wide Spacing Study in Douglas-fir D.L. Reukema (Olympia) Established in 1953-54. Consists of sl)( atocldng levels ranging from 825 to 1 25 trees per ha, each applied to rectangular plots and replicated In two contigUOU$ blocks. Remeasured at 5-year Intervals, last measurement was In E)(ample of severe initial shock and long-term recovery follow in g thinning. 2 7 Nitrogen Application to Douglas-fir R.E. Miller (Olympia) Ammonium nitrate applied at three levels ( 1 40, 280, )20 lb N/acre in 1964, treatment and control plots are 1 / 1 0 acre, with a 1/20-acre measurement plot. Completely randomized design with three replicates. 1984. Remeasured annually or biennially through 1970 and periodically theaeafter. Last measurement In 1983. Stand response to fertilizer was high and long -lasting. Location on Map (number) 8 Title of Study and Current Description of Physical Layout or Plot treatments .Rasoonslble PNW Scientists Statu$ Other Information Measurements were last made In 1 940, no future remeasurement planned. Plantation has survived and trees now are approximately 30 feet tall, but growth is much less than surrounding Oouglas-flr plantation. Planting of Ponderosa Pine R.R. Sllen (Corvallis) Ten-acre plantation established In 1925. 9 Red Alder/Oouglas-fir Plantation R.E. Miller (Olympia) Alder interplanted In 4-yeer-old Douglas-fir plantation In 19J3, the interplant.lng consists of 11 strip about 70 feet wide and I mile long. Four pairs of 1 15-acre sample plots established In mixture and adjacent plus Dooglas-flr stands In 1 974. 10 Monitor Plots in Operational Pre-commercially Thinning D.L. Reukema (Olympia) Six pairs (thinned and unthlnned) of 1/5-acre plots plus buffers were established when plantations on Troot Creel< Hill ( 1 969) and Planting Creek ( 1 976) were precommerclally thinned. Remeasured at 5-year intervals. Troot Creel< plot measured In 1 982. II Research Plantations on Trout Creek Hill: Spacing Tests and Species Mixture D.S. DeBell (Olympia) Planted during 1 979-82 and tre11tments were established on 1 -acre plots in five clearcut units. Spacing tests established with 1'lve or she levels for Douglas - fir, western hemlock, western redcedar, noble fir, and western white pine. Mixed planting Includes all of above plus Paoiflc sliver fir In two or three species mixtures. Replanting of spots where trees died, and herbicide application of developing brush done in 1 982-86. 12 Wind River Valley Transect (Camp 8 plots) D.S. DeBell (Olympia) R.R. Sllen (Corvallls) Trees followed from birth on 1 -rodsquare plot, spaced 2 chains apart established in 1 9 1 8 across a cut-over and slash-burned section of Wind River Valley, Initially examined annually, since 1 962 measurements at 10year intervals. Last measurement taken 1 982 Early data provided basis for recommendations on patchcutting In Oouglas- fir. Probably longest documented record of timber stand development in U.S. 13 Regional Races of Ponderosa Pine R.R. Sllen (Corvallis) Established In 1929 with SOUI'ces from 10 localities throughout western U.S. Plots are of various sizes and are unreplicated at Wind River but Identical plantings were established at six other sites. lnlt.lally measured yearly, then at 5 -year Intervals to 1 966, now at 10-year Intervals. Last measured in 1 976, scheduled for 1 986. Demonstrates importance of seed soorces. Significant difference In survival, growth, crown characteristics and susceptibility to animal damage. 14 Initial Spacing o f Douglasfir D.L. Reukema (Olympia) Established In 1925 with unrepllcated treetment plots of 2.8 ��eres for square spacing of 4 , 5, 6, a; and 10 feet. An 0.5-acre plot spaced at 12 feet was also established. Measurements taken taken primarily on three 1/4-acre plots located within each treatment plot for spacing at 4- to iO-equare feet. 15 Crop Tree Pruning T .A . Snellgrove (Portland) D.L. Reukema (Olympia) Trees in 28-year-old Oouglas- fir stend near Warren Gap. Remeasured at J-year Intervals, last measurement In 198}. I Since age 29, measured at 5-yeer Intervals. Last measurement In 1980 and scheduled for 1 986. Terminated but many trees remeln. Oooglas-flr growth better In m ixture than in pure stand, heavy bear damage to Douglasfir in mixed stand in 1976. Troot Creel< plot trees are 5-6 Inches dbh; Planting Creek trees are 4-5 inches dbh. Demonstrates effects of spacing on height, diameter crown characteristics, and mortality of Dooglas- fir on site IV land. May provide material for assessing eff��ets of pruning on lumber recovery and grade. Table 2 . - - Selected examples of other recent and currently ac tive cooperat ive s c ient ific inves t igations on or near WREF Descriptive title Contrac tor or inves tigator Effects of different ni trogen fertil izer appl i ­ cations on 5 0 - year old Douglas - fir ( installation is part of regional nutrition research proj e c t ) S . Gessel (Univ . o f Washington) Deve lopment o f blacks tain root disease i n a young Douglas - fi r plantation D . Goheen (R- 6 ) Integrated logging sys tems planning via digi tal model (WREF is one tes t s ite ) R . Twito ( PNW ) S tructural and composi tional features of old­ growth fore s t s as contrasted with younger fores t s tages (WREF and environs provide 2 5 percent ) T . Spies ( Oregon S tate Univ . / PNW S tation) Input of coarse woody debris to forest floor and subsequent comp o s i t ion P . Sollins ( Oregon S tate Univ . ) Measure and model dynamics of decompos i t ion of s tanding dead and down trees R . Lambert Graham ( Oregon S tate Univ . , now with Weyerhaeuser Co . ) Source of woody debris in s treams as related to t imber type , s tream order , and topography H . McDade ( Oregon S tate Univ . ) Basel ine l itter fall and l i tter chemis try s tudies in northwes tern coniferous forests T . Hinds ( Batte lle Northwest Laboratory) Timing , causes , and spatial distribution of mortal ity in northwes tern coni ferous forests P . Harcombe (Rice Univers i ty) Crown we ights in old - growth Douglas - fir and wes tern hemlock K . Sne ll ( PNW S tat ion , now R- 6 ) Bo e we ight s tudies in old- growth Douglas - fir and we s tern hemlock ; includes three s tudies to improve e fficiency of heavy - l i ft logging techniques M . Lambert , W . Y . Pong , D . Wadde l l ( PNW S tation) Re lations of s elected mammal spec ies to old­ growth fores t hab i tats S . Wes t (Univ . o f Washington) Bird populations and o l d - growth Douglas - fir fore s t s D . Manuwal (Univ . of Washington) As s e ssment o f herpe tological communities in Douglas - fir fores t s on WREF and H . J . Andrews EF B . Bury 61 CHAPTER VII I FACILITIES Alton R . Hooten " The Wind River Adminis trative S i te : Long Range Development Plan" ( FSH 7 3 0 9 . 11 Chapter 1 0 ) is be ing prepared by the Gi fford Pinchot Nat ional Fore s t . Now in draft s tage , this p lan depicts the es tab l ishment and placement of improvements , buildings , pede s trian and vehicular c irculation ways , and ut i l i t ies . Management needs and long- term management concepts are be ing used to shape this p lan . Nearly al l the exi s t ing buildings ( fig . 8 ) are used daily by D i s trict or Nursery personnel . The PNW Bui lding No , 1 3 19 , constructed in 1 9 3 5 , and Warehouse Bui lding No . 2 3 1 7 , constructed in 1 9 3 6 , are used by PNW S tat ion personnel . A condition - and- use survey document for PNW building 1 3 19 , dated June 1 9 8 2 , i s on file at PNW S tation headquarters , Portland . In describes exi s t ing uses , and uses to which the bui lding could be readily adapted . can provide temporary l iving quarters for 10 people . The present s tructure S leep ing accommodations for more than 10 occupants on the second floor will require the S tate fire marshal ' s approval . The ground- floor meeting room will accommodate 40 people , but modifications are needed for acces s by the phys ically handicapped . Building 1054 is the original Exper imental Fores t o ffice and res idence . I t is s t i l l usable a s a year - round res idence for an emp loyee and family . Certain Nursery and D i s trict fac i l i ties have been ident ified for pos s ib le part - time use by Res earch , Some of these fac i l ities are avai lable immediately , 62 but in o thers are no t available for prac tical reasons or would need to be modified to fit changing res earch needs . Fac i l i ty Building Number Training center 2815 Dormitory bunkhouse 1317 Dining hall 141 3 Maintenance shop 2 31 8 Warehouse/carpenter shop 2116 Re frigerated cold rooms Fue l supply Func t ional fac i l i t ies , such a s telephone s and word proces s ors , will b e availab l e a s needed . Ons i te recreat ional fac i l ities for swimming and picnicking are available to both the pub l i c and Fores t S ervice employees . Emergency health c are for ser ious illnes s is available at the Skyline Hosp i tal and White Salmon Family Cl inic , both in White Salmon , Washington . Commerc ial fac i l i t i e s , such as res taurants , gaso l ine service s tations , and temporary hous ing , are available at the following locations : Carson , WA 8 miles ( l im i ted hous ing) S t evenson , WA 1 5 miles ( l imited housing) Cascade Locks , OR 1 8 miles ( l imited hous ing) White Salmon , WA 3 0 miles ( l imited housing) Hood River , OR 3 5 miles Portland , OR 6 0 miles For a more complete de scription o f o ffs i te fac i l i ties , see " Long Range S ite Development Plan - - Soc i al Factors . " 63 N TROUT C R E E K 111111 G CJ DO eE 0 D 0 1:1 D IF D A 0 0 Q Ill FENCE f I o rt: ! D :t I• c::::J t::l c '0 D c 1111 0 0 o TA N KSITE c Rd. 4 1 0 1 \) t A N U RS E RY O F F I C E B D I STR I CT O F F I CE PNW BLDG. II 2025 201 6 1319 1 41 3 M ESS H A LL TRA I N I N G C E NT E R 28 1 5 G WA R E H O U S E B U N K HOUSE H GAS H O U S E RESI DENCE I Figure 8-Existing buildings at Wind River. "I 21 1 6 1317 1 054 H E L I PO RT Research activities may increase the need for public fac i l i ties (educat ion , recreation , and information) . The exi sting s i te can accept s ome public use depending on the number of peopl e , number od vehicles , and the funct ion . Agreements between the PNW Research S tation Direc tor and the Gi fford Pinchot National Forest Supervisor must be developed in the following areas : Procedures for modifying fac i l ities Building and s ite maintenance Utility costs Operating guide l ines Frequency of review for agreements OPPORTUNITIES The PNW building ( no . 1 3 1 9 ) should be modified to provide for a l ive - in summer s taff of no more than 10 people . Food preparation and dining fac i l i ties will be necessary in addi tion to a small meeting space for up to 40 peop le . Ups tairs live - in s taff areas should provide separate shower and to i let space for men and women crews . Safety s tandards , building codes , l imited recreational floor space , and handicapped access can be deve loped during any building modi fication . In addi tion , current heating · and energy - loss problems mus t be addressed . Any modifications in this s tructure will be in l ine with s tandards required to pro tec t i ts h i s torical features . 64 ACTIONS 1. Deve lop architectural plans to bring building 1 3 1 9 up to needed s tandards . 2. Deve lop method o f sharing costs of us ing the building . D i s trict and PNW to de termine who should carry building on property l i s ts . 3. Deve lop j o int protection and maintenance plan for bui lding in cooperation with the Wind River Ranger D i s tric t . 65 CHAPTER IX ROADS AND TRAILS Roger H . Twi to CURRENT ACCESS Trout Creek D ivis ion Portions of the Trout Creek D ivis ion north of Trout Creek can be acce s s ed eas i ly by roads 4 3 and 54 , and the ne twork of roads over Trout Creek H i l l ( fig . 3) . Much of the area s outh of Trout Creek and s outheast of Planting Creek , however , was burned- over when the divis ion was es tab l ished and remains essential ly unroaded . The original road to Lookout Mounta in ( 4 10000 1 ) parallels much o f the s outhern boundary of the Trout Creek Divis ion , and the newly relocated Pac i fic Cre s t Trail traverses thi s area . In addi tion , several abandoned trails enter the unroaded , burned- over portion from po ints along th is road . These trails should be reopened to provide improved access for timber ­ s tand examinations and o ther planning and reconpaissance activi ties . Panther Creek D iv i s i on The wes tern portion of the Panther Creek D ivis ion already has its bas ic access routes constructed ( fig . 4 ) . Road 6 8 0 1 ties into the Gi fford Pinchot Nat ional Fores t ' s road network on the north s ide of the divis ion . Roads 68 and 6 5 do the same from the south and wes t . Thes e roads should provide the bas ic cl imbing roads needed to serve whatever spur roads are necess ary for full t imber access ( landings ) and future harvest ac t ivitie s . 66 The exi s t ing roads through the Panther Creek Divis ion are of adequate s tandard to mee t pres ently ant icipated harves t ing and acc e s s needs . They may require some additional widening at landing locat ions for t imber yarded direc tly to the roads . Slump are as , however , do j eopardize the ir permanence , and may demand cos tly treatment for s tab i l izat ion . apparent along road 6 80 1 near Mouse Creek . Such areas are mos t Spur roads within the uni t , such as road 680102 3 , are no t now adequate for t imber hauling . Drainage problems and lack of good stream c ro s s ings are the mos t obvious shortcomings . Recons truc t ion will be neces s ary . S lump areas also endanger these exi s t ing spurs . Access is absent on the eastern third o f the divi s ion . Because thi s port ion i s bordered by the Pac i fic Cres t Trail and with in the inventoried roadless area , a direct connec ting route to the east may b e unnecessary . Mo s t of the be tter t imber s t ands could b e acces s e d by spurs not cro s s ing the Pac ific Crest Trail . S everal abandoned trails traverse thi s portion of the divi s ion . One abandone d trail b egins on spur road 6 801029 and connec t s with the Pac ific Crest Trail near B i g Huckleberry Mountain ( T . 4N . , R . 8E . , Sect ions 4 and 1 0 ) . Ano ther abandoned trail trave l s the ridge forming the wes tern border of watershed no . 1 between the Pac ific Cres t Trail and road 6 8 0 1 in Sec tion 1 7 of T . 4N . R . 8 E . Al so , port ions of the ori ginal Big Huckleberry Trail are north of the recons tructed Pac i fic Cre s t Trail and provide al ternate acces s to upper leve l s of s everal watersheds . Reopening the two abandoned trails and cons truc t ing a midslope , level trail that provides acces s acro s s the four watersheds is des irab l e . 67 I I ' . FUTURE ROAD CONSTRUCTION New construction for the Trout Creek Divis ion during the next 5 years will depend on p lanned WRRD and WREF timber- sale activity , such as the Atlant is and Mowich sales . The Wind River Ranger D i s trict has two t imber s ale s , scheduled on the ir current 5 - year p lan , that will border on the Panther Creek Divis ion (Moongoose and S pearfish ) . Roads will be constructed in conj unction with thes e sales that could augment access to the D ivi s ion . The Moongoose timber sale l ies along the northeas t boundary o f the Divis ion and wi thin one mile o f Big Huckleberry Mountain ( fi g . 1 0 ) . C l imb ing roads constructed on this sale could provide needed acces s to s ome of the better stands in the eas tern third of the Panther Creek Division , which includes four watersheds . The road for this sale should be extended about one - third of a mile through the saddle at the head of Mouse Creek into the interfluvial area between watershed 2 and 4 to provide access to the proposed 2 0 - acre harve s t unit at that point . This unit is a suggested addition to the Moongoos e timber sale . The WRRD - planned S pearfish timber s ale lies along the southwe s t border o f the unit j us t south o f S tub Creek i n Sect ion 24 of T . 4 N . , R . 7 - l/2 E . The spur road that enters road 68 at Gobbler Knob wi ll probably be used as one of the access roads to thi s s ale . The road can be extended around the upper end o f S tub Creek and cros s the Experimental Fore s t to reach the s a l e area . Extra care in road cons truct ion wi l l be essential to protect s teep s lopes . This same spur provides access to a cons iderable volume of timber in S tub Creek with in the Divis ion ; however , any concurrent timb e r - s ale ac tivity requiring the same spur should be avoided . This road activity will require coordination with the WRRD . 68 ' RECONSTRUCTING AND MAINTAINING ROADS Exi s t ing roads that form part of the D i s trict ' s road sys tem have had normal maintenance , surface replacement , and brushing performed by Fores t personne l . Spurs so lely within the Panther Creek Unit are as sumed to be a PNW S tation respons ib i l i ty . The t imber purchaser can maintain o r reconstruct the roads when they are used in a t imber s ale . At o ther time s , maintenance will depend on appropriated funds . Because the Dis trict is faced wi th the s ame funding l imitat ions as the Exper iment S tation , coordination is e s s ential to de termine the bes t approach to road maintenance . The three spur roads ( 68 0 1 0 2 2 , 680102 3 , and 6 801024) need recons truc t ion and reopening . A harves t e ffort and s alvage logging in thi s area should be pl anned to b r ing the roads to a s tandard that can be maintained and to provide cont inued acc e s s to res earch locat ions . In a first s tage , at least two harves t s i te s appear needed t o accomp l i sh thi s . MANAGEMENT COORDINATION WITH THE WIND RIVER DI STRICT Vi sual management , recreation , and wildl i fe management direct ions specified by the G i fford Pinchot National Fore s t planning documents will be c arefully weighed a s to the ir bearing on the transportation plan . Recently agreed - on direct ion for suspected spotted owl nes t ing areas represents a ser ious impact on planning for the uni t , Res tricted patch - harves t uni t s in adj acent vi sual management units may also affect the harves t ing and , consequently , the road -building ac tivities . PNW S tation immediate and long - range planning for road cons truc t ion or recons truc tion within the D ivis ion will begin with thi s draft of the WREF Management Plan e ffort . Del ineating speci fic new route s is impos s ib l e now ; 69 I - I -- , \ \ __ _J I F igure 1 0-Units of Spearfish and Moongoose timber sales within Panther C reek Division. I - L l .I such dec is ions mus t take into account requi rements of oth r research disc ip l ines for land us e . TRANSPORTATION PLANNING STEPS 1. Initial direction on which areas at Wind River are to be managed for t imbe r harves t will be provided by researchers . Thi s direction mus t take into account not only immediate harves t and long- term management but the s cope of p lanned research , including harves ting s tudies . Planning only for the short term w ithout regard to an effic ient long - range p lan mus t be avo ided . Some s tands can be bypas s ed within the harves table area if required for specific research o r management needs . But the road sys tem should be laid out to permit e ffic ient coverage for harve s t ing . 2. A digital terrain model will be permanent ly s tored for this Divis ion and used with s everal re lated planning programs to evaluate the yarding coverage available from different landing locations for highlead and skyl ine sys tems and the connecting road sys tem . Alternat ive transportion and harve s t plans can be compared and evaluated to mee t research and management needs . The steepne s s of the upper end of the Divis ion indicates i t will be pr imar i ly a cable - logging area . A parallel sys tem of roads should be laid out , where the terrain permits , to provide better pos s ib i l i ties for skyline thinning from parallel settings between roads . This may be mos t obvious where road 6 8 0 1 parallels Mouse Creek ; good thinning opportunit i e s are apparent there . Large ridge - top landings are appropriate in o ther areas , such as the upper portion of S tub Creek . ' . i Here , skyl ine corridors could converge and create almo s t a c learcut rather than a thinning pattern . Deferring to hel icopter thinning as an option for such areas does not now appear to be economically 70 I I real i s t ic . I f more re s earch needs to be done on economical systems of skyline thinning , the research needs mus t be taken into account dur ing layout of the timber - access roads . 71 CHAPTER X EDUCATION AND INTERPRETATION J . Louise Mastrantonio The Wind River Experimental Fores t is particularly valuable as a s i te for fores try education and interpretation . fores try research in the Wes t . I t is an important historic s i te for Research dates back to 1910 , and s tudies have been conduc ted continuously s ince . The long h i s tory of research adds to the value of the Fore s t for both research and educat ion purposes . I t s fore s t types are typ ical of much of the wes t - s ide Douglas - fir region in the Pac i fic Northwe s t , and thi s makes the results useful to a large , important fores t ry c l i entele . The many s tudies conduc ted there have added to the value of the s i te for educat ional purposes : methods of forest planting , natural regenerat ion , genet ics , fire protect ion , di sease and insects , timber - harvest methods , tree s tocking , thinning , and other cul tural techniques . These experimental results are easy to see and lend themse lves to demons tration activi ties . The land - use h i s tory at Wind River parallels that of much of the Douglas - fir region in the Pac i fic Northwes t wi th a his tory of old- growth forests , fire , refores tation , second- growth management , and s trong mult iple - use values . Further , the locat ion i s central to much o f the Douglas - fir region and has good roads and trails that make for easy acces s . The opportunities for education and demons tration at Wind River have long been recognized . Interpretive activities date to the e s tab l i shment of the Experimental Fore s t . Several "wave s " of interpret ive activity have occurred in more recent t imes . The ques tion now is what direction thes e act ivi ties should 72 take in the future . How can sc ient ists , research adminis trators , and land managers direc t informat ion ac t ivi t ies to trans fer research resul ts to prospec t ive users and improve the pub l ic ' s understanding of good forest practice ? OPPORTUNITIES FOR INTERPRETATION Several features of the Experimental Fore s t (Trout Creek and Panther Creek Divis ions ) and the surrounding area lend themselves to interpre tat i on and educat ion ac t ivi ties . Three of these , the Nursery , the Arbore tum , and the Uppe r Wind River Valley s tudies , are not i n the Exper imental Fores t , but should b e cons idered a s part of the total interpre t ive area . The Nursery was es tab l i shed in 1909 to provide seedl ings for res tocking burne d - over areas , pr inc ipally the Yacolt Burn . The Arbore tum was established in 1 9 1 2 to tes t nonnat ive tree spec ies for po tent ial use in fores try in the Pac i fic Nor thwe s t . The Wind River Exper iment S tat ion was e s tab l i shed at Wind River in 1 9 1 3 and a building cons truc ted to serve as headquarters for the research . PAST INTERPRETIVE ACTIVITI ES Because of its h i s tory , the diversity o f research ac t ivity , and its pr imity to a maj or urban area , Wind River is an i deal s i te for use by the general pub l i c as we l l as fores try s tudents and profess ionals . By the early 1 9 7 0 ' s , the area was attract ing enough a ttention from the various users that the i r questions and need for direc t ions created a heavy workload for Ranger Distr i ct and Nursery personne l . 73 In 1 9 7 3 , the first interpret ive plan for Wind River was prepared to alleviate thes e prob lems . I t proposed three phases : Phas e ! - - preparat ion o f a general brochure including a map ; s igning to get to each s i te and s i gning at the Arbore tum and Nurs ery to provide information ; and an introductory display at the Nursery . Phas e ! ! - - development of materials for school group s , preparation o f a guide to the Arboretum and Nursery , and deve lopment of trails and ways ides . Phase I I I - - s i gning at Government Mineral Springs , preparat ion of a nature trail through old- growth Douglas - fi r , and beginning a long - range planning e ffor t with Skamania C ounty for ways ides and picnic s i te s along Wind River Road . In 1 9 7 7 , a task force a ttempted to update the 1 9 7 3 p lan but with a The emphas i s was on making Wind River into a di fferent perspec t ive . demons tration fores t and concentrating all USFS Region 6 tours , demons trations , and reviews at thi s locaton . research - or iente d . The goals were highly management - and The p lan was never approved , al though s everal interpretive proj ects were comple ted . The s ta tus of various interpretive materials is as fo l lows : 1. Printed Matter : The general brochure , "Discover Wind River Valley , " and a brochure done by the Experiment S tation in the mid - 1 9 7 0 ' s , "Wind River Experimental Fores t . " At the same t ime , the Experiment Stat ion did a series of one - page descriptions about various s tudies at Wind Rive r . The information about the Arboretum is outdated and out of p rint . 2. S igning : the Nursery . Three large wood s igns with photos provide an introduction to Not in good repair , the s igns are removed from November through Apr i l to protec t them from the weather . The Nursery has no o ther s igning . S igning at the Arbore tum is very good , but one incorrect s ign is be ing 74 corrected . The s igns showing the way to the Arboretum are hard to see . No direct ional s igns po int to e i ther the Panther Creek or Trout Creek Hill S tudy Areas , and only minimal s igning is in place at Planting Creek . Hill has no s igning . Trout Creek The s igns showing the way to the Research Natural Area are good , as are the s i gns in the RNA . 3. Trai l s : The trails in all areas except the Nursery need to be maintained regularly to provide acces s for educational as well as res earch purpo s e s . ACTIONS The dominant need for interpre tive activities at the Experimental Fore s t is for the extens ion of research information to fores try profe s s ionals , educators , s tudents , and o ther spec ial audiences . Interpret ive ac t ivi t i e s for thes e group s , if carefully p lanned , can a l s o s erve the needs of o ther vi s i tors . Mo s t of the previous interpre t ive act ivity at Wind River has as sumed that the audience knows about and has arrived at the Wind River s i te . Little has been done to encourage addit ional use of the s i te for educational purposes , to inform potential audience s about the Exper imental Fore s t , or to work with groups to encourage tours or o ther interpretive act ivities . DOCUMENTATION OF RESEARCH FINDINGS In this s e c t ion , s ome sugges tions are made about improving the documentation of res earch results and the extens ion of res earch informat ion gained from s tudies at Wind River . The emphas i s is on accomp l i shing the work at minimum cost , but with a lot of personal involvement and s a t i s fac t ion for interested people . 75 Several needs are apparent : ( 1 ) documenting research results , (2) maintaining h i s torical records , and ( 3 ) increas ing education and demons trat ion ( for fores try profe s s ionals and general pub l ic ) . Pub l ications of s c ienti fic reports and summar ies of res earch findings are normal course of bus ine s s for sc ientists and research units . a Yet special attention mus t be given to ensure that all pertinent information is retained and organized in such a way that it is use ful to other s c ienti s t s working in the area . S tudy p lans and other pertinent records should be maintained in a central location for easy re ference by sc ient i s t s ( o r o thers ) both with in and outs ide the Forest Service . A report should be prepared at regular intervals ( 10 years ) that summarizes and updates important res earch findings , for easy reference . A b ib l iography should be updated yearly and repub l i shed every 5 years and include reports o f all s tudies conduc ted in the Experimental Fore s t . A l ibrary of technical materials pub l i shed about work at the Experimental Fores t should be e s tabl i shed . CATALOG OF CURRENT AND PAST ACTIVITIES The TRI Sys tem ( Total Resource Informat ion Sys tem) i s used on National Fores t s in the Pacific Northwes t Region to provide s torage and retrieval for all in - p lace resource data , I t is a mul t imedia information system us ing maps , photograph s , papers , forms , microfilm , and computer s torage . I t was deve loped in 1 9 6 8 and i s in place at WRRD . Ground locat ion of all data i tems is recorded on large - scale photo maps us ing an indexing sys tem developed for the TRI sys tem . 76 The sys tem works by locating each in - p lace resource data i tem to a spe c i fic p iece of land and identifying it by a " TRI Locat ion" and an " index label . " All lands for whi ch there is National Fore s t management re spons ib i l i ty are included . Land features are separated into " compartments " that fo llow land features .identifiable on the ground . This cataloging sys tem should be followed by PNW S tation s c ienti s ts and othe r researchers us ing WREF and the WRRD . Cataloging would be by " Expe r imental S tudy Ac t ivity Record" card ( TRI - sys tem Form R - 6 - 4000 - 10 ) prepared by a s tudy leade r at the s tart of each new s tudy . An examp l e i s in the appendix . The original copy , when s ent to the D i s tric t , would have compartment and cell identity entered p lus management re s tr i c t ions . The D i s tr i c t retains a copy and the original is re turned to the research leade r . When exper imental ac tivi ties are completed , the " S tudy Re sults " and " Sub sequent Us e " b locks of the card should be comple ted and the original card sent to the D i s tr i c t to update the TRI Sys tem records and microfilm the Ac tivity Record card , which would be re turned to the s tudy leader . The " Exper imental S tudy Act ivity Record" card should be made out for all research ac t ivi ties on Wind River Ranger Distric t , b o th on and o ff the Exper imental Fore s t . MAINTAINING THE HI STORI CAL RECORD Because Wind River has such a long and interes ting fore s t ry research his tory , information of potential h i s torical value must be ident ified and s afeguarded . Many kinds of information might be retained : reports , correspondence , map s , brochures , general interest publications , photographs , oral h i s tories , and newspaper and magazine article s . 