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WIIZ
RIVER-
ARBa
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Research Paper
33
THE WIND RIVE;;R ARBORETUM
1912.--:-1956
. by
Roy R. Silen and Leonard
R.
Woike ...
..
Qctobe 1959
PACIFIC NORTHWEST FOREST AND RANGE EXPERIMENT STATION R. W. Cowlin, Director
Portland, Oregon ·
FOREST SERVICE
·
··
·
U. S . ·DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
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CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION
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LOCATION .
SITE .
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CLIMATE
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HISTORY
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Arrangement and Treatment of Arboretum Trees
Source of Seed and Planting Stock
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Acquisition of Seed or Stock,
Disease and Pest Control
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Damaging Factors
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The Cypresses (Gupressus)
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The Junipers (Juniperus)
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The Yews (Taxus)
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The Araucarias (Araucaria) .
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P ERFORMANCE OF CONIFERS
The Pines (Pinus).
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The Larches (Larix)
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The Spruces (Picea)
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The Hemlocks (Tsuga)
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The Douglas- Firs (Pseudotsuga)
The Firs (Abies)
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The Cedars (Cedrus)
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The Sequoias (Sequoia)
Incense-Cedar (Libocedrus) .
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Thujopsis (Thujopsis) .
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The Thujas (Thuja)
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The White-Cedars (Chamaecyparis)
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PERFORMANCE OF BROAD- LEAVED TREES
35
CONIFERS FOUND UNSUITED TO THE WIND RIVER SITE
GENERAL COMMENTS ONPERFORMANCE .
LITERATURE CITED
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INTRODUCTION Wind River Arboretunl, located in the Wind River valley near
Carson, Wash., was established in 1 9 1 2 with the planting of a few
species of introduced trees on stunlp land adjacent to the Wind River
Nursery, It is the oldest arboretunl in the Northwest and ranks
among the earliest furestr projects of an experimental nature still
y
in existence in the region,_/ The initial objective was to test the
suitability of trees from all parts of the world for forest planting
under conditions generally prevailing west of the Cascade Range in
Oregon and Washington. This objective was later broadened to in­
clude establishment of as many forest-tree species as possible to
serve for dendrological study and exhibition purposes, In more re­
cent years, the objective has been broadened still further to provide
for planting different races of species in an attempt to determine
racial variation within certain species and hybrid strains,
The arboretunl is best known as an area for testing suitability
of introduced species for forest plantings. The study may be broadened
}:_/ Hunlan persistence and vision have been major factors in
sustaining the 44 years of effort at the Wind River Arboretum. Names
of many prominent foresters of the Northwest are recorded in the
files. Thornton T. Munger had overall supervision from 1 9 1 2 to 1 9 1 9
and from 1 9 24 to 1 94 6 . J. V, Hofmann was in immediate charge
from 1 9 1 3 to 1 9 24. Leo A, Isaac and Ernest L. Kolbe had immediate
charge from 1 9 2 4 to 1 9 3 0 and from 1 9 3 0 to 1 9 38 , respectively.
A. Gael Simson was resident officer from 1 9 2 0 to 1 940. Charles J.
Kraebel helped in early establishment and R. H, Westveld made the
first systematic plan in 1 9 2 5 . Large contributions in effort were
made by R, W, Steele, G. S. Meagher, E. G, Dunford, L. Bransford,
R. N. Young, W. Peterson, W. Allyn, E. Lofgren, T, Kachin, and
E. Elm, James Hutchins and George Lopez assisted in the field work
in 1 9 5 6 ,
The authors are indebted to T, T. Munger, L. A. Isaac, and
E. L. Kolbe for critical technical review of this report.
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eventually to include every species in the world that has reasonable
promise for this climate, To date, the study covers 6 21 lots of seed
or planting stock, and is well along toward attaining this goaL
The arboretum occupies 11 acres and is arranged systemat­
ically to include space for species from most genera of conifers, A
few hardwood species still remain from early plantings; but, because
of very poor results w:ith almost all hardwoods, no attempt has been
made since 1 9 28 to establish additional species.
Previously published reports (Munger and Kolbe, 1 9 3 2; Munger
and Kolbe, 1 9 3 7; Munger, 1 9 4 7 ) give a detailed description of the local­
ity and history of the Wind River Arboretum, A brief summary of the
most pertinent information from these previous reports is included in
the present reporL
LOCATION
Wind River Arboretum is situated at an elevation of 1 , 15 0 feet
at the western edge of Wind River valley, which extends in a north­
south direction in the Cascade Range in western Washington . It is
surrounded by forested hills that rise 1, 0 0 0 to 3 , 0 0 0 feet above the
valley floor, Located 1 0 miles northwest of Carson, Wash., the ar
boretum may be reached by way of the Wind River road, which junc­
tions with U, S, Highway 8 3 0 a few miles east of Stevenson, Wash.
Wind River Forest Nurseryi Hemlock Ranger Station, and Wind River
Experimental Forest--all U.S, Forest Service installations--are im­
mediateLy adjacenL
SITE
The site now occupied by the arboretum was originally a
Douglas fir forest, It was logged in 1 9 08 or 1 9 0 9, and the slash was
.
broadcast burned, In 1 9 3 4 and 1 9 35, CCC workers cut the stUinps and
removed much of the debris from the area.
The soil is a deep, coarse, sandy loam that is stony in places.
It was deposited as an alluvial bench or fan on an approximate 1 0 ­
percent slope along the edge of the valley, bordering the steep hills.
The soil is fairly porous, appears to have no hardpan subsoil, and
dries out very rapidly . It has a Douglas-fir site index of 1 3 0 .
Annual dense grovvth of bracken, a fern, has covered the floor
of the arboretum since its establishment. No attempt has been made
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to remove the bracken except around very small trees when it might
cause damage by shading or by lodging upon and weighting down you.ng
trees, Other competing vegetation includes vine maple, hazel,
whortleberry, huckleberry, alder, chinkapin, blueberry elder, and
volunteer native and introduced conifer seedlings, These have been
cut down periodically since the arboretum was established and have
never been allowed to become serious competitors of arboretum trees,
CLIMATE
The climate is typical of much of the area along the west slopes
of the Cascade Range in Oregon and Washington, It is characterized
by heavy precipitation occurring mostly between October and May;
acute summer drought with hot, dry days; absence of excessively cold
winters; accumulation of 6 to 1 0 inches of heavy, wet snow; a rather
short frost free period; and cool nights, even in summer, Because
the valley is surrounded by mountains, precipitation is somewhat
heavier than would be expected at this altitude and the frost-free period
is shorter because of cold-air drainage common to these valleys, Cli­
matological data from the Wind River weather station for 1 9 1 1 to 1 9 5 0
are summarized as follows:
Mean annual precipitation
Maximum annual precipitation
Minimum annual precipitation
Mean annual temperature
Mean maximum annual temperature
Mean minimum annual temperature
Highest recorded temperature
Lowest recorded temperature
Average July temperature
Average January temperature
8 9 , 8 9 inches
1 42, 60 11
54o 1 5 fl
48 , 1 ° F,
II
59 , 7
!I
36, 5
1 07 °
-18
F,
11
63 , 8 ° F,
II
31 , 5
Average length of season without frost 1 3 1
Shortest season without frost
73
Longest season without frost
1 93
days
Clear days per year Pardy cloudy days per year
Cloudy days per year
percent
34
22
44
II
II
il II - 3­
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It should be pointed out that similar conditions are common at
this elevation from southern Oregon to northern Washington in narrow
valleys along the west slopes of the Cascades. For instance, clima­
tological records at Prospect and McKenzie Bridge in Oregon and
Darrington and Kosmos in Wa hington show similar temperature min­
imums and frost-free periods, Wide-valley locations, such as Albany
and Corvallis in Oregon and Centralia in Washington, have recorded
lower minimum temperatures? even at elevations under 5 0 0 feet. Ap­
parently the location of the arboretum, within 1 2 miles of the
Columbia Gorge, has had little effect on extremes of weather as re­
flected in climatological data,
HISTORY
ARRANGEMENT AND TREATMENT OF
ARBORETUM TREES
As mentioned earlier, a few species of introduced trees were
planted in 1 9 1 2 . Additions were made every year until 1 9 2 5 , with
little regard to uniformity of treatment or systematic arrangement.
During these early trials, plantings of hardwoods were made in at
least equal proportion to the conifers. Their almost universal ea:dy
failure strongly indicated that introduced hardwoods are poor risks in
the long summer droughts and short growing season of the Cascade
Range.
a considerable number of species were moved to an
area adjacent to the arboretum with the expectation of spreading the
plantations over more area. Because the trees moved were quite
large, many died. The trees were moved back to the original arbo­
retum in 1 9 24 with more loss resulting, The double transplanting
seriously reduced growth rate of survivors for many years.
In 1 9 20 ,
The plan for planting by a taxonomic arrangement of species
was completed in 1 9 2 5 , with a section of the area allocated to each
coniferous genus, Most subsequent plantings have followed this plan
so that now most species in each genus are found in blocks an acre or
more in size (fig. 1 ). Later plantings provided about 2 , 5 0 0 to 3 , 0 0 0
square feet for each species: 1 6 to 2 5 trees (if that many were avail­
able) were set 1 2 to 1 5 feet apart, avoiding regular rows where
possible.
The trees have usually been set out when about 1 foot high.
Care given to new lots is usually limited to removing competition and
- 4­
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Figure l. --Interior view of the arboreb..un,
An acre or more is devoted to each of
the more important genera. The pine
block shown here contains 38 surviving
species and varieties of the 63 tested
at Wind River.
spading the ground well to give the trees adequate opportunity to be­
come established. Some groups have been shaded during establish­
ment. Snowbent or broken trees have been guyed or braced with
splints.
Once established, trees are usually given very limited care
in order to test their suitability for planting in this locality (fig. 2).
This is especially true for species vigorous enough to show promise
as forest trees. Poorer lots that might be lost from representation
in the arboretum are given great care, however. Water pipes were
- 5­
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Figur e 2 . - - Two 44- year - old J effr e y pin e s from the s am e s e e d
lot show marke d diff er en c e s in growth r at e under s tand
c ondition s of the arb or etum (left) and on a water e d lawn
(right ) . Tall e st tr e e in the arboretum group i s 54 f e e t in
height and 1 2 . 1 inch e s d . b. h. The individual s p e cimen on
the lawn i s 73 f e e t tall and 30 . 2 inche s d. b. h . C ompara­
tive volum e s ar e 1 7 and 1 38 c ubic f e e t.
laid over m ost of the ar e a in the 1 9301 s a s a C C C proj e c t , largely
f or f ir e pr ote ction. Som e s prinkling wa s done to a s s i s t in the e stab ­
li shm ent of new l ot s , b ut m o s t of the planting s have r e c e ived no ar ­
tific ial watering. The water system ha s not b e en u s e d in r e cent
year s.
SOURCE OF SEED AND PLANTING S TOCK
Most of the planting stock u s e d in the arb or etum has b e en
grown from s e e d in nearb y n ur s er y b e ds. Som e s tock , however , has
b e e n shippe d from a s far as the East C oa s t Stat e s. Some of the
e arlier lots of s eed w er e pur cha s e d from comm er cial s e ed hous e s ,
b ut alm o s t all of the lat er lots have come from ori ginal colle ction s
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of forest experiment stations, agricultural explorers, or arboreta.
Many organizations and individuals have contributed seed and seedlings
for the Wind River Arboretum, and gratitude is due them for their
cooperation.
Of 621 lots of seeds and plants acquired for the arboretum
since 1 9 1 2 , 1 9 2 were never adequately tested. Fifty lots, obviously
unsuited for the climate, were sent elsewhere for trial. The remain­
ing 1 42 lots either failed to germinate, were destroyed as seedlings
by frost heaving or rodents, or arrived in poor condition.
ACQUISITION OF SEED OR STOCK, 1 947 - 5 6
Only 6 6 new lots were tried during the past 1 0 years because
emphasis has been placed on acquiring rare species and those which
might do well in the Northwest. A number of species from milder
climates have been sent to locations having a less severe climate than
that of the Wind River valley so they will have a better chance of be­
coming established. Acquisitions of the past 1 0 years are numbered
540 to 604. Table 1 gives the present location and condition of the
new lots.
DISEASE AND PEST CONTROL
in an attempt to safeguard the nursery and arboretum
from white pine blister rust, crews began removing native Ribes
species abundant in the locality. Eradication was continued through
1 9 3 1 and repeated in 1 9 3 9 and 1 941 . In spite of these efforts, blister
rust has appeared on several species of five-needled pines and new
infections continue to appear.
In 1 9 28 ,
For a number of years between 1 9 3 9 and 1 94 6 , a program of
excising stem cankers and removing infected limbs was carried ouL
This has been discontinued in more recent years because the disease
is too well established in the infected trees.
Aside from the work on blister rust, little has been done to
control diseases or other pests. The firs were sprayed in 1 95 6 to
control the balsam woolly aphid (Chermes piceae), and minor effort
was made earlier to control the Cooley spruce gall aphid (.Chermes
cooleyi) on Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis).
Except for sporadic hunting, little attempt has been made to
control the red-bellied sapsucker--a bird which has damaged many
-7­
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Table 1 .--Acquisitions to Wind River Arboretum, 1947-56 Present location
Lot:
No. :
Range
Species
or condition
540 Larix lyallii Par!.
Pac. NW.
No germination
541 Larix 1yallii Par!.
Pac. NW.
No germination
542 Juniperus formosana Hayata
Formosa
Cascade Head, 1947?
543 Chamaecyparis obtusa var.
Japan
Cascade Head, 1947?
544 Taxus cuspidata Sieb. & Zucc.
E. Asia
No germination
545 Juniperus rigida Sieb. & Zucc.
E. Asia
No germination
546 Taxus cuspidata Sieb. & Zucc.
E. Asia
No germination
547 Fitzroya cupressoides (Molina)
548 Libocedrus chilensis Endl.
549 Nothofagus dombeyi (Mirb.) Oerst.
Chile
Destroyed
550 Laurelia aromatica Fuss. ex Pair.
Chile
Destroyed
551 Persea lingue Nees
Chile
No germination
552 Nothofagus obliqua (Mirb.) Oerst.
Chile
Destroyed
553 Metasequoia glyptostroboides
Gen. China
Cascade Head, 1949
554 Taxus cuspidata Sieb. & Zucc.
E. Asia
No germination
555 Juniperus formosana Hayata
Formosa
No germination
556 Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.)
N. U.S.
Arboretum, 1952
557 Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.)
N. U.S.
Arboretum, 1952
558 Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.)
N. -U.S.
Arboretum, 1952
559 Tsuga chinensis (Franch.) Pritz.
W. China
No germination
560 Cunninghamia konishii Hayata
Formosa
No germination
561 Libocedrus formosana Florin
Formosa
Frost killed in nursery
562 Pseudotsuga wilsoniana Hayata
Formosa
Not known
563 Pinus gerardiana Wall.
Himalayas
No germination
564 Chamaecyparis pisifera (Sieb. &
Japan
Arboretum, 1952
565 Podocarpus salignus Don
Chile
No germination
566 Nothofagus obliqua (Mirb.) Oerst.
Chile
Not known
567 Araucaria araucana (Molina) K.
Chile
No germination
568 Nothofagus dombeyi (Mirb,) Oerst.
Chile
Not known
569 Persea lingue Nees
Chile
No germination
570 Pinus cembra L.
Alps
Mice ate seed
formosana Hayata
Johnston
Hu and Cheng
Franco
Franco
Franco
Zucc.) Endl.
Koch (?)
Chile
Destroyed
Chile
Destroyed
571
Taiwania flousiana Gaussen China
Not known
572
Abies firma Sieb. & Zucc. Japan
Not known
573
Thuja orientalis L. N., W. China
Not known
574
Metasequoia g1yptostroboides 575
Larix lyallii Par!.
Hu & Cheng
Gen. China
Distributed
Rocky Mt.
Mice ate seed
-8 ­
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Table 1 . --Acquisitions to Wind River Arboretwn, 1947-56 ( Continued)
Present location
Lot :
Species
No. :
Range
(?)
or condition
576
Cupressus lusitanica Mill
Mexico
Not known
577
Cryptomeria japonica (L. f. ) D. Don
Jap. , China
Sent to Cascade Head
578
Thuja occidentalis L.
E. , N. Amer.
Not known
579
Picea maximowiczii Reg.
Japan
Not known
580
Abies homolepis Sieb. & Zucc.
Japan
No germination
581
Juniperus conferta Parl.
582
Juniperus rigida Sieb.
& Zucc.
Japan
Not known
E. Asia
Not known
583
Picea glehnii (Fr. Schmidt) Mast.
Japan
Not known
584
Pseudotsuga japonica (Shiras.) Beiss. Japan
Not known
Japan
Not known
585
Tsuga diversifolia (Maxim.) Mast.
586
Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.)
587
Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.)
588
Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.)
589
Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.)
590
Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb. )
591
Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb. )
592
Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.)
593
Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb. )
594
Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.)
595
Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.)
596
Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.)
597
Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb. ) 598
Juniperus occidentalis Hook.
w.
u.s.
Arboretum, 1952
Arboretum, 1953
Franco
u.s.
Arboretwn, 1952
w. u.s.
Arboretwn, 1952
w.
u.s.
Arboretum, 1952
w.
u.s.
Arboretum, 1952
w.
Franco
Franco
Franco
Franco
Franco
Franco
Franco
Franco
Franco
Franco
Franco
w. u.s.
Not known
w. u.s.
Died in nursery
w.
u.s.
Not known
w.
u.s.
Arboretwn, 1952
w.
u.s.
Arboretum, 1952
w.
u.s.
Not known
w. u.s.
Not known
w. u.s.
Arboretum, 1952 599
Pinus ponderosa Laws. ( Hybrid)
w.
u.s.
600
Pinus ponderosa Laws. ( Hybrid)
w.
u.s.
Arboretum, 1953
601
Pinus ponderosa Laws. ( Hybrid)
w.
u.s.
w.
602
Pinus ponderosa Laws.
u.s.
Arboretum, 1953
'
Arboretum, 1953
603
Pinus ponderosa Laws. ( Hybrid)
w. u.s.
Arboretum, 1953
604
Pinus contorta Dougl.
w.. N.Amer. Arboretum, 1954
( Hybrid)
-
9
H
-
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s p e c i e s b y pe cking ring s of hol e s around the trunk , in s om e cas e s killing t r e e s b y g i r dling (fi g . 3) .
Figure 3 . - - Scotch pine damage d by the
r e d - b elli e d s ap s ucke r . Partial g i r d ­
ling by thi s b i r d h a s s e riously de­
formed s eve r al intr oduc e d s p e ci e s.
Some trapping was done in earli e r ye a r s to contr ol r oot­
gnawing rodent s .
DAMAGING F AC TORS
At the end of the 1 9 5 6 g rowing s e a s on , all tr e e s in the arb o ­
r etum w e r e r em e a s ur e d and checked f o r gene ral vigo r , dis e a s e o r
in s e ct infe station s , and damage b y oth e r agenci e s .
- 1 0­
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The 1 0-year p e riod 1 94 7-1 9 5 6 p rob abl y p rovided the most
s eve re test of s uitability for int r o duc e d s p e cie s s ince the e s tab l i s h ­
m ent o f t h e a rb o r etum . During thi s pe riod, many s p e c i e s that had
shown con s i d e r able p r omi s e as fo r e s t tr e e s we r e s e ve rely damag e d - ­
and s om e kill ed- -by the ve ry s eve r e wint e r of 1 94 9 - 5 0 and b y the ex ­
c e ptionally e arly and ext r emely l ow s ubfr e e z ing tem p e r atu r e s in
Novemb e r 1 9 5 5 .