77 Camera po ints should be e s tab l i shed and a profe s s ional photographer document at regular intervals ( 5 - 10 years ) the resul ts of important , long- term s tudie s . The Fore s t His tory Society should be contac ted about doing oral h i s tories of those who have knowledge of the h i s tory of the Exper imental research conducted there . res t and Interviews might be pub l i shed in Forest His tory . C op i e s of pert inent newspaper and magazine articles should be c l ipped , organized , and filed with the l ibrary materials . Reports and correspondence about the Experimental Forest should be reviewed before sending to the Federal Record Center and more permanent re tent ion cons idere d . Important documents might be made a part of the Wind River l ibrary or the USFS R - 6 collect ion of his torical records . EDUCATION AND D EMONSTRATION Mo s t of the interpret ive ac t ivities previously done at Wind River were under the dire c t ion of the Forest Service Re gional Office and the G i fford P incho t National Fore s t . Thes e ac tivities have, emphas ized interpretation for the general travel ing pub l ic and have been somewhat low budge t . A spec ial - interes t group , "Volunteers for Wind River , " should be e s tab l i shed . A p lan should be prepared for education and demons tration ac tivi t ies at the Experimental Fore s t . I t should include ways to work with fores try schools to provide annual tours for s tudent s , the Oregon Mus eum of Sc ience and Indus try , and the World Fores try Center . The PNW S tation should al lot a port ion of i t s research funds for extens ion and demonstration ac t ivi ties and should take a larger role in planning and 78 direc ting an interpretive program for the Experimental Fores t . A forester pos it ion located at Wind River should be es tabl ished by the PNW . Informational materials should be reviewed at 5 - year intervals and updated and republ ished as needed . A permanent collection of general interes t photographs ( as opposed to camera point s ) about the Experimental Fores t should be es tab l i shed in the PNW S tation Information Office , Portland . S igns should be reviewed by PNW S tation sc ient i s ts and WRRD s taff at appropriate intervals to make sure thay are in good repair and up - to - date . The suitab i l ity of various his torical buildings at Wind River , including PNW building 1 3 19 , should be analyzed for information and educ at ion purposes , perhaps to inc lude photo graphs and displays . The PNW S tation and R - 6 should conduct an aggres s ive informat ion program to raise the vi s ib i l i ty of Wind River as a fores try demonstration s i te . PNW should work with R - 6 to deve lop an educational program for teachers and s tudent s , focus ing on les sons learned through research at Wind River . A s l ide - tape program about the Wind River Exper imental Fores t should be prepared for use by s chools , at fores try mee t ings , or o ther programs . This Management and Re search Plan should be pub l i shed as a PNW S tation mi cellaneous or general technical report . 79 CHAPTER XI RESOURCES AND AREAS OF RESEARCH Dean S . DeBell INTRODUCTION Previous chapters in thi s document have described h i s torical and pres ent rese arch ac t ivities as we ll as the general physical and biological features of. WREF ; deve lop ing or improving fac i l ities , road and trail systems , and intrepre t ive activities were also examined . This chapter is concerned more spec ifically with deve loping the fore s t i ts e l f for s c ientific and educat ional use . I t includes planning cons iderat ions related to specific res ource and research discipl ines . Planning deve lopment of WREF is complicated by the importance of var ious resources at WREF and the dive r s i ty of sc ient ific discip l ines and research approache s . of fores ight . A p lan i s needed s o that future opportuni ties are no t los t by lack At the s ame time , too rigid a p lan could impair the value o f WREF f o r future research . To provide maximum flexib i l i ty for pres ent and future research and demonstration options , a balance is needed between creat ion of new s t and s truc tures with associated increases in forest divers i ty and pres e rvat ion of exi s t ing s tand and biological divers ities . . Compromises mus t be made be tween manipulation and preservation . To ensure that all pert inent mat ters were cons idered , we enl is ted the aid of GPNF spec ialists and many S tation s c ientists from a variety of sc ienti fic disciplines . The s c ient ists were asked to prepare a report pertaining to the ir disc ipl ine or resource management area that ( 1 ) described the res ource s i tuat ion at WREF as related to their subj ect , 80 ( 2 ) discus sed the res earch opportunities at WREF , and ( 3 ) recommended policies or ac tions needed to protect oppor tuni ties for pres ent and future research . These many reports were blended into the sect ions of th is chap ter - - t imber , soils and watershed , fisheries and wildl i fe , protection ( insects , disease , and fire) , recreation and visuals , and harve s t - re lated concerns ( logging technique s , residue treatment , and util ization ) . This chap ter concludes with a cons ideration o f bas ic research opportunities at WREF and ac tions necess ary to enhance the s e opportunities ; many important areas for bas ic research do n o t surface in resource - or iented analyse s . I 81 CHAPTER XI RESOURCES AND AREAS OF RESEARCH Dean S . DeBe l l INTRODUCTION Previous chapters in this document have de scribed his torical and present res earch activities as we ll as the general phys ical and b iological features o f­ WREF ; develop ing or improving fac i l ities , road and trail sys tems , and intrepret ive ac t ivi ties were also examined . This chapter is concerned more specifically with deve lop ing the fores t i tself for sc ientific and educational use . I t includes planning cons iderations related to spec i fic resource and res earch discip l ines . P lanning deve lopment of WREF i s compl icated by the importance of var ious resources at WREF and the dive r s i ty of sc ient ific discip l ines and research approache s . of fore s i ght . A p lan i s needed s o that future opportunities are no t los t by l ack At the s ame time , too r i gid a p lan could impair the value o f WREF for future research . To provide maximum flexib i l i ty for present and future research and demonstration options , a balance is needed be tween creation of new s t and s tructures with associated increases in forest dive r s i ty and preservation of exi s t ing s tand and biological divers ities . . Compromises mus t be made be tween manipulat ion and preservat ion . To ensure that all pertinent matters were cons idered , we enl i s ted the aid of GPNF specialists and many S tation sc ient i s ts from a variety of sc ient ific discipline s . The sc ient ists were asked to prepare a repor t pertaining to their di s c ip l ine o r resource management area that ( 1 ) described the resource s i tuat ion at WREF as related to their subj ect , ( 2 ) discus sed the res earch 80 opportunities at WREF , and ( 3 ) recommended policies or act ions needed to protect opportunities for present and future research . The se many reports we re blended into the sect ions of this chap ter - - t imber , soils and watershed , fisher ies and wildl i fe , protection ( ins ects , disease , and fire) , recreat ion and vi suals , and harve s t - related concerns ( logging techniques , res idue treatment , and util izat ion) . This chap ter concludes with a cons iderat ion o f bas ic res earch opportunities at WREF and ac tions necessary to enhance these oppor tuni ties ; many important areas for bas ic res earch do not surface in res ource - oriented analyses . I 81 TIMBER J erry F . Frankl in and Dean S . DeBe ll DESCRIPTION Wind River Experimental Fores t is composed of two divi s i ons : ( 1 ) Trout Creek - - about 6 , 500 acres originally selected to repre sent typ ical virgin , old- growth Douglas - fir t imber and some burned- over land ; and ( 2 ) Panther Creek - - about 3 , 500 acres selected to represent even - aged , young - growth ( 9 0 years old in 1 9 3 3 ) Douglas - fir t imber . Some younger s tands now exi s t in both divi s ions ; these are pr imarily p lantations es tab l i shed after harve s t cutt ing in the 1 9 5 0 ' s and 1 9 70 ' s . Because timber s tands of the two divi s ions s t i l l di ffer in basic characte r i s tics , each will be cons idered separately in this section . TROUT CREEK DIVIS ION The Trout Creek Divi s i on now contains four rather different t imber s tand conditions . Old G rowth Old- growth s tands cons i s t primar i ly of Douglas - fir and we s tern hemlock mixed wi th various amounts of wes tern redcedar , true firs , and hardwoods . Few of the original wes tern white p ine remain ; they were killed by the mountain p ine beetle and b l i s ter rus t . Dominant Douglas - fir in the s tands originated the late 1 6 00 ' s and early 1 7 00 ' s ; other species are younger . in Of 4 , 000 acres of old- growth t imbe r s e t aside in 1 9 3 3 , s l i ghtly more than 3 , 000 acres remain . About 1 , 000 acres have been preserved in the Thornton T . Munger Research Natural Area ; the other 2 , 000+ acre s are mos tly on Trout Creek Hill and along Trout Creek . A few of the more acces s ible of these s tands have been 82 selec tively cut or salvage logged . Produc tivity of the area is variable ; estimated s i te indices range from 90 to 140 feet at 100 years . Burne d - Over Land Ab out 2 , 3 00 acres o f the D ivis ion were burned in the original Yacolt Fire of 1902 ; this l and is s outh of Trout Creek . fires of 1 9 1 7 and 1 9 2 9 . I Some acres were reburned in the Timber s tand examinations have no t been done for mo s t of the s tands , but stand conditions generally are var iable . Some s tands have res idual old- growth trees scatterpd among young - growth ( 70 - to 8 0 - year - old) Douglas - fir and wes tern hemlock . A large , 5 0 - year - o ld Douglas - fir plantation is in the Planting Creek area , wh ich conta ins s tudies of precommercial thinning , fert i l izat ion , and admixed red alder . S i te indices in the burned- over area are e s t imated at 90 to 110 feet at 100 years . Young Plantations About 900 acres o f plantations were e s tab l ished after two maj or per iods of c learcutting . During the 1 9 50 ' s , several small units were cut on Trout Creek H i l l , as were larger units al ong Trout Creek near the mouth of P lanting Creek ; these cuts totaled about 300 acres , and the Douglas - fir p lantations have been precommercially th inne d . In the 1 9 70 ' s , two additional uni ts were cut near Plant ing Creek and e i ght large uni ts ( 5 5 to 80 acres each ) were harve s ted on Trout Creek Hi l l . Douglas - fir . The two Plant ing Creek units received s tandard plant ing of The Trout Creek units rece ived a var iety of res idue - removal and s i te - preparation treatments and now contain s tudies on various planting s tocks ; spac ing trials for Douglas - fir , we s tern hemlock , wes tern redcedar , wes tern whi te p ine , and nob le fir ; and mixed plantings o f two or three spec ies of the above conifers and Pac ific s i lver fir . 83 , We ll - S tocked , Mature S tands on Martha Creek Flat These s tands of 7 0 - to 8 0 - year - o ld Douglas - fir are on the ori ginal 160 - acre experimental area of the Wind River Exper iment S tat ion . Spac ing , thinning , and pruning s tudies were es tab l i shed in port ions of the s tand regenerated naturally . Heritab i l i ty S tudy . Thi s area also contains the 1 9 1 2 Douglas - fir Martha Creek Flat probably contains the mos t operable l and in the Experimental Fore s t ; i t also contains some of the more product ive land with s i te indices e s t imated at 110 to 140 feet at 100 years and averaging about 1 3 0 fee t . Subdivis ions Information on t imber s tands , espec ially those in the 2 , 300 - acre burned- over area , is inadequate for deve lop ing proposals for compartments or subdivi s ions s imilar to thos e proposed for the Panther Creek D ivis ion . Des i gnation of control areas reserved for future manipulative s tudies is l ikewise precluded by lack o f adequate information . PANTHER CREEK DIVIS ION The Panther Creek D ivis ion cons ists primarily of mature , even- aged s t ands of Douglas - fir originating between 1 8 2 0 and 1 8 7 0 , presumab ly after rather severe fires . Two exceptions to this general condition are : a small s tr ip of old- growth t imber remains along Panther Creek near the wes tern boundary , and young Douglas - fir plantations are now es tab l i shed on about 2 5 0 acres clearcut s ince 1 9 5 0 . Three small uni ts total ing 30 acres are in the central port ion of the D ivision ; the remaining 2 2 0 acres are mainly in l arger uni ts in the southwes tern port ion of the D ivis ion . Many of the se acres were apparently replanted one or more t imes ( some t imes after brush - control treatments ) and 84 known harve s t date and year of or igin o ften di ffer greatly . Brush and hardwood competit ion problems are c ommon in the s outhwe s tern area . Mo s t o f the o l der plantat ions were precommercially thinned in the mid - 1 9 7 0 ' s . S i te indices range from 90 to 160 feet at 100 years and average about 1 2 0 feet . Data from s tand examinations indicate that the mature t imber averages 24 inches in diameter . Such s tands contain an average of 160 trees and 2 50 s quare fee t of basal area per acre , but s tocking varies greatly from stand to s tand with tree numbers ranging from 7 7 to 8 2 0 and basal area from 1 9 3 to 3 14 s quare fee t . Such variat ion is partially related to extens ive partial cutt ing that has occurred on gentle topography in central portions of the D ivi s ion . S ome part ial cutt ing was done for experimental purposes in the late 1 940 ' s and early 1 9 50 ' s ; thi s was fo llowed by salvage logging of bee tle - ki lled timber in the mid - to - late 1 9 5 0 ' s and 196 0 ' s . Subdivis ions Subdivis ions with de s criptive names proposed for Panther Creek D ivis ion ( f igure 9 ) are de scribed as follows : 1. Ridgetop - - Th is subdivis ion cons i s t s o f the ridge top and s teep upper s lopes along the s outheastern margin of the D ivis ion . I t includes 100 percent of the area de s i gnated as future exper imental watershed 1 , 7 5 • percent o f 2 , and 4 0 percent o f 3 . An area avai lable for manipulat ive exper iments is l ocated we s t o f watershed 1 . Extens ive adequate control areas for th is subdivis ion are provided by exper imental watersheds 1 and 2 ( fig . 10 ) / 2. Uppe r Mouse Creek - - This subdivis ion includes the generally gentle s l opes at higher elevations ( 2 , 800 fee t ) in the nor theas tern part of the D ivis ion . I t includes 60 percent of exper imental water shed 3 ( l ower 85 [ill] I I • I :'{., "'.:{, ... ... ,,.. II fm m Ridgetop U pper M ouse Creek South B re a ks IV [] VA [] VB '"''' ,,,, ·'''' ·'''' . . G obbler Central - East and North of South Fork Mouse Creek Central - West and S o u t h of South Fork and M a i n Fork o f M o u s e Creek m :& L' VI P a nther Stub Control 3 £ . ...... Somu a nd Control 4ff!Rr &e --- - ,__ , k, l ebe r ry 'B i g H u e . 1 'S M t n . ' l __ .J I Figure 9-Subdivisions selected for Panther Creek D ivision_ port ions ) , 100 percent of 4 , and 2 5 percent of 2 . One segment of watershed 2 i s proposed as an adequate control area for this subdivi s ion . 3. South Breaks - - This subdivis ion cons i s t s of the very s teep , b roken , s outherly exposed s lopes north of Mouse Creek . About hal f of this uni t is a control area reserved as a Spotted Owl Management Unit ( SOMU) . 4. Gobbler - - This subdivis ion cons i s t s of the s teep , mid - e levat ion sl opes in the southwes tern port ion of the Divi s ion . I t includes Gobbler ' s Knob A and is generally a heavily roaded and cutover portion of the D ivis ion . portion of the S tub Creek drainage is proposed as a control are a . 5. Central - - Thi s subdivis ion cons ists of two tracts o f gently s loping m id - e levat ion land in the central portion of the Divis ion . Subdivision SA i s east and nor th of the South Fork of Mouse Creek at 2 , 000 to 2 , 800 fee t . I t is we ll roaded and has three clearcuttings . A s egment in the southwe s t corner (partially included i n the SOMU) i s proposed a s the control area . Subdivis ion 5B i s we s t and south of the South and Main Forks of Mouse Creek at 1 , 6 00 to 2 , 400 feet and has had extens ive partial cutt ing and some c learcutt ing . An area in the north and the northeas t corner (part of the SOMU ) is propos ed as the control area . 6. Panther - S tub - - This subdivis ion includes miscel laneous , mos tly moderately to gently slop ing lands at the wes tern margin of the Divis ion . The s e are at lower e levations ( 1 , 600 fee t ) and include lower S tub Creek and the Panther Creek flats . The proposed control area is lower S tub Creek , which is contiguous with the control area for Gobb ler ( 4 ) . 86 OPPORTUNITIES TROUT CREEK DIVI SION About 30 percent of the ori ginal old- growth stands outside the RNA have been converted to young p lantations ; mo s t of the cutt ing has occurred in the pas t decade . Cons ider ing that an ideal exper imental fore s t has a balanc ed range of age c lasses and that resources for s c ient ific s tudies are rather l imited , emphas is for the next decade should probably be p laced on maintaining p lots and securing information that will be needed to use the exi s i tng s tudies in the area mo s t effectively in the future . Among the ac t ivi ties that should be cons idered in this Divis ion are : 1. Continue ac t ivities to ensure e s tab l ishment of planting s tock , spac ing , and mixed spe c ies trials on Trout Creek Hi l l . 2. Es tab l ish p l o ts wi thin the above trials including collect ion and analys i s of s o i l s amples to provide basel ine data . 3. Cont inue growth and success ion measurements in the Thornton T . Munger 4. Fol low e ffects o f res idue - removal and s i t e - preparat ion treatments on RNA . long - term produc t ivity on units 1 , 2 , and 3 of the Trout Creek H i l l T imber Sale ( fi g . 1 1 ) . 5. Plant red alder or S i tka alder at various dens i t ies with in the exi s t ing younger Douglas - fir p l antat ions on Trout Creek H i l l and along Plant ing Creek . 6. Analyze woo d qua l i ty of trees pruned many years ago in Martha Creek Flat and in Warren Gap . 7. Use future harves t units to compare perfo rmance o f Douglas - fir stands e s tab l i shed naturally and planted with seedl ings grown from local , seed zone , 87 I "<0 1 . ;;;. . ' 0' r ,..... Figure 1 1 -Trout Creek Hill portion of Trout Creek Division with exist­ ing clearcuts and road network (units 1 -8 harvested, u nits 9 and 1 0 proposed for harvest). I I I or gene t ically improved seed . Other possib l e uses include Douglas - f ir genotype x spac ing s tudie s , crop rotation or mixtures of redcedar and Douglas - fir , and mixtures of S i tka alder and Douglas - fir . 8. Use Martha Creek Flat , a uniform , eas i ly acces s ible s tand , to demons trate and compare s i lvicultural sys tems for regenerating Douglas - fir after cutt ing o f rotation - age s tands . 9. Use s i lvicul ture research opportuni ties avai lable in exi s t ing s tudies and undis turbed areas adj acent to the Experimental Fores t . The se include the Douglas - fir spacing trial and ponderosa p ine seed - source test in the upper Wind River flat , the h i s toric record of natural reproduc tion along the Camp 8 transe c t across Wind River Valley , S is ter Rocks RNA , and the undis turbed Trappe r Creek b as in ( Trapper Creek Wilderne s s 1 9 8 4 ) . 10 . Comp are es tab l i shment success and yield of true fir s tands when pre s c r ibed fire was and was not used for s i te preparat ion . PANTHER CREEK DIVI SION Exper imental use of the D ivi s i on is now l imited because of an inadequate range of age c lasses and poor acc e s s ib i l i ty . Acc e s s ib i l i ty can be vas tly improved by recons truct ion of three spur roads in the central subdivi sion , reopening and maintaining s everal old trail sys tems , and cons truc t ing a new trail paral l e l ing the old Big Huckleberry Tra i l through the mid - elevations of .: Watersheds 1 , 2 , and 3 ( fi g . 1 0 ) . S tudi e s c ould be estab l i shed in units created by future harve s ts : 1. Compare growth performance o f natural or direct seeded Douglas - fir with planted s tock grown from local , seed zone , and gene t ically improved s ee d . 88 . i ' i I 2. Tes t and demons trate young - s tand management prac t ices including but not l imited to spacing control , fe rtil izat ion , and use of ni trogen- fixing . plants in mixture or i.n rotation wi th Douglas - fir . 3. Contras t di fferent s trategies for young - s tand management ( for example , maximum growth , s tandard , and mul t iple - use orientation ) . 4. S tudy natural succe s s ional proce sses in mature Douglas - fir fore sts us ing control areas , such as experimental watersheds 1 and 2 . 5. S tudy e ffec ts o f various management activi t i e s on l ong - term productivity . 6. Compare different s i lvicul tural sys tems for regenerating Douglas - fir - ­ for example , s ome form o f selec tion harve s t vs . shelterwood and clearcutting . RECOMMENDATIONS TROUT CREEK DIVI SION 1. Assure that spac ing and mixed species trials are e s tab l i shed ( that is , early maintenance and replanting) and that early growth is moni tored . 2. Re locate and open old trails throughout the burne d - over area . 3. Ob tain timber s tand examinations for the burned- over area , as we l l as the rest of the Divis ion , by us ing the Dis trict S i lvicultur i s t and regular s tand examination programs . 4. Use above and additional information to subdivide the D ivis ions into compartments and de s i gnate control areas ( reserved for future manipulations ) in each compar tment . 5. Exchange land with D i s trict to provide improved boundary and protect ion of Thornton T . Munger Research Natural Area . 89 6. Gate the spur roads on Trout Creek Divis ion to prevent cutt ing and removal of snags and fal len logs by firewood gatherers . 7. Develop seed bank for use in regenerat ing units after future harve s t cuts o n the Divi s ion . 8. Develop long - te rm harves ting plan that provides for sequence of s tands es tab l ished at 1 0 - to 1 5 - year intervals and wel l distributed throughout the Divis ion , as noted in Chapter IV , i tem 8b . 9. Obtain maximum refores tat ion KV funds as part o f future sales for s i te preparation , p lanting , early tending , and subsequent monitor ing ac t ivities in sale area . PANTHER CREEK DIVI SION 1 . Continue to work with D i s tr i c t on the two timber sales ( fig . 1 2 ) : a, A s ingle 2 0 - acre harves t unit in the interfluvial area between watersheds 3 and 4 will provide a road to access the northeas tern corner of the Divi s ion ; trails or future extens ions of the road from th i s unit could then provide improved access to all h ighe r e levat ion areas . I b. A s ale in the central subdivis ion that will cons i s t of 40 - to 6 0 - acre s of c learcuts and she l terwood cut p lus salvage logging along all spur roads . Goals would include providing refores tation KV funds to e s tablish young s tands and improving access by recons tructing all exis ting spur roads . 2. ( fig . 9 ) . Es tab l ish the des ignated control areas in each subdivis ion as proposed Such areas provide unentered s tands to contras t with manipulated areas and also as sure the exis tence o f undi s turbed , older s tands for manipulat ive s tudies by future generations of for e s t s c ient i s t s . 3. Reopen old trails and construc t new trails as needed . 90 4. Work with D i s trict to complete timber s tand examinations with cons iderat ion of nontimber values and disease problems . 5. Work with Forest Eco logist and D i s trict S i lvicultur i s t to deve lop a communi ty type clas s i ficat ion and to map the D ivi s ion . 6 . Deve lop plan for use of exis t ing p lantations ; cons ider data to be collec ted and degree of monitoring appropriate for deve loping young s tands . 7. Develop gat ing p lan for spur roads to restrict access and thereby minimize damage to research values caus ed by f irewood gatherers . 8. Develop general des ign for incorporat ion o f control areas in areas treated with s ome s tandard s i lvicul tural prac tices , such as precommer c i al An examp le would be ident i fying paired acre plots of which one would thinning . randomly be s e lected for treatment as part of the s i lvicultural proj e c t and one would no t . With proper field marking and o ffice documentation , such pairs would allow subsequent analys is o f treatment e ffects . 9. Evaluate potential for RNA in upper Mouse Creek drainage that i s in the Ridge Top Subdivi s i on of the Panther Creek Divis ion . This area i s composed of watersheds 1 and 2 ( fig . 10) and is now planned as a nonentry control area ( and part of Spotted Owl Management Uni t ) . 91 _ _ ..J I Figure 1 2-Experimental watersheds in Panther C reek Division . /, I WATERSHED AND SOILS Frederick J . Swanson DESCRIPTION TROUT CREEK DIVI S ION Ripar ian areas and large watersheds are l imited within the Trout Creek D ivis ion . Only in areas underlain by tert iary geological uni ts at the south end of the Divis ion are individual small watersheds we l l defined , but no two bas ins are sufficiently s imilar to be useful in paired watershed s tudie s . Pris t ine r iparian zones are e i ther restricted to low- order s treams or to the somewha t unusual , low- gradient or deeply inc i sed conditions set up by the late Pleis tocene intracanyon lava flows , which dominate the Trout Creek Divi s ion . The large s t s treams with intac t r ipar i an zones and away from the influence of Trout Creek flows are the east fork of Plant ing Creek and an unnamed s tream 1 . 5 miles eas t . The se streams drain about 400 - 600 acres and have gradients of about 1 2 percent (measured from 1 : 6 2 , 500 map scale ) in the ir mid to lower reaches after spilling down s teep slopes that dominate the headwaters of the b as in . PANTHER CREEK DIV I S ION The Panther Creek D ivis ion is particularly we l l - endowed with r iparian z ones and watersheds . Four p r i s t ine watersheds of reasonably s imilar drainage area and topography are located at the east end of the Mouse Creek drainage ( fig . 1 0 ) . The l imited t imber harve s t and road cons truc t ion to date within the Mouse Creek drainage have had minimal effec t on conditions of s tream channel s 92 and riparian zones . A basin of this s ize at low elevation wi th a relatively undis turbed s tream corridor is unusual . OPPORTUNITIES TROUT CREEK DIVIS ION The greates t research oppor tuni ties based on s tand manipulat ion in the Trout Creek Divis ion fall in the typ e s of work already underway in the area . Th is includes cutt ing areas to address plo t - level top ics such as e ffect of various amounts of residue and disposal methods on soil nutr ient cap i tal . The Divis ion is we l l suited for this type of research because the flanks of Trout Creek H i l l cover about 3 s quare miles of rather uniform , moderate s lope , and subs trate . Al though the Thornton T . Munger Research Natural Area to the eas t serves as a control area , ident i fying control areas close to the cone and at the wes t end o f the Divis ion i s important t o repre sent the mi lder range o f s o i l conditions that may be present . Eruptions from the Trout Creek Hill cone spewed out c inders and scoria in late s tages of act ivity . The texture and th ickne s s of s o i l parent material varies somewhat sys tematical ly away from the vent and across the area ( probably the result of sorting by wind) ( Franklin 1972) . Perhaps the maj or extant research resource in the D ivis ion i s the long history of fore s t ecology research in the RNA . Although this work has emphasized growth and mortality , the long - term records of s tand condit i ons and treatments make the se s i tes e specially valuable for s o i l and nutrient cycl ing re search . Future research on s tands and res idues in connec t ion with new cutt ings would offer much greater research opportunities i f s ome s o i l and 93 nutrient - c ap i tal measurements were incorporated into the proj ect before cutting . PANTHER CREEK DIVIS ION Opportuni t i e s for paired s tudies of undis turbed watersheds are rapidly disappearing . Although the paired watershed approach to address ing hydrologic and watershed ecosys tem s tudies is currently unfashionable , these bas ins should be retained in a natural condition unt i l it is opportune to use them to addre s s ques t ions that have not yet surfaced o r become crit ical in thi s region ( for example , the e ffect o f whole - tree harve s t ing on s teep lands ) . Maintaining a natural r iparian corr idor in the Mouse Creek drainage would allow it to serve as a control ( though s omewhat compromised by management act ivi ties with in the basin) in s tudies of water quality ( especially temperature ) , channel , and r iparian z one changes in response to maj or s torms and cumulative e ffects of management activitie s . Research on this top ic centers on effec ts o f fores try practices on peak flows and sediment load and the i r cons equence s in terms o f downs tream channel change s - - concerns that currently fall under the rubric " cumulative impacts . " One approach to examining change s in r ipar ian zones ( one s tudy i s now underway in the W i l lame t te National Fores t , Oregon) requires examination of several bas ins o f Mouse Creek s ize . Bas ins o f thi s s ize with l i t tle or no management ac ivity s o they can be used as control s are becoming increas ingly rare . Maintaining a relatively undi s turbed r ipar ian corr idor also offers oppo r tunities for future research on fores t - s tream interact ions and wildl i fe use o f r iparian zone s . For example , a recent s tudy ( H . McDade , Oregon S tate 94 Univers ity ) of large organic debris input to s treams included s tudy s i te s in the Panther Creek Divi s ion . The reach o f the ain stream of Panther Creek i s an exce l lent s ite for s tudying fore s t - flood plain - s tream interac tions along a river . This inte rac t ion is crit ical to maintaining or improving fish and wi ldlife hab i tat in this dynamic part of the landscape . The Panther Creek D ivis ion also contains a variety of s ites sui table for repl icated - plot s tudi e s . Al though the extent of areas with reasonably homogenous conditions are more restric ted than in the Trout Creek D ivi s i on , soils and topography in the Panther Creek Divi s i on are representative of a much broader area in the s outhern Cascades of Washington . Moderate s l opes wi th a we s t aspec t and s teep s lopes with various aspects could be used as s ites for plot and s tand research on vegetation and soil . OTHER AREAS The Trapper Creek drainage (Wilderne s s Area 1 9 8 4 ) is a large ( 6 , 000 acres ) p r i s t ine drainage at low e levation in the Cascade Range and provides oppor ­ tunities for s tudies o f a natural fifth - order s tream . I t has been used in s tudies of coarse woody debris in s treams (McDade ) and old- growth wildl i fe hab i tat . Future cutt ing for any type of research should be based on a thorough inventory of s tand typ e s s tratified by hab i tat typ e , soil type , aspe c t , s tand age class , and dis turbance his tory ( for example , clearcut , s alvage cut ) . This information provide s a bas i s for zoning the landscape , including indenti fying control areas . Future s tand manipulations for s o i l or vegetation research should be coordinated with cons iderat ions for wildl i fe and the downs lope and 95 . I I downs tream r ipar i an corridor . In both Divis ions , develop ing a b as i c inventory of water bodies is important , including the ir physical and b io logical characteris tics such as length of perennial s tream , type of s tream control , and amounts of woody debris . The inventory should include an aquatic - hab itat survey in the Trapper Creek drainage and S teamboat Mountain Research Natural Area . TROUT CREEK DIVI S ION 1. E s tab l ish control areas in the Trout Creek Hill area . 2. Collect and analyze basel ine s o i l s amples from cutover and regenerated s ites . 3. Evaluate po tential of burned- over areas for watershed and s o i l research . .i PANTHER CREEK DIVIS ION P lan future cutt ing and roadbuilding with in the basin with very b road 1. buffer zones to maintain natural riparian vege tat ion along the stream . I 2. Avo id t imber harves t or road building on steep s lopes immediately above s treams in future sales . A s i gnificant loss would occur if a lands l ide init iated on a small portion of the upland are a , whi ch can sub s t antially alter a large part of the drainage network , and thereby render r iparian - zone protect ion ineffective . 3. Maintain the four small watersheds in the Panther Creek Divis ion in natural condi t ion unti l the ir value in smal l , paired -basin studie s and as Res earch Natural Areas can be fully evaluated . Ac i d - depo s i t ion research may be a key role for the se watersheds . 96 \ ! 4 . Protect r iparian corr idors , including all s tanding and down dead woody debr is , throughout the Panther Creek D ivi s i on except as a part of exper imental res earch aimed at evaluating alternat ive management prac tices . 5 . Create an interdisc ipl inary research team to plan res earch in the riparian zone . 97 WILDLIFE AND FI SHERIES WILDLI FE Leonard F . Ruggiero and Tara Zimmerman DESCRI PTION A typ ical array of Cascade vertebrate species are found with in the WREF . Included are the mammal , b i r d , amphibian , and reptile species character i s t i c of both p r is t ine and cutover forest lands a t middle e levations in the Cascade Range . TROUT CREEK DIVIS ION Black - tailed dee r and e lk inhab i t Trout Creek Hill from spr ing through fal l . The use of the area as b i g - game winter range is incons i s tent but does occur and is at t ime s h eavy . Trout Creek Flats adj o ining the we s tern edge of the Exper imental For e s t is a s i gnificant b i g - game winter range . Timbered s t ands on Trout Creek Hill provide thermal cover , and regeneration uni ts provide forage . S everal re generation s tands have incurred damage from b i g game as a result of browsing ac t ivity during winter and spr ing . The e dges of Trout Creek H i l l are charac terized by gentle terrain and are used for c alving and fawning in addi tion to the ir winter use . Other wi ldl i fe spec ies preferr ing early success ional - s tage and edge hab i tats , such as grous e , bl ack bear , coyote s , and various pas s e r ine s , also inhab i t Trout Creek Hi l l . been removed from harves ted s i tes . All snags have As a resul t , the se areas c an no longer support nes t ing populations of cavity - dependent species , but in the adj oining uncut s tands , snags are amp le to support nes ting populations . c ommon to old- growth or mature t imber s t ands are also present . 98 Some species The northern spotted owl is known to use the lower portions of Trout Creek Hill as foraging hab i tat . Goshawks and pi leated woodpeckers also occur . But because o f somewhat frequent harve s t ac tivities and high road dens i t ies , spec ies requir ing undis turbed expans es of old- growth timber , such as martins and fisher , may no t find sui table breeding or pr imary foraging hab i tat wi thin any given cutt ing unit . In contras t to Trout Creek Hill , the southern portion of the Trout Creek Divis ion has no harve s t ac tivities . The area is mostly young - growth t imber ( 50 to 80 years old) with s cattered patches of old growth throughout . ranges from 1 , 600 to 2 , 400 fee t , op timal for big game winter range . Elevat ion With the except ion of the areas bordering regenerat ion uni ts on Trout Creek Hill and the ripar ian zone s of Trout Creek , use by b i g game is expected to be minimal becaus e concentrated forage is absent . This port ion of the Experimental Forest lacks early success ional s tages , edges , and s i gnificant quant ities of old growth ; consequently , the divers ity of wildl i fe spec ies po tentially inhab i t ing th is area is l imited . Spec ies assoc iated with old growth , such as the spotted owl or fisher , may find th is area sui table as sUpplemental foraging hab i tat ; however , i t is not l ikely to mee t requirements for reproductive or preferred foraging hab i tat . Species that inhab it this area include a var iety of smal l mammals and pas serine s , hairy and downy woodpeckers , flickers and s apsuckers , and poss ibly goshawks . Black bear , bobcat , beaver , and mink are a few of the larger spec ies known to inhab it the lower portions o f the Trout Creek D ivis ion . The Thornton T . Munger Research Natural Area is a large , conti guous s t and of old- growth Douglas - fir . The abundance of l arge - diame ter snags over 2 1 inches diameter a t breast he ight ( d . b . h ) and the mul t i s toried canopy provide 99 suitable hab i tat for a var i ety of wi ldl i fe unique to old- growth ecosys tems . A pair o f northern barred owls have been confirmed in the RNA . P i leated woodpeckers have been s ighted repeatedly , and one s i ghting of a p ine mar tin has been recorded . The RNA s e rves as a reservoir of undis turbed old- growth hab i tat e s s ential for ma intaining populations of old- growth - dependent spec ies . In addition to old- growth hab i tat , a s i gnificant area of swamp hab i tat , including s i tes with year - round s tanding water , i s in the mos t eas tern corner of the RNA . Thi s area has a r ich divers i ty of wi ldl i fe , including several spec ies uncommon to the forest in gene ral because of res tricted hab i tat . Res ident , breeding spec ies include wood ducks and great blue herons . Common mergansers , mallards , p i leated woodpeckers , and downy and hairy woodpeckers Common furbearers assoc iated with thi s also nes t in and around the swamp area . hab i tat include beaver , o tter , and mink . Deer and e lk u s e the edges and fingers of the swamp that extend out of the RNA into Cold Creek and the surrounding flats for wintering hab i tat . Some calving and fawning may occur in this area dur ing spr ing but to an unknown extent . PANTHER CREEK DIVI SION Wildl i fe c ommon to the Panther Creek Divis ion includes b i g game spec i e s that inhab it the area from spr ing through fal l . Black - tai led deer is the mo s t prevalent species ; e lk u s e the area but t o a l e s s e r extent . Regeneration units that provide forage s ources for b i g game are present but l imi ted . The maj ority o f these units have progre s sed beyond the forage - producing stage because o f the growth of coni ferous tree spec ies ; consequently , the area does no t support high dens i t ies of b i g game . Portions of the Panther Creek Divis ion , however , i s wintering hab i tat for deer and e lk . Winter use areas are along the Mouse Creek and Panther Creek s treams ide corr idors . 100 With the exc eption of several olde r regeneration uni ts , the Experimental Fo re s t is predominantly mature , s ingle - s tory s tands of coniferous sawtimber . The lower s treams ide z.ones of Mouse Creek and the area south o f lower Mouse Creek contain patches and s tringers of old growth . This component divers ifies the structural charac ter i s t ics of the predominantly homogeneous second- growth s tands so as to s imulate many of the charac teristics common to a true s tand of Douglas - fir old growth . The presence of a northern spotted owl in the lower Mouse Creek streams i de corr idor sub s t antiates the area ' s suitab i l i ty as hab i tat for spe c ies primar ily assoc iated with old- growth hab itats . A Spotted Owl Management Unit ( SOMU) in this area was sugges ted by the Wind River Dis trict and approved with modificat ion by the PNW Research S tation Director ( fig . 1 3 ) . The upper port ions of the Mouse Creek drainage and paral l e l ing ridges north of Mouse Creek lack old- growth or early succe s s ional - s tage hab i tats . These second - growth s tands are primar i ly homogeneous but commonly support species such as the b lack bear , bobcat , goshawk and a wide variety o f small mammals and b i rds . S eve ral small natural openings are present throughout the area and vary from rocky b luffs to vine map le and alder thickets . The geomorphic conditions and di s t inc t vege tative communities surrounding the se s i ghts create hab itats capable of supporting divers e , localized popul ations of wildlife . 101 __ _J I PA N T H E R C R E E K D I V I S I O N S POTTED OWL MANAG EM ENT U N IT r - - - - - - ...L - Figure 1 3-Portions of a Spotted Owl Management Unit in the Pan­ ther Creek Division. I - Ci FI SHERIES Fred H . Evere s t DESCRIPTION FISHERIES AND AQUATIC RESOURCES Wind Rive r , a fifth - order watershed in the Columb ia Bas in of southwes t Washington , enters the Co lumb i a River at r iver mile 154 ( fig . 6 ) . The r iver rises on the we s t slope of the Cas cade Range near McClellan Meadows at an elevation of about 3 , 200 feet and flows about 30 miles south , where it enters the Columb i a River at an e levation of 72 feet . Maj or tributar ies of the Wind include Bear , Panther , Fal ls , Paradise , Dry , Trapper , and Trout Creeks . H i s torically , Wind River was noted for its fishery re source s . A large s tair - s tep b arrier , Shipherd Fal ls ( 42 - foot drop ) , l imited use o f the upper bas in to a unique run of summer s teelhead ranging in we ight from 10 to 20 pounds (McMillan 1 9 8 1 ) . Logging act ivit ies b egan in the basin in the late 1800 ' s , but maj or changes in fisheries did not occur until later . S teelhead spawning was severely curtailed in the upper watershed dur ing the early 1 9 00 ' s by an 8 - foot-high mill dam . In the 1 9 30 ' s , a maj or splash dam ons truc ted on the main r iver near Hemlock b locked migration of summer s teelhead into much of the spawning and rearing hab i tat of the r iver . The flushing and s couring of repeated log drives had disas trous effects on s almonid spawning and rear ing hab itat in the main s tem below the dam . In the late 1930 ' s , Bonneville Dam flooded prime summer s teelhead holding water and salmon spawning area . 102 In the mid - 1 9 5 0 ' s , a fish ladder was p laced at Shipherd Fal l s and coho and In chinook s almon and winter s teelhead could acce s s the upper Wind River . 1 9 5 6 , the Washington Department of Game (WDG ) introduced s teelhead smo l t s o f hatchery or igin t o the upper bas in t o compensate for fish l o s s e s from angl ing and for hab itat l o s s e s from logging . The present WDG management p l an for the Wind River calls for a re turn to a wild- only , s ingl e - s tock s te elhead fi shery composed entirely of Wind River fish . To achi eve a succ e s s ful wild s teelhead management program , the WDG i s imp lementing the fo l l owing procedures : 1. Protect and improve aquatic hab itat in the upper Wind River basin to increase carrying capac ity for j uvenile wild summer s teelhead . The G i fford - P inchot National Fores t is act ive ly partic ipat ing in thi s program . 2. Reestab l ish wild fish s tocks through eyed - egg planting programs us ing Wind River s tock whe rever pos s ible . 3. Cease s tocking of hatchery smo l ts in the bas in . 4. S e t regulations that max imize protect ion for j uvenile and adult summer s tee lhead ye t allow angl ing on the s tocks . TROUT CREEK DIVIS ION The Trout Creek D ivis ion contains or borders port ions of Trout Creek , Eas t Fork Trout Creek , and Trout Creek tributaries , Martha Creek and Plant ing Creek . WREF . None of the watersheds o f the se s treams are completely wi thin the All of the headwaters lie outs ide o f WREF . Trout Creek i s e s t imated to contain enough spawning hab i tat for 1 , 500 pairs of anadromous s a lmonids (Wash ington Department of Game 1 9 8 1 ) , but use of Trout Creek by anadromous fish was large ly l o s t by the turn of the century and i s s ti l l recove r ing . 103 The logging dams bui l t on both Trout Creek and Panther Creek in the late 1 8 00 ' s had no ladders for fish passage unt i l 1 9 14 . Trout Creek also had two divers ion dams cons truc ted by the Forest S ervice before 1 9 3 5 . Both were total b arriers to s teelhead in summer when water in Trout Creek was dive rted to Forest Service use . Provis ion for f ish pas sage at thes e s truc tures was completed in 1941 . The Trout Creek Divis ion s t raddles Trout Creek from r iver mile 3 to mile 5 . 4 , borders the east s ide o f Trout Creek from river mile 5 . 4 to mile 7 . 8 , and borders the Eas t Fork Trout Creek from i ts confluence with Trout Creek for 1 . 0 mile ups tream . Trout Creek and its tr ibutar ies were surveyed by G i fford P incho t National Fores t personnel in 1 9 8 0 . The ent i re reach on or adj acent to WREF is acces s ible to anadromous s almonids and the gradient is favorable . Spawning and rear ing hab i tat are in fairly good condition and appear to be improving , especially in the upper reaches where the s tream contains substantial amounts of large woody debris . Trout C reek i s used primar i ly by summer steelhead and res ident r ainbow trout . Martha Creek and Planting Creek are the only maj or tributar ies of Trout Creek that enter WREF . Martha Creek , a second - order , nor th - aspect s tream , enters Trout Creek at river mi l e 0 . 2 5 and traverses WREF between r iver mile 1 . 0 and 1 . 2 5 . The s tream , although small and intermit tent in summer , serves as a spawning area and sho r t - term rearing area for summer steelhead . The s tream has been s i gni ficantly d i s turbed by recent logging and road cons truc t ion downstream from WREF . S ince 1 9 7 8 , s everal road cut , fill , and culvert fai lures have occurred in this area . During summer , lower Mar tha Creek rece ives warm nutrient - and s edimen t - rich irr igation re turn water from Wind River Nursery . Planting Creek is a second - order , nor th - aspect tributary enter ing Trout 104 Creek at river mile 5 . 5 . The s tream heads on Mowich But te and flows 2 . 0 miles to its confluence with Trout Creek . The lower 0 . 7 5 miles is on WREF . PANTHER CREEK DIVIS ION The Panther Creek D ivs ion is located entirely within the Panther Creek watershed . A 1 . 2 - mile reach of the main s tem o f Panther Creek traverses the we s tern port ion of the D ivision , and the watersheds of two wes t - aspect tributar ies of Panther Creek , S tub Creek , and Mouse Creek are ent irely within the D ivis ion . S tub Creek is a shor t , s teep , second - order s tream with a watershed area o f about 400 acres and average s t ream gradient of about 20 percent . S tub C reek has no fishery re source s . Mouse Creek is a th ird - order s tream draining a 2 , 500 - acre watershed . The main s tem is 4 miles long and the South Fork , a maj or tr ibutary , is 2 miles l ong . The gradient ave rage s 9 percent in the 1 . 5 - mile reach be low the forks and exceeds 20 percent in the headwaters . The main s tem of Mouse Creek be low mile 0 . 5 provides spawning and rear ing hab itat for s tee lhead and resident rainbow trout . Rearing hab i tat in Mouse Creek has a good balance b e tween riffles and pools throughout the dis tribution of s teelhead and res ident rainbow trout . Spawning hab itat for anadromous salmonids is l imited to the lower 0 . 4 miles . The reach of Panther Creek flowing through the we s tern port ion o f the Divis ion provides good spawning and rear ing hab i tat for anadromous salmonids . Summer s teelhead , winter s teelhead , and spring chinook s almon use thi s low - gradient reach o f fourth - orde r s tream . Extens ive t imb e r -management ac tivi t ies have occurred in the upper watershed . 105 SUBBAS INS IN THE WIND RIVER BAS IN Trapper Creek , located several miles up stream from WREF ( fig . 6 ) , is a Wind River subbasin of cons iderable intere s t to aquatic researchers . I t is a 5 . 5 - mile - long , fourth - order s tream that drains a largely undis turbed 6 , 000 - acre , southe as t - aspect watershed . The basin has no his tory of timber harve s t , but the east s ide o f the bas in burned in an 1 8 50 ' s wi ldfire and is currently in s econd- growth coni ferous fores t . The wes t s ide o f the drainage and r iparian zones are p r imarily in old- growth fore s t . Another interest ing aquatic feature occurs in the eas tern portion of the Thornton T . Munger Re search Natural Area j ust north of the Trout Creek D ivis ion . The area contains a var iety of perennial swamp and marsh hab itats including s ignificant amounts of open water on the flats along the wes tern base o f Bunker H i l l . OPPORTUNITIES WILDLIFE The potential for wi ldl i fe research at Wind River is high as a result of several fac tor s : 1. The oppor tunity for s tudying animal (both game and nongame ) re spons es to various s i lvicultural manipulations , including manipulat ion of dead wood s tructures ( for example , snags ) as we l l as vegetat ive cover and compos ition . 2. The availab i l i ty o f extens ive p r i s t ine forest areas repres enting a . wide range of ages ( including old growth ) , which permit s tudy of the natural l i fe h i s tory of many animal specie s , including some of spec ial interes t ; the 106 I . I I Trapper Creek drainage s i gnifi cantly improves the array of oppor tuni ties available to wildl i fe researchers at Wind River . 3. The oppor tuni.ty to s tudy e ffec ts o f wildl i fe on es tab l ishment and growth of managed forests . 4. The opportunity to s tudy extinc t ions and migrations in animal spe c ies in an increas ingly isolated old- growth i s l and represented by the Thornton T . Munger Re search Natural Area . The planned use of Wind River Experimental For e s t by the PNW S tat ion Old - Growth Forest Wi ldl ife Hab i tat researchers illustrates the pos s ib i l i tie s . Ver tebrate populations will be assessed in a cross s e c t ion of young , mature , and o l d - growth fores ts , and attemp ts will be made to relate the i r popul at ions to s tructural and compos i tional features of the s tands . Four o ther spec ific research opportunities are : 1. The Panther Creek Divis ion offers a unique opportunity to s tudy hab itat use by spotted owls . The owl was located in a dra inage comprised largely of s ingle - s tory second - growth , usually cons idered unsui table as pr imary hab i tat for spotted owls . A s tudy us ing radio telemetry to track movements , ne s t ing succe s s , and hab i tat use could provide pert inent information on the hab i ts of the owls and the ir relat ion to timber types and management ac tivi t ies . 2. The e ffects o f harves t ac tivi ties and roads in o l d - growth Douglas - fir fore sts on b i g game . Research opportunities include impacts of road dens i ty and traffic on general b i g - game use patterns ; s tudies of use patterns during c r i t ical s tres s peri ods ( for example , winter or calving periods ) in relation to haras sment from traffic ; and harvest act ivi ties and hab i tat alterat ions . 107 3. The e ffects of forage - seeding programs in comparison to s tandard methods of decreas ing or el iminating damage by b i g game to new fore s t plantat ions . 4. Both D ivi s ions offer outs tanding oppor tuni ties to deve lop and te s t management s trategies for preservat ion o f snag populations with in intensively managed commercial forest lands . Many s imi lar oppor tuni ties exis t and would be used if interes ted sc ienti s t s were aware o f the availab i l i ty of the WREF and its support ing fac i l ities , Research on the l ife h i s torie s , population dynamics , and food hab i t s of various annual spec ies , e spec ially those assoc iated wi th old growth or fores t - damage problems , would be appropria te . Res earch on s i lvicul tural prac tices to favor or discourage part icular species is a logical fol lowup to various autecological s tudies . Opportunities for wildl i fe or z oologically related research are l imited pr imari ly by financ ial resources and availab i l i ty of logi s t ical support a t the s i te , and , secondar i ly , by a lack of famil iar i ty wi th the s i t e among academic s c ient ists who carry on mos t of thi s research . An important cons iderat ion in maintaining the potential for wildl i fe research i s to see that enough l arge , central or undis turbed areas are maintained in the various age c lasse s , including old growth . Thi s will allow the cont inued opportunity for res earch on natural populat ions o f mos t spec ies . I The SOMU within the Panther Creek D ivi s ion , the Thornton T . Munger Research Natural Area ( as we ll as S i ster Rocks and S teamboat Mountain Research Natural Areas ) , and the Trapper Creek drainage all contr ibute to this goal . 108 , I I FI SHERI ES WREF offers an array of opportuni ties for aquatic research . Mixed owne rship patterns and admini s trative respons ib i l i ties within the Wind River drainage compl icate e s tab lishment of long - term , contro lled watershe d - fisheries s tudies on WREF . Opportunities for such s tudies exi s t in the p l ans to es tab l i sh four exper imental watersheds around the head of Mouse Creek . will be maintained in p r i s t ine condition as control watersheds . Two Hydrologic da ta from the s e exper imental and control watersheds will provide understanding of the e ffects of land management on water regimen and downstream fish hab i tat in the s e volcanic bas ins . S ome ideas are given for aquatic research that could be conduc ted at WREF : 1. Develop techniques for instream enhancement of wild summer s teelhead populations . 2. Determine interspec ific interactions for food and space b e tween nat ive wild s teelhead and exotic eas tern brook trout now pres ent . 3. Analyze the role of beaver in providing fish hab i tat divers i ty and complexity , providing dissolved organic nutrients to s treams , providing s tored water for fish rearing hab itat in summer , and controll ing age and compo s i tion of riparian vege tation . • 4. Dete rmine e ffects of r iparian management and large woody debris on water qual ity , fish hab itat divers ity , and carrying capac i ty . 5. S tudy winter behavior and hab i tat needs of wild j uvenile s teelhead . 6. Determine e ffects of upland management and roading on water qual ity and fish hab i tat . 7. Determine e ffects o f Wind River Nursery activi ties on water quality in Martha Creek and Trout Creek . 109 8. De termine e ffec ts of mas s eros ion on fish hab i tat complex i ty , dive r s i ty , and s almonid s tanding crops . 9. Analyze geomorphic var iables controll ing fish hab itat in the vo lcanic province o f WREF . 10 . S tudy the assemblage of amphib ians in lotic and lent ic hab i tats of WREF and c losely adj o ining areas . 11 . Inve s t i gate the aquatic inver tebrates of WREF and closely adj oining areas . ACTIONS WILDLIFE 1. Make known the ava i lab i l i ty of the s i te among the zoologic ! research community . 2 . Select control areas to maintain the options for s tudy of natural ver tebrate populations . 3. Deve lop cooperative program wi th the Dis trict to minimize human predation of nongame animal spec ies . 4. Coordinate management ac tivi ties in b i g - game winter range with a wildl i fe b iologis t to ensure t imber harve s t i s scheduled to maintain favorab le and s t able forage and cover requirements over time . Guide l ines for proper management of b i g - game wintering areas are presented in " Coordinating Deer and Elk Winter Range and Timber Harves t , " W . Ruediger and E . Garc ia ( 1 9 8 0 ) . 5. S chedule any management ac tivi ties to avo id haras sment during cri tical winter and spring calving and fawning per iods . 110 ' I .I 6. Retain snags through timber harve s t wherever pos s ible in some areas . This should be rigorous ly pursued . Snag - re tention areas should be coo rdinated by a wildl i fe biologi s t and fire - management and logging - sys tems specialists . 7. Deve lop a res earch and demons tration program in management o f snags and down logs on intens ively managed fore s t lands in cooperat ion with D i s trict pers onne l . FI SHERI ES To max imize op tions for present and future aquatic re search opportuni t ies on WREF the fo llowing management prac t ices would be benefic ial : 1. Maintain undis turbed riparian zone s along second - o rder and larger s treams . 2. Allow timber b lowdown in s tream channe ls to remain in place but evaluate impacts assoc iated with each decis ion to leave blowdown . 3. Stop removal of large or ganic debris from stream channel s . 4. Stop beave r trapping on WREF . 5. Deve lop bas i c inventories of the b iological elements o f water bodies in WREF , Trapper Creek , and adj unct Re search Natural Areas . 111 PROTECTION - - FIRE , INSECT , DISEAS E FIRE David V . Sandberg DESCRI PTION Fire played a key role in e s t ab l i shing the forests of the WREF . Catas trophic fire about 500 years ago generated the exi s t ing o l d - growth s tands . A second era o f widespread catastrophic wildfire occurred in the mid- 1 8 00s throughout the Douglas - fir subregion as a result of human activi ties , espe c i ally late - 1 9 th century s e ttlement and logging . A third series of maj or fires occurred with rap id economic growth in the region and increased fores t use around the turn o f the century . The Yac o l t Burn of 1902 , in part icular , spawned the first research proj e c ts in the Wind River Vall ey . S tudies relating to the regeneration of burned areas , me thods and effects of s lash burning , and management o f fire - originated second - growth s t ands have been part o f research ac tiv i ty in the 7 0 - year his tory of the Fores t . WREF boundaries encompass a repres entat ive mix o f fire influences . One - third of the area ( that is , the Panther Creek D ivis ion) is c ompr ised o f s tands averaging about 140 years old One - fourth o f the WREF area is comprised o f s tands originating near the turn o f the century and contains the longe s t record o f regeneration success after fire . The remaining two - fi fths of the Fore s t escaped the influence of e i ther series of fires . Fire protect ion within the WREF is the respons ib i l i ty of the GPNF . The WREF is located entirely within the GPNF and its fire protect ion cannot b e managed s eparately . Management o f wildfire hazard and r i sk in the surrounding Fore s t de termines r i sk within the WREF , and conversely s o . 112 S ome research .I ac tivi t ies , such as trials of harve s t ing or fuel - treatment methods , can have a subs tant ial impact on fire - protect ion requirements within the GPNF . Prescribed- fire research mus t cons ider valuable res earch plots that may be put at risk . PROTECTION AND SUPPRES S ION Fire - management pol icy on the GPNF has been to aggres s ively attack and extinguish all fire s tart s , regardl ess of s ource , locat ion , or burning condit ions . In the 1 9 7 0 ' s , an average of 7 8 fires burned 5 9 0 acres per mill ion acres of fore s t land per year . 