A s e v e r e drought in the s p rin g and s umm e r of 1 9 5 1 , dur ing
whi ch no appre ciab l e amount of rain fell f r om April to early Se ptem ­
b e r , p r ovi de d a s e ve r e t e s t f o r drought r e s i s tanc e .
Snowb r e ak c ontinue s to b e a p r oblem in s om e s p e c i e s, e s p e ­
cially the l a r che s . Some small e r t r e e s b elow snow l e ve l have s uf ­
f e r e d s e ve rely f r om f r e e z ing of hard- pack e d snow to limb s and s ub ­
s e quent tearing of limb s f r om the trunk .
The b al s am woolly aphid has appe a r e d within the last 1 0 yea r s
a s a kill e r o f Ab ie s (fi g . 4) . Bli ste r r u s t ha s c ontinued a s a maj o r
Figur e 4 . -- The a rb o r e tum s e rve s t o t e s t relative s u s c e ptibility to
di s ea s e and ins e ct s . A, Bal s am woolly aphid inf e station of
Fras e r fi r , shown h e r-;; , has alm o s t de s t r oyed the arb o retum
g roup . Of 24 s p e c i e s of Abie s , 6 have b e en attack e d b y thi s in­
s e ct, with Fras e r fi r the most s u s c e ptible. B , C l o s e up of a
gouted b ran ch.
-1 1 ­
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Misscans identified by the software have been corrected; however, some mistakes may remain.
source of mortality among susceptible white pines, and root rot has
become established in several promising species of pines since 1 94 6 .
Deer browsing has been a problem in the establishment of yew species.
PERFORMANCE OF CONIFERS
Table 2 shows the condition of all living groups of conifers in
the Wind River Arboretum at the end of the 1 9 5 6 growing season. Ex­
planations of the column headings are:
Species. Approved names listed in the U.S. Forest Service's
"Check List of Native and Naturalized Trees of the United States (in­
cluding Alaska)" (Little, 1 9 5 3) have been used for species native to the
United States ..?:_/
.
Additional references, consulted for introduced species, are:
Dallimore, W. , and Jackson, A. Bruce.
1 948 . A handbook of coniferae. Ed. 3, 68 2 pp. , illus.
London.
Kelsey, Harlan P. , and Dayton, William A.
1 94 2 . Standardized plant names. Ed. 2 , 6 7 5 pp.
Harrisburg, Pa.
Rehder, Alfred
1 9 40 . Manual of cultivated trees and shrubs hardy in
North America exclusive of the subtropical and
warmer temperate regions. Ed. 2 , 9 9 6 pp. , illus.
New York.
Rehder, Alfred
1 94 9. Bibliography of cultivated trees and shrubs hardy
in the cooler temperate regions of the northern
hemisphere. 8 2.5 pp. Jamaica Plain, Mass.
Lot number. The serial number given each acquisition, be­
ginning with number 1 in 1 9 1 2 .
..?:_/ The authors are grateful for the assistance of Dr. Elbert
L. Little, Jr., who visited the arboretum to check identification of
species and who verified nomenclature used in this report.
-12-
About This File: This file was created by scanning the printed publication.
Misscans identified by the software have been corrected; however, some mistakes may remain.
Table 2 .--Status of living conifer species, Wind River Arboretum
:Number
:planted;:Average:Tallest:
:
:Frost
:Lot :
:number :height :tree in:
:Cone
:damage:
------:num-:Year:alive
:in 1956:1956
:Growth:produc-: in
:ber :sown:(l956) : (feet) : (feet) :index :tion
: 1955
Common name
Scientific name
Species
Abies (the firs) :
alba MilL
......
w
silver fir
288
1927
20/20
11.5
22.0
.40
N
amabills (Dougl.) Forbes
Pacific silver fir
1922
1924
1938
18.9
11.7
24.4
4.6
27.0
14.0
35.0
7.0
N
balsam fir
bristlecone fir
19/16
5/4
11/10
16/7
.41
balsamea (L.) Mill.
bracteata D. Don
190
484
295
511
.57
• 29
N
N
s
cephalonica Loud.
Greek fir
491
1935?
20/15
4.9
8.0
.24
N
s
fabri (Mast .) Craib
Faber fir
365
7/1
4.0
4.0
N
s
fraseri (Pursh) Poir .
Fraser fir
286
1927
21/11
8.0
16.0
.29
L
grandis (Dougl.) Lindl.
236
280
300
"
356
473
"
529
grand fir (hybrid) 529A
124
Manchurian fir
1926
(1/)
1925?
(1/)
1931
1942
1950
1925
20/7
20/4
7/7
6/5
7/5
4/4
1/1
4/3
15.1
14.7
43.8
43.4
13.8
5.7
2.0
4.3
21.0
26.0
53.0
50.0
22.0
14.0
2.0
6.0
.37
.40
.89
.81
.49
.97
.91
.10
N
M
M
M
N
N
N
s
grand fir
"
"
grandis (hybrid)
holophylla Maxim .
homolepis Sieb . & Zucc.
koreans Wils .
lasiocarpa (Hook.) Nutt.
lasiocarpa var. arizonica
(Merriam) Lemm.
Nikko fir
Korean fir
subalpine fir
corkbark fir
272
1926
2/1
4.0
4.0
.07
N
s
425
1931
20/5
2.8
4.0
.09
N
s
19.0
7.4
20.5
19.0
12.5
28.0
.33
.28
.43
L
M
N
L
9.8
12.0
.31
N
12.0
19.0
.35
N
359" 1926
412 1931
276 (1/)
20/1
21/14
10/7
485
1933?
294
1927
21/18
5/5
L
See footnote at end of table .
About This File: This file was created by scanning the printed publication.
Misscans identified by the software have been corrected; however, some mistakes may remain.
Condition
Fair; yellowish needles, snow­
break, heavy Chermes without
apparent dams.
Good; aphid (probably Mindarus)
Good
Fair; moderate Chermes infestation
Poor; bent; many almost dead;
repeatedly frozen back
Fair; repeated freezeback, snow­
break
Poor; snowbreak, repeated freeze­
back
Poor; tops of most trees killed
by ---Chermes --Good
Excellent
Excellent
Excellent
Good
Good
Good
Poor; snowbreak, repeatedly frozen
back
Poor; snowbreak, repeatedly frozen
back
Poor; snowbreak, repeatedly frozen
back
Good; snowbreak
Fair; many snowbroken
Good; many badly damaged by
Chermes
Good; many badly damaged by
Chermes
Fair; 4 of 18 have snowbreak, light
Chermes infestation
Table 2.--Status of living conifer species, Wind River Arboretum (Continued)
:Number
:planted;:Average:Tallest:
:Frost
:
:Lot :
:number :height :tree in:
:Cone
:damage:
------:in 1956:1956
:Growth:produc-: in
:num-:Year:alive
:ber :sown: (1956) : (feet) : (feet) :index :tion
: 1955
Common name
Scientific name
Species
Abies (the firs) --Continued
magnifica A. Murr.
magnifica var. shastensis
Lemm. I
California red fir
291
1927
20/20
10.3
24.0
.44
N
Excellent
Shasta red fir
"
(1/)
1927
1931
6/5
20/19
20/5
20.0
12.2
10.3
26.0
29.0
14.0
.40
.53
.31
N
N
N
Good
Good
Good; snowbroken but recovering
N
Good; doing well after repeated
snowbreak
Poor to good; snowbreak and re­
peated freezeback, light ---Chermes --infestation
Good
Good
mariesii Mast.
nephrolepis (Trautv.)
Maxim.
Maries fir
277
406
464
Khingan fir
411
1931
20/5
6.8
11.0
.25
pinsapo Boiss.
Spanish fir
492
1935?
21/19
4.3
9.0
.27
procera Rehd.
noble fir
sachalinensis (Fr •
Schmidt.) Mast.
sibirica Ledeb.
veitchii Lindl.
34
189
1913
1922
15/10
8/8
36.4
29.9
49.0
46.0
.59
.70
N
N
Sakhalin fir
Siberian fir
Veitch fir
125
463
462
1925
1931
1931
20/5
20/8
25/9
21.2
2.6
12.8
39.0
5.0
16.5
.66
.11
.37
N
N
M
L
s
M
Good; crooked stems
Poor; snowbent
Fair
Araucaria (the araucarias) :
araucana (Molina) K. Koch
monkey-puzzle
102
1913
2/2
7.5
7.5
.09
N
s
Good; doing well after repeated
freezeback
Cedrus (the cedars) :
atlantica Manetti
deodara (Roxb.) Loud.
libani A. Rich.
Atlas cedar
deodar cedar
cedar-of-Lebanon
47
244
48
528
1913
1926
1913
1938
8/5
13/4
19/7
3/2
34.8
16.9
27.3
5.2
46.5
22.0
35.5
5.5
.55
.38
.42
.23
N
N
N
N
L
L
M
Good
Fair; some crooked boles
Good
Poor
Chamaecyparis (the white­
cedars):
lawsoniana (A. Murr.)
Parl.
Port-Orford-cedar
39
440
1912
1929
13/5
20/16
42.6
21.4
51.5
30.0
.60
.60
L
H
L
M
Good
Excellent
Alaska-cedar
404
1927
23/20
13.7
24.0
.44
L
"
......
Condition
"
nootkatensis (D. Don)
Spach
s
See footnote at end of table.
About This File: This file was created by scanning the printed publication.
Misscans identified by the software have been corrected; however, some mistakes may remain.
Excellent
Table 2.--Status of living conifer species, Wind River Arboretum (Continued)
:Number
:planted;:Average:Tallest:
:Frost
:
:Lot :
:number :height :tree in:
:Cone
:damage:
----:num-:Year:alive
--:in 1956:1956
:Growth:produc-: in
:ber :sown:(l956) :(feet) :(feet) :index :tion
: 1955
Scientific name
Common name
Species
Chamaecyparis (the white­
cedars) --Continued
pisifera (Sieb. & Zucc.)
Endl. thyoides (L.) B.S.P.
Cupressus (the cypresses):
bakeri Jeps.
"
macnabiana A. Murr.
.....
U"l
I
Juniperus (the junipers) :
chinensis L.
occidentalis Hook.
Sawara false-cypress 564
Atlantic white-cedar 480
1947
1931
27/19
25/12
2.0
2.9
117
242
42
1925
1926
1913
18/17
3/2
2/1
22.7
24.0
15.0
472
269
279
598
1931
(1/)
(f./)
20/17
6/4
12/11
12/8
5.8
3.3
3.6
2.0
228
(!/)
14/14
40
301
317
481
1912
1925?
1926?
?
183
3.0
5.0
.59
.11
L
N
M
s
Fair; some freezeback
Poor; repeated freezeback
33.0
24.0
15.0 .54
.42
.18
M
M
H
s
Good; 1 tree frost killed
Good; 1 tree frost killed
Fair; some needles yellowing grad­
ually; being shaded out by
neighboring pines
12.0
5.0
6.0
2.5
.27
.07
.09
1.14
VL
N
N
N
s
M
M
s
Poor; repeated snowbreak
Fair; snowbreak & twisted stems
Fair; snowbreak & twisted stems
Fair
9/2
15.0
.22
L
M
13/1
8/7
3/3
6/6
7.0
6.7
6.3
8.0
7.0
10.0
7.0
11.0
.08
.17
.12
N
N
VL
N
L
L
L
L
Good; some snowbreak; best looking
of all junipers in arboretum
Fair to good; snowbreak
Fair to good; snowbreak
Fair to good; snowbreak
Fair to good; snowbreak
1923?
3/2
56.5
58.0
.91
H
L
302
1925?
6/6
50.3
57.0
.96
H
L
308
1925
10/10
40.0
51.0
.86
H
L
Dunkeld larch
422
1931
19/13
34.2
45.0
1.00
H
L
Polish larch
451
1932
20/18
30.6
46.0
1.18
M
Modoc cypress
"
MacNab cypress
Chinese juniper
western juniper
scopulorum Sarg.
Rocky Mountain
juniper
virginiana L.
"
eastern redcedar
"
..
Larix (the larches) :
decidua Mill.
decidua X leptolepis
(X eurolepis Henry)
decidua var. polonica
(Racib.) Ostenfeld &
Syrach-Larsen
Condition
European larch
i9so
See footnote at end of table.
About This File: This file was created by scanning the printed publication.
Misscans identified by the software have been corrected; however, some mistakes may remain.
Excellent; some snowbreak, sap­
sucker injury
Excellent; some snowbreak, sap­
sucker injury
Excellent; some snowbreak, sap­
sucker injury
Excellent; some crooked trees
Excellent; 7 of 17 snowbroken
Table 2.--Status of living conifer species, Wind River Arboretum (Continued)
:Number
:planted;:Average:Tallest:
:
:Frost
:Lot :
:number :height :tree in:
:Cone
:damage:
------:num :Year:alive
:in 1956:1956
:Growth:produc-: in
:ber :sown:(l956)
: (feet) : (feet) :index :tion
: 1955
Scientific name
Common name
Species
Larix (the larches) --Continued
decidua var. polonica
(Racib.) Ostenfeld &
Polish larch
Syrach-Larsen
Dahurian larch
gmelinii (Rupr.) Litvin.
gmelinii var. japonica
(Reg.) Pilger
Kurile larch
"
......
0'
I
gmelinii var. principis­
rupprechtii (Mayr) Pilger Prince Rupprecht
larch
"
"
laricina (Du Roi) K. Koch
"
tamarack
"
leptolepis (Sieb. & Zucc.) Japanese larch
Gord.
occidentalis Nutt.
western larch
sibirica Ledeb.
Siberian larch
"
"
451A
459
1933
1933
2/2
20/13
29.0
22.1
34.0
33.0
.87
.84
H
H
459A
1934
15/5
24.5
27.0
.75
N
112
1924
19/18
26.0
51.0
.83
H
265
1926
1/1
30.0
30.0
.52
H
128
241
184
530
1925
1926
1923?
1939?
6/2
14/4
1/1
13/13
27.5
23.8
25.0
12.9
28.0
29.0
25.0
18.0
.47
.51
.39
.84
L
L
VL
VL
30
1913
10/6
33.3
41.0 .49
M
s
192
229
32
1922
(!/)
1913
10/2
11/4
12/7
17.0
22.2
49.5
18.0
36.0
66.0
.27
s
s
.79
N
N
M
Fair; snowbend, heavy sapsucker
injury
Poor; severe snowbreak
Poor; severe snowbreak
Good; severe snowbreak, sapsucker
injury
s
L
Good; tendency to lean
Good
Libocedrus (incense-cedar):
decurrens Torr.
incense-cedar
36
318
1912
1926
13/5
24/23
44.6
17.5
49.5
25.0
.58
.44
N
N
Picea (the spruces):
abies (L.) Karst.
Norway spruce
26
478A
247
360
469
1912
1936
1926
1925?
1931
10/6
8/7
11/4
8/6
16/15
42.0
22.8
4.6
11.4
6.0
55.0
40.0
7.0
16.0
9.0
.64
1.33
.12
.27
.20
M
N
L
L
N
"
bicolor (Maxim.) Mayr
breweriana S. Wats.
"
"
Alcock spruce
Brewer spruce
Condition
Good; both snowbroken
Good; snowbreak, sapsucker injury,
epicormic branches c ommon
Fair; some snowbend
Good; some snowbreak, sapsucker
injury
Good; some snowbreak, sapsucker
injury
Fair;
Fair;
Fair;
Good;
L
L
See footnote at end of table.
About This File: This file was created by scanning the printed publication.
Misscans identified by the software have been corrected; however, some mistakes may remain.
extreme snowbreak
extreme snowbreak
spike top
some snowbend
Good; severe sapsucker injury
Excellent; 1 tree snowbroken
Poor; yellowish needles, snowbreak
Fair; crooked stems
Good; many double tops
Table 2.--Status of living conifer species, Wind River Arboretum (Continued)
:Number
:planted;:Average:Tallest:
:
:Frost
:
:number :height :tree in:
____:Lot
___
:Cone
:damage:
:in 1956:1956
:Growth:produc-: in
:num-:Year:alive
Common name
Scientific name
: 1955
:ber :sown: (l956) : (feet) : (feet) :index :tion
Species
Picea (the spruces)--Continued
Engelmann spruce
engelmannii Parry
.....
-J
I
25
1913
13/10
33.9
42.0
405
1926
7/4
23.2
29.0
.51
H
24
1914
15/13
33.7
40.0
.49
M
495
1937
20/20
7.7
15.0
.55
L
Good; many spruce galls (Chermes
cooleyi), 1 tree snowbe
470
249
27
467
532
474
266
1931
1926
1913
1931
4.1
9.8
26.5
12.1
4.7
23.1
22.5
10.0
19.0
26.5
20.0
7.0
30.0
31.0
.56
.52
.32
.45
1929
1919
14/11
20/16
4/1
20/16
7/6
20/19
21/21
.60
.43
N
L
L
M
N
L
M
Fair; snowbent
Fair; some snowbreak
Fair
Fair; snowbreak and snowbend
Good
Excellent
Good; many double trunks
478
28
243
312
468
29
1928?
1915
1920
1928
1931
1913
18/3
14/6
12/4
5/4
19/15
10/5
2.0
24.3
15.5
7.5
10.0
29.6
3.0
51.0
23.0
10.0
18.0
45.0
.06
.64
.33
.19
.40
.54
N
N
N
L
L
L
358
1927
18/12
24.8
36.0
.66
L
Himalayan spruce
448A
523
1933
12/2
20/1
3.5
1.0
4.0
1.0
.10
.OS
N
N
whitebark pine
bristlecone pine
1
2
9
1917
1913
1912
10/5
12/1
7/6
27.0
12.5
4.2
40.0
12.5
5.9
.53
.15
.07
M
N
N
466
1931
20/12
4.2
7.0
.14
MF
Fair, but all have blister rust
Poor; snowbent
Fair; slow growth; heavy scale
on needles
Poor; severely snowbent
498
1938
28/27
2.6
4.0
.16
N
Good; 1 killed by blister rust glauca (Moench) Voss
white spruce
glauca var. albertiana
(S. Brown) Sarg.
western white
spruce
jezoensis (Sieb. & Zucc.)
Carr.
koyamai Shiras.
mariana (Mill.) B.S.P.
Yeddo spruce
Koyama spruce
black spruce
omorika (Pancic) Purkyne
orientalis (L.) Link
polita (Sieb. & Zucc.)
Carr.
pungens Engelm.
Serbian spruce
Oriental spruce
rubens Sarg.
red spruce
sitchensis (Bong.) Carr.
Sitka spruce
11
smithiana (Wall.) Boiss.
Pinus (the pines):
albicaulis Engelm.
aristata Engelm.
balfouriana Grev. & Balf.
tigertail spruce
blue spruce
..
"
.so
Condition
foxtail pine
H
L
L
L
About This File: This file was created by scanning the printed publication.
Misscans identified by the software have been corrected; however, some mistakes may remain.
Good; many spruce galls (Chermes
cooleyi), sapsucker inj
Good; spruce gall (Chermes cooleyi)
and sapsucker injury
Good; many spruce galls (Chermes
------cooleyi)
Poor; repeatedly snowbroken
Excellent
Good; 1 tree snowbroken
Good; some snowbreak
Good; some snowbreak
Fair; many spruce galls (Chermes
------cooleyi)
Good; many spruce galls (Chermes
------cooleyi)
Poor; repeated snow damage
Poor; repeatedly snowbroken
Table 2. --Status of living conifer s.pecies, Wind River Arboretum (Continued)
:Number
:planted;:Average:Tallest:
:Frost
:
:Cone
:damage:
----:Lot
--:
:number :height :tree in:
:num-:Year:alive
:in 1956:1956
:Growth:produc-: in
:her :sown:(l956) :(feet) :(feet) :index :tion
: 1955
Scientific name
Common name
Species
Pinus (the pines) --Continued
banksiana Lamb.
bungeana Zucc.
contorta Dougl. var.
contorta
contorta var. latifolia
Engelm.