1900 - 2 9 levels . The area burned is a 9 5 - percent reduct ion from Two - thi rds of the fires were human caus ed and accounted fo r 9 9 percent of the area burned . Catas trophic fires can be minimized , but s ome large fires are inevitable . Large fires from es caped s lash burns occurred on the GPNF in 1 9 6 7 and 1 9 7 9 , for example . The large s t and mos t severe fires have been assoc iated with east winds in late Augus t to early Oc tober . The mos t recent , large , es caped fire ( Ruth fi re ) began less than 10 miles we s t of the Thornton T . Munger Re search Natural Area . PRESCRIBED FIRE Prescribed fire has replaced wi ldfire acreage on a one - to - one bas is . Pre s c r ibed fire has commonly been us ed for treating res idual fuel s on recently harve s te d units in the GPNF . treated by fire each year . Nearly 1 percent o f the Forest land area is The total land area treated ( G PNF) by prescribed fire and burned by wi ldfire in an ave rage year is about the same as the 113 wildfire acreage in the 1900 - 2 9 per iod . Prescribed fire contributes 9 5 percent of the total area burned . Paired s lash - disposal plots were es tab l i shed in numerous c learcuts on the WREF to dete rmine the e ffects of di fferent intens i t i e s of s l ash burning over 30 years ago . They have been remeasured infrequently s ince . AIR QUALITY Smoke from prescribed fire is managed under guidelines s e t for th in the Washington Smoke Management Plan . The D i s tr i c t Ranger is respons ib le for avo iding accumulat ions of smoke in des i gnated smoke - sens i t ive areas or in areas of h i gh recreat ional use . The WREF is close to two of these des ignated areas . Carson , Washington , in th Columb ia Gorge , i s 8 miles down canyon , and the Pac i fi c Cre s t Trail runs through the eas tern e dge of the Panther Creek D ivi s i on . S everal Federal Class I a i r - qual ity s tandard areas will influence pre s c r ibed fire management in the future . Mount Adams Wi lderne s s Area , where vis ib i l ity is an important value , l ie s 25 miles , to the northeas t . Mount Hood l ie s about the s ame distance to the southwe s t , and Mount S t . Helens to the northwe s t . The Fore s t is with in the area that has received a Washington S tate mandate to reduce to tal emi s s ions from prescribed fire by 35 percent before 1990 . Extra restriction on h i gh - use recreation days , espec ially weekends in July and Augus t , will further restrict prescribed burning ac t ivi ty , including res earch . 1 14 OPPORTUNITIES Mo s t f ire and fue l res earch in the Pac ific Northwe s t and Alaska Regions is done on undedicated National Fores t lands , in conj unct ion wi th exi s t ing forest - management goal s . Every National Forest within the se Regions has been the site of s ome PNW S tation fire - rese arch activity s ince 1 9 8 0 . The technolo gy - transfer and proj e c t - fund ing advantages of extens ive research ac tivi ties are cruc ial . Mo s t fire re search requires subs tant ial financ ial backing and operational support of National Fore s t personnel . The WREF o ffers a unique opportuni ty for several modes of research . S tands c an be harve s ted on an adj usted schedule based on e conomic and bi ological matur i ty . Long - te rm ecological and produc t ivity s tudies can be accommodated . The representative mix of s tand h i s tories allows a wide app l i cab i l i ty of resul ts within the Douglas - fir subregion . In second - growth fue l s management , an enormous challenge faces the Re gions in pl anning for appropriate fue l treatment after harve s t of the 1 2 0 - to 160 - year - o ld s tands that wi l l make up an increas ing share of future timber harvests . Knowledge of fire hazard and how it change s ove r a rotation , short- term e ffects of fue l - treatment ac tivities , and long - term product ivity are of criti cal importance . The Panther Creek Divi s ion is an ideal s i te for a coordinated , advance examina tion of treatment needs and e ffects . Ne i ther the PNW S ta t ion nor the GPNF prefe r a concentration of fire - research ac tivi ty on the WREF . S tudies with resul ts that apply to a collect ion of wes t - s ide National Fore s ts could be coordinated with the R - 6 Aviat ion and Fire Management s taff . A procedure for j o int spe c i fication o f rese arch needs and j o int adminis trat ion o f complex s tudies with NFS would , no doubt , enhance opportuni t i e s for cooperative endeavors in the Region at l arge . 115 Above all , the WREF provides a logical environment for mult idiscipl inary re search to l ink fuel management and fire research with o ther discip l ines including fore s t recreation , t imber harve s t ing , wil dl i fe management , water qual i ty , s i lvicul ture , and forest eco logy . Opportunities for interdi scipl inary res earch us ing conventional t imber sales in the Region at large are difficult to a rrange because o f l imited flexib i l i ty both in NFS and Research . Management of the WREF could , however , provide the neces sary flexib i l i ty in timber - s ale arrangements and treatment op tions . PNW sc ient i s t s have es tab l i shed geographic terr i tories for individual s tudies and RWUs . The WREF can become an overlapping territory whe re we can e ffec tive ly interac t . Can pres c r ibed - fire research and fuel -management goals be attained without adversely impac t ing the a i r - quality values related to recreat ional use of the Pac i fic Crest Trail and Mount Adams Wi lderne s s ? s cheduling prescribed burns for low - use periods ? Can confl ict be avo ided by Is a formal screening procedure necessary to ant icipate and avert adverse smoke impac ts? C an pub l i c educat ion be enhanced through interpre tation and demonstration of fue l - treatment activi t i e s ? F i r e prevention and f ire protect ion e fforts on the E xper imental Fo rest de termine the risk o f loss to the WREF from wildfire . One obj ective in the WREF p lan is to maintain a sub s tantial proportion of old- growth ecosystem wi thin the Trout Creek D ivis ion . Analys is o f fire - protection needs in the mus t prescrib e the measures needed to afford extra p ro tec t ion to the WREF . GPNF To accompl ish thi s , PNW S tation should review with the GPNF plans for prote c t ion for WREF . Are additional preattack ins tallat ions ( that i s , handline cons truc t ion , hel ispots , roads ide c learing , and wate r - source improvement ) warranted within the WREF to give added protection to the Re search Natural 116 Areas and pe rmanent exper imental plots? Do d i spatch procedure s provide for prior ity for ini tial at tack on fires that threaten WREF? Fuelbreaks for preventing catastrophic wildfire are part of fire They have not been pro tec tion in many areas of the country and e lsewhere . success fully used in Region 6 . Alder was interpl anted in a Douglas - fi r plantation as a fue lbreak i n 1 9 3 3 along part of the wes tern boundary o f the WREF , but no fires have occurred and the "break" is now dominated by Douglas - fir . alder type ? Should that fuelbreak be rehab i l i tated and maintained in a red Should a more conventional fue lbreak , cons i s t ing of thinning , pruning , and brush contro l , be es tab l i shed on the perime ter o f the WREF? Should the fue lbreak acreage (mileage ) be extended? Previous attempts at fue lbreak cons truc tion and the continued occurrence of large wi ldfires present a unique opportunity for examining the value of fue lbreak cons truc t ion at WREF . The maintenance cost and the e ffec t ivenes s of alder fue lbreak ins tallat ion have no t been evaluated and should be . An advisory panel of PNW S tat ion , Re gion 6 , GPNF , and o ther wes t - s ide National Fore s t Avia ion and Fire Management (A&FM) s taff should be formed to review WREF t imber s ales and fue l - or fire - related s tudy plans . could ensure appl icab i l i ty of re sul ts to a wider area . The panel The pos s ib i l i ty of us ing timbe r - sale rece ipts ( that is , brush disposal collect ions or Regional funding app l icable to s everal NF ' s ) could be explored . The var iety of s tand h i s tories in a small area provide s an excellent oppor tuni ty 'for interpreting the role of fire in Pac i f i c Northwe s t fores t s . Pa ired , comparat ive s tudies on o ld growth , fire - origin second growth , fire - ori gin young growth , and fire - vs . nonfire - treated harve s ted s tands could be used for profe s s ional and pub l i c interpre tat ion . 117 Interpretive e fforts and s tudies o f pub l i c perception of or reac tion to management activities should include partic ipat ion by Fores t Fire and Atmospheric S c ience Rese arch ( FFASR ) . The different f ire histories in the two WREF divisions and conditions within the Trout Creek Divis ion provide the most obvious opportuni ties for demonstration and test ing of reactions . New p roblem analyses by PNW S tation fire research units that addre s s fue ls or fire - management prob lems in second - growth stands should , by S tation p o l icy , include an analys i s of the advantages and dis advantages of field s tudies in the WREF . Prob lem analys es and s tudy p lans should be reviewed by the WREF management . Timber harves t ing adj acent to and within the WREF increas es the risk of wildfire . Are spec ial c lauses for supplemental fire - pro tection forces and treatment for hazard abatement included in contracts for timber sales l ocated outs ide but adj acent to the WREF? Should a fue l - treatment s tandard more s tringent than the Forest - wide s tandard be app l ied to sales on or near the WREF? Should priority be given in annual work planning to fue l - treatment units near WREF? Th is should be part of a WREF fire -management plan . WREF i s ideally l ocated for tes ting air - quality management strategies and pub l i c react ion to them . The Washington S tate obj e ctive of a 3 5 - percent reduc tion in prescribed fire emi s s ions should be accelerated so experience can be gained be fore the s trategy is used Region- wide . Increased use and meteorological s chedul ing techniques to achieve emi s s ion reduc t ion sh uld be a part o f every new t imber sale and pres cribed fire plan in WREF . Vis ib i l i ty requirements are based on untested percept ions o f wildernes s ­ user values . The WREF enj oys the proximity to diverse recreation opportunities and us er groups , and i t is isolated from sources of regional haze . 118 Readily ident ifiable po int s ources impact the s ame recreat ional users . Presc ribed burning should be scheduled to create a variety of user impac ts , combined with a s tudy of user percep.tions . A be tter obj ective func tion for visib i l i ty protect ion would result . Pub l i c percept ion of fire is one of was ted res ources and environmental damage . The frequency of prescribed fire use in WREF and the pub l i c ' s pres ence there c reate the opor tuni ty for public invo lvement no t now real ized . As part of an improved inte rpretation pro gram , pub l ic demons trations of prescribed burning are recommended . ACTIONS 1. Develop j o int PNW S tation-CPNF plan for fire protect ion of WREF and adj unc t RNAs . 2. Evaluate effectivenes s of alder fuelbreak ins tallation . 3. Develop PNW S tation - R - 6 advis ory panel for fire - related aspects of WREF timber sales and research proposals . 4. Develop fire - related component of WREF interpre t ive and demonstration program . 5. Develop p lan for use of WREF to s tudy the percept ions by recreat ional users of e ffec ts of contrac ting prescribed- burning procedures ; for example , the effec ts on vis ib i l i ty . 119 INSECTS Rus sel G. Mi tchell DESCRIPTION Mature Douglas - fir forests are remarkab ly free of insect pests . The chief pests recorded on the WREF have been the Douglas - fir beetle ( Dendroc tonus pseudotsugae ) , whi ch attacks Douglas - fir , and the mountain p ine beetle (Q . Ponderosae ) , which at tacks we stern white p ine . Maj or outbreaks with heavy kill ing occurred in the 1 9 50 ' s and influenced harve s t ing . The Douglas - fir beetle outbreak began when large populations were generated in windthrow that occurred in the winters of 1949 - 50 and 1 9 50 - 5 1 and then over flowed into the surrounding green s tands . The ori gin of the mountain p ine beetle problem is not c lear but l ikely s tems from a comb ination of maturity , overs tocking , and general infe c tion by whi te p ine b l i s ter rus t ( C ronart ium rib icola ) . The p ine beetle problem is not l ikely to cont inue because mos t of the mature white p ine have been killed , and the b l i s ter rus t prevents younger trees from reaching matur ity . Al though the Douglas - fir beetle prefers mature trees ( over 8 0 years old) , . it should remain a cons iderat ion in s i lvicultural ac tivi t ies . I t is at trac ted to freshly cut tree s , creating particular problems in s e lect ion cutt ing when down logs are wel l shaded and sui table for a ttack over several months . Beetles will be attrac ted to even smal l s aw logs and can overflow into adj acent green trees . Hazards can be reduced by promptly removing logs fe lled dur ing the bee tle - fl ight season of Ap ril through Augus t . Defoliating insects have not presented maj or p e s t problems in the WREF . An introduced sucking ins ect from Europe , the balsam woolly aph id (Adelges 120 picaea) , has been a s ignificant problem in subalp ine fir and Pac ific s i lver fir , mainly at the low end of the ir elevation ranges , Pac ific s i lver fir is in part icular j eopardy because most of the WREF is at elevations below 3 , 500 feet where the tree is mo s t suscep t ible to damage . The aphid has also killed and severely damaged several species of true firs in the Wind River Arbore tum . Change s in conditions have altered the inte re s t of res ource managers in the types of insect pests and the nature of information required in deve lop ing pe s t - management ac t ivi t ie s , When old- growth t imber was the princ ipal resource of concern , the ins e c t problems of concern were l imited largely to tree - ki l lers , such as the Douglas - fir bark beetle , Pests reducing growth were relatively unimportant because old trees grow slowly anyway . Fores ters are now working in younger s tands and recogniz ing new kinds o f insect prob lems . Increas ingly , they no tice insects affect ing tree growth , s tocking dens i ty , and the quant ity of good tree seed . They are also apprehens ive about the pos s ible side e ffec ts of fert i l ization , gene tic manipulat ion , and pestic ide appl icat ion on ins ect populations . A second new trend is integrat ing management of pests wi th the o ther fore s t ac t ivi ties , seeking informed compromi ses wherever po s s ible , This requires an improved ab i l ity to forecas t pest populations under a var iety of manftgement regimes and to assess pest impact accurately . And because of increased awarene s s o f the importance of ecological interrelat ions in fore s ts , better information on what forest management prac t ices do to benefic ial ins ects is also needed . Increased intens ity of forest management will l ikely reveal that spec ific insect prob lems will be related to the management his tory o f the s tand , 121 Accordingly , if insect research is to yield resul ts of value. to fores ters , it mus t be assoc iated with treatments and comb inations of treatments in real fore s t - management s i tuations . That , then , is the entomological research opportunity provided by the Wind River Exper imental Fore s t - - a tes ting ground where insects can interact with s i lvicultural and cul tural treatments and where data and expertise o f s everal research dis c ipl ines can be shared and compared . OPPORTUNITIES The pr inc ipal areas of prac t i cal research opportunities for insect s tudies will be related to ( 1 ) tree s eed produc t ion , ( 2 ) s eedl ing mortal i ty , ( 3 ) growth loss in seedl ing and sapl ing s tands , and ( 4 ) mortal i ty and degrade in young sawtimber s tands . All these features can be affected by cultural and s i lvicultural treatment s . Because insects have large b iotic potent ials and are sens i t ive to small environmental changes , the damage effects can be quite unexpec ted and s evere . We know from past experience that the problems of insects associated with regeneration are l ikely to be the mos t erratic , the harde s t to measure , and have the mos t severe impac t . Re search opportunities are improved by the number of treatments , the comb inat i on of treatments , and the number of repl ications at di fferent s i tes . The questions should address the degree that treatments affect insect populations , the processes involve d , the duration of the effec ts , and the damage that can be expected at various population dens ities . Opportunities for research into appl ied problems assoc iated with forest management are not wholly pest oriented . Beneficial insects such as poll inators , natural enemies of p e s ts , soil fauna assoc iated with mineral cyc l ing , and s tream insects are also affected by s i lvicultural and cultural treatments . Conce ivably , the e ffects on 122 the se benefic ial insects populat ions could be more impor tant to long - term s i te product ivity than the effects on pest ins ects . To have prac tical value , and to achieve the unique benefits o f an experimental fore s t , ins ect res earch assoc iated with intens ive forest management mus t be done in concert with o ther res earch discip l ines - - a team approach . For exampl e , an analys i s of the s o i l fauna would be of l i t tle value unless it were tied to a s t and treatment ( for example , thinning or fe rtilization) and related to invest igat ions on res idue accumulat ions and s o i l propert ies . For a de tai led analy s i s of insect s tudies needed in the kinds of fore s ts found at WREF , see the problem analy s i s for RWU - 2 2 0 1 , Problem 1 : Affe c t ing Douglas - Fir Wes tern Hemlock Type by Rus sel G . Mi tchel l . Insects Sugge s t ions for the three s tudy areas mos t crit ically in need of work ( in descending order of importance ) are : 1. Analysis of ins ects affect ing seed product ion . The number of ins e c t pests o n Douglas - fir and hemlock are rather few when compared to o ther tree species . That is no t true , though , when seed and cone insects are cons idered . There , ins ects are plent iful and de s truc tive , and the i r impact is inc reas ing each year as the impor tance of securing adequate seed for expanding re generation programs increas es . 2. Analys is of ins e c ts affect ing regenerat ion . Management technique s to improve res tocking o f harves ted s i tes also affect inse c t populations . S cattered reports the last few years have noted that s ome rather poorly known insects are deve lop ing a taste for planted trees . Because keep ing track o f individual trees is difficul t , ins ects have l ikely been respons ible for qui te a few mys ter ious plantation failures . 123 3. s t ands . Analys i s o f insects assoc iated with reduced growth in managed s apl ing Ac t ivi ties such as thinning and fer t i l i z ing sometimes produce outbreaks of insects that do not kill trees but greatly reduce growth . Aph ids , in particular , are quick to respond to management ac tions , and though the ir damage i s o ften not obvious , i t can be s i gni ficant . ACTIONS 1. Have one o r more PNW entomologis ts provide an ideal conceptual model of all pos s ible interac tions within the affec ted ecosys tems for timbe r sale at Panther Creek . a planned The obj e c t ive would be to see how various disciplines ( entomology , for example ) fit into the ant icipated s tudy . The model will also have value in showing each d i s c ip l ine the goal of the exper iment and how to collect data in compatible units If this initial exercise proves valuable , procedures can be deve loped for s imilar analyses of addi tional planned manipulat ions . 2. A PNW S tation entomological review group should be e s tab l i shed to be sure insect problems rece ive early and adequate cons ideration when . mul t i func tional exper iments are e s tab l ished . This is important becaus e s ampl ing is always a problem when insect inves t igations are superimposed on o ther s tudies . Insect populations charac ter i s t ically have great variance and require larger samples for a good e s t imate than do o ther parameters . 3. Make an e ffort to replicate fores t -management treatments in as many environments as poss ible . Insect reactions vary greatly from s i te to s i te . Accordingly , the real impact of insect reac tion cannot be rea l i s tically evaluated without s e e ing what i t doe s in di fferent places . 124 4. Fore s t . Estab l ish a good distribut ion of s tand ages over the Expe rimental Insects typ i cally are associated with some age group , and a range of s tand ages would permit analysis o f where we can expect problems . 5. Deve lop and te s t unconventional s i lvicul tural sys tems on the Exper imental Fores t . For exampl e , ins tead o f even- aged management fo r Douglas - fir , a sys tem could be implemented and tes ted that would a im for management of c l imax species . There is no way to gues s the entomological consequences o f such a management scheme , but the quest ion will eventual ly be asked and an experimental forest is the p lace to deve lop some answers . 6. Remove downed logs as rapidly as pos s ible . In s aw- timber s ize Dougl as - fir s tands , the Douglas - fi r bee tle i s attracted to blown down and freshly cut trees and to roo t - rot weakened trees . This is particularly a problem in s e lect ion cutt ings where down logs are generally wel l shaded and subj e c t to attack for a long t ime . I f the beetle population in the woods is large and the logs will not accommodate all the beetles drawn to the area , then the surplus beetles o ften attack the adj acent green trees . The hazard can be greatly reduced i f trees b lown down from the previous winter and logs fe lled during the beetle fl ight season of Apr i l through Augus t are removed from the woods quickly . 7. ' Maintain lower elevat ion s tands as Douglas - fir s i tes . Pacific s i lver fir is mos t suscep tible to the balsam wooly aphid when it is permitted to move downs lope below 3 , 50 0 feet e l evat ion (Mi tchel l 1 9 6 6 ) . Pac ific s i lver fir regeneration should be discouraged . 125 That means advanced DISEASE Earl E . Nelson D iseases now pres ent on the Wind River Exper imental Fores t are typ ical of thos e in the PNW Region within the represented t imber type s . How commonly diseases occur both in the Experimental Forest and in the surrounding GPNF will depend on distribution of forest types , s tand age s , pas t histories , management practices , and environmental factors . D isease di fferences between Panther Creek and Trout Creek divis ions largely reflec t differences in s tand age s and spec ies compo s i t ion . C onk rot and o ther s tem decays of old- growth Douglas - fir and assoc iated spec i e s in the Trout Creek Divis ion tend to lose the ir importance in s econd - growth s tands . They may b ecome even less important as inoculum i s reduced with harves t of defective old- growth s tands and s e lective removal o f de fe c t ive trees i n c ommercial thinning . Bes ides s tem decays , hemlock dwarf mis tletoe is common in old- growth stands where we stern hemlock i s the maj or component . The greates t disease threat in second- growth stands comes from root rot fungi including Phel l inus we i r i i , Forne s annosus , Armi lleria me llea , and , probably when more acreage i s in regeneration , Verticladiella wagneri . Phe l l inus we i r i i is currently the most important disease i n managed s tands i f not the mos t important management problem . was done by T . Chi lds on p. wei r i i . Extens ive res earch ( unpub l ished) No s i gnificant fol i age disease problems or s tem canker problems (with the exception of b l i s te r rus t on white p ine ) apparently occur in the Experimental Fores t . 126 OPPORTUNITIES Cons iderably more research is needed to improve management guide l ines for diseased s tands , espec ially those wi th laminated root rot and black s tain root dis ease caus ed by V . wagneri . Laminated root rot i s common in Douglas - fir s tands at Wind River . Faci l i ties could be made avai lable to nonres ident sc ient i s ts and technic ians for res earch on this disease in WRE F . Becaus e proposed dire c t control work on the patho gens requires s i z ab l e inves tment in equipment rental and materials , re fores tation funds may be available to help cover research costs related to refores tation . Continued research on control of laminated root rot by fumigants and b iological agents has the highes t priority . Excellent opportuni ties exi s t for coupl ing research plots used to s tudy control opportunities for root rot with demons tration areas for educat ing forest managers and the pub l i c on the logic of control treatments . Black s tain root disease , though no t now a problem at Wind River , will probably become one , at leas t in some areas when more acres are harves ted and re generated . The apparent absence of the disease provides an opportunity for gathe ring basel ine information on pres ence of vec tor ins ec t s , whe ther or no t they are carrying the causal fungus , and how changes in the for e s t hab i t at mig t influence the i r numbers . Other diseases also cons ti tute good research opportunities i n the fores t . Many are no t thought to be o f much economic impor tance in unmanaged second- growth s t ands but are common in the Douglas - fir type throughout the PNW Region . Fo l iage diseases of Douglas - fir , usually minor problems in the pas t , may become more important with wider appl icat ion of management prac tices such as fer t i l ization . Commercial thinning causes changes in the fores t environment 127 that could inc rease disease activity , e spec ially root and butt rots . Excep t for dwarf mistletoes , very l i ttle is known about how intens i fied forest management affects disease deve lopment . Fol l owing are examples o f what c ould be s tudied at Wind River to better evaluate how intens ive or special management prac tices affe c t fore s t diseases . FERTILIZATION Are fo l iage di seases more common in young , fer t i l ized s tands than in unfertil i zed s tands , and when present , are they more s evere in fertilized s tands ? What i s the e ffect on the economics of fertil ization? Does fer t i l ization aid recovery o f trees infected with root - ro t ( that is , A. me l lea , F . annosus , or P . we ir i i ) , or does i t affect spread of insec t - vectored root disease ( for example , V . wagner i ) ? COMMERCIAL THINNING The prac tice of commercial thinning in s t ands of Douglas - fir and hemlock increases opportuni ties for wood- rot ting fungi to gain entry . The dec is ion to enter s t ands for commercial thinning should be made knowing that gains from increased growth rates could be offs e t by increas ing decay , if harves ting is not done careful ly , especially when the res idual trees will no t be harve s ted for a t leas t 10 years . several important fungi . Wounds , e spec ially basal wounds , are common entr ies for Wes tern hemlock is highly suscep tible to wounding and once wounded is a high risk for decay . Fornes annosus and S tereum s anguinolentum are probably the mos t des tructive rots in hemlock . Wounded Douglas - fir suffer much less loss than hemlock , but S . s anguinolentum and pinicola , as we l l as s ome o thers , can cause s ome infection and vo lume los s . 128 Conk rot and o ther decays of old- growth Douglas - fi r and assoc iated species tend to lose the ir importance in second- growth s tands , especially s tands managed on shor t rotat ions . In s tands managed primarily for timber production , disease damage can b e minimi zed by practicing good s i lvicul ture . S tem decays are no t expected to be s igni ficant prob lems in s tands managed to rotat ions of + 100 years so long as s t and ope rations are done c arefully to minimize wounding . With mos t root Roo t - disease problems are more diffi cul t to deal with . diseas es , s tand harve s t does no t in itself e l iminate the problem for future rotat ions . Mos t fores t tre e - root pathogens are capable of l iving in root sys tems and s tump s of harves ted trees for many years and re infe c t ing trees regenerat ing the s i te . S tand harve s t does , however , offer a good beginning point for root rot control . Though many of today ' s management opt ions are no t thoroughly tes ted , annosus root rot ( F . annosus ) , l aminated root rot ( we ir i i ) , and shoe s tring root rot ( A . mel lea) can be reduced by removing infes ted s tumps and maj or roots from s o i l or us ing more res is tant tree species in refores tation . Shoestr ing root rot is se ldom so severe in we s t - s ide s tands that these measures are j us t ified ; however , annosus root rot o f hemlock or laminated root rot of Douglas - fir and associated species demand cons iderat ion of alternat ive management op t ions where infection is common . THINNING Within the l imits of p ractical management , does hos t spac ing affect incidence or sever i ty of fol iage disease in regeneration? spread o f insec t - vectored root disease ( in V. wagner i ) ? Does spac ing affect What wounds created in thinning ope rat ions wi l l lead to decay losses within a rotat ion? 129 What fungi are respons ible for decay losses , and what are the ir requirements for e s tab li shment? How long can wounded residuals be left before decay becomes s ignificant? Can decay be prevented wi th some wound dre s s ings ? Can decay in l iving trees be s topped with fumigants or with b iological agent s ? RELATED CONCERNS How can hazard trees ( trees l ikely to cause inj ury in h i gh use areas such as campgrounds ) be identified for removal or treated to minimize the hazard? What decays mos t commonly provide hab itat for cavity dwel lers ? Can these fungi be manipulated in wildlife areas ? Stands tend to have disease problems of one sort or ano ther as they p rogress through var ious s tages of deve lopment . Fo l iage diseases , s tem cankers , rus ts , or root diseases o f otherwise minor consequence may be very important in the first several years of s tand deve lopment , j us t as heart rots become maj or problems in mos t old- growth s t ands . I am not propos ing that diseases be introduced to the fore s t for s tudy , but that tho se diseases of greatest importance in the forest be s tudied as they occur . The greate s t opportunities for fore s t - disease research are i n the broad distributions o f s t and ages and fore s t types over a variety of elevations , slopes , aspec ts , and classes of s i te produc t ivity . Diseases of importance in the future can then more l ike ly be s tudied on rep l icated plots under a var ie ty of s tand condit ions . 130 ACTIONS 1. Implement the fo l lowing gui delines in managing WREF s tands : a. Target wounded leave trees for removal at the fir s t opportunity or inc lude them in planned s tudies as needed for repl ications . b. Use equipment only heavy enough to get the j ob done and at times of the year when s o i l s are dry and less subj ect to compac t ion . This reduces the s tress on root sys tems o f re s i dual trees , making them less subj ect to attack by secondary diseases and insects . c. Use good skid trail planning and direct ional fall ing to reduce problems of s o i l compact ion and wounding . d. Avo id comme rc ial thinning o f those port ions o f s t ands where root rot is present because leave trees are often infec ted and exposed to windthrow in the more open s tands . Conduc t s ome salvage s ales to reduce high risk condit ions . 2. Develop better knowledge of dis tributi on , types , and infect ion intens ities of dis eases in newly regene rated , young , and mature s tands as part of expanded WRRD timber s tand - examination program . 131 RECREATION AND VI SUAL I I Roger H . C lark DESCRIPTION The Wind Rive r Exper imental Fore s t provides opportunities for several year - round recreat ional ac t ivities , but a cauti ous approach needs to be taken in encouraging such use because of pos s ible conflicts with research obj e c t ive s . Recreat ional opportuni ties in the Experimental Fore s t ( or on adj acent Nat ional Fore s t l ands ) range from pr imi tive to concentrated , fac i l ity - or iented . Berry picking , wood cutt ing , hiking , hors eback riding , camp ing , s ightsee ing , and fishing are among the more popular ac tivi t ies . The Wind River Valley leads to the crest of the Cascade s , where the Pac ific Cre s t Trail provides backcountry recreational experiences for thous ands annually . The road sys tem ( some of which allows loop trave l ) o ffers mo torized access to nearby Mount Adams and viewpo ints o f Mount S t . Helens , Mount Hoo d , Mount Rainier and o ther scenic areas . Use of the Experimental Fore s t ( as we l l as the res t of the Wind River are a ) is diverse and extens ive and some s i gning , and interpre t ive e ffor ts have been ini t iated dur ing the pas t 10 years to fac il i tate use . Documentat ion of the opportunities avai lable (or pos s ibl ) . and the nature , extent , and location of present recreat ional use is far from complete . I S SUES AND IMPACTS S i lvicul tural manipulat ion or any t imber harve s ting ( and related road bui lding ) on the WREF will l ikely impact the vi sual quality of the area . Some areas , such as near the Pac i f i c C re s t Trai l , road corr idors , and adj acent to the Indian Heaven Wi lderness Area , are more s ens i t ive than o thers . 132 To date , recreational use of the forest has been large ly uncons trained . Dispersed camping is a l l owed , and vis itors have estab l i shed many impromptu recreat ion s i tes at attractive locat ions . With a pos s ib l e acc e s s corr idor to Mount S t . He lens , pas s - through traffic and local use is l ike ly to increas e . Exi s t ing roads and trails rece ive cons iderab le use now , and the close proximity to Vancouver and Portland sugge s t that the se uses w i l l grow . The present road sys tem plays a dual role for vis itors - - pas s - through acce s s to areas no t on the Experimental Forest and access to areas within i t . Future transpor tation p l ans mus t take into account the potential effects of roads ( locat ion , des i gn , and maintenance ) on exi s t ing and po tential pub l ic use . Roads p lay a maj or role in enhancing some types of recreat ion and detrac t ing from o ther s . Bas ic information for evaluating consequences of proposed act ions is presently lacking . Pub l i c use wi l l l ikely re sul t in a variety o f e ffects such as l itter , vanda l i sm , and damage to res earch plots . Whether or no t the se prob l ems are the re sul t of intent ional or inadve rtent ac t ions by fore s t vis itors , the resul t is the same . Res o lving the s e prob l ems can b e s t be done in conj unc tion wi th an information and educat ion program and an on - the - ground management program coo rdinated with the GPNF . Invo lving user groups should a l s o be serious ly con idered . OPPORTUNITIES S i lvicul tural res earch on the WREF provides an opportunity to examine s ome c r i t ical reGreation - r e l ated is sues . Important que s tions about recreation and t imber harve s t are not only how and where to modify t imbe r harve s t to minimize 133 impacts on recreation , but what k inds of recreational ac tivities are po s i t ive ly assoc iated with di fferent kinds of s i lvicultural treatments , harve s t methods , and road sys tems . How might these be phys ically arranged over the land and scheduled to enhance both timber and recreation values ? As plans are deve l op ed for future s ilvicultural re search , these is sues should also be evaluated . The potent i al for enhancing recreat ional opportunities on the WREF exi s ts , but recreation- management obj ectives have no t been identified . is what uses wi ll be favored and what discouraged , The basic issue Address ing this concern is fundamental to determining policies about roads ( old and new) , scenic trail s , interpre t ive exhib i ts , trails , and campgrounds . ACTIONS 1. Develop a cooperative plan with GPNF for collecting basel ine recreat ion data . Basic recreation- management obj ectives need to be e s t ab l i shed in conj unct ion with adj acent areas under management by the GPNF . Improved informat ion ab.out exis ting recreat ional use and opportuni ties wi ll be nec e s sary to ( a ) identi fy recreation management options , (b ) evaluate consequences of p lanned research on pub l i c value s , A and ( c ) fac i l i tate any recreation research that might be conduc ted . mult imethod approach us ing a Code -A- S i te ( CAS ) inventory , Rec reation Opportunity Spectrum (ROS ) mapping , and the Vi sual Management Sys tem (VMS ) is de s irable . Visual - qua l i ty obj ec tives and s tandards mus t be es tab l i shed for the WREF and reviewed to ensure cons is tency with public expectations . Where departures from conventional National For e s t prac t ices may be required , an aggres s ive I&E program will be necessary . 134 2. Have PNW S tat ion and GPNF personnel collaborate to de te rmine the role the WREF should play in p roviding recreat ional opportuni ties and develop ing a coordinated recreation- management p lan . Policies on ac tivi ties such as wood cutting , Chr i s tmas - tree cutting , dispersed camp ing , and mo torized recreat ional travel on and o ff roads should be deve loped to ensure that pub l i c use is cons is tent with basic goals o f the WREF . In the recreat ion - management plan , the cooperative roles and respons ib i l i t ie s o f the PNW S tation and the GP about pub l i c use on the WREF should be c learly documented . Mos t vis itors do not readily distinguish between management agenc ies in general , and to them we are one ores t S e rvice . Ineffe c t ive coordination will lead to undes irable s i tuat ions for us and our vis i tors . An informat ion and education program should be e s tab l ished to communicate with fore s t visi tors . 3. Inc lude recreation - re lated is sue s in roading plans we l l in advance of any on- the - ground ac tion . 135 HARVESTING , UTILI ZATION , AND RES IDUE RESEARCH HARVESTING Charles N . Mann and Roger H . Twito DESCRI PTION TROUT CREEK DIVI S I ON Trout Creek H i l l is fully roaded , and harve s t of maj or blocks of timber i s planned f o r 1 0 - year intervals . PANTHER CREEK D IVI S ION The t imber s tands in the Panther Creek Unit are even aged ( averaging about 140 years old) and have resulted from pas t fires . certainly of merchantab le s i z e and harves table . mos tly in the early 1 9 50 ' s ( fi g . 9 ) . appear to be yarded by highlead . Most o f the s tands are Previous harve s t ing was done Four units in s e c t ion 13 o f the Divis ion Additional units s outh of Mouse Creek in the flatter terrain of s e c tions 8 , 1 7 , and 18 were yarded by tractors and were par t i al cuts . Many o ther areas could be harves ted to deve lop a variety of age clas s e s . Harves t ing in the eastern port ion of the Divis ion along the Pac ific Cre s t Trail near Huckleberry Mountain doe s not appear economically attrac t ive because the s tands may barely qua l i fy as commerc ial fores ts . Furthermore , the s e areas are des i gnated as retent ion watersheds . OPPORTUNITIES TROUT CREEK DIVI S I ON Harves t ing i s expec ted to be by convent ional logging methods , and no unusual harves t oppo rtuni ties are planned , unl ess the heavy l i ft (He l i ­ 136 S tat) test s i tes (harve s t uni ts 9 and 10 ) currently ident ified are used . PANTHER CREEK DIVI S I ON Deve lop ing var ious age classes in the D ivis ion for research purposes by pl anned future harve s t s appears to be promi s ing . Some prerequi s ites should be e s tab l i shed , however , even before prel iminary planning of thes e harves t s is begun . 1. Use exi s t ing s o i l - inventory map to help ident i fy cri tical eros ion areas . S lumps have appeared near s everal exi s t ing roads , and the terrain is s teep . For The yarding of the harve s ted timber may thus be subj ect to cons traints . example , in some places , no yarding or harve s t ing res traints may be needed ( s table s o i l s and flatter terrain) ; tractors or highlead can be used . Other areas may require one - end suspens ion or full suspens ion of the yarded logs to prevent s o i l dis turbance and protect s treams . Skyline logging c an b e done where deflection is exce llent or logging with he licopters may be appropr iate . Perhaps some areas should not be logged at al l because l iving tree roots are needed to s tab i l ize the soil , and unacceptab l e damage would resul t from any type of harve s t ing . 2. Res earchers should provide direct ion on which areas to harve s t and which to set as ide as control or natural areas . direction . Management p lanning should provide that The type of harves t des ired - - clearcutt ing or some kind of selective cut ting - - i s also important . Areas where visual qua l i ty is important may dic tate a selective cut , and the obj ec tive of deve lop ing an even - aged s tand may indic ate a clearcut . TI\e exi s t ing road ne twork provides acc e s s to landings that could b e used for harve s t s in the near future as des c r ibed in the chapter , " Road and 137 Trails . " Such acc e s s is sometimes also to t imber sales on adj o ining Nati onal Fore s t land . This Divis ion has the physical charac ter i s t ics of a high r idge above harve s table t imber . Al though not unique , this setting o ffers a research opportuni ty but doe s not require that a portion of it be set aside for re search on exi s t ing or new harves ting sys tems . Harves ting sys tem research would be more controllable by harves t ing on the Experimental Fores t . Any harve s t ing activities planned should be reviewed for po tential opportunities to s tudy harves t sys tems . To ensure the maximum feas ib i l i ty and progres s of harves ting activities , the harve s t and transportation plan should be laid out for maximum long- range economic e ffic iency . For example , a higher s tandard of yarding ( such as full suspens ion) than is needed to protect the s i te should not be bui l t into the p lan . Th is would no t prevent a h i gher s tandard of yarding from be ing used on the area if new sys tems , such as heavy - l i ft logging , are used in Panther Creek . Timber harve s t ing can be used as an oppor tunity to inform the public about balancing the environmental and economic concer s by careful harves t planning and layout . Thi s could be accomp l i shed by use ing special s i gns at harve s t ing s i tes , by brochures , and also having trained District or Research people available to answer questions . Cons ideration should also be given to s imilar public information opportuni ties at previous ly harve s ted s i tes to po int out regeneration or management obj ect ive s . Harves ting in s ome special way to get particular results may be de s i rable , but contro l led logging may cause added expense for a logger operating under the s tandard Fore s t Service timber sale contrac t . 138 Th is added expens e deve lops from lower than normal produc t ion because of extra e ffort needed to protect s tudy plots . We should exp lore the pos s ib i l i ty of us ing special contracts or arrangements that would no t economically penalize a cooperator . An examp le of harves t ing that cons iders research more important than produc tion is avai lable at Oregon S tate Univers i ty , where the Univers ity hires the logger to maintain control over results . Force - account logging could have advantage s and should be cons idered . Al l harve s t and transportation p lanning mus t be deve l oped in cooperation with the GPNF and WRRD . ACTIONS 1. Deve lop a fore s t - harves t ing plan after estab l i sh ing stand convers ion dire c t ions . Harve s t ing p lanning must be integrated with the transportation plan because the roads will have to provide access to l andings . In gene ral , th is plan should be deve loped for effic ient harve s t ing and permit full yarding access to a l l s tands s lated for harve s t . A digital te rrain model w i l l be permanently s tored for the Panther Creek D ivi s ion , to be used with several related planning programs to evaluate the yarding coverage ava i l ab le from di fferent l andings for h i ghlead and skyline sys tems , as wel l as the connec t ing ro d sys tem . Alternat ive harve s t plans can be produced for economic compari son and evaluated - - - meeting research and management needs . 139 UTILI ZATION Thomas A. Sne llgrove DESCRI PTION Although WREF has been in existence s ince 1 9 3 3 , few s tudies on timber util ization have been done . The lack of uti l ization research at Wind River is a result of previous PNW empha s i s ; that i s , mos t utiliz ation research at PNW has been to relate timber- qual i ty characteristic s to product recovery , and the samp ling obj ective has been to represent the geographic range of t imber quality , defect , s ize , and s ites avai lable for a given species . The WREF o ffers l imited opportunities for this type o f work . Practi cal considerations ( for example , the cost of log transportation) have dictated that higher priority be given proximity of the resource to a particular sawmill or veneer mill than to have phys ical control over the resource , TROUT CREEK DIVI S I ON Old- growth s tands in the Trout C reek Divis ion are over 400 years o l d , and trees contain an average of nearly 2 , 000 board feet . in timber quality and defect . present . These s tands vary greatly Many younger s tands ( 5 to 8 0 years old) are also Douglas - fi r and western hemlock are both wel l represented . PANTHER CREEK DIVIS ION The Panther Creek Divis ion of the WREF o ffers a narrower range of s i tes and age classes than the Trout Creek Divi s i on . It has smaller s ized Douglas - fir trees on s omewhat less than average s ites with l ittle variation expected in log grades o r tree defect . 140 OPPORTUNITIES S i lvicul ture research on the WREF provides an opportunity to address the relat ion of s tand management to product quality . The lack of variat ion in s i tes at Wind River somewhat l imits benefi ts , but the advantage of having complete control of the resource enhances the opportunity . s tudies might be used in thi s general area of research . The Planting Creek Harves t ing o f trees in s i lvicul ture research on e i ther the Trout Creek or Panther Creek Divis ions should inc lude cons iderat ion of util izat ion research . The WREF could provide s ample material ( logs or trees ) for produc t recovery s tudies . When proces s ing fac i l ities ( s awmill , venee r mill ) are selected near the WREF , it should be cons idered as a s ample s ource . The Experimental Forest could be used for long- term s tudies assess ing rates of deterioration after natural catastrophes or logging operations . Likewise , the Research Natural Area could also be used to e s tabl i sh grade - demons tration plots or trai ls . Particular cons ideration should be given to us ing WREF for uti l i zation research when s tudy or management restrictions are key to success of the res earch . I f severe res trict ions are to be placed on the logger , if unusual merchantab i l i ty spec ificat ions are to be used , or if the work is contrary to typ ical National Fores t Sys tem pol i cy , WREF should be cons idered . I f the research requires a range of t imber qual i ty , s ize , spec ies , or s i te s , WREF should be used only when these criteria can be met . 141 RES IDUE RES EARCH Thomas C . Adams and Susan N . Little DESCRIPTION Wind River Experimental Fore s t has a variety of res idue condit ions For example , many snags and old depending on fores t type and age clas s . windfalls occur in the 2 5 0 - to 450 - year old growth on Trout C reek Hil l . A high degree of defect in the s tanding t imber there c reates large amounts of logging residue when these s tands are harves ted . S tands on Trout Creek H i l l proved highly suscept ible to windthrow damage after clearcutt ing near the top of the h i l l and along s ides of clearcut uni ts gene rally . The windthrow problem is expected to be more severe as more cutt ing units are harvested , and the open areas act to funnel winds agains t the exposed face or edge o f the s tanding leave settings . The younger , 140 - year - ol d t imber in the Panther Creek Divis ion is relatively free of defect , but will create moderate amounts o f logging res idue from tops and branches when logged . The mos tly 8 0 - year - old t imber in the south port ion o f the Trout Creek Divis ion across Trout Creek will c reate s t i l l less residue when logged . Windthrow after cutting in these two areas is expected to be less than on Trout Creek H il l . The planned old- growth convers ion on Trout Creek Hill and s ilvicultural research with various forms of t imber harve s t ing in the Panther C reek Divis ion will present b o th a cont inuing need to manage the res idues and an opportunity for trials and demonstrations of res idue management and use , Economic incentives and management direction throughout the Pac ific Northwes t wil l be toward greater removal and use o f forest res idues . 142 This could aff c t nutr ient cycl ing , amounts of s o i l organic matter , and soil product ivi ty in gene ral . Logging res idues on WREF , as e l s ewhere on the WRRD , are currently managed under prescript ions set forth in the brush disposal p lan , a documented part of the timbe r - sale planning and appraisal task . Princ ipal respons ib i l ity for the plan l ies with the D i s trict fire - management s taff , but interdi s c ip l inary consul tat ions and review are provided by s taff specialists in t imber sales , s ilviculture , wildl i fe , soils , watershed , and recreat ion management . Old- growth logging re s idue on the WRRD i s managed chi efly by yarding unmerchantab le material (YUM) and prescribed fire . Broadcast burning i s used on s teep ground , and machine p i l ing and burning on s lopes up to 30 percent . Precommercial thinning s lash is dragged to the roads ide in a s trip 5 0 to 100 feet wide on each s ide o f the road for chipping or burning . S alvage o f old- growth windthrow i s followed by machine p i l ing and burning . Firewood cutt ing of yarded unmerchantable mater ial or s alvage - logging residue is permitted unt i l burning i s r equired to mee t p lanting schedules . TROUT CREEK DIVIS ION The 1 9 7 5 Trout C re ek Hill t imber s ale included seven res idue - re lated s tudies and e ight cutt ing units ( fig . 1 1 ) . All units cut in the sale have been planted and include spac ing and spec ies - mix s tudies under the direction of sc ient i s t s at the PNW S tation Olymp ia Fores try S c iences Laboratory . OPPORTUNITIES 1. Identify and t e s t s i tuations where intens ive residue removal can e l iminate the need for burning . 143 2. Assess the importance of wood res idue to long - te rm s i te productivity , espec ial ly on poor soils where organic content is low . 3. Deve lop an operat ional method for requir ing residue removal beyond current usage levels . 4 . Determine potent ial for hand clearing of brush after p lanting in unburned clearcuts to release reproduct ion . 5. Develop trials of improved harves ting sys tems for res idue removal or treatment . 6. S tudy use of harves t res idues for energy . 7. Develop trials o f one or more firewood concentration yards . RESIDUE PROBLEMS IDENTIFIED BY DI STRICT SILVICULTURI ST The following additional problems have been ident ified on WRRD and should be regarded as pos s ible research opportunities . 1. P reserving an adequate duff layer on shal low soils in Pac ific s i lver fir and western hemlock types . A s tandard method is needed for predicting and monitoring changes in the duff and upper soil layer in these timber types where I retaining mos t of the duff layer is des irable . 2. Retaining an acceptable level of s lash for shaded micros ites particularly in frost pocke t areas . 3 , Determining cos t - e ffectivenes s of precommercial thinning s lash treatments . 4. Determining potential for nutrient dep letion by s lash reduc t ion in both clearcut and thinned areas ; that i s , how much res idue can be removed and s t i l l ensure adequate nutr ient capital for future growth? How does this change for different soil type s , spec ies , and s i te treatments , such as p rescribed fire ? Can the nutrient cap i tal be enhanced on poor s i tes by leaving more residue ? 144 What type of residue mus t be left on the s i te to prevent eros ion? What are impacts on ac tivi ties such as plant ing , fire protect ion , and recreat ion? Re lated que s t ions include : available for plant growth? How quickly do nutrients from residue s become How doe s burning affect the release of nutrient s ? W i l l the res idue s generated from thinning treatments release enough nutrients to improve the growth of the remaining tre e s ? Can burning the s e r e s i dues has ten this release sufficiently for a measurable increase in tree growth? Can s i te quality be improved on soils low in organic matter by adding residues from other s i tes ? Such research must include monitor ing nutr ient pools over a range of s i te qual i t ie s and over several years . Phys ical impac t s of harves t ing res idues have been s tudied for s ome t ime , and guidel ines exi s t to mit igate the e ffec t s of harves t ing res idues on compac tion and eros ion ( Pierovich and o thers 1 97 5 ) . Thes e avai l able guidel ines should be applied and demons trated . S imilar guidel ines for evaluating the impact of harve s t ing res idues on nutrient cap i tal are not ava i l able . Another impor tant i s sue relates to public obj ec tion to the c luttered look of fore s t ground after logging , with heavy s lash viewed as a was te . ACTIONS 1. _ Modify s tandard dis trict prac t ices on sale areas in WREF so that YUM yarding and broadcast burning are used only when spec ifically needed to mee t exper imental obj ective s . 2. Make WREF generally off - l imits for firewood collec t ion ; f irewood use to be cons idered j o intly by GPNF and PNW S tat ion case by cas e . 145 3. Analyze the pos s ib i l i ty of no - burn util ization trials in mid- age s tands and on low - s i te areas on nor thwes t face of Trout Creek Hill , as we l l as in Panther Creek Division . 4. Develop a p l an for s tudying the e ffect o f adding more organic mat ter to poor soils ; for example , by chip and s catter on gentle ground . 5. Develop a plan for s tudying residue removal to spe c ified s izes below current usage leve l s . 6. Deve lop a p l an for hand c learing o f brush after planting in unburned clearcuts to release or otherwise benefit reproduct ion . 7. Remove harve s t res idue for energy or other uses . 146 CHAPTER XI I OPPORTUNITIES FOR BAS I C RES EARCH Jerry F . Franklin The preceding sections have emphas ized opportunities for app l ied or s trongly prob l em - or iented research by Fores t Service and cooperat ing s c ienti s ts . Very sub s tantial opportunities also exist for us ing the WREF fo r a b road array o f b iological , geological , and pedological res earch by academic s c ient i s t s . Much of this research might be referred to as "basic , " al though thi s i s an art i ficial distinction ; experience at the H . J . Andrews Exper imental For e s t has indicated that essentially all the research proj ects conduc ted there have proved relevant to identi fication and so lution of management - oriented problems . S uch proj ects also contribute sub s t antially to developing the s c ientific information base for the Experimental Forest . Other factors c ontributing to the distinc tion between s o - cal led applied and basic res earch include di ffering b ackgrounds of s c ient i s ts ( that is , from basic s c ience departments rather than s chools of fore s try) and funding sources ( typ ical ly National Sc ience Foundation) . The array _ o f po s s ible basic research proj ects at Wind River Exper imental Forest is great because such a wide var iety of environments and forest communities are avai lable . They inc lude the following : Taxonomic and b iogeographic s tudies Autecological s tudies o f individual organisms I Terre s trial vertebrates .I . I I I Terre s trial invertebrates Aquatic invertebrates 147 Vascular plants Fungi and o ther lower plants Community and success ional s tudies Ecosys tem process s tudies Litterfall Decompos i tion Process ing of coarse woody debris S o i l - development s tudies Rates of soil deve lopment Belowground produc tion and cycl ing S o i l carbon dynamics Geomorphic s tudies Causes and rates o f eros ion Stream phys ical s tructure These top ical areas are exp lored briefly in fo llowing paragraphs . The res earch efforts can appropr iately range from vi s i ts by individual s to collect s amples to _ oj ects by relatively large interdi sc ip l inary teams . The impor tant implications for management are to ensure that ( 1 ) opportuni ties for thi s type of re search are no t l o s t through management actions , ( 2 ) s c ienti s ts are informed of the opportunities a t Wind River , and ( 3 ) to the degree prac ticable , s c i enti s ts ' needs for logistical suppor t , s ite data , and protected o r manipula ted field s i te s a r e provide d . The taxonomy and d i s tr ibution o f organisms i s a n active area o f res earch for both plants and animals . Lower plants , such as l ichens and fungi , are rece iving increased attention as a result o f inte re s t in e ffect s of pol lutants 148 and in decompos i t ion proce s s e s . Wind River has already received attent ion in a survey of coniferous needle endophytes ( Carrol l and Carrol l 1 9 7 8 ) and faunal observat ions in the natural area are c ited by Shel ford ( 1 9 6 3 ) . S tudies of invertebrates , including insects and spiders , would be part icularly appropriate at Wind River given the importance of s uch organisms in ecosys tem func tioning . The value of taxonomic collections and checkl i s ts of organisms found in the WREF could be eas i ly discounted as "hobby" research , with no relevance to app l ied research programs . But such information o ften proves e s s ential to progr e s s in problem - oriented research ; witne s s the increas ing attent i on to the role o f mycorrhizal fungi in tree growth and of s o i l animals in decompos i tion and nutrient cyc l ing . Wind River Exper imental Fores t presents a broad variety o f opportunities for autecological and popula tion s tudies o f organisms . Not only are a l arge array of terre s trial and aquat i c p lant and animal spec ies present , but so also are broad environmental gradients , varied success ional s tages , and contras t ing experimental condit ions . Few such s tudies have been deve loped except for tree spec i e s and , in a very l imited context , certain wildl ife species . The opportunit i e s are there for research on fores t pathogens , c r i tical wildl i fe specie s , and tree s and other plants of commercial interes t . These are only a tiny frac t ion of the organisms present at Wind River , however ; maj or groups of organisms as we ll as individual species of broad intere s t to s c ience are pres ent at leve ls and in c ircums tance s appropr iate to autecological and population research . Such s tudies , whe ther o f fungi , ferns , frogs , fish , spiders , l iverworts , or nematode s , should b e s trongly encourage d . Community and suc c e s s ional s tudies include the current s tates and dire c tional changes in s tructural and comp o s i tional features . 