....... 00
8
1914
11/2
51.2
54.0
.66
H
L
lacebark pine
209
296
7
1924
9/1
2/1
1.5
4.0
1.5
4.0
N
N
s
.06
shore pine
539
1947
20/20
6.5
8.5
1.67
N
1913
jack pine
11/4
48.4
56.0
.67
H
604
130
175
178
270
389
16
409
299
20/19
8/1
21/7
18/2
13/3
9/8
11/2
30/14
9/9
1.5
30.0
27.0
24.5
14.7
22.1
44.5
18.5
27.9
2.7
30.0
37.0
26.0
20.0
27.0
48.6
30.0
32.5
1.22
.50
.58
.41
.57
.57
.63
.55
N
H
H
N
N
N
N
N
L
407
1927
10/10
28.4
38.5
.70
L
Mexican white pine
408
1930
42/38
27.0
39.0
.82
L
Himalayan pine
534
1945
1/1
11.0
11.0
1.10
N
339
13
131
14
230
· -392
Masson pine
western white pine
17
Swiss mountain pine 476
1928
1912
1925
1911
1924
1929
1912
1929
18/18
11/9
23/20
10/2
10/2
22/17
21/12
20/20
7. 0
43.5
19.3
52.5
49.0
19.2
61.2
22.8
12.0
54.0
25.0
56.0
59.0
25.0
70.0
26.0
.23
.63
.42
.64
.96
.42
.82
.44
L
L
N
N
N
H
L
H
densiflora Sieb. & Zucc.
Japanese red pine
echinata Mill.
shortleaf pine
echinata X rigida
engelmannii Carr.
hybrid pine
Apache pine
flexilis James
limber pine
If
flexilis James var.
reflexa Engelm.
griffithii McClelland (7)
heldreichii Christ var.
leucodermis (Ant.) Mark­
graf
jeffreyi Grev. & Balf.
koraiensis Sieb. & Zucc.
lambertiana Dougl.
massoniana Lamb.
monticola Dougl.
mugo Turra
6
l/1951
1925
1925?
1923
(1/)
1929
1912
1930
1925
lodgepole pine
Bosnian pine
Jeffrey pine
Korean pine
sugar pine
..
Condition
Good; crooked boles, some branches
girdled by animal gnawing
Almost dead; repeatedly frozen back
Almost dead; repeatedly frozen back
Excellent
s
L
L
M
s
N
Poor; diseased foliage, damaged
by dry, east winds
Good
Poor; considerable snowbreak
Poor; considerable snowbreak
Fair; yellow foliage
Poor; yellow foliage, snowbreak
Good
Good; tendency to snowbreak
Poor; tendency to snowbreak
Good; light blister rust, some
snowbreak
Good; light blister rust, some
snow break
Good; many have blister rust, some
crooked and forked
Excellent; possible drought damage
L
M
See footnote at end of table.
About This File: This file was created by scanning the printed publication.
Misscans identified by the software have been corrected; however, some mistakes may remain.
Fair; occasional snowbreak
Fair; 1 tree damaged by frost
Good; evidence of root rot
Good; blister rust on all trees
Good; blister rust on all trees
Good; heavy snowbreak
Excellent, except for blister rust
Good; many trees well formed,
some multiple stems
Table 2.--Stapus of living conifer species, Wind River Arboretum (Continued)
:Number
:planted;:Average:Tallest:
:
Frost
:
:number :height :tree in:
____:Lot
___
:Cone
:damage:
:num-:Year:alive
:in 1956:1956
:Growth:produc-: in
C ommon name
Scientific name
:ber :sown:(l956) : (feet) : (feet) :index :tion
: 1955
Species
Pinus (the pines)--Continued
mugo var. mugo
282
352
1925?
1928
3/3
21/21
16.0
13.5
18.0
19.0
.30
.36
M
H
Excellent
Excellent; 1 tree snowbroken
341
1928
20/20
18.2
24.0
.46
H
Excellent; shrubby form
180
4
1923?
1912
15/11
7/7
46.8
45.1
58.0
60.0
.91
.71
N
M
4A
1914
5/3
56.7
60.0
.73
M
Excellent; some forked trees
Good; rapid taper, slight frost
damage to foliage
Good; some sapsucker injury
15
398
503
1912
1929
1936
12/3
21/20
20/19
33.3
27.7
20.1
40.0
36.0
26.0
.47
.60
.87
N
L
N
parviflora Sieb. & Zucc.
Japanese white pine 252
1926
22/18
18.1
27.0
.47
H
peuce Griseb.
Balkan pine
351
1928
3/3
23.3
24.0
.46
N
ponderosa Laws.
ponderosa pine
505
18
1936?
1912
17/17
18/15
7.8
57.8
14.0
76.0
.47
.89
N
N
ponderosa (hybrid)
ponderosa pine
(hybrid)
599­
603 1950
60/55
2.2
4.0
1.82
N
Excellent
ponderosa pine
330
1928
20/14
22.0
33.0
.63
H
1923?
18/11
24.5
39.0
.61
H
19
111
20
475
1914
1924
1914
1929
8/3
20/18
15/12
15/11
48.3
38.4
23.1
13.2
51.5
43.0
38.0
21.0
.63
.70
.46
.42
MF
MF
VL
VL
274
21
22
1926
1912
1912
18/3
8/8
14/6
29.3
55.7
36.5
30.0
62.0
39.0
.52
.73
.46
N
M
L
Fair to excellent; some snow­
break, unidentified top disease
Good; some snowbreak, twisted
stems, some yellow foliage
Excellent
Excellent
Good; badly snowbent
Good; considerable snowbreak and
snowbend
Poor; snowbreak, needle blight
Good, except for blister rust
Fair; heavy sapsucker injury,
acute branch angle
mugo var. rostrata (Ant.)
Hoopes
nigra var. caramanica
(Loud.) Rehd.
nigra Arnold var. nigra
,_.
-..!)
I
mugho Swiss moun­
tain pine
Condition
tree Swiss moun­
tain pine
Crimean pine
Austrian pine
nigra Arnold var. poiretiana
(Ant.) Schneid.
Corsican pine
"
"
ponderosa var.
scopulorum Engelm.
pungens Lamb.
Table-Mountain pine 177
resinosa Ait.
red pine
rigida Mill.
pitch pine
sabiniana Dougl.
strobus L.
sylvestris L.
Digger pine
eastern white pine
Scotch pine
L
About This File: This file was created by scanning the printed publication.
Misscans identified by the software have been corrected; however, some mistakes may remain.
Excellent; slight sapsucker injury
Good; some sapsucker injury
Fair; several trees dying, probably
root rot
Fair; stem cankers, evidence of
root rot, heavy sunscald
Excellent; good ornamental
qualities
Excellent
Excellent; 4 best trees are forked,
probably from snow
Table 2. --Status of living conifer species, Wind River Arboretum (Continued)
:Number
:planted;:Average:Tallest:
:
:Frost
:Lot :
:number :height :tree in:
:Cone
:damage:
----:num-:Year:alive
--:in 1956:1956
:Growth:produc-: in
Scientific name
:ber :sown:(l956) : (feet) : (feet) :index :tion
: 1955
Common name
Species
Pinus (the pines)--Continued
sylvestris L.
sylvestris var. mongolica
Litw.
tabulaeformis Carr.
tabulaeformis Carr. (?)
thunbergii Parl.
virginiana Mill.
I
N
0
I
Pseudotsuga (the Douglas­
firs):
macrocarpa (Vasey) Mayr
menziesii (Mirb.) Franco
"
"
Condition
Scotch pine
179
1923?
18/12
40. 1
49. 0
. 77
H
Good; some snowbreak, severe sap­
sucker injury
Scotch pine
Chinese pine
361
253
1929
1926
20/20
18/13
26. 8
21.0
31.0
32. 0
. 62
. 56
H
H
264
1926
18/17
29. 5
43. 0
. 75
H
Chinese pine (?)
314
Japanese black pine 132
Virginia pine
176
488
1928
1925
1923?
20/1
18/4
16/2
20/2
14. 0
22.5
18. 5
18. 0
14.0
26.0
20. 0
22. 0
. 27
.44
. 31
N
N
N
N
s
M
s
Good; light sapsucker injury
Fair; half show snowbreak or
snowbend
Good; some snowbreak, sapsucker
injury
Fair; snowbreak and snowbend
Poor; crooked and snowbroken
Poor; severe snowbreak
Poor; severe snowbreak
bigcone Douglas-fir 285
Douglas-fir (Rocky
33
Mountain form)
1927
24/1
5. 0
5. 0
. 09
N
s
Poor; barely above fern
1914
20/2
23. 0
27. 0
. 33
N
" (N. Mex. , 9,000')
" (Mont. , 3,100')
" (Idaho, 2,200')
" (Calif. , Sierra
N.F.)
11
(Wash. , Olympic
N. F. )
" (Oreg. , Siuslaw
N.F.)
" (Wash. , Fidalgo
Island)
11
(Mont. , Flat­
head N. F. )
" (Idaho, Nez
Perce N. F. )
11
(Ariz., Tucson)
556
557
558
1948
1948
1948
14/11
12/11
12/11
2.81
2.76
3.32
4. 5
4. 1
6. 7
. 70
. 64
1.04
N
N
N
Poor; severe snowbreak, thin
foliage, Rhabdocline infected
Good
Good
Good
586
1948
12/4
1.20
1. 9
.30
N
Good
587
1948
11/11
3.85
6. 2
. 97
N
Good
588
1948
7/6
2.80
3. 7
.58
N
Good
589
1948
11/10
2. 5
4. 1
. 64
N
Good
593
1948
12/11
1.95
3 .3
. 52
N
Good
594
597
1948
1948
12/11
10/10
1.50
1. 26
2. 0
1. 9
. 31
. 30
N
N
Good
Good
(]j)
See footnote at end of table.