149 Some of thi s research is already in progre s s as part of both PNW S tation and Nat ional For e st System programs . Wind River Exper imental Forest is be ing used , for example , in deve lop ing community type clas s i ficat ions by area ecologi s ts . The Thornton T . Munger Re s earch Natural Area i s the locale for a long - term s tudy o f growth and mor tal i ty ( succe s s ional change s ) in an old- growth Douglas - fi r fores t . This represents only a small segment of p o s s ible community s tudies , however . Detailed res earch could be conducted on r iparian communi t ies , on suc ce s s ional deve lopment on the Yacolt Burn and afte r c learcutting , on spatial patterns of unders tory and trees w i thin fore s t s t ands , on importance o f gaps in unde rs tory and t re e - reproduc t i on dynamics , and on gradients in fore s t communi t i e s and landscape s - - to give j us t a few examples . Microc l imate s tudies could be conduc ted al ong with the b iological s tudies . Ecosys tem -proces s s tudies include research on produc t ivity ( in i ts broade s t s ens e ) and nutrient cyc l ing . Typ ical components include analys is o f s t te s o r compartments ( How are c arbon , nutr ients , o r both dis tributed within the s tand? ) , proce s s e s by whi ch these materials are altered or trans ferred , and biological and phys ical contro ls on proce s s e s . , Examples include analys i s of dis tribut ion of ni trogen or o ther nutrients among l iving b iota , necromas s , and soil ; l i tterfall ; rates o f decompos i t ion and mineralizat ion of var ious o rganic components , including coarse woody debr i s ; and nitrogen transformations including fixation ( w i th i t s many potent ial agents and locales within a forest ecosystem) , nitri ficat ion , ammoni ficat ion , and denitri ficat ion . The fore s t canopy and i ts interact i ons with the atmosphere are important areas of the ecosys tem that nee d res earch ; c anop ie s , w i th the i r extens ive surface areas , are where maj or inputs o f materials and mo i s ture occur through precipi tation and c ondens at ion . Thes e processes are poorly under s tood desp i te 150 the ir demons trated importance in e ffects of pol lutants , water yie lds , and cycl ing o f some elements . S ome research on ecosys tem proce sses i s already underway at Wind River as i l lus trated by research on woody debris ( So l l ins 1 9 8 2 , Graham 1 9 8 3 ) . Other examples are the research proj ects on leaffall by personne l at Battelle Northwes t and on source areas for s tream woody debr i s by McDade . A new proj ect on H+ budgets and ecosys tem acidificat ion by Sollins and B inkley wi11 exp lore the interaction b e tween enhance d s o i l fert i l ity and the proces s e s o f acidificat ion and cation l eaching . Bas ic ecosys tem research has high potential for app l ication in management of fore s t landscapes and should be s trongly encouraged at Wind River . Wind River Experimental Fores t offers sub s tant ial opportunities for s tudi e s of geomorphi c and pedologic processes . Some of the s e were discus s e d in ear l i e r s e c tions because many of these top ics are of direct practical s igni ficance in fores t management . A broad array of basic research opportunities are available in the relatively youthful volcanic landscapes of the two contrast ing segments of the Experimental Fore s t . These include natural patterns and rates of geomorphic processes as basel ines for manipulated landscapes and proces s e s and rates of s o i l format ion . The importance of this proc e s s can b e examined in a variety o f landscape pos i t ions and forest age c las s e s . The youthful nature of the l andscape and importance of tephra as the dominant s o i l parent mater ial provide spec ial research opportunities and relevance to much of the Cascade Range . The purpose of this brief section has been to c lari fy opportunities for s o - called bas i c research at the WREF . The potential i s huge , and the long - term contribution from such research could eas i ly equal or exceed that from many app l i ed s tudies . Ce rtainly , the mix of bas i c and app l ied , agency and academic 151 programs is what dist inguishes the most productive o f the research properties ( for example , Hubbard Brook and Coweeta) in the United S tate s . Univers i ty s c ient i s ts should be encouraged to use WREF for the ir proj ects , even when the immediate value of such research i s not obvious . Opportunities for such res earch need to be actively promoted by managers , the opportunities at Wind River need to be advertized frequently and widely within a b road s c ient ific community , and , whenever pos s ible , technical , and l ogi s tical support should b e provided . 152 FOREST S ERVICE MANUAL SUPPLEMENT 406 2 - 6 . 2 , JULY 1 9 7 2 LEGAL ASPECTS PANTHER CREEK BOUNDARY CHANGE 4060 Research Fac i l i ty Memo . May 1 9 , 1 9 7 6 . Manage r . TRI SYSTEM CARD EXAMPLE PLANTING CREEK SUMMARY AND LOCATION WIND RIVER ARBORETUM SUMMARY TROUT CREEK HILL SALE - PLANTATION SUMMARY 153 To Edward H . Clarke , Program 4062 . 6--1 SERIES 4000 - RESEARCH *4062 . 6 - O_perat ion and U s e . The follD"t."i.ng b an agreement b e tween the Regional Fore s ter , Region 6 , and the D i re ctor , Pac i f i c Northwest Fores t and Range Experiment S ta t i on , for e stablishing respons ib i l i t i e s and c oord inating e ffor t in t h e d evelopment , pro t ec t i on , operation , and use of exp erimental fores t s and ranges tha t have b een es tablished on National Fore s t land s . lbis supplement supersed e s a l l previous agreements b e tween the Regional Fores ter and the Direc tor concerning the d evelopment and adminis tra tion of experimen tal f orests and r anges exc ept Supplement to FSM 5104 . 7 , which c overs pro tec tion respons ib i l i ty . Des ignated experimental fore s t s and ranges wi thin Na tional Fore s t s will b e · d eveloped , p rotected , and managed a s a j oint respons ibil i ty of the Dire c tor and Reg ional Fores ter with the obj e c t ive of c r eat ing the bes t possible c ond i t i ons for p lanning and conduc t ing a program of res earch (FSM 4063. 2) . The Regional For e s t er has primary responsib i l i ty for pro tec tion and for the d evelopment and maint enance of improvemen ts tha t s erve the needs of the general pub l ic or that facili t a t e the management and pro tec t i on of Na t i onal Fores t lands within the experimental forest or range . All p r o t e c tion and improvement plans should b e d eveloped j ointly by the Proj ec t Leader and the FGres t Supervi sor (FSM 5104 . 7 ) . Final plans mus t be approved by the D irector and the Regional Fore s t e r . • The Direc tor h a s p rimary responsib i l i ty for p lanning and condu c t ing the research program and for d eveloping and ma intaining improvements needed to fac ili t a t e the research program . · The Direc tor may arrange to have research improvements c ons truc ted or maintained by the Fore s t Supervisor when personnel and equipment are available . Management and d evelopment o f the forag e , recreation , timber , wild­ life and wa ter r esources on experimental fores t s and ranges will b a j oint responsi b i l i ty of the D irector and the Regional Fore D t er . The Direc tor wi ll d e te rmine whether a propos ed u s e or occupan y i s c ompa tible with the res earch program . For any · us e , the Proj ec t Lead er will d e t ermine the s pecial requi rements and cond i tions needed to a t tain res earch obj ec tives and to ad equately pro tec t res earch ins tallations . · The Regiona l Fore s ter and Direc tor d elegate to d es i gnated Fores t Supervis ors and Proj e c t Lead ers the respons ibi l i ty for j ointly planning resource use and d evelopment . * July 1972 S upplement No . Fores t Service Manual Supplement No . 4 2* 4 06 2 . 6--2 SERIES 4000 - ·RESEARCH The Fores t Supervisor and Proj e c t Leader will j ointly d evelop a 5-year coordinat ing agreement describing resource use and development f or each experimental fores t and rang e . * * * e i ntent of the agreements wil l be to prov i d e coord inat ion of research and resource management programs i n a manner cons is t ent with each p ro­ g r am ef f or t . No more d e tail i s t o b e provided i n the agreements than is necessary to produce . a f i rm und erstanding between the Fores t Super­ visor and Proj ec t Leader . Five-year coordina t ing agreement s will be reviewed annually by the Fores t Supervisor and Proj e c t Lead e r . * * * The Fores t Superv is or will b e responsible for i ssuing permit s , adver t i sing and awarding s ales , checking c omp liance with contrac ts , and f or taking correc t ive a c t i on in the case of noncomp liance f or any use approved by In special s i tua tions , the adminis tration of a given s a le the Direc tor . o r use may be d e lega ted to the Proj e c t Lead er by the Fores t Supervisor when r eques ted by the Direc tor . Administrative 'polic ies which e s t r i c t t imber cut t ing or other r esour c e u s e wi th in land scape management a reas or wi thin s cenic o r road s id e s t r ips will b e followed wi thin experimental fore s t s and ranges i f thes e policies are c ompa tible with research obj e c t ives . I f a conf l i c t exis t s , however , research obj e c t ives wil l g overn . F inancing of protec tion , improvements , adminis tra t ion , and the res earch p rogram on experimen tal fores t s and ranges w i l l be governed by f i s c a l r egulat ions (FSM 4082) . General ly , the .Regional Fores ter will f inance the pro tec tion , adminis tration, and related improvements t o about the s ame level as on the mos t intensively managed National Forest lands wi thin the s ame d is tric t or f ores t . The D ir ec tor will f inance the re­ s e arch program and related improvement s and , in add i tion , will general ly f inance thos e special-protect ion and admin i s t ra t ive costs that exceed the level of the mos t intens ively managed adj acent National For e s t lan4 s . *July 1972 PNW Supplement No . 4 R-6 Supplement No. 2* Forest Service Manual LEGAL ASP ECTS E ldon M . Es t ep Various l egal au tho r i t i es in t h e fo rm o f laws and Sec r et ary of Agr ic u lture r egu lations p ro vid ed for the es t ab l ishment and earlier operat io n o f t h e Wind R i ve r Exp e r i mental F o r e s t the Doug l as -f i r r eg ion . ( WR EF ) as a s i t e d ed ic a t ed to res earch on p rob l ems o f Th is round o f p lann ing for t h e WR EF is b e ing carr ied out in a c l imat e of mand atory comp r ehensi ve p la nning for resource management ac t ions and b ro ad en ed t echno logy tran s fe r . The provis ions of laws enac t ed i n t h e las t d ec ad e and a h al f , and r e l a t ed r egu lations e s t ab l is h ed p r in c ip a l l y b y t h e Coun c i l on Environment a l Qu a l i t y ( C EQ ) a r e p e rt in ent to t h is p lanning act ivity . and the Secretary o f Agr icu lture , These laws a r e : Nat ional Environment a l Po l ic y Ac t o f 1 96 9 ( NEPA ) Forest and Rangeland Renewab l e R es ources P lanning A c t o f 1 97 4 ( RP A ) Nat iona l Fores t Managemen t A c t o f 1 97 6 ( NFMA ) Forest and R angeland R en ewab l e R e s ou rc es R e s e arch A c t o f 1 97 8 Techno logy Innovat ion o f 1 9 80 The Renewab l e Resources P lanning Act Management A c t ( RP A ) , as amended by t h e National F o r es t ( NFMA ) , and r e la t ed p lann ing regu lat ions r e qu i r e t h e Fores t Servic e to c onduct an a s s es smen t o f t h e Nation ' s renewab l e r es ources and t o d evelop a p rogram o f u s e . Tha t c omprehen s ive p rogr am is b as ed on t h e res u l t s o f a n i.nt egrated process f o r d eveloping p lans f o r management and u s e o f fo r es t and assoc iated rangeland resourc e s . Th is p lann ing p roc e s s i s cont inu ou s and i t erat i ve and is c arried out on t h r e e l evels : Nat iona l - -RPA As s e s s ment and Program Region a l - -Reg io n a l Gu i d e Loc a l - -Fores t Land and R esourc e Management P lans f o r t h e Natio nal Fores t s - -S t a t e Forest R es ourc e P lans d eveloped b y t h e S t a t e for S t a t e and pr i va t e lands - -Research p lans This management p l an for t h e WR EF is a local level R e s earch p lan . Imp lemen ting its provis ions wi l l l i m i t s ome a lt e rn a t i ves fo r management of resources o n the Gi fford P inchot Natio nal Fo res t ( GPNF ) lands that make up t h e WREF . For t h is reason , thes e p lans for research ac t i vi t i es mu s t b e cons ider ed as a part of the integ r a t ed land and r esourc e management p lan for the GPNF . The Nat ional Environmen t a l P o l i c y Act ( NEP A ) and i mp lemen t ing r egu la t ions requ i re that an anal ys is b e mad e o f t h e envi ronment al c o nsequ ences o f F ede ral Acts such as tho s e p ropo s ed in the WREF management p lan . F o r mo s t F ed e r a l ac t ions , the NEPA p ro c e s s r e qu i r es t h a t env i ronme n t al info rmat ion b e d ocument ed and mad e ava i l ab le to p u b l i c offic ials and c i t i ze n s b e fo r e d ec i s ions a r e mad e A p e rtinent featu r e o f N EPA and r e l a t ed r egu l at i o ns i s and act ions are t aken . the c a t egor i c a l exc lu s io n from s ome p a r t s o f t h e NEPA proce s s o f researc h act ions meet ing c er t ain c r it eria ( ac t io n s l imit ed i n c o n t ext and i n t ensi t y ; ac t ions wh ich d o n o t ind i v id u al l y o r cumu la t i ve l y h ave a s igni fican t effec t o n the human environment ) • This management p lan wi l l d ocument t h e r e su l t s of t h e environmen t a l anal ys is o f t h e ac t ions cons ider ed for futu r e managemen t o f t h e WR EF . The o t h e r l aws l i s t ed r e l a t e to t h e WREF in t h e c o n t ext t h at t h e Fo rest Servic e i s d i r ec t ed t o conduc t fores t r esearch and t o tran s fe r n ew t echno logy r es u l t ing from such r esearch . The F o r es t and Rangeland R e n ewab l e Resources R e s earc h Act o f 1 97 8 au thor i zes the Secretary o f Agr icu ltu r e t o i mp lement a comprehens i ve r es earch p rogram and to t ak e ac t ions n ec es sary to o b t ain , anal yze , d ev e lo p , d emo n s t r at e , and d is s emina t e s c ientific informa t io n about p ro t ec t ing , managing , and u t i l i zing fo r es t and r ange land r enewab l e r esourc e s . Sp ec i fic au tho r i t y i s g i ven t o t h e Secretary t o es t ab l is h and ma in t a i n exp e r i ment s t a t ions , research laboratories , and exp e r iment al a reas , s u ch as t h e WR EF . The Technology Inn o va t ion Act o f 1 980 mak es i t c le a r that i t is t h e intent of Congre s s to mand a t e and p romo t e t echnology t ransfer ac t i v i t i e s at t h e F ed e r al agenc i es and t h e i r laborator ies to ins u r e fu l l u s e o f t h e Na t io n ' s F ederal inves tmen t in res earch and d eve lopment . The WR EF has g r eat p o t ential fo r expanded u s e in t echnology t rans fe r ac t i v i t i e s . . I U NITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE FOREST SERVICE For e s t ry S ciences Laboratory Rout e \ 4, Box .500 98502 Olympia . Washington · - ­ IU:PL Y TO: . sumEc 'TO: 4060 , Research Faciliti es May 19 , 1976 Panther Creek Divis ion Boundary Edward H . Clarke , Program Manager Interp r e t a tion of the P an ther Creek Division Boundary from the informat i on in the d e s crip tion by Leo A. I s aac , 1932 . The dash line on the map i s the old b oundary and the solid red line i s the t entative new boundary a s d e t ermined by Jim Nie ls en of the Wind River R . D . After r e ading I s aac ' s d es c ript ion and s tudying the t opog map , I now concur with Nielsen ' s boundary location . I have numbered on the map the maj or d i s c repancies between the two lines and l i s ted the reasons for changes as I s ee them. I jl 1. I s aac ' s d e s c ription specifies the area e as t of P an ther Creek. 13 . 2. Mus t have meant the 3. The legal b oundary is d e s c r ibed here . 4. The d ash line boundary on the map falls within the Cedar . not W of S e c . Creek d r a inage in the s outhern portions of S e c . 18 . 5 . The 17 and dash line boundary leaves the ridge and heads down­ s lope to the road . Here a gain the watershed boundary should p revail . 6. In S e c . 7 the dash l ine b oundary follows s traight b earing lines rather than the watershed boundary . The final b ound ary location should be determined on the ground as the watersheds may not b e c l early d e f ined in s ome place s . if J/%-'dr-/7 HARLOW B . S COTT For e s t ry Tec ician HBS : mj b Enclosures cc: Jim Niel s en I I I I , I , I, > l I , I ; I I I l ) I ' Ii I l I i IJ I I Ì .[ The Pent.h e r C reek DlT h ! cm e on 111t 1 t u t e 111 I 't he eTen-e. . c! J ll"OWth ( 0 y e &.r ) Doue l u fir uea . S in ce t bere{' wal!l 1!10. area MU' th h . a.go e l atu� 111 the Trout C r H k t� ahrehed and i t 18 a ty p� b. wh io h II!IJ.Oh pri 'ftt e o ut t ing b now be ill8 Clone and 111. d z e at which Dougl1 u fir wi ll 1M lude \ hi a llHil prob1:1b ly b e c ut w:ad.er managemeat 0 1 t w u d.eo i ded b the e xpe riJ.te nt al tared • . Lee a t ion s cript ion Pant her C re ek , l ike Trout Creek, is a t ributarr of W in d ! r t h6.t flows int o Wind Rher a fn mi h 1 below the mout h of Trout C re e k. The area. prop01 ed l ies a pproxima:h l:y 4 JD.il ea nortbea111 t o f th e W ind R h er Branch sta t i on an d 1.11 pe. of a e ons i denble b od y of t ini:l er of the aee c l&m s t hat extends • nerlll ll i e s to the norlh and e u t • The t nc t propos ed in.c luCiu the are a ea. 1 t of Panther C ree k ( :SO s l.l E a o re s ) i n th e o f se c .. 12 a.nd and lot a 1 1 a , f , a Dd 1 2 o r sec . 1 :5 e.nd of ot Soc . 24 in 'r 4r N0 R E, w .v, .. , find all t h e uea to t h e e a st t o Hucklebe rry llount a in 1n 'WliU:rTeyed T <l N, "R 8 :! that t'a llJB r-m,l- N ' ...ji . (./ . - wit hin the· drainage o r wba t b oalled Moul!l e Creek ud t he ��mall r� t ream .1 ' :.� \hat flows thro h the s outh t ie r ot' t o rt i eB in sea . lS , ae ind i c at ed by the dash l in e b oundary on the map .. The area as det erm ined by natun.l b ouun surveyed trac t b ap proxi.m�:: tely &>00 u re a .. The plat t ed , l egal eub d 1vie 1one that b e e t t it th i a area ( indicated b y s o li d l ine a ) 4arie8Tn""t'hrs u s sw sw ot' 6Jl;:8 the W of sw of 1 , the N'ri'i: o f SE B ... ., si s SJ of ot s ec . 4 0 t h e of ot 5 9 • the of •• · '• a l of 8 e xc pt nw . ct NW , all and the 11 of mil s . N! and of s ud ot or . s•o . 9 exc ept n, or BW.c; of 10, the Nl49 NW , or Ne and the rta of s o t 170 ill of 18 e xc e pt s ot' S&O·. lt o nd ot 1 II'Q.b­ The t o tal area at th e t n.et , 1f cal eu h t e d tram the 1 tely 3550 e.crea if det ermined d 1v ia 1 one g i ven . i s 3090 acres and app:rax the natural bounderie• on the ri d g e eumm i t e 1n t he unsurv d part . The t ie r of s e c t ions in R X waa surTeyed hen the 1 econd gu i de me r- tram 1cU.an e a s t w a s e st ab l ished an d t h e t opograph ic map for the ���.rea was pr.:.. pared tor the Panther Creek Lan d C la.es i fic at ion Pro j e ct . The acHl.i t i onal t op<>gn.ph)' on the a ttached map w u 111 k etched trorn t he u . s .c . s , quadrugle s hee t tor u e l.n t h ia hpart . 'fhe Pant he r C rook Land Clan 1t ioaU . on d.one in 1912 and 1Ql.5 41..,_ 1gnd ed the lmd on the �MX row cuyo:n 'bot tom e� having aer ieult u:ral poae­ 1b1l i U e a ltu t be e a ua e of surro unding t opogr�oph;r U 11UI a lb n it' h d u ohieflJ val uab l e t or en e t purpoa u ., t The a re a i11 all OoTe:nwent o wned land w it h in tbe Oolumb i�o Nat iou.l lor e a t not s et ad ele tor a.ny ot btrr pu.rpoa o and upoD. whi ch " · -··· . . L_ - · \here are no . !· . · • : p/ 1.0 "' J .!(If ·" ­ SDA .;. • roRU T !. ! .. =: :T I V I TY CODE -----------------BEGI NN I NG PER I OD )( R. --PROJEC-T-AREA-w;p ( S viOioN ----------POSTED ACT I VE 1 '1 3 4 • . IY AftTHENt NAHt · M ,_J... t.,.,.._ '· ·· "1 1 o4 . Fl//11-f!'.S/ry I N. .-. " PHONE s 4, j 0 _, I or.· f \ • 1f'St> -D - , j) S -·- * f J.,J. II sw. '· "\ ""'-+L -�- \- tv--- I =- · '- - -\.t-_ e... .. \ l 1 ) i u-,\. r f .( ��--- - 1-; ' s;eA et..(J "' . '/ ' (?) . -if +L .. ..ft- - - J(T&-a, \ ... ... ... - ,, -) // p !!; . . l.. o P :1. 1 A .. ,f .J. "'! Q; -t s ..( "-' Q.. ..! r rf· 0 P r .. I ""'-­ ( lo { f -, , ., .. :·•:\::- 5"\\ \ ... N tt J) "\ t-t LOCAT NG STUDY ON GROUND : MEANS roR · - 1 M l i.lt To Se1 H _!r - • U.. I T No. COMPU:T I ON t ?3 Cly,._i;.,.. , WA ,.. Sk)..S"' <'I - O F' . . : 1ll <J) 1- DATE £4- li 1 E , ,( AHr I CI PATED CELL Nos . I X -R u · . Nos .l X -Rt r . Ct u. Nos . -Ru · . C014i"T c . NA14tS 4 N l r�R6-s400:1 1 J .- Co�o�PT . No . , fk So u . · I (f..lorA·L! Ex I"'�U.Iftlt I . .. . /1 0 ls•u I . : / TH E PLANTING CRE E K STUDIE S ' ' I 'I ' , ;( . ' =i PURPOSE AND LOCATION OF THE STUDIES tively poor growth of the plantation is partly due to The Planting Creek Study Area lies on the east edge of the Yacolt Burn. A short trail leads to several interesting study areas. The trail begins on a short graveled spur toad which extends south from Road N 47. Signs guide travel to and through these areas. the offsite seed source (near Roy, Washington). However, the greatly improved growth of these Douglas-fir when treated with nitrogen fertilizer is strong evidence that insufficient nitrogen seriously limits tree growth in the area. The Douglas-fir also grow better here in association with red alder. Alder Nitrogen Fertilizer Study has root nodules containing micro-organisms which Douglas-fir/Red Alder Study have the capacity to fix atmospheric nitrogen. From various locations on the trail, Trout Creek Wide-spacing Study Hill can be seen approximately l Y2 miles to the north. Spot-thinning Study Ponderosa Pine Plantation This mountain Except for the Ponderosa Pine Plantation, all the is an extinct shield volcano that spewed hot lava less than 1 million years ago. Lava from the volcano flowed down the present Trout Creek and the Wind River drainages and temporarily dammed the Columbia River. study areas were planted with 2-year-old Douglas-fir seedlings in the spring of 1 929 . The area is of low site quality for commercial timber production. The rela- \ : :t f_ 1 ':;( N 1 · • :: , · '. j · "; I STUDY L EGEND [6]] Douglas-Fir Widu Spacing llllllJll N itrogen Ft rt ilitzar Ponderosa Pine Plantation ----17"----+�- WIND ll@><'d Spot Thinning D'll u glas-Fir/Red Alder RIVER EXPE R I M E NTAL FOREST WASH I N G TON G i fford Pinchot National Fo rest R '1 E REFERENCES Wise. William S . Cenozoic volcanism in the Cascade Mountains of sou thern Washington. Washington State Devartment of Natural Resources Bulletin No. 60. 45 pp., 1970. · I I I I. I " !' ' : ·. ' ,__ R E S E ARCH PA P E R 3 3 OCTO B E R 1 9 5 9 · .· · .,, i --,'" ! I t "-, ·• : · ... .. -. I - ,, f. \ I I. I I. I I. I. . .. . . ·.·. · . ...;'4 rum :7k . wJniJ ' o , I , ;. :i ' •.,.,:-:i; j "'i ..J_,_/ "} ".-": ·· ·: ! - "' ' : .. 1 •• •;, :;��; .' 'jp··)·;! i:: i (J ' .-. II ,:,.! S C ALE 000 •• IN F E ET 100 200 I .. r ·.· . .j , . I ( . i . . j I Re earch Plantation Establishment on Trout Creek Hill (Wind River Experimental Forest ) ·: ·: 1 ·:: :· :'.- ·· ··.. lX : . }�): • •• I .. . ! Study type and species ' I . (I # of treat­ ments Plot size (hectares ) M.. -::; 'l 2 B' '- .-. • :Je) D::>uglas-fir D::>uglaS-fir/Westem hemlock 1 tt I : .: 6 1981 8 6 6 1981 6 .4 6 ' 6 19 7 9 4 ,5 .4 rjJ 4 1982 4 5 4 1980 7 iY 6 1981 8 6 1981 5 6 1981 5 4 1980 7 7 .4 .4 Douglas-fir/Western hemlock/ Western redcedar .4 D::>uglas-fir/Noble fir .4 3 .4 3 1980 Douglas-fir/Western white pine .4 3 1982 Western hemlock/Pacific silver fir .4 3 1980 · :fir I Units Juglas-fir/Westem redcedar Douglas-fir/Pacific silver • . Year .4 .4 ,. -To be Planted­ Spacing trials , '· ' ' ,:\ ;·Jf·(. # of :repli­ cates 1/ - Spacing treatments for IF , WH , WRC : 21 Spacing treatments for . NF··, WWP(· 2, 3 1 , 2 , 3- 4 , 5, 6 3, 4 , 5, 6 m. m. 3/ All conifer mixture plots planted at 3 m spacing; treatments would be : · 1 ( 1 ) pure conifer A , ( 2 ) pure conifer B, and ( 3 ) 50 : 50 alternate tree mix of A and B . :I ·:,,:. f . . }he DFIWH/WRC mixture alternates rows ( e . g. , raw IF with the other 2 species both in 1-DF , 'WH , DF , WRC 11 IF , WH , • • • • ). :rows and between URUNCES Kay Sommerfe ld on . S uama rized resul t s o f s e lec ted experiment s in progre ss on the Wind liver Experimental Forest . [ Place of publication unknown ] : [ Publi sher name unknown] ; 1 9 56 Kay . On f i le at : Forest Re sidues and Energy Program , Pac i f ic Northwe s t Fore s t and Range Experiment Stat ion , 80 9 N . E . 6th Ave . , Port land , OR 9 7232 . Anon . F ield review agend a , Douglaa-f i r s ilviculture projec t , Wind River Experiment a l Forest . [ Place of publication unknown ] : [ Publisher name unknown] ; 1 9 65 Septembe r 8 . On f i le at : Fo rest Residues and Energy Program , Pac i f i c Northwe s t Fore s t and lange Experiment Station , 80 9 N . E . 6th Ave . , Port land , OR 9 7232 . · Anon. Keaorandum o f understanding between tbe D i rector , Pacific Northwest Fore s t and lange Experiment Statiq n ; the legional Forester , Forest Service , legion 6 ; and tbe Fo rest Supervi sor , Gifford Pi nchot NF . S igned October 1 , 1 9 7 4 . 5 p . On file a t : Fore a t Re sidues and Ene rgy Program , Pac i f i c No rthwe s t Fore s t and B.anse Experiaent S tation, 809 N . E . 6t h Ave . , Po rt land , O R 9 72 32 . e Anon . Wind Rivar demonstration area i nventory . [ Place of publication unknown] : [ Publi sher naae unknown] ; 19 7 7 . 7 p . On f i le at : Forest Re sidu s and Energy Program , Pac if i c Northwe s t Forest and Rang e Experiment Stat ion, 809 N . E . 6t h Ave . , Port land , OR 9 7232 . Ano n . S U���W ry o f research ac tivi t i e s at Trout Cree k Divi s ion., Wind River Experimental Fo rest . ( P l ace of publicat ion unknown ] : [ Pu blisher name unknown ] ; ( n . d . ] . 6 p . [Document prepared fo r the GMR o n June 2 0 , 19 7 8 . ) On f ile a t : Forest b dduee and Energy Program , Pacific No rt hwe s t Fo rest and B.aaae Bxper!Mnt Station , 809 N . E . 6th Ave . , Portland , ()R 9 72 3 2 . Adwu , Thomas C . A l a nd aanageaent contract f o r reduc iaa logging re ddue . Port land , O R : U . S . Department o f Agriculture , Fore s t Service , Pac ific Northwe s t Fore s t and iaQge Experiaent Station ; 1 9 7 7 . [Draft of office report J . On file e t : Fore s t Re sidue s and Burgy Progra , Paci f i c Northwe s t Fo res t a nd Rause Experiment S tation, 809 N . E . 6t h Ave . , Po rt land , O R 9 7 2 3 2 . Adame , T bou s C . Loggi ng coet s f o r e trial o f i ntendve res idue removal . l.ee . Note PNW- 34 7 . Port land , OR : U . S . Department o f Agricul ture , Forest Service , Pac i f i c Northwe s t Fore s t end lange Experiment Station; 1980 . 12 p . On f i le a t : Fo rest Re sidues a nd Energy Program , Pacific Northwe st Fo rest and huge Experiment Station , 809 N . E . 6th Ave . , Port land , OR 97232 . • \' I . , \ '..! . 2 Adaas , T b.oma s .£ . Managing logging residue under the t imber sale contract . Res . Note PNW-348 . Port land , OR : U . S . Department of Agriculture , Forest S ervice , Pacific Northwest Forest and Range Experiment S tation ; 1980 . 1 2 p . On f i le at : Forest Re sidues and Energy Program , Pacific Northwe st Forest and Range Experiment Station , 809 N . E . 6th Ave . , Portland , OR 97232 . Allyn , W . J . Climatological dat a , Wind Rive r weather station, 1911-1940. [ Place o f publication unknown) : ( Publisher name unknown ] ; 1941 February 15 . 23 p. Bransfo rd , Loyd ; with Munger , T hornton T . Format ion o f knots in Douglas f i r . Re s . Not e 2 7 . Port land , O R : U . S . Department o f Agriculture , Forest Service , Pacif ic Northwest Fo rest and Range Experiment S tat ion ; 1 9 39 : 6 . On f ile at : Rdsea rch Information Service s , Pacific Northwe s t Forest and Range Experiment Stat ion, 809 N . E . 6t h Ave . , Port land , OR 9 7 232 . B riegle b , P . A . New data o n Douglas-f i r sav-tiaber growth . Re s . Note 3 1 . Port land , OR: U . S . Department o f Agr iculture , Forest Service , Pacific Northwes t Forest and Range Experiment Statio n ; 1940 : 3-4 . On file a t : Re search Inf ormation Services, Pacific Northwest Forest and Range !xperiment Stat io n , 809 N . E . 6th Ave . , Port land , OR 9 72 3 2 . Bryant , Floyd G . A eurvey o f t he Co lumbia tive r and i t s t ri butaries with special reference t o i t s f i s hery resources : 2 . Washington s t reams f rom the mouth of the Co lumbia River to and i ncludina t he Kl ickitat River ( a rea I ) . Spec . Sci . Rep . 2 . Washington , DC : U . S . Department o f the Interior , Fish and . Ser"!ice ; 1 9 49 : 33- 3 7 . Wildlife · Bullard , W . E . Some references on watershed management . Re s . Note 6 3 . Po rt land , OR : U . S . Department o f Agriculture , Fore s t Service , Pacific Northwest Forest and Range Experiment Station; 1 9 50 . 26 p . On f i le at : Research Informat ion Service s , Pacific Northwe s t Forest and Range Experiment Station , 809 N . E . 6th Ave . , Po rt land , O R 9 7232 . Bullard , William K . Work p lan for e stablishaent o f P . S . P . 102 , Wind River Natural Area , ccimprising growth , mortality , and ground cover study plot s . Port land , OR: U . S . De partment o f Ag riculture , Forest Service , Pacific Northwe s t Forest and Range Experiment Station ; 194 8 . [Office report ] . On f ile wit h : R . R . S i len, Pac if ic Northwe s t Forest and Range Experiment Station , Forest ry Scienc e s Laborato ry , 3200 Jef ferson Way , Corvalli s , OR 9 7331 . Carki n , Richard E . An excerpt o f t he s tudy plan on t he growth & yield of no bl e f t r (Abies procera Bebd . ) . Study plan 12 51-IEC-1 . Portland , OR: U . S . Department o f Agriculture , Forest Service , Pacific Northwe st Forest and Range Experiment S tation ; 197 6 . 6 p . [Office report ] . On file at : USDA Forest Service , Wind tiver Ranger S tation, Careon, WA 9 8610. Child s , Thoma s W . ; Worthington , Norman P . Bea r daaage to young Douglas-fi r . le e . Note 1 1 3 . Port land , OR : U . S . Department o f Agricultu , Fo rest Se rvice , Pac if i c Northwest Fore s t and RaDge Experiment Station; 195 5 . S p . On f i le at : Research Inf ormation Services , Pac ific Northwe s t Fo rest and Range Experiment Statio n , 809 N . E . 6th Ave . , Port land , OR 9 7 23 2 . 3 1. i . 