About This File: This file was created by scanning the printed publication.
Misscans identified by the software have been corrected; however, some mistakes may remain.
Table 2.--Status of living conifer species, Wind River Arboretum (Continued)
:Number
:planted;:Average:Tallest:
:Frost
:
:Lot :
:number :height :tree in:
:Cone
:damage:
----:num-:Year:alive
--:in 1956:1956
:Growth:produc-: in
:ber :sown:(l956) : (feet) : (feet) :index :tion
: 1955
C ommon name
Scientific name
Species
Sequoia (the sequoias) :
gigantea (Lindl.) Decne.
giant sequoia
n
sempervirens (D. Don) Endl. redwood
Taxus (the yews) :
baccata L.
I
N
....
I
English yew
Pacific yew
brevifolia Nutt.
Thuja (the thujas) :
occidentalis L.
northern whitecedar
western redcedar
plicata Donn
"
35
1912
14/9
70.1
76.0
.89
N
461
1932
2/2
4.5
6.0
.13
N
s
479
233
1928?
1926
16/15
21/5
18.7
4.5
39.0
5.5
.75
.09
N
N
s
Excellent; leader dead in 1 tree,
frost in 1955
Excellent; 1 previously cankered
tree killed by frost, few
others damaged
Excellent
Poor; repeatedly frozen back
421 &
432 1931
357 Qj)
29/19
21/5
1.3
1.3
1.5
1.5
.03
.02
N
N
s
s
Poor; repeated freezeback
Poor; repeated freezeback
182
37
497
1923?
1912
Qj)
20/5
10/9
17/3
9.2
46.5
3.3
17.0
58.0
4. 0
.27
.68
.09
H
H
N
L
L
s
Good
Excellent
Poor; repeated freezeback,
browsed
1926
5/5
14.6
25.0
.44
L
Excellent; planted in lawn
18/12
8/8
16/10
19.7 11.4
41.1
26.0
18.0
51.0
.41
.74
.83
H
Good
Good; snowbreak
Excellent
19/13
12/4
20.7
5.2
26.0
8.0
.41
.18
L
N
Thujopsis (thujopsis) :
do1abrata (L.f.) Sieb.
& Zucc.
Hiba arborvitae
256
Tsuga (the hemlocks): canadensis (L.) Carr.
caroliniana Engelm.
heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.
mertensiana (Bong.) Carr.
eastern hemlock
Carolina hemlock
western hemlock
mountain hemlock
181 1923?
506 1938
353 (1/)
278 & 354 (1/)
414 1931
sieboldii Carr.
1/
-
Siebold hemlock
Condition
N
H
M
Wild seedlings of unknown age.
About This File: This file was created by scanning the printed publication.
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Excellent
Fair
Year sown, In the case of fall- sown seed, this is the year of
germination. A question mark indicates that stock was of indetermi­
nate age or grown elsewhere, and that the date of sowing is approxi­
mate,
Number planted; number alive ( 1 956), Number planted does
not include first-year replacements of trees that probably died from
transplanting, Replacements were not made in many instances, The
ratio of trees alive to trees planted is not a. good measure of the suit­
ability of a species since early lots were moved when the trees were
too large for successful transplanting, Some other lots were also
m echanically injured or killed by rodents,
Average height in 1 9 .56, Average height in feet of all living
trees in each group at the end of the 1 9 56 growing season,
TaHest tree in 1 9 56,
Height of tallest tree at the end of the
1 9 56 growing season,
Growth index, Ratio of height of tallest tree in each lot to
height of average dominant Douglas-firs on the same site at the same
age {table 3 )
,
Cone production. Noted as 01N11 for none, 11L11 for light, 11M11
for moderate, and 81H01 for heavy if cones have been produced, Where
male flowers were being produced and no visible evidence of cones
was present, the symbol 11MF" was noted under "Cone production. 11
Frost damage in 1 9 5 5. This column was included mainly to
show the relative damage caused by the severe, early, regionwide
freeze in November 1 9 5 5, Following unusually mild weather, temper­
atures dropped rapidly to - 1 F. and remained below 3 2 F. for 6
days {Duffield, 1 9 56), Several lots were completely killed. In most
cases, the injured species had previously shown susceptibility to
damage by freezing, as noted in the ucondition" column, Damage is
listed as light (L), medium (M), or severe (S),
o
o
Condition. Taken from field records to indicate the general
condition of each group with regard to ( 1 ) vigor and ( 2 ) damage by
insects, diseases, or other agencies,
- 2 2­
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Table 3.=-Height-age relationships for dominant Douglas-firs
m!/
native. to the Wind River Arboretu
( years )
Age
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Height
Age
Feet
( years )
Height
Feet
1
0,2
24
42.0
2
0.4
0
0
0
0
25
44.8
3
0.6
0
0
0
0
26
47.4
4
LO
0
0
5
1.6
6
2.2
7
s:
27
49.8
28
52.3
0
0
29
54.8
2.8
0
0
0
0
30
57.3
3.9
0
0
0
0
31
59.5
9
5.1
0
0
0
0
32
61.6
10
6.4
33
63.5
11
8.2
34
65.7
12
10.0
35
67.8
13
11.9
14
14.4
15
16.7
0
0
16
19.0
17
21.5
36
69.8
37
71.9
0
0
38
74.0
0
0
0
0
39
75.9
0
0
40
77.8
0
0
'
0
18
24,3
0
0
0
.
41
80.0
19
27.2
0
0
0
0
42
81.9
20
30.0
0
0
0
0
43
83.7
21
33,0
0
0
0
0
44
85.4
45
87.2
22
36.0
23
39.1
]j
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
These height-age relationships were determined by averag-
ing measurements from 1.1 dominant Douglas-firs
all volunteers within
the arboretum,
Exact age of each tree was determined by boring to tree center
at ground line,
Heights at ages beyond 10 years were found by meas=
uring to the appropriate whorl.
tervals
Heights were averaged at 5-year in=
and a smooth c.urve was drawn through these points.
the lower end of the curve
Data for
from 1 to 10 years, were determined from
four saplings less than 12 years old,
-2 3 ­
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THE PINES ( PINUS )
Sixty- two s p e cie s and var i eti e s of pin e s have b e e n trie d at the
Wind Rive r A rbo r e twn . Of thi s nwnb e r , 38 a r e living and doing
r e a s onably w e ll. , and 4 a r e living b ut doing v e r y poorly.
Many pin e s have shown rapid initial g rowth, b ut none te s t e d
for m o r e than 20 ye a r s have shown a g rowth rate e qual to that o f the
native Dougla s - fi r . Many lot s of white pine s t e s t e d have shown ex ­
cellent thrift and form b ut hold no e ventual p r omi s e , b e caus e of s us ­
c eptibility to white pine b l i s t e r rus t . The white pine s have shown
g r e ate r r e s i stan c e than the hard pin e s to f r o s t and snow damage and
a r e not attacke d by s ap s ucke r s .
The white pin e s ( P . monticola, P . lamb e rtiana , and P . s t r ob u s )
continue to g row v e r y well and a r e of exc e ll. ent form and vigor . How ­
eve r , the y a r e rath e r h eavily inf e ct e d with bli s t e r r u s t .
P . peuce i s i n excellent condition though i t i s s low g r owing .
The old e r g r oup dis plays a v e r y symm etri cal pyramidal c rown that
r each e s to the g r ound , and the youn g e r gr oup is b e ginning to a s s wn e
the s am e f o rm . Thi s s p e cie s would b e a m o s t attractive ornamental
or windb r e ak t r e e .
The high- altitude white pin e s ( P . ari stata , P . flexili s , P .
b alfouriana, P . alb i cauli s , and P . fle;zili s va r . r e flexa) a r e doing
r e a s onably w e ll . The y a r e typically s low g rowing , and m o s t have
s uff e r e d s om e snowb r e ak and snowb end.
P. g riffithii , P. ko raien s i s , P. p e uc e , and P. aristata have
shown immunity to b l i s te r rust. P. flexili s var . r efl exa, P .
b alfouriana, P . fl exili s , and P . s tr obus have shown s om e s u s c e pti ­
bility; P . monticola i s v e r y sus c e ptible ; P . lamb e rtiana i s extr emely
s u s c e ptib l e ; and P. alb i cauli s i s the most s us ce ptib l e of all the white
pin e s in the a rb o r etwn . Thi s s ub stantiat e s the patte rn of r e s i s tanc e
to b li s te r rust found by Childs and B e dwell ( 1 948 ) .
With the exce ption of the fas t e r g r owing P . ponde r o s a and P .
c onto rta , hard pine s f r om b oth easte rn and w e ste rn Unit e d Stat e s do
e qually well in thi s climate . Tho s e f r om the m o r e s o uthe rn latitude s
have done poorly in gene ral , and tho s e f r om the Northeast and No rth ­
we s t , including n o rthe rn C alifo rnia, have done well .
- 24 ­
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P . p onde r o s a , P . b ank s iana , and P . r e s in o s a c ontinue to do
r elatively well and, along with the mugho pine s , are the b e s t of the
hard pine s . Howeve r , the y a r e not doing well enough to r e c ommend
them for planting as timb e r s p e cie s in thi s climate . The m ugho pine s
a r e am ong the hardie st of all s p e c i e s in the arb o retum . Though the y
a r e s l ow g rowing and cannot b e r e comm ended as a timb e r s p e cie s ,
they do well a s o rnam ental s and may p rove a c c e ptable for u s e in
wate r shed work . Som e young l ot s of P . c ontorta s how excellent
gr owth rate s .