1 .I Cowli n , Robe rt JtJ . Federal f ore s t re search i n the Pacif i c Northwest . Po rt land OR : U . S . Department of Agriculture , Forest Service , Pac ific No rthwe s t Fore s t and Range Experiment Statio n ; 197 3 . 54 9 p . ' [Of fice document ] . On file a t : Re search Inf ormation Service s , Pacific Noru we st Forest and Range Experiment Stat ion, 809 N . E . 6th Ave . , Port land , OR 9 1 2-JZ . : > i��l;.t;: .. i:>p ent and site e s t imate s Curt is , Ro bert 0 . ; Re ukema , Donald L . Crown <f. i n a Dougla s-f i r plantation spacing test . Fo r·; ' Sc i:. 16( 3 ) : 287-301 ; 197 0 . Available f rom : WESTFORNET , Fore st Re sourc e s Li brarY AQ-1 5 , University o f Was hington , Seat t le , WA 9819 5 . DeGroote , L . H. ; Zaayer , C . V . Wind River Experimental Forest t imber survey report--19 3 5 . Portland , OR : U . S . Department of Agriculture , Fore s t Se rvi ce , Pacific No rthwe s t Forest and Range Experiment S t at i o,J) ; 1935 . 33 p . On f i l e at : Fore s t Re s idue s and Energy Program , Pac ific No r.th,ea t ¥ore s t and Range Experiment S tation, 809 N . E . 6th Ave . , Port land , OR 9 7'2.··3;,2': .· · i' .- . Doig , Ivan . Early f o re s t ry re search : a history o f the Pacific Noft. we.st· Fore st & Range Experiment S tation, 1 9 2 5-1 9 7 5 . Port land , OR : U . s . Department o f . Agriculture , Fore s t Service , Pacifi c Northwe s t Fore st and Range Expe rime nt S t ation; 1977 . 35 p . On f i le at : Research Info rmat ion Se rvices , Pacific Northwe s t Fore s t and Rang e Experiment Station , 80 9 N . E . 6th Ave . , Port land , OR 97232 . Eve r so le , Ke nneth R . Be tter marking means cheaper pruning . Re s . Note 87 Port land , OR : U . S . D partment o f Agriculture , Fore s t Service , Pacific No rthwe s t Forest and Range Expe riment Station ; 1 9 5 3 . 4 p . On f i le at : Re search Inf ormation Service s , Pacif i c Northwe s t Fore s t and Rang e Experiment I Station, 809 N . E . 6th Ave . , Po rt land , OR 9 7 232 . Eversole , Kenneth R . Spacing test s i n a Dougla s-f i r plan ation . For . Sc i . 1 : 14-18 ; 1 9 55 . Available from : WESTFORNET , Forest Re sburces Li brary AQ-1 5 , i U nive r sity o f Washingto n , Seat tle , WA 9819 5 . I Eve rsole , Ke nneth R . ; S t eele , Ro bert W . Report on t e st o 'f X-ray t reated s eed at Wind Rive r . Po rt land , O R : U . S . Depa rtment o f Agriculture , Fore s t Servic e , Pac if ic No rthwe s t Fores t and Range Experiment S tat ion ; !, [ n . d . ] . 5 p . [ O f f ice report ] . Frankl in, Jerry F . Wind River Re sea rc h Na tural Are a . In : Federal Re search Natura l Area s in Oregon and Washington : a guidebook fo r scientist s and e ducators . Port land , O R : U . S . Department of Agr iculture , Forest Service , Pac if i c No rthwes t Fore s t and Range Experiment S t ation ; 1971 : WR-1 t o WR-1 3 . On f i le at : U SDA Fore s t S e rvice , Wind Rive r Ranger S t ation, Ca rson, WA 9 8 610 . 1:1 Hale , Charle s E . Some o bservat ions on soi l freezing in fore s t and range land s o f t he Pacific Northwe st . Re s . Note 66. Po rt land , OR : U . S . Department o f Ag riculture , Fore s t Service , Pacific No rthwe s t Fore s t and Range Experiment Station ; 1 9 50 . 17 p . On f i le at : Re search Information Service s , Pacific No rthwes t Fore s t and Rang e Experiment Statio n , 80 9 N . E . 6th Ave . , Port land , O R 9 7 232 . Ha rring ton , Constance A . ; DeBe l l , Dean S . S tudy p lan : Trout Creek Hill--re search plantation e stablishment . Po rt land , O R : U . S . Depa rtment o f Ag riculture , Fores t Service , Pac ific Northwe st Forest and Range Experiment S tatio n ; 1 97 8 . 2 7 p . [ Review draf t of off ice report ] . On file a t : USDA Fore s t Servi ce , Wind River Ranger S tation, Carson, WA 9 8610 . 6 Kolbe , E . L . w wi t h Munge r , T . T . The Wind River Arboretum f rom 1912 to 193 2 . Port land , OR : U . S . Department of Agri culture , Fo rest Se rvice , Pac ific Northwe s t Fores t and Range Experiment Statio n ; 193 2 . 2 2 p . [Office report ] . On f i le at : Re search Inf ormat ion Service s , Pacific No rthwe s t Forest and Range Experiment S t at io n , 809 N . E . 6t h Ave . , Port land , OR 9 7 2 3 2 . Kumme l , Julius F . ; Rindt , Charles A . ; Mung e r , Thornton T . Forest p lant ing i n t he Dougla s-f i r reg io n . Portland , OR : U . S . Depa rtment o f Agriculture , Fore s t Servi ce ; 1944 . 1 5 4 p . On f i le wi t h : W . I . S tein, Pacific No rthwe st Fore s t and Range Experiment Station , Fore s t ry Science s Laboratory , 3200 Jefferson W y , Corvalli s , OR 9 7 331 . McMi llan , B i ll . The Wind ltive r c ontroversy . Salmon Trout Steelheader . 1981 June-July : 6-9 . McMi llan, B i ll . The Wind Rive r controve r sy : part I I . Salmon Trout Stee lheader . 1 9 8 1 August-September : 4 9- 5 1 . Ma cS i urtain, Mairtin. Wind River Ranger Di stric t , Ca rson, Washing t on , U . S . A . I ri s h For . 3 6( 1 ) : 1 9-24 ; 197 9 . Ma tt hews , Donald N . Beware o f rotten wood . Re s . Note 2 7 . Port land , OR : U . S . Department o f Agricult ure , Fore s t Service , Paci f i c Northwe s t Fore s t and Range Experiment S tat ion; 1 9 39 : 7 . On f i le a t : Re searc h Info rmat ion Se rvice s , Pac i f i c No rthwe s t Fore s t and Range Experiment Station , 80 9 N . E . 6t h Ave . , Po rt land , O R 97232 . Ma tthews , Donald N . Ef fect of s hape , dens ity , and methods of exposure of f ue l mbisture i ndicator s t i ck s . Re s . Not e 3 0 . Port land , OR : U . S . Department of Agriculture , Fores t Service , Pac if ic No rthwe s t Forest and Range Experiment Statio n ; 1940 : 1-4 . On f i le a t : Re search Information Service s , Pacific Northwest Fo re st and Range Experiment Stat ion, 809 N . E . 6th Ave . , Po rt land , OR 9 7 232 . Me ag her , George S . Timber management researc h . In : Annual report : 1 9 6 3 , t he f ifty and f i f t ie t h yea r ( s ) . U . S . Depa rtment o f Agriculture , Fore s t Service , Pacific Northwe s t Fore s t and Range Experiment S tation ; 1 9 64 : 1- 3 . O n f i l e a t : USDA Fore s t Service , Wind Rive r Range r S t ation, Carson, WA 98 610 . Hi lle r , R . E . ; Pienaar , L . V . Seven-year response o f 3 5-year-old Douglas-f i r to ni t roge n f e rt i lizer . Re s . Pap . PNW-16 5 . Port land , OR : U . S . Department o f Agriculture , Fore s t Service , Pacific Northwes t Forest and Range Expe riment Statio n ; 197 3 . 2 4 p . On file a t : USDA Fore s t Service , Wind Rive r Ranger S t at ion, Ca rson, WA 9 8610 . Mi ller , Richa rd ; S i le n , loy . Proposal : Wind River Experimental Fore st . Port land , OR : U . S . De partment o f Ag r iculture . Fo re st Service , Pacific No r thwes t Fore s t and Range Experiment Statio n ; June 1 0 , 1968 . 4 p . [Fina l draft o f o ff i ce report ] . On f i le a t : Forest Re sidues and Energy Program , Pac i f i c Northwe s t Fore s t and Rang e Experiment Stat ion , 80 9 N . E . 6th Ave . , Port land , OR 9 723 2 . I I 7 rl Miller . Ri chard E . ; Beukema . Donald L . S tudy plan : comparative e ffect s of ammonium nit te and urea f e rt ilize rs on 5 2-year-old Doug las-f ir within a g radient o f ni t rogen deficiency . Port land , OR : U . S . Department o f Ag ri culture , Forest Service , Pacific No rt hwest Forest and Range Experiment S t at io n ; 197 8 . 2 7 p . [ Review draf t o f office report ] . On file a t : USDA Fo re st Servi ce , Wind Ri ver Ranger Station. Ca rson. WA 98610. Morri s , William G . E f fec t o f ground surface and height o f exposure upon fue l moi sture i ndicator s t ick value s . Re s . Not e 3 0 . Port land , OR : U . S . Department o f Agriculture . Fore s t Service . Pacific Northwe s t Fore s t and Range Experiment Stat ion ; 1940 : 5-6 . On f i le at : Re searc h Informat ion Servi ce s , Pac ific Northwe s t Fore s t and Rang e Experiment Station , 809 N . E . 6th Ave . , Port land , OR 9 72 3 2 . Mo rri s , William G . ; S i leo, R . R . ; I rg ens-Molle r , H . Consistency of bud bursting i n Dougla s -f i r . J . Fo r . 5 5 ( 3 ) : 208-210 ; 195 7 . Avai lable f rom : WESTFORNET , Forest Re sourc e s Li brary AQ-15 , University o f Washington, Seat t le , WA 9 819 5 . Mo rse , J . Edwin. An e conomic model for optimum i nitial spacing i n f o rest plantation s . Syracuse , NY : State University College of Fores t ry , Syracuse Uni ve r sity ; 1 9 62 . 2 2 6 p . M . S . t he si s . Avai lable f rom : WESTFORNET , Forest Re source s Library AQ-1 5 , University of Washingto n , Seatt le , WA 9819 5 . ' Munger , T . T . The Wind River Arbore tum f rom 1912 t o 1947 . Ar bor . Bul l . University o f Washing to n , Arboretum Foundatio n ; Fall 194 8 ; 9 ( 3 ) : 1 1-1 5 . Munger , Thornton T . Re cent growth record s o f Doug las-f i r s t and s . Re s . Not e 34 . Portland , O R : U . S . Department o f Agriculture , Forest Service , Pacific Northwe st Fore s t and Range Experiment Station; 1946 : 9-1 0 . On f i le a t : Re sea rch Information Service s , Pacific Northwe s t Forest and Range · Experiment Station, 809 N . E . 6th Ave . , Port land , OR 9 7232 . Munger , Thornton T . The spacing i n plantations . Re s . Note 3 4 . Port land , OR : U . s . Department o f Agriculture , Forest Service , Pacific Northwe st F o rest and Range Expe riment Statio n ; 1 94 6 : 3-4 . On file a t : Re search Informat ion Service s , Pacific No rt hwe s t Fo rest and Range Experiment S tation, 809 N . E . 6th Ave . , Port land , OR 9 7 2 3 2 . Munger , Thornton T . , c ollab. Growth of ten regional races o f ponderosa pine in six p lantations . Re s . Not e 3 9 . Port land , OR : U . S . Department of Agriculture , Forest Service , Pacific No rthwest Forest and Range Experiment S tation; 1 94 7 . 4 p . On file a t : Re search Information Service s , Pacific Northwe s t Fore s t and Rang e Experiment S t at ion. 8 09 N . E . 6th Ave . , Port land , OR 9 7232 . Munger , Thornton T . The Wind Rive r Arboretum f rom 193 7 t o 194 6 : progre s s re port no . 3 . Port land , OR : U . S . Department o f Agr iculture , Fore st Service , Pac ific Northwe s t Fore s t and Range Experiaent Statio n ; 194 7 . 2 5 p . Munger , Thornton T . ; Ko l be , Ernest L . The Wind Ri ve r Arbore tum from 1 9 1 2 to 1932 . Po rtland , OR : U . S . Depa rtment of Agriculture , Fore s t Servic e ; 1 9 32 . 2 2 p . Available f rom : WESTFORNET , Fo rest Re sources Li brary AQ-15 , University o f Washington , Seat t le , WA 98 19 5 . I 8 Munger , Thornton T . ; Kolbe , E rne s t L . The Wind River Arboretum f rom 1932 to 1 9 3 7 . Portland . OR : U . S . Departaent o f Agriculture , Forest S e rvice , Pacific Northwest Fore s t and Range Exp eriaent Station ; 1937 . 15 p . [Office report ] . On f ile a t : Re search Info ation Servicea , Pacific No rthwe s t Fo rest and Range Experiment Statio n , 80 9 N . E . 6th Ave . , Port land , OR 9 7 23 2 . Munger , Thornton T . Fi fty year s o f fore s t reae arc h i n the Pacific Northwe s t . Oreg . Hist . Q . 5 6( 3) : 22 6-24 7 ; 195 5 . On f i l e at : Research I nforaa t ion Servi ce s , Pacific Northwest Forest and Range Experiment S tation, 809 N . E . 6t h Ave . , Port land , OR 97232 . National Science Foundat ion. Experimental ecological re serve s : a p roposed national network. Washington , DC ; 197 7 . 40 p . On file a t : Fore s t Residue s and Energy Program , Pacific Northwest Forest and Range Experiment S t at ion , 809 N . E . 6th Ave . , Port land , OR 97232 . The Oregonian. "Glacial" landslide pushe s i t s weight a round road and line . 1978 Septembe r 24 : Bl (co l . 1) . Available from : WESTFORNET , Fore s t Re sources Li brary AQ-1 5 , University o f Washington, Seatt le , WA 9819 5 . Reese , Bil l . Proposed young growth aanagement i n Upper Siouxon drainage wi th re spect to ault iple-use ; 1 9 6 6 . [Office report ] . On f i le at : USDA Fo rest Se rvice , Wind River Ranger Statio n , Carso n , WA 98 610 . Reid , El bert H . ; Isaac , Leo A. ; Pickford , G . D . Plant succession o n a cut over , burned , and grazed Douglas f i r a re a . Re s . Not e 2 6 . Port land , OR : U . S . Department o f Agriculture , Forest Service , Pacific No rthW'f;!! st Forest and Range Expe riment S tatio n ; 193 8 . 8 p . On f i l e a t : Research Inf o ation Servi ce s , Pacific Nort hwest Fo rest and Range Experiment S tation, 809 N . E . 6t h Ave , Port land , OR 97232 . Reukema , Donald L . Re port o f the Planting Creek increment-spacing s tudy , Wind Rive r P . S . P . 10 6 . Port land , O R : U . S . Depa rtment o f Agriculture , Fore s t Servi ce , Pacific No rthwest Fo rest and Range Experiment S tation; 1 9 59 . 1 0 p . ( Of f ice report ] . On file with : R . R . Sile n , Pacific Northwe s t Fore s t and Range Experiment S tat ion, Fore s t ry Sciences Laboratory , 3200 Je f ferson Way , Corval li s , OR 9 7 3 31 . Reukema , Donald L . Some recent deve lopments i n t he Wind liver Douglas-fir plantation spacing test s . Re s . Not e 167 . Port land , OR : U . S . Department of Ag riculture , Forest Service , Pacific Northwe s t Forest and Range Experiment S tatio n ; 1 95 9 . 7 p . On file at : Fore s t Residue s and Energy Program , Pacific Northwe s t Forest and Range ExperiBent S tat ion, 809 N . E . 6th Ave . , Portland , OR 9 7232 . leukema , Donald L . Re sponse o f i nd ividual Douglas-fi r t rees t o re lease . Res . Not e 208 . Portland , O R : U . S . Department o f Agriculture , Forest Service , Paci f ic Northwest Forest and Range Experiment S tatio n ; 1 9 61 . 4 p . On f i le a t : Researc h Inf o rmation Service s , Pacific Northwe s t Fore s t and Rang e Experiment S tation, 809 N . E . 6tb Ave . , Port land , OR 9 7232 . I Re ukema , Donald L . Report o n Wind liver P . S . P . ' s 1 3 , 14 , and 15 ( Piedmont precommerc ial t hinning aerie s ) , 1919-19 62 . Port land , OR : U . S . Department o f Agriculture , Fore s t Service , Pacific North e s t Forest and Range Experiment Station; 1 9 63 . 1 6 p . [Office report ] . On f i le a t : USDA Forest Service , Wind River Ranger Statio n , Carso n , WA 98610 . I I 9 B.euk.ema , Donald L . Thirty year record o f stand development on Meye r ' s thinning plot s : Wind River P . S . P . ' a 1 0 , 1 1 , 14 , 1 6 , 1 7 , 18 , 19 , 2 0 ; 1934-1963 . Port land , OR : U . S . Depart.ent o f Agriculture , Fore s t Service , Pac ific Northwe st Fo rest and Range Experiment Stat ion ; 1 9 64 . 16 p . , p lus append ix . On file a t : USDA Fore a t Service , Wind Rive r Range r Station, Carson, WA 9861 0 . Beukema , Donald L . The yield and dens i ty a spec t . Does dense spacing really p roduce the .est volume ? In : Proceed ing s , Weatern Fores try and Conserva t ion Association , Weatern Reforestat ion Coordi nating Commi t tee ; [Date o f meet ing : unknown ) ; [ P lac e of meeting unknown ] . P o rt land , OR : Western Fore st ry and Conservation As soc iation; 1 9 66 : 23- 26 . On f i le at : Research Informat ion Service s , Pac i f i c Northwe s t Forest and Range Experiment Stat ion , 809 N . E . 6th Ave . , Port land , OR 9 7232 . Re ukema , Do nald L . Growth response of 3 .5-yur-o ld , s i te V Douglas-f ir t o ni t rogen f ert i li ze r . Ba s . Mot e PNW-8 6 . Port land , OR : U . S . Depa rtment of Agriculture , Forest Service , Pacific No rthwest Forest and Range Experiment Statio n ; 196 8 . 9 p . On file a t : USDA Fore s t Service , Wind Rive r Ranger Stat i on , Carson, WA 9 8610 . Beukema , Donald L . Fo rty-year development o f Douglas-f ir stand s p lanted at various spacing s . Re s . Pap . PNW-100 . Port land , OR: U . S . Department o f Agriculture , Fo rest Service , Pacific No rthwest Forest and Range Experiment Station ; 197 0 . 21 p . On file a t : Research Informat ion Service s , Pac i f i c . Northwe s t Fores t and Range Experiment S tation, 809 N . E . 6t h Ave . , Port land , OR 9 7 232 . Beukema , Donald L . Fifty-year deve lopment of Doug las-fir s tands p lanted at va rious spacing s . Re s . Pap . PNW-25 3 . Port land , OR : U . S . Department of Agriculture , Forest Service , Pac i f ic Nort hwest Fo rest and Range Experiment Station ; 197 9 . 21 p . On file a t : Fore s t Re s idue s and Energy Program , Pac ific Northwe s t Forest and Range Experiment Station, 809 N . E . 6th Ave . , Po rt land , OR 9 7232 . Silen , Roy R . Comparat ive growth of hy brid poplars and native northern black cottonwood s . Re s . Note 3 5 . Port land , O R : U . S . Department of Agriculture , Fore st Service , Pacific Northwest Forest and Range Experiment S tat ion ; 1947 : 3 p . On file a t : Research Informat ion Service s , Pac i f i c No rthwe s t Fore st and Range Experiment S tat ion, 809 N . E . 6 t h Ave . , Port land , OR 9 7232 . S i le n , Roy R . A d i scussion o f fore s t tree s i ntroduced int o the Pacific Northwe st . J. For . 6 0( 6 ) : 4 0 7-408; 1 9 62 . On f i le at : U SDA Forest Servi e , Wind River Ranger Stat io n , Caraon , WA 98 610 . S i le n , Roy R . Regenera t ion asp e c t s of t he So-year-old Douglas-f ir heredi t y study . In : Proceedings , 1964 annua l meeting o f Western Refore s tat ion Coordinating Commi ttee ; 1 9 64 November 30-December 1 ; Spokane , WA . Port land , O R : Western Fores try and Conservat ion Assoc iatio n ; 19 64 . 4 p . On file at : USDA Forest Servi ce , Wind River Ranger S tat ion, Carson, WA 9 8 610 . S i le n , Roy a . A 5D-year racial study o f Douglas-f i r in western Oregon and Was hing ton. In : Proceeding s , Western Forest Genetics As sociat ion ; 1965 . [ P lace o f publication unknown ) : [ We stern Fore s t Gene t ic s Association ) ; 196 6 . 2 p . Abstrac t . On f ile a t : USDA Foreat Service , Wind River Ranger Station , Carso n , WA 98610 . 10 S i le n , Roy R . ;c" Woike , Leonard R . The Wind River Arboretum from 1912 to 1 9 56 . le a . Pap . 3 3 . Port land , OR : U . S . Department o f Ag riculture , Forest · Se rvice , Pacific Northwe a t Forest and Range Experiment Station; 1959 . 50 p . t ion Service s , Pacific No rthwest Forest and On f i le at : Re search Iuf o Range Experiment Station , 80 9 N . E . 6 t h Ave . , Port land , OR 9 7 23 2 . Simso n , A . G . The Wind Ri ver f i re . Fo r . Patrolman. 1925 August 1 5 . S imso n , A . G . Climatolog ical dat a 1 91 1- 1930 , Wind River Statio n , Washi ng ton. [ Place o f publication unknown ] : [ Publisher name unknown ] ; 1 9 31 . Sjolte-Jorgensen , J . The inf luence o f spacing o n the growth and development of coniferous plantations . Internat l . Rev . For . Re s . 2 : 4 3-9 4 ; 1967 . On f ile . at : Research Inf o rmation Service s , Pacific Northwe s t Fore s t and Range Experiment Station, 809 N . E . 6th Ave . , Po rt land , OR 9 7232 . Squillace , A . E . ; Sile n , Roy 1. . Racial variation i n ponderosa pine . For . Sci Monog r . 2 . Washing to n , DC : S ociety o f Ame rican Foresters ; 1 9 62 . 2 7 p . On f i l e a t : Fore s t Residue s and Eneliy Program , Pacific Northwe s t Fore s t and Range Experiment S t a tion, 809 N . E . 6th Ave • • Port land , OR 9 7 2 32 . , . • S taeble r , George R . Effect o f eontr9lled releas e o n growth o f individual Douglas-f i r t rees . J . For . 5 4 ( 9 ) : . 567- 5 68 ; 1 9 56 . Available f rom : WESTFORNET , Fore s t Re source s Library AQ-15 , University o f Washingto n , Seatt le , WA 9619 5 . Stae ble r , GeQrge R . Evidence o f shock f o l lowing thinning o f young Douglas- f i r . J . For . 5 4 ( 5 ) : 339 ; 195 6 . Available from : WESTFORNET , Forest Resources Li brary AQ-15 , Unive r sity o f Washington, Seattle , WA 9819 5 . S tation Staff . Wind River Experimenta l Forest . [ Place o f publication unknown ] : [ Publisher name unknown ] ; 1 9 51 . 20 p . Statio n Staff . Summa ry o f some o f the experiment s i n the Wind River val ley , Wind River Experimental Fo rest , Ca rson, Washington. [ Pl ace of publication unknown ] : [ Publisher name unknown ] ; 195 2 . 1 1 p . Stewart , Ronald E . ; S tein, William I . Re forestation systems for c oastal envir9oment s : memorandum of understanding for a research and development program . Port land , OR: U . S . De pa rtment of Ag riculture , Fo rest Service , Pacific Northwe s t Fore s t and Range Experiment Statio n ; 197 5 . 2 2 p . On file a t : Fo res t Residues and Energy Program , Pacific Nort hwest Forest and Range Experiment Station , 809 N . E . 6th Ave . , Port land , OR 97232 . Steele , R . w . Wind Rive r climatological data , 1911 t o 1 9 50 . [ Po rt land , OR : U . S . Dep rtment o f Agriculture , Fore s t Se rvice , Pacific Northwe s t Forest and Range Experiment S t at i on ] ; 1 9 52 . 21 p . Steele , R . W . Cold we ather d amage s promhing apeeiea i n the Wind River Arbore tum. Re s . Note 9 5 . Port land , OR : U . S . Department of Agriculture , Fore s t Service , Pacific Northwe s t Forest and Range Experiment Statio n ; 1954 . 7 P• S t eele , l.o bert W . Light t hinning i n century-old Doug las-f i r . Re s . Note 4 3 . Portland , OR : U . S . Department o f Agriculture , Forest Service , Pacif ic Northwest Forest and lange Experiment Station; 1 948 . 3 p . On f i le at : sea rch Inf o rmation Service s , Pacific Northwe s t Forest and Range Experiment S tat ion, 809 N . E . 6th Ave . , Po rtland , OR 9 7232 . 11 S teele , Robe rt w. Mortality i n the Natura l Area from 1947-51 . Port land , OR : u . s . Department o f Ag riculture , Forest Se rvice , Pacific Northwe st Forest and Bange Expe riment Station; 19 5 1 . (Of f ic e report ] . On file with : R . R . Sile n , Pacific Northwest Forest and RaQie Experiment Station, Forestry Sciences Laboratory , 3200 Jef feraon Way , Corvalli a , OR 9 7 331 . S t ee le , Robe rt W . Thirty years o f natural regeneration on a Doug las-f ir cutove r area . Portland , OR: U . S . Department of Agriculture , Forest Service , Pacific Northwest Forest and Range Experiment Station; 1 9 5 1 . 7 p . (Office report ] . On file a t : USDA Fore s t Service , Wind River Ranger Statio n , Carso n , WA 98610. Stee le , Ro bert w. Increment a nd aortality i n the Wind Ri ver Natural Are a . Report o f the 1 9 5 3 remeasureaent o f P . S . P . 102 . Portland , OR : U . S . De pa rtment o f Agriculture , Forest Service , Pacific Nort hwest Forest and Range Experiment Statio n ; 1 95 4 . [Office repo rt ] . On f i le with : R . R . Sile n , Pacific Northwest Forest and Range Experiaent Station, Forestry Sciences Labo ratory , 3200 Jef ferso n Way , Corvalli s , OR 97331 . Stee le , Robert w . Two coamercial thinnings i n century-old Doug las-fi r . Re s . Not e 9 7 . Portland , O R : U . S . Department o f Agriculture , Forest Service , Pacific Northwest Fo rest and Range Experiment Station; 1 9 54 . 5 p . On f i le a t : Re search lnfonaation Service s , Pacifi c Northwe s t Forest and Range Experiment Station, 8 09 N . E . 6th Ave . , Portland , OR 9 7232 . Steele , Robert W . Growth aft e r p recoamercia l thinning i n two s t and s of Douglas-f i r . · Re s . Note 1 1 7 . Port land , OR : U . S . Department of Agriculture , Fore s t Service , Pacific Northwe s t Forest and Range Experiment Station; 195 5 . 6 p . O n f i le at : Forest Residues and Energy Program , Pacific Northwest Fore s t and Range Experiment Statio n , 80 9 N . E . 6th Ave . , Port land , OR 97232 . Stee le , Robert w . Thinning nine-year-old Douglas f ir by spacing and dominance met hod s . Northwest Sci . 2 9 ( 2 ) : 84-89 ; 1955 . On file at : Fore s t Residue s and Energy Program , Pacific Northwest Fo rest and Range Experiment Station, 809 N . E . 6t h Ave . , Port land , OR 97232 . Steele , Ro bert W . ; Worthington, Norman P . Increment and mortality in a virgin Douglas-f i r f o rest . Re s . Not e 1 10 . Portland , OR : U . S . Department of Agriculture , Fore st Service , Pacific Nort hwest Forest and Range Experiment Statio n ; 1 95 5 . 6 p . On file a t : Research Information Service s , Pacific Northwe st Forest and Range Experiment Station, 8 09 N . E . 6th Ave . , Port land , OR 9 7232 . • Stein, William I . ; S teele , Ro be rt W . Wind River Natural Area : growth mortality and g round cover study . Establishment report for P . S . P . 10 2 . Port land , OR : U . S . Department o f Agricul ture , Fo rest Service , Paci f ic No rthwest Forest and Range Expe riment S tation ; 195 2 . [ Of f ic e report ] . On f i le with : R . R . Sile n , Pacific Northwest Fo rest and Range Experiment S tation, F o restry Sciences Laboratory , 3200 Jeff erson Way , Corva l li s , OR 97331 . Tarrant , Ro bert F . Stand development and soil fert ility i n a Douglas-f ir--red a lder plantatio n . For . Sci . 7 : 2 3 8-246 ; 19 61 . Ava i lable f rom : WESTFORNET , Forest Resources Li brary AQ-15 , University o f Washi ngton , Seattle , WA 98195 • ... ., . : . ,....... .. ..... .... . ··.,... ..,. , . ... . ' . 12 . Tarrant , Iebert F . ; Mille r , Ri chard E . Accumulation of o rganic utter and soil nitrogen beneath a p lantation of red alder and Douglas-f ir . Proc . Soil Sci . Soc . Am . 2 7 ( 2 ) : 2 31 -234 ; 196 3 . Avai lable from : WESTFORNET , Forest Resource s Li brary AQ- 1 5 , University of Washington, Seat t le . WA 98195 . U . S . Depart���en t o f Agriculture , Fore s t Service . Sunset Recreation Are a , Wind River Di stri c t , Re gion No . 6 , Columbia Nat ional Forest . Recreat . Guide 4a-3 . Port land , O R ; 193 5 . Available f rom : WESTFORNE T , Fore s t Resources Library AQ-15 , University o f Washington, Seatt le , WA 981 9 5 . U . S . Department o f Agriculture , Fore s t Service . Wind River Recreation Area Region No . 6, Columbia National Forest . leceat . Guide 4 . Port land , OR ; 1 93 6 . Available f rom : WESTFORNET , Fore s t Re sources Li bra ry AQ-15 , University of Wa shington, Seatt le , WA 9 81 9 5 . U . S . Department o f Agriculture , Fo rest Service . Fore st Service aanual , serie s 400 0 , sect ions 4062 . 11 , 4062 . 12 , 4062 . 3 , 4062 . 4 , 4062 . 5 , 406 2 . 62 , 4062 . 63 , 1966; and section 4 063 . 3 ( PNW aupp l . 4 . R-6 auppl . 109) , 19 65 . On f i le at : Fore s t Residues and Energy Prograa , Pacific Northwe s t Fore s t and Range Experiment S tation, 809 N . E . 6th Ave . , Port land , OR 9 7 232 . U. S . D epartaent o f Ag riculture , Fore s t Service . Trout Cree k Hil l aanagement plan . [ Place of publication unknown ] ; 1 9 7 5 Ausust 2 5 . 5 6 p . , p lus append ix . On f i le a t : Fore s t Residue s and Energy Program . Pacif i c Northwe s t Forest and Range Experiment S tation. 809 N . E . 6 t h Ave • • Port land , OR 9 7232 . U . S . Department o f Agriculture . Fore s t Service . Interim d i rective no . 2 : 2353 . 04b--National Trail System . In : . Fo rest Service Manual , chap . 2 350 : f o rest development trail s . ( Place o f publication unknown ] ; 197 8 . 12 p . [ Interim d irective for R-6 aupp l . 3 1 , 7 72 3 . 2 ] . On f i le at : Fo rest Re sidue s and Energy Program , Pacific Northwe s t Fore s t and Range Experiment Station, 809 N . E . 6t b Ave • • Port land , OR 9 7232 . U . S . Department o f Agriculture , Fores t Service . The Pacific Cre s t Trai l : guide for location, design, and management . In : Forest Service Manual , Title 770D--transpo rtation system . R-6 suppl . 31 , 7 7 2 3 . 2 . [ Place o f publication unknown] ; 1 9 7 8 . 5 4 p . On f ile at : Fo rest Re sidues and Energy Program , Pacific Northwe s t Fore s t and lange Experiment Station . 809 N . E . 6th Ave . , Po rt land , OR 9 7 2 3 2 . U . S . Department o f Agriculture , Forest Service , Gifford Pinchot Nat ional Forest . Wind Rive r t ree nur sery . Vancouver , WA ; [ n . d . ] . 1 7 p . On file at : USDA Forest Service , Wind River Ranger S tation. Car son, WA 98610. U . S . Department of Agriculture , Fore s t Service . Gifford Pinchot Nat ional Fore s t . An action p lan, 1 975-7 8 : proposed t iRber sale s . Vancouver , WA ; 1974 June . 1 1 5 p . On file a t : Fore s t Residues and Energy Prograa . Pacific Northwest Forest and Range Experiment Station, 809 N . E . 6th Ave . , Port land , OR 9 7232 . U . S . Department of Agriculture . rores t Service , Gifford Pincbot National rorest . Discover Wind . Rive r valle y : researc h , history , recreat ion. Vancouver , WA ; 1 974 . 2 p . Brochure . On f i le at : USDA Fo rest Service , Wind River Range r Statio n , Cano n . WA 98610 . I ' I 13 U . S . Department o f Agriculture , Fore s t Service , Gifford Pinchot Nationa l Forest . A f orest plantation t rail . Vancouve r , WA ; 1 9 77 . 10 p . On f i le at : Forest Residue s and Energy Program , Pacific Northwe s t Fore s t and Range Experiment S tation, 809 N . E . 6th Ave . , Portland , OR 9 7232 . U . S . D epartment o f Agriculture , Fore s t Service , Gifford Piuchot National Fore s t . An impact analysi s : Bear p lanning unit , Gif ford Pinchot Nat ional Forest . D raft environmenta l s tatement . Vancouver , WA ; 197 7 July . 1 51 p . On f ile at : Forest Re sidues and Energy Program, Pacific No rthwest Forest and Range Experiment Statio n . 809 N . E . 6th Ave . • Port land , OR 9723 2 . U . S . Department o f Agriculture , Forest Service , Gifford Pinchot Nat ional Forest . Cowlit z planning uni t . Draft environmenta l s tatement . Vancouver , WA ; 1 9 78 August . 2 9 2 p . , plus appendix . On f ile at : F o rest Residues and Energy Program , Pacific Northwes t Fore s t and Range Experiment Station , 809 N . E . 6th Ave . , Port land , OR 9 7232 . U . S . Department o f Agriculture , Forest Service , Gif fo rd Pinchot National Forest . Land management pla n : part one . Vancouve r , WA; 197 8 . 101 p . , plus appendi x . On f ile at : Fores t Re sidue s and Energy Program , Pacific Northwe s t Forest and Rang e Experiment Station, 809 N . E . 6th Ave . , Port land , O R 9723 2 . ' U . S . Department o f Agriculture , For st Service , Gifford Pinchot National Forest . White/Panthe r planning unit . Vancouve r , WA ; 1978 Decembe r . 27 p . , plus appendix. On f ile at : Forest Residues and Energy Program , Pacific Northwe s t Forest and Range Expe riment Station , 809 N . E . 6t h Ave . , Port land , OR 9 7232 . U . S . Department o f Agriculture , Forest Service , Gifford Pinchot National Fore s t [ Me nge l , Denni s ; Ruediger , William ] . Spotted owl management pla n . Vancouve r , WA ; 1980 . On f ile at : Forest Re sidues and Energy Program , Pacific Northwe s t Forest and Range Experiment Statio n , 809 N . E . 6th Ave . , Port land , OR 9 7232 . U . s . Department o f Agriculture . Forest Service , Pacific Northwest Forest Experiment Statio n . Wind River Experimental Forest , Carson, Washington. Port land , OR; 1 9 37 . U . S . Depa rtment o f Agriculture , Forest Service , Pacific Northwest Forest and Range Experiment Statio n . Intensive culture o f Dougla s-fi r . Port land , OR; ( n . d . J . 2 p . Brochure . On f i le at : Forest Re sidues and Energy Program , Pac i f i c Northwe s t Fore s t and Range Expe riment Station , 809 N . E . 6th Ave . , . hrt land . 9 72 . [U . S . Department o f Agriculture , Forest Service , Pacific Northwest Forest and Range Experiment Statio n ] . The Planting Creek studie s . Port land , OR; [ n . d . J . 7 p . [A packet containing d e scriptions o f s ix s tudies at Plant ing Creek : 1 . Dougla s-f i r wid e spaci ng ; 2 . Ni trogen f e rtilize r ; 3 . Douglas-f ir/red a lde r ; 4 . Wind River Re searc h Natural Area ; 5 . Regional race s o f ponderosa pine ; and 6 . Dougla s-fi r plantation spacing . ] On f ile a t : USDA Fo rest Service , Wind Ri ver _ Ranger S tation, Carson, WA 98610. U.S . D epartment of Agriculture , l'onuiB·t Service , Pacific Northwest Fore st and Range Experiment S tation. Wind River Experimental Fo rest . Portland , O R ; ( n. d . ] . 2 p . Brochure and map . On f i le at : USDA Forest Service , Wind River Ra nger S tation, Carson, WA 98610. - 14 U . S . De partment o f Ag riculture , Fore s t Service , Pacif i c Northwes t Forest and huge lb:pedment S tat ion. Manage!lle nt p lan for t he Wind River Experimental F o rest . Pa rt 1 : Adminis tration and contro l . Port land , OR; 1935 August 24 . 10 p . On f i le at : Forest Re sidue s and Energy Program . Paci f ic Northwest F ores t and Range Ezperillent Statio n , 809 N . E . 6th Ava • • Port land , OR 972 32 . U . S . Department o f Agriculture , Forest Service , Paci f ic No rt hwe st Forest and lange Experiaent Station. Wind River Experimental Forest near Carson, Washing ton. Port land , OR; 1 9 51 . 20 p . Available f rom : WESTFORNET , ore s t Re source s Library AQ-15 , University o f Washington , Seattle , WA 9 8 19 5 . U . S . Department o f Agriculture , Fore s t Service , Pac i f ic Northwe st Forest and Range Experiment Statio n . Wind River c lt.&tological data 1 9 1 1-1950/Pacific Northwe st Forest and Range Experiment Stat ion. Po rt land , O R ; 195 2 . 21 p . Avai lable from : WESTFORNET , Fore s t Re source s Library AQ-15 , Unive r sity o f Washiaaton. Seatt le . WA 9 81 9 5 . U . S . Department o f Agricult ure , Fore s t Service , Pacific Northwe s t Forest and Range Experiment Station. The 1 9 1 2 Douglas-f i r hered ity study . In : Annual report : 196 3 , the f ifty and f i f t ieth year( s ) . Portland , OR; 1964 : 4-7 . On f i le at : U SDA Forest Service , Wind River Ranger Stat ion . Ca rson, WA 9 8610 . U . S . Department of Agriculture , Forest Service , Pacific Northwest Forest and Range Experiment Statio n . A p ioneer search for better kinds o f t rees f o r the Northwest : W i nd River Arboretum . Port land , OR; 1 9 67 . 16 p . Brochure . Avai lable f rom : WESTFORNET , Fore s t Re source s Library AQ-1 5 , University o f Washing ton, Seat t le , WA 981 9 5 . U . S . Department o f Agriculture , Fore s t Service , Pacific No rthwest Fore s t and Range Experiment S tat ion. Wind River Experimental Forest . Port land , OR ; [ 1975 ) . Brochure . U . S . Department o f Ag riculture , Forest Service , Pacific Northwest Forest and Range Experiment Statio n . Stump removal t o contro l laminated root rot of Douglas-f ir . S tudy 2209 WT-7 5-1 . Port land , OR; 19 7 6 . 11 p . [Office report ] . On f ile a t : USDA Fore s t Service , Wind liver Ranger Station , Carson , WA 98 610 . U . S . Department o f Agriculture , Forest Service , Pacific Nort hwe s t Forest and Range Experiment Statio n . Yacol t burn noble f i r g rowth & y ield plot s ( e stablishment report ) . Po rt land , OR; 1 9 7 6 . [Of f ice report ] . On f i le at : USDA Fores t Service , Wind River Ranger Station , Carso n , WA 98610. U . S . Depart nt of Agriculture , Forest Service , Pac if ic Northwe st Forest and Range Experiaent Station. Wind River Arboretum . Port land • OR; 197 7 June . [Field t rip guid e ) . On f i le a t : Forest Re $idues and Energy Program , Pacific Northwe s t Fores t and Range B:periment Station , 80 9 N . E . 6th Ave . , Port land , OR 91232 . U . S . Department o f Agriculture , Forest Service , Pacific Nortbwe&t Region. Wind River i nterp re tive p la n . Port land , OR; 197 3 July 2 6 . 2 5 p . , p lus append ix . On f i l• at : Fore s t Res idues and Energy Program , Pacific Northwest Forest and Range Experiment Station, 809 N . E . 6th Ave . , Portland , OR 9 7 2 3 2 . 1 • 15 ' ,· u . s . Depa rt.ent o f Ag riculture , Fore s t Service , Pac i f i c Northwe s t Fore s t and lange Experiment Stat ion. Wind ti v e r Experimental F o res t . In : The f o re ste r ' s a lmanac 197 7 . Ge n . Tec h . Rep . PNW-62 . Port land , OR : 1977 : 8-9 . On f ile at : Re search Inf ormation Servic e s , Pacific No rthwe s t Fo rest and Range Experiment Stat ion , 809 N . E . 6 t h Ave . , Port land , OR 97232 . U . S . Department of Agriculture , Fo re s t Service , Pac i f ic No rthwe st Region . Insec t & d i sease evalua t i o n plot s . Po rt land , O R ; 197 7 . 16 p . [ Of f ic e re po rt ] . On f i le a t : U S DA Fo re s t Service , Wind Ri ve r Ranger S tatio . Ca rson , WA 98610 . U . S . Department of Agriculture , Forest Service , Wind River Range r D i s t rict . Experiment a l s t ud ie s , Wind Rive r R . D . , Carson , WA . ( Va rious dates ] . ( Black note books l i s t i Qg re search s t udies by area , s tudy numbe r , t i t le , and subjec t . Not e books also contain a f e w publicat ions resulting f rom s ome of the s tud ie s . One note book. for Panthe r Creek, Plant ing Creek , a.nd Upper Wind liver a rea s . The second f o r Martha Cree k and Trout Creek a rea s . ) On f ile a t : USDA Fo re s t Service , Wind liver Ranger S tation, Carson, WA 9 8610. U . S . Department of Agriculture , F ores t Service , Wind live r Rang e r Dis t ric t , Gif f o rd Pi nchot Na t io na l F o re s t . S tudy p lan ( C 6 . 3 1 2a , C 6 . 9 ) : Trout Creek H i l l t imbe r sale . Carso n , VA; 197 5 Apri l 1 7 . 1 9 p . [Addendum to t imber sa le c ontrac t ] . On f i le a t : F o re s t Re sidue s and Energy P rogram , Pac i f ic No rthwe s t F o re s t and Range Experiment S t a t io n , 809 N . E . 6 t h Ave . , Port land , OR 9 7 2 3 2 . Wa hle , R . H . ; C haney , E . E s tablishment o f non!ndigenous runs of spring c hi nook ealmo n , Onc o r hynchus t sawyt scha , i n the Wind Rive r drainage of the Columbia Rive r , 1 9 55-6 3 . F i sh . Bull . , U . S . Na t l . Ma rine Fi sh. Se rv . Was hi ng to n , DC : U . S . Governmen t Printi ng Offic e ; 19 81 Jul y ; 7 9 ( 3 ) : 507-51 6 . Available f rom : WESTFORNET , F o re s t Resourc e s Li brary AQ-15 , Uni versity o f Was hi ng to n , Sea t t le , WA 9 81 9 5 . Wa shing ton S tate De partment o f Galle . Wind River management p lan . Vancouve r , WA ; 1 98 1 . 1 6 p . Wa shing ton Wood land Counc i l . E a r ly t hinning i n Douglas f i r wood land s . Ext . C i rc . 318 . Pullma n , WA : Was hington Stat e University , Ins t i tute of Ag ricultural Scienc e s , Extension S ervice ; 1961 . On f i le a t : F o rest Re sidue s and Ene rgy Program , Pacifi c Northwe s t Fore s t and Range Experiment Station, 809 N . E . 6t h Ave . , Po rt land , OR 9 72 3 2 . Williamson , Ric ha rd L . Thinning re sponse i n 1 1 ()-yea r-o l d Douglas-f i r . Re s . Not e PNW-3 6 . Po rt land , O R : U . S . Department o f Ag r icult ure , Fo rest Service , . Pac i f i c No rthwe s t Fore s t and Range Experiment S t a t i o n ; 1966 . 7 p . On f i le a t : Re search Inf o rma t ion Se rvi c e s , Pacific No rt hwes t Fo rest and Range Expe ri��ent Statio n , 80 9 N . E . 6t h Ave . , Port land , OR 9 7 2 3 2 . W i ll i s , C . P . ; Hoffman , J . V . A s tudy o f Doug las-f ir seed s . Proc . Soc . Am . F o r . 1 0( 1 ) : 141-164 ; 1 91 5 . Ava i la bl e from : WESTFORNET , Fore s t Resource s Li bra ry AQ-15 , Unive r s i ty of Washi ngton, Seat t le , WA 9 81 9 5 . W i l li s , C l a re nc e P . The preservative t reatment o f farm t imbe r s . Farme r ' s Bu l l . 387. Wa shing ton, DC : U . S . De pa rtment o f Agr iculture ; [ n . d . ) . Available f ro m : WESTFORNE T , Fore s t Re source s Library AQ-15 , Unive rs i t y of Washing ton, Seat t le , WA 9 81 9 5 . .-1. 6 Wi l li s , Clare nc e P . The contro l o f rodent s i n f ie l d seeding . I n : Proceeding s , Society o f American Fo re s t e rs . Washington, DC : Society o f Ame rican Fore ster s ; 1 9 14 ; 9 : 3 6 5-37 9 . Ava i lable from : WESTFORNET , Fore s t Re sourc es Li brary AQ-15 , Unive r s i ty of Washing t on , Seat t le , WA 9819 5 . Wi l li s . Clarence P . Inc ident a l result s o f a s tudy o f Dougla s-f i r seed in the Pac ific No rthwe s t . J. F o r . 1 5 ( 8 ) : 9 91-1002 ; 191 7 . Available f rom : WESTFORNET , Fore s t Re source s Li brary AQ-1 5 9 University o f Was hing t o n , Se at t le , WA 9 81 9 5 . Wo r t hi ng ton, Norman P . Luaber-grade recovery f rom 1 10-year-old Doug la s-f i r t hinning & . Re s . Not e 12 1 . P o rt land , O R : U . S . Depa rtment o f Agriculture , Fore s t Service , Pac i f ic Nort hwes t Fo rest and Range Expe riment S tation; 1 9 55 . 6 p . On file a t : Fore s t Re s idue s and Energy Program , Pac ific Northwe st Fo re s t and Range Experiment S t a t ion, 809 N . E . 6th Ave . ; Po rt land , OR 9 7 2 32 . Worthing to n , Norman P . Labo r requ i rement s i n thinning Dougla s-f i r and wes tern hemlock on t wa Experimental f o re st s in wes t e rn Waehington. Re s . Note PNW-4 3 . Port land , O R : U . S . Department o f Agriculture , Fore s t Service , Pac ific Northwe s t Fore s t and Range Experiment Station; 1 9 6 6 . 12 p . On f i le at : Fore s t Re sidue s and Energy Program , Pac i f i c Northwe s t Fore s t and Range Experiment S t a t i o n , 809 N . E . 6t h Ave . , Port land , OR 9 72 3 2 . Wright . Erne s t ; Tarrant , Robert F . Occurrence of myc orrhi zae after loggi ng and s lash burning in t he Douglas-f i r f ores t t ype . Re s . No te PNW-1 60. Port land , OR : U . S . Department o f Agriculture , Fore s t Service , Pac ific No rthwe s t Forest and Range Experiment S t at i on; 1 9 58 . 7 p . On f i le a t : F o rest Re sidue s and Energy Program • Pac i f i c Northwe s t Fore s t and Range Expe riment Station, 809 N . E . 6th Ave . , Port land , OR 9 7 23 2 . Ye rke s , Vern P . Wind Rive r Natura l Are a ( P . S . P . 10 2 ) mo rt a li t y 1957-5 9 . Po rt l and , OR : U . S . Department o f Agriculture , F o re s t Se rvic e , Pacific No rthwe s t Fore s t and Range xpe riment Statio n ; 195 9 . [ Office repo rt ] . On f il e wi th : R. R . S i le n , Pac i f ic No rthwes t Fo rest and Range Experiment S t a t io n , Fores t ry S c ie nce s Labora to ry , 3200 Jef f e rson Way , Corva l li s , OR 9 7331 . Ag Yerke s , Vern P . Growth a f ter t hinning in l lo-year-o ld Doug las-f i r . Re s . riculture , Fore s t Servic e , Note 18 9 . Portland , OR : U . S . Department o f Pac i f ic No rthwe s t Fo re s t and Ra nge Experiment S ta t i o n ; 1 9 60 . 3 p . On f i le a t : Fore s t Re s idue s and Energy Program , Pac if i c No rthwe s t Fore s t and Range Experiment S tat io n , 809 N . E . 6 t h Ave . , Po rt land , OR 9 7 2 3 2 . ppe n d ix Forest-wide Standards/G u idel i nes a n d Management Strategi es Table of Conte nts I N TRODU CT I ON I. II. . • • • • • • • · .\: \1. \ l. . · y£Y.t . ·'· R e c r e a t i on • W i l d l i f e and F i s h • • • Range • • • . • . T i mb er • • • . • • • W a t e r , So i l , A i r • . M i n e r a l s and G e o l ogy • • R u r a l C on• nun i ty a n d Human Re sourc e s L ands . • • • . • • • • Faci l i t i es . . • • • • . • • • • • • P r o t ec t 1 on • • • • • • • • • • • • . R i p a r i an Areas . • • . • • • • • • • . R e c r e a t i on O p p or t u n i ty S p e c t r um ( ROS ) . V i s u a l Q u a l i ty Objec t i v e s • • • • • R o ad Man ageme n t S c h e me s . • . • • • • S i l v i c u l t u r a l E x am and P re s c r i pt i o n s R e s t o c k i ng S t a n d ar d s • • • • . • • • · • • • • • • • 4-6 6- 7 7 7-8 8- 1 0 10 1 0- 1 1 11 1 1- 12 1 2- 1 3 1 3- 1 7 1 7-20 20- 22 23-24 24-25 25-27 MANAGEMENT STRATE G I E S · IV. 2-3 .. '1. FOR E S T -W I DE STANDAR DS/GU I DE L I N III. Page Number · {' U n roaded R e c r e a t i o n ( U , J) Roaded R e c r e a t i on ( R , D ) V i s u a l Emp h a s i s { V ) D e v e l oped R e c r e a t i on { 2 ) • • • • S p ec i a l I n t e r e s t ( S , G , B , X , H) W i l d a n d Scen i c R i vers ( 8 , N , 6 ) N a t i o n a l V o l c an i c Monument ( A ) O l d G rowth ( K , C ) • • . • • W i l derness ( W ) • S p o t t e d Ow l ( 0 ) W i l d l i fe Spec i a l ( I ) P i ne M ar t e n ( P ) Mo u n t a i n G o a t ( M , Q) • P i l e a ted Woo d p e c k e r ( L ) • • • • De e r and E l k W i n t e r R a n g e ( E , 7 ) • T i mb e r P r o d u c t i on ( T ) • • • • • R e s earch N a t u r a l Area ( Y ) E x p er i men t a l F o r e s t ( F ) • • • . • • • • Spec i a l P u rpose - Admi n i s t r at i v e S i te ( 3 ) • • S p ec i : P ·; .... o s :- - t ! t i l i ':: ·; S i t. :; .1n C or r i d o r s E X I ST I N G PLANS • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 28- 29 ' 29-30 3 1 - 32 32-34 34-36 36- 38 38- 40 40-42 42-46 46-48 48- 49 49-51 5 1 - 53 53- 54 54- 56 57-58 58- 59 59-62 62-64 64-65 • • • • • ' ( 4) • • • • • 66 be i nsta l led; e . g . , gaug i ng stat i ons and i nstrument she l ters . T I MBER P l ann i ng and I nventory ( EOO) 2 . New roa d s and fac i l i ti es wi l l b e permitted on ly if they contri bute to the Research Natural Area objec t i ves . E x i sti ng roads and fac i l i t i es may be reconstructed i f l im i ted to the ori g i na l c l eari ng l im i t , unl es s approved by the Stat i on Di rector. T imber harvest wi l l not be scheduled, and other t i mber management act i v i t i es wi l l not occur. The only vegetat i ve man i p u l at i on p ermi tted woul d be pos s i b l e removal fol l owi ng cat astrop h i c events such as f i re , wi ndthrow, i nsect attac k , or d i sease. Th i s does not prec l ude the removal of snag s and other trees if they are a hazard to l i fe or property. PROTECT ION I n i t i al Attack and Escaped F i re Suppress i on T i mber S a l e P reparat i on ( E06) (P08, 9) F i rewood cut t i ng , i nc l ud i ng c ampf i re wood, wi l l not be permi tted . F i re s may be permi tted to burn i f they f i t i n w i t h the object i ves of the RNA . Treatment of Act i v i ty Fuel s ( P l l ) MI NERALS AND GEOLOGY There wi l l be no treatment of fuel s . F i re Hazard Reduc t i on App l i cation, no reduc t i on , shou l d be used . 1 . Common var i ety mi neral mater i a l sources wi l l not be i nventori ed or dev e l oped . Pest Suppres i on ( P35) 2 . The deve l opment of mi neral or energy resources wi l l not be perm i tted . No act i on wi l l be t aken agai nst i nsects or d i seases unl ess the outbreak threatens adjacent resources or wou l d drast i cal ly a l ter the n atural eco l og i cal proces ses w i th i n the RNA. When suppress i on i s undertaken, b i ol og i ca l methods wi l l be preferred . · LANDS 2) -· Experi m ental Forest - F R i ghts-of-way, easemen t s , and other perm i t s not requ i red for research or educati onal p urposes wi l l not be permi tted i f there is a practi c al a l ternat i ve . Goal FERC L i cense and Permi ts ( J03) Manage the Experimental Forest as a center for F orest research and demonstrati on , prov i d i ng a vari ety of l ong-term research opportuni t i e s . L i censes or perm i t s wi l l be recommended only when proj ects are cons i stent w i th RNA management . Lands Where this Strategy May Apply W i thdrawa l s , Mod i f i cat i on s and Revocat ions ( J04 ) A l l port i ons of the W i nd R i ver Experimental Forest except the Thornton T . Munger R esearch Natural Area, to wh ich the Research N atural Area Management Strategy app l i es . The RNA wi l l be recommended for wi thdrawal under the publ i c l and l aws . Property Boundary L ocat i on ( J06) L andownersh i p P l anni ng ( Jl l ) The Experimental Forest i s speci f i c a l l y s et as i de for research essent i al to manag i ng the N at i on • s t i mber and range resource s . I t i s adm i n i stered by the P ac i f i c Northwest F orest and R ange Experiment Stat i on i n cooperat i on w i t h the G i fford P i nchot Nat i on a l Fores t . A l l l ands wi l l be p l aced i n Ownership Category I I , r et a i n or acqu i re . Desi red Future Condition RNA boundar i e s wi l l be surveyed and marked as soon as pract ical . Post i ng of s i gn s shou l d not c a l l pub l i c attent i on to these areas . FAC I L IT I E S Research acti v i ty i s apparent . Stand structure and compos i t i on ranges from natural open i ng s to stands of mature and ol d-growth t i mber. Roads and trai l s provi de passenger car and foot access to most of the Experimental Forest . y Transportat i on Pl ann i n , Road Construc t i on , and Recons truct 1 on (LOl -24 1 . When approved by the Stati on D i rector, Management and deve l opment of the forage, recreat i on , t i mber, wi l d l ife, and water resources temporary fac i l i t i es needed for research may D-5 9 on E xperimental F orests wi l l be a joint respon s i b i l ity of the Stat i on D i rector and the Regi onal F orester . The D i rector wi l l determ i ne whether a proposed use or occupancy i s compati b l e w i th the research p rogram . Conf l icts between research and any other ac ti v i t i es wi l l be resol ved i n favor of research . F or add i t i on a l d i rect i o n , refer t o the W i nd R i ver E xper i mental F orest Research Management P l an. Standards/Guidelines RECREAT I ON P l ann i ng (AOl ) 1 . The G i fford P i nchot Nat i onal F orest and PNW wi l l j o i ntly determ i n e the Vi s ual Qual ity and Recreat i on Opportun i ty Spectrum objec t i ves to be met . The V i sual Qual i ty Obj ect i ve of Reten t i on , Part i al Retent i o n , Mod i f i c at i on or Max i mum Mod i f i cat i on shoul d be met . D i rect i on contai ned i n the Semi - P r i m i t i ve Non-Motori zed , Semi - P r i mi t i ve Motori zed , or Roaded Natural c l ass on the Rec reat i o n Opportu n i ty Spectrum shou l d b e met . Recreat i on emphas i s wi l l be subord i nate to research needs . 2 . Research p l anners shou l d be attent i ve to the v i sual qual i ty req u i rements of adj acent Forest l ands . 3 . U n l ess i t i s spec i f i cal ly req u i red for 2. Trai l work shou l d usua l ly be done by the Fore s t . Opportuni t i es shoul d be sought to comb i ne i t with other acti v i t i e s ; e . g . , tra i n i ng crews i n f i re l i ne construc t i on . I t may a l so be contracted by PNW . Research ( A 1 9) Opportun i t i es should be sought for both d i spersed and deve l oped recreat i on researc h . Recreat ion may be permi tted or encouraged if requi red to meet spec i f i c research goal s . Refer to Prob l em Analys i s for PNW Research Work U n i t N o . 4901 ) . WILDL IFE AND F I SH 1 . M i n i mum Management Req u i rements for the F orest ' s wi l d l i fe i ndi cator spec i es shou l d be met u n l ess they conf l ict with s i gn i f i cant researc h . 2 . A 700- acre area i n the Pan ther C reek D i v i s i on wi l l be managed as a ded i cated ( no p l anned t i mber harvest) spotted owl management uni t . Th i s area i s part of a Spotted Owl Management Area ( SOMA ) on adj acent l and . Thi s SOMA shou l d r nai n i n tact as l ong as i t i s req u i red to meet M i nimum Management Requ i rements for the Forest . Th i s i ntent shou l d be j o i nt l y revi ewed by PNW and the Forest at l east every 10 years when the F orest P l an i s rev i sed . research, recreat i on use of the areas sho u l d not b e encouraged . F i rewood/Chri stmas t ree cut t i ng , col l ec t i ng p l ants , berryp i ck i ng , hunt i ng , f i sh i ng , and other act i v i t i es wh i ch threaten research and educat i on val ues may be d i scouraged or proh i b i ted . PNW shou l d rev i ew recreat i on use and i ts i mp act on researc h . The SOMA provides opportun i t i e s for research on que s t i ons perta i n i ng to s potted owl management . For examp l e , the f o l l owi ng ques t i ons cou l d be exami ned : a . T h e re l at i on s h i p of owl u s e t o stand structure . 4 . P i c n i ck i ng and camp i ng shou l d be perm i tted i n d e s i gnated areas only. b . Owl movement wi t h i n the Mors e Creek drai nage. 5. I nterpreti ve s i gns may be p l aced al ong the c. The effects of nearby t imber h arves t i ng on owl behavi or. P ac i f i c Crest Trai l and e l sewhere to desc r i be ongoi ng research projec t s . 6 . C u l tural resources and other spec i al f eatures W i l d l i fe , F i sh, and P l ant Hab i tat Research ( C l 4) 1 . Research to determi ne the i mpact s of f i sh and may be i nterpreted . wi l d l i fe hab i t at man i p u l at i on shou l d be encouraged . U s e Adm i n i strat i on ( AOB) Off-road veh i c l e s , i nc l udi ng snow mach i nes , shou l d not be permi tted . 2 . Research o n the adequacy of M i n imum Management Requ i rements for wi l d l i fe shou l d be emphas i zed . Trai l Constructi on , Reconstruc t i o n , Mai ntenance and Operat1 on (AlO, ll , 12) RANGE 1 . PNW and the F orest shoul d p l an trai l reconstructi on , construc t i on , and mai ntenance based on the expected need s of researc h . Trai l s sho u l d b e primi t i ve u n l e s s a h i gher standard i s requ i red by researc h . Adm i n i strat i on and Management ( 007) Graz i ng sho u l d be l imi ted to range research projects on tran s i tory forage areas . D-60 seed produced i s requi red by the N at i onal F orest System. The status of the orchard shou l d be revi ewed by PNW and the F orest at l east each 1 0 years, when the F orest P l an i s schedul ed for rev i s i on . T IMBER P l ann i ng and I nventory ( EOO) 1 . T imber harvest i ng wi l l not be sched u l ed . T i mber harvest and s i l v i cu l tural treatments wi l l occur as requi red for researc h . 2 . S e l ect i on of cand i d ate trees a s genet i c seed sources shoul d be encouraged . I f poss i b l e , such trees shou l d have crowns w i thi n 1 0 feet of ex i st i ng t i mber harvest areas . 2 . D i str i ct R anger wi l l ass i st PNW i n s l ash d i sposal and reforestat i on p l anni ng to ensure that cost of work requ i red on the E xperimental F orest is i nc l uded in requests for K-V f und i ng . 3 . Sel ect trees shou l d be protected . Nursery Expans i on ( E l O) I ntermed i ate H arvests ( E02 ) 1. 2. E xpan s i on onto the Experimental F orest wi l l not be permi tted . E ntry for removal of ord i nary sal vage i s permi s s i b l e w i t h the approval of the Stat ion D i rector. Fund i ng for preparat i on and admi ni strat i on of these sales wi l l be f rom the Forest ' s sal vage sal e f und . T i mber E ng i neer i ng Research (E32) E ncourage use, test i ng , and devel opment of new harvest i ng systems . I nd i v i dual tree sal vage sal es may be p roposed by ei ther PNW or the Di strict but a l l must be approved by the Stat i on Di rector . T i mber Management Research ( E 33) E ncourage use of the E xperimental F orest i n devel op i ng improved methods for establ i sh i ng and man i pu l at i ng timber produc i ng F orest s , i nc l ud i ng yi e l d pred i c t i on s . 3 . R esearch p l ot s shoul d be protected . S i l v i c ul tural Exams & P rescript i ons ( E03) Ut i l i zat i on Research ( E34) The D i strict , with PNW part i c i pat i o n , shoul d i nventory the Experimental F orest with stand ex ams with i n f i ve years after approval of the F orest P l an . Current Region 6 stand exams p rocedures shoul d be used . Research shoul d take advantage of both natural and created opportuni t i es for uti l i zati on researc h . Reforestat i on ( E04 ) WATER , SOI L , AND AIR 1 . Regenerat i on wi l l be i n accordance w i t h research object i ves . I nventory (FOl ) 2 . Atypical methods and sources may be used. PNW and Forest so i l sc i enti sts shou l d joi ntly determi ne base l i ne soi l i nventory and data need s . T i mber Stand I mprovement ( E05) Mon i tori ng (F09) PNW and the D i st r i ct wi l l joi ntly p l an and conduct al l precommerc i al t h i n n i n g . Some research projects are desi gned to est imate the mag n i tude of vari ous envi ronmental i mpacts . When act i v i t i es exceed the Mi n imum Management Requi rements for soi l , water, and a i r , the Di strict and PNW shou l d joi ntly determi ne i f correct i ve act i on i s needed t o protect . adj acent resource val ues . T i mber Sale Preparat i on (E06) The D i strict staff wi l l ass i st PNW w i th E xper i mental rorest t imber s a l e s . H arvest Admi ni strat i on ( E0 7 ) 1 . T h e D i strict wi l l admi n i ster t i mber s a l es on the E xperimental F orest in consul tat i on w i t h PNW . RURAL COMMUN I TY AND HUMAN RESOURCES l@h§l Youth Conservat i on Corps Program and Vol unteers 2 . The D i strict and PNW shou l d j o i nt ly sponsor preb i d conferences to c l ari fy research-rel ated sale objecti ves before contract b i d s are submi tted . The p art i c i pat i on by vol unteers and young peop l e i n research projects shou l d be encouraged . Genet i c Forest Tree Improvement Program ( E09) LANDS 1 . The F orest wi l l manage the P l ant i ng Creek Seed Orchard in cooperat i on wi th PNW . I t i s i ntended that the orchard shou l d remai n i nt act as long as the genet i c al ly . superi or R i ght-of-Way Grants for Roads and Trai l s (J02) E xcept for those requi red for researc h , ri ghts-of-way, easements , and other D -6 1 PROTECT ION permits shou l d not be permi tted i f there i s a prac t i c al al ternat i ve . F i re Management P l ann i ng and Analys i s ( POl ) W i thdrawa l s Mod i f i c at i ons and Revocations ( J0 4 ) l . A cooperat i ve f i re protect i on p l an for the Exper imental F orest shou l d be j o i ntly prepared by the F orest and PNW . The ent i re E xperimental F orest shou l d be recommended for wi thdrawal f rom mi neral entry based on a PNW statement of reasons and rat i ona l e . 2 . Prevent i on and suppress i on acti v i t i es and pri or i t i es sho u l d be based on the threat to sc i e nt i f i c val ues . Suppress i on Strategy C, control , shou l d be used . Property Boundary Locat i ons ( J06) Boundar i es of the Experimental F orest sho u l d be j o i nt ly determi ned and pos ted by PNW and the D i str i ct . GENERAL ADMINI STRAT I ON The Forest and PNW shoul d act i vely seek opportun i t i es to des i gn and i mp l ement control programs . Regi onal and F orest Level P l ann i ng ( J 2 1 , 22 ) 1 . Representat i ves of PNW , the S upervi sor ' s Off i ce , and the D i strict shou l d meet annual ly to rev i ew the research p rogram and p l an future operat ions i n the Experimental F orest and i nteract i ons wi th surround i ng Forest l an d . Special Pu rpose Adm inistrative Site 3 Goal 2 . A forester or forestry techni c i an shou l d be housed at the Experi mental F orest to ass i st i n coord i n at i ng publ i c i nformat i on , techno l ogy transfer of researc h , and mai ntenance and measurement of stud i es w i th the D i str i c t . ( Note : T h e Stat i on D i rector and Reg i on a l Forester wi l l determine who funds thi s pos i t i on . ) Pro v i de for fac i l i t ies requ i red to accomp l i sh the adm i n i s trat i on of the N at i onal F orest i n an eff i c i ent manner. La n d s Where t h i s Strategy May Apply Exi st i ng s i tes such as R anger Stat i on s , eng i neer i ng zone compounds , road mai ntenance shops and compounds , scal e stat i on s , l ookouts , the W i nd R i ver Nursery, seed orchards , the C i spus Center , the Mount St . Hel ens Nat i onal Vol c a n i c Monument Headquarters , work centers , and guard stat i on s . Add i t i onal l ands requi red for these and other act i v i t i es whi ch must be performed i n order t o admi n i ster Nat i onal F orest System l ands . 3 . The D i str i ct TR I system shou l d be u sed to record p l ot l ocat i o n s . I nformat i on shou l d b e updated annual ly by P N W s c i enti sts. Resource E conomi cs Research ( J30) T he economic trade-off s of a l ternate l and management treatments wi 1 1 be stud i ed on appropri ate s i tes . FAC I L IT I E S - Desired Future Condition ; B u i l di ng s , road s , and other structures are quite evi dent ; most have requi red the creat i on of openi ng s . S i nce most o f the acti v i t i e s are on-go i ng , structures are genera l l y permanent . They are wel l kept , neat and orderly i n appearance . Vegetat i on varies w i dely f rom ornament al trees and s hrubs to stands of old-growth t i mber . y Transportat i on P l ann i n , Construc t i on , and Reconstruction {LO I - 16 l . A road management p 1 an for research projects shou l d be devel oped by the F orest and PNW. Other roads in the E xperi mental F orest s ho u l d b e compat i b l e with research objectives. New road s , u n l e s s needed to serve research needs , shou l d avo i d cros s i ng the Experimental F orest . Standards/Guidelines RECREATI ON 2 . N ew roads shoul d not be permi tted u n l e s s approved by t h e Stat i o n D i rector. New roads shou l d not cross PNW control areas. Pl ann i ng and I nventory (AOl , 2) 1 . Po i nt s of i nterest s uch as c u l tural or b i o l og i cal features shoul d be i n ventori ed . P ub l i c access may b e provi ded when i t does not conf l i ct wi th the func t i ons of the adm i n i strat i ve s i te . Road Operati on ( L l 9 ) T he Road Management Object i ves ( see g l ossary) s hou l d be revi ewed by PNW and the D i str ict annual ly to assure compat i b i l i ty with the research program. At a m i n imum, al l roads open to pub l i c t ravel shou l d be managed to al l ow passenger c ar access . 2 . The Mod i f i cat i on V i sual Qual i ty Objecti ve shoul d be met . D-62 ·1