With few ex c e ption s , none of the As iati c o r European pin e s
have done well enough to r e c ommend them f o r planting a s timb e r
tre e s in this climate . The m ugho pin e s and P . peuce have b e en men ­
tione d . P. g riffithii , though doing quite wel l, i s s till fai rly young and
no a c c urat e s tatem ent can b e made as to its s uitab ility t o the Wind
Rive r s ite . M o s t European pin e s a r e s u s c e ptible to s ap s uck e r dam ­
age , and s om e g r oup s have s uff e r e d f r om snowb r e ak . The A s iati c
pine s a r e damag e d by snow and s uff e r o c c a s ional f r o s t damage .
Of the 2 3 s p e c i e s of pine that have fail e d or a r e doing poo rly,
7 are native to the Orient, 1 2 are f r om east e rn or we s t e rn No rth
Ame rica b elow the 42nd parall e l , 3 are f r om ma ritim e climate s , and
1 i s b elieved to b e Europ ean . C old tem pe ratur e has caus e d death in
alm o s t eve ry c a s e whe r e the caus e of failur e has b e e n r e c o r de d .
Som e s p e c i e s had done re latively well f o r 3 0 t o 4 0 ye a r s b ef o r e b eing
kil l e d by s eve r e low tem p e r atur e s ( fig . 5 ) .
Figur e 5 . - - Ade quate t e s t s of int r o ­
duc e d s p e c i e s r e qui re many ye ar s .
C o ulte r and knob c on e pine w e r e
p r om i s ing s p e c i e s b ut w e r e c om ­
pletely kille d b y f r o s t in Novem ­
b e r 1 9 5 5 , afte r g r owing well for
3 9 and 43 yea r s , r e s pe ctively.
Dead tr e e s of the knob c on e pine
g r oup a r e shown at right .
- 25­
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THE LARC HES ( LARIX )
As a g roup the larch e s a r e one of the m o s t s uc c e s sful of all
g ene ra in the arb o r etum . Eleven s pe cie s have b e en t r i e d at Wind
Rive r and only one may be l i s t e d as a failur e . With the exc e ption of
L . l e ptolepis and L . o c cidental i s , the larch e s a r e r e s i s tant to f r o s t
damag e . Howeve ;;: s in c e 1 94 6 the l a r che s have s uff e r e d c on s ide rable
snowb r eak . B e caus e of thi s tendency and the i r s u s c e ptib ility to s a p ­
s ucke r damag e , the y a r e not r e ga r de d s uitable fo r int roduction into
thi s climate .
During its fi r s t 3 0 ye a r s , La rix i s the only genus of all tho s e
t r i e d at Wind Rive r that e qual s the native Douglas - fi r in height g r owth .
The g r owth c ompar i s on b e c om e s l e s s favo rable afte r 3 0 ye ar s , how ­
eve r . The lowe s t g r owth index of all the g r oup s o f larch unde r 3 0
ye a r s o f age i s 0 . 7 5 . On the othe r hand, 7 of the 1 1 g r oups olde r
than 3 0 ye a r s have a g rowth index of 0 . 5 9 or l e s s .
In gene ral, the lar che s f r om Europe a r e now doing b ette r than
tho s e from Asia. L . de cidua and L . de cidua X l e ptol e pi s , b oth f r om
E ur o p e , a r e p r e s ently the b e st of all the larch e s and L . d e cidua var .
p oloni ca, another larch f r om Europ e , i s al s o doing v ; ry well . Many
of the larches f r om Japan and c ontinental Asia w e r e onc e le ading all
a rb o r etum g r oup s in g rowth rat e , b ut alm o s t all have now p r oved ve r y
s u s c e ptible to snowb r e ak (fig . 6 ) . L . l e ptol e p i s has al s o b e en dam ­
aged by frost.
Figure 6 . - - Sib e rian l a r c h , whi ch
onc e o ut g r e w Dougla s - fi r , has
r e c ently shown s us c e ptib ility to
snow b r e akag e .
- 26­
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The tamarack , o r e a ste rn larch, L . lari cina , has done fai rly
well and has not s uff e r e d as much snow damage as othe r larche s .
Both g roups of. we ste rn larch, L . o c cidentali s , a r e doing
poo rly . The y have b e en damag e d by snow and f r o s t and earli e r
r e c o rds indicate that the y had a s e rious ne e dl e blight f o r many ye a r s .
It s hould b e pointed out that the s e e d for ' b oth gr oups in the arbor etum
cam e f r om east of the C a s cade. Range , whe r. e climate i s m o r e con ­
tinental and humiditie s a r e the r efore l owe r . In contrast to the poor
s howing of w e s t e rn l a r ch group s in the arb o r e tum , the we ste rn larch
found native to the Wind Rive r valley i s a t r e e of excellent vigor .
L . lyallii ha s b e e n the only failu r e of all s p e c i e s of lar che s .
Only on;- g roup has done well enough in the nur s e ry to warrant plant­
ing in the a rb o r etum , and thi s g roup died ove r a pe riod of 1 0 year s .
THE SPRUC ES ( PIC EA)
Although n ot gene rally rapid g r owin g , m o s t s p e c i e s of s p ru c e
have succ e e de d at Wind Rive r . Of 2 0 s pe c i e s t r i e d i n the arb or etum ,
1 6 a r e doing fai rly well, 3 are doing ve ry p oorly and may b e clas s e d
as failure s , and 1 has fai l e d .
Though few o f the s p r uc e s have done poorly, only P . ab i e s has
done well enough to warrant furthe r · trial s in f o r e s t planting . So far
thi s s p e cie s has dis playe d ex cellent g rowth and vig o r , though it
show s evidenc e of light f r o s t damag e . To date it has not b e e n attacke d
b y Che rm e s c ooleyi .
None of the othe r s p ruc e s show a growth index gr eater than
0 . 6 6 , and P . glauca , P . engelmannii , and P. sitchen s i s a r e attacke d
by C h e rm e s c ooleyi . P . engelmalinii i s al s o damag e d b y saps ucke r s .
The A siatic s p r uc e s hq.ve not done w e l l , and all of the failur e s
a r e f r om the continent o f A s ia o r f r om Japan . P . likiangen s i s grad­
uall y died out . P . b i c ol o r , P . smithiana, and P. polita are al s o
dying out , and P. smithiana and P . polita w e r e r e peatedly b roken by
snow .
THE HEMLOCKS ( TSUGA)
All the hemlo ck s p e c i e s exc e pt two are thrivin g : T. sieboldii
has suff e r e d f r om f r o s t damag e , and o c c a s i onal tr e e s of the T .
ca roliniana g r oup have b e en b r ok en by snow . The two native s p e cie s ,
- 27 ­
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T . h et e r ophylla and T . m e rtens iana a r e the b e s t of all the T s uga
s p e cie s . T . m e rten-;l ana , though s low gr owing, is the hands om e st
and har di e s t . T . canaden s i s i s doing fai rly well b ut i s g r owing con­
siderably s lo w e r than the native _!· hete r o phyll a .
To date no s p e c i e s o f hemlo ck m a y b e l i s t e d as a failur e at
Wind Rive r .
THE DOUGLAS - FIRS ( PSEUDOTSUGA)
Only two s p e ci e s , P. menzi e s ii and P. mac r o carpa, have
b e en te s t e d at W ind Rive r . P . m a c r o c arpa has only one survivor
afte r the low tempe ratur e s in 1 9 5 5 . Thi s 3 0 - ye ar - ol d gr oup has b e en
of poor vig o r and r e p e atedly b r oken by sno w . The Ro cky Mountain
g roup of P . menzie sii at 43 ye a r s of age had only thr e e survivo r s .
Thi s gr oup has b e e n very s everely and r e p e ate dly attack e d b y n e e dl e
di s e as e s (Rhab docline s p . ) (fig . 7 ) . S e e d lots of the As iatic s p e cie s
of Ps eudot s ug a have e ithe r fail e d to ge rminate o r die d in the nur s e ry .
Figure 7 . - - Strain s of native s pe cie s
int r o duc e d f r om m o r e c ontinental
climate s have pe rfo rm e d p o o r ly at
W ind Rive r . Douglas - fi r f r om a
Ro cky Mountain s e e d s ou r c e was
plant e d at the arb o retum m o r e than
40 ye a r s a g o ; today, m o s t of the
t r e e s a r e dead f r om r e peate d attack s
by n e e dl e di s eas e s , and adj a c ent
natural Douglas " f i r s of about the
s am e ag e as the survivo r s r e ach far
ove r them (left ) . Similar poor p e r ­
fo rman c e has b e en shown b y int r o ­
duc e d st rain s o f ponde r o s a pin e ,
we ste rn l a r ch , and l odgepole pin e .
T en lots of Dougla s - fi r , s own in 1 948 , we r e adde d t o the a r ­
b o re tum in 1 9 5 2 . The s e l ots a r e f r om va rious l o cations thr oughout
the W e s t and will b e u s e d to demon st rate racial variation within the
s p e c ie s . So far the only diff e r e nc e s ob s e r ve d have b e en in he ight
g r owth , as s hown in tab l e 2 .
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THE FIRS (ABIES)
In all , 28 s p e c i e s and s ub s p e cie s of Abi e s have b e en tri e d at
W ind Rive r . Of the s e , 24 a r e living, b ut only 1 1 have done well .
Eight a r e only fairly s uc c e s s ful , and 5 have b e en found not s uit e d to
the Wind Riv e r s ite .
Bal s am woolly aphid ( Ch e rm e s pic e a e ) has b e c om e a s e r ious
th r e at among the fir s s in c e the last r em e a s ur em ent in 1 946 . The r e
i s conclusive evide n c e that i t appea r e d b e f o r e 1 949 i n F r a s e r fir (A .
f r a s e ri ) , f o r t o p s o f the F ras e r fir s that die d i n 1 949 a r e heavily
goute d f r01n Che rm e s attack . At that tim e , Che rme s was not known
to b e a s e rious p r oblem in the No rthwe st, and extreme f r o s t was r e ­
p o r t e d a s the ag ent r e s p on s ible f o r damage ( St e el e , 1 9 5 4 ) , B e c aus e
of the heavil y goute d c ondition of all dead t op s , it is c e rtain that
C h e rm e s had r e ached the arb o r e tum b ef o r e thi s dat e , and it i s now
doubtful that c ol d playe d any role in the damage r e porte d . Climato­
l ogical r e c o r d s show the native climate of this g r oup of F ra s e r fir
(Mount Mitchell, N . C . ) to be more s eve r e than that at Wind Rive r ,
and n o f r o s t damage was ob s e rve d afte r the 1 9 5 5 f r e e z e .
B e cau s e a large numb e r of fir s p e c i e s and varietie s a r e e s ­
tabli shed in the arb or etum , the r e has b e e n a good opportunity t o ob ­
s e rve r elative r e s i s tanc e to C he rm e s attack .. Six s pe c i e s and varieti e s
a r e attack e d : A . l a s i o carpa va r . arizoni ca and A . pin s apo show light
infe station ; A . b al s am e a has m o de rate inf e s tation ; and A. h·a s e ri , Ao
l a s iocarpa, and A . alba a r e heavily inf e s t e d . (A. alba :=-though heavily
inf e s t e d, shows ;-o appar ent damage . ) The r e ni'aining g r oup s , includ­
ing A. g r andi s , show no Che rme s inf e s tation to date .
As might b e expe cted, s pe cie s native to the No rthwe s t and
n o r th e rn C alifo rnia have p rove d m o s t s uc c e s s ful at Wind Rive r . Of
the 1 1 s p e c i e s that a r e doing w e l l , 8 a r e native to the No rthw e s t , 1 to
the Northe a s t , 1 to the Southw e s t , and 1 t o n o r th e rn Japan , It s hould
be n o ted that the s p e c i e s f r om north e rn Japan, A. s achalinen s i s , i s
the only fir f r om out s ide the Unite d State s that h a s done well at Wind
Rive r . Altho ugh A . s achalinen s i s g r ows m o r e s lowly than native
Dougl a s - fi r , only A. grandis and A. p r o c e r a a r e m o r e rapid g r owing
among the Ab ie s .
A . g randi s i s the m o s t r apid gr owing of all the bal s am f i r s in
the a rb o r e tum . The native s p e c i e s A. p r o c e r a , A. amabili s , A .
l a s iocarpa, and a variety o f A . g r andi s a r e al s o gr owing well b ut
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considerably slower than A . grandis" A. balsamea and A . lasiocarpa
var. arizonica are doing wellp but the recent attack b y Chermes has
reduced their vigor.
Perhaps the handsomest of all the firs are A. magnifica and
A , magnifica var . shastensis .
The greatest single factor causing failure among the firs is
repeated freezeback. Many Asiatic and European firs suffer almost
annual freezeback because they burst their buds quite early and are
damaged by late spring frost.
No species of balsam fir from south of 4 2 ° latitude has shown
good1 growth at Wind River, and many are listed as failures.
THE CEDARS {CEDRUS)
Of three species of Cedrus, none has failed at Wind River.
However, ..£· deodara is not doing well, and · atlantica and C. libani,
though fairly vigorous, are b oth slow growing.
THE SEQUOIAS (SEQUOIA)
S" sempervirens is doing very poorly and is definitely not
· gigantea
suited to the Wind River site. It is frozen back repeatedly.
is displaying an excellent growth rate and some cones have been pro ­
duced. One volunteer · gigantea has been observed in the arboretum,
This species occasionally suffers minor frost damage.
•
INCENSE .. CEDAR ( LIBOCEDRUS)
Two groups of Lib ocedrus have been· tried at Wind River,
Though some individuals of L. decurrens have been seriously damaged
by frost, most trees of the species are doing very welL
failure.
L. formosana is the only incense-cedar that may be called a
It was killed by frost in the nursery.
THUJOPSIS (THUJOPSIS)
Only a single representative of this genus, T. dolabrata, has
been included in the arb oretum. Specimens of thisspecies are grow­
ing well on a watered lawn near the headquarters building.
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THE THUJAS (THUJA)
Six species of Thuja have been tried at Wind River, two of
which failed to germinate. Of the four that did germinate, two are
now living, The native ..:!_· plicata is doing very well though one
group has suffered freezeback, T. occidentalis has suffered light
frost damage but is doing welL
Both T, standishii and T, orientalis were killed by frost in
the arboretum .
THE WHITE - CEDARS (CHAMAECYPARIS)
welL
, lawsoniana and _£, nootkatensis are the only species doing
Both show occasional but not serious frost damage,
Other Chamaecyparis species are doing poorly , C, obtusa
and C, pisifera were killed by repeated frost and winter damage , C,
thyoides is frozen back repeatedly and, though living, is not suitedto
the Wind River site,
THE CYPRESSES (CUPRESSUS)
Of the eight species and subspecies of Cupressus tried, only
.£· macnabiana and _£, bakeri are living , Some individuals have been
damaged by frost, but all groups are doing very welL
Of the six Cupressus species that failed at Wind River, five
were killed by frost or winter damage (table 6 ) and one died out in
the Wind River nursery from unknown causes,
THE JUNIPERS (JUNIPERUS)
, scopulorum has survived best of all the junipers, but it
does not display good vigor ,
and frost damage ,
All the junipers show a tendency to snow
Four junipers have failed at Wind River, three as a result of
frost damage, One lot died out in the arboretum over a period of 1 0
years,
-
31
-
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THE Y E W S ( TAX US )
None of the ye w s have b e en s uc c e s sful at W ind Rive r , Attem pts
to e s tabli s h T. b r e vifolia and T. bac cata have faile d b e caus e b oth
s p e cie s a r e h e avily b r ow s e d b y dee r ,
THE ARAUCARIAS (ARAUCARIA)
The two s p e cim e n s of A . a r aucana a r e doing well afte r having
b e en r e p e at e dly froz en back f o r m o r e than 3 0 ye a r s , The t r e e s
show e d no dam age f r om the s e ve r e early f r o s t s of Novemb e r 1 9 5 5 ,
PERF ORMANC E OF BROAD - LEAVE D TREES
As m ention e d earlie r , no attempt has b e en made to e stab l i s h
hardwoods i n the arb o r etum s in c e 1 9 28 ,
Maj o r e a ste rn har dwood s p e c i e s have done ve r y poorly; only
Que r cus r ub ra and Tilia ame ricana approach the s i z e and f o rm
attaine d in thei r native habitat (tab l e 4 ) .
Of the mapl e s , only Ac e r platanoide s . ( No rway mapl e ) has done
w elL Though it g r o w s s l owly, the s ingl e s p e cimen of thi s s pe cie s has
deve l o p e d fai rly w e ll and i s an attractive t re e , B oth A c e r m a c r o ph yllum
va r , kimballiae and A c e r s ac charum c ontinue to do poorly,
The Am e r i can che stnut , C a s tanea dentata, i s the only s p e c i e s
o f the g enus still s urviving i n the arb o r etum , The five living t re e s
app e a r t o have good vigor de s pite relative l y slow g rowth ; and s om e
tr e e s b o r e a h eavy crop o f che stnut s ,
Golden chinkapin , C a s tano p s i s chrys o phylla, i s the b e s t har d­
wood g r oup in the arb o r etum {fi g . 8 ) . The tr e e s a r e tall and straight ,
of exc e ll ent vig o r , and r e gularly b e a r f ruit . The s e have p r o duc e d a
large numb e r of natural s e e dlin g s throughout the arb o r e tum .
All the F raxinus s p e ci e s have done poo rly, though the tr e e s
c ontinue to s urvive . G r e en a s h , F , penn sylvanica, has s uff e r e d f r om
snowb r eak ,
Of the poplar s , Populus X b e r olinens i s i s in fai r c ondition
and Populus X petrow skyana has b e e n f r o :z; en b a ck r e peat e dl y .
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Tab l e 4 . - -S tatus o f l iving broad- l eaved species , Wind River Arboretum
Spec ies
I
w
w
I
Sc ientific name
Common name
Lot
num­
ber
Acer platanoides L .
Castanea dentata (Marsh . ) Borkh.
Cas tanop sis chrysophy l l a (Dougl . ) A. DC .
Fraxinus americana L .
"
l atifol ia Benth.
"
p ennsylvanic a Marsh .
Liriodendron tulipifera L .
Lithocarpus densiflorus (Hook . & Arn . ) Rehd .
Populus X b erol inensis Dipp .
11
X petrowskyana ( Reg . ) Schneid .
P runus serotina Ehrh .
"
s p . lf
Quercus alba L .
"
chrysolep i s Liebm.
"
garryana Dougl .
"
kelloggii Newb .
II
prinus L .
"
rubra L.
"
velutina Lam.
Rhamnus purshiana DC .
Tilia americana L.
Ulmus americana L.
Norway map le!/
American ches tnut
golden chinkapin
white ash
Oregon ash
green ash
yellow-poplar
tanoak
Berl in pop l ar
Petrowsky pop l ar
black cherry
P atagonian cherry
white oak
c anyon l ive oak
Oregon white oak
Cal i fornia b l ack oak
ches tnut oak
northern red oak
b lack oak
c ascara buckthorn
American basswood
American elm
95
19 1
54
72
74
75
63
1 20
49
273
64
283
188
1 19
55
121
187
57
56
239
70
62
1./
2:.1
}_/
Year
s own
1913
1 9 24
1913
19 1 2
1913
1912
1911
19 25
- h 9 16
1 9 26
1913
2:h 9 27
1 9 23
1 9 25
1913
1 9 25
1923?
1912
19 14
1 9 25
1912
1912
P l anted on watered l awn .
Cuttings o r p l ants s e t that year .
I dentified by common name only .
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Number
p l anted;
numb er
al ive ( 19 5 6 )
8?/1
6 ? /5
14/10
16/7
1 6 / 14
1 5 ? /4
17? /13
9/2
3?/1
18/13
15/11
11/2
1 6 /4
1 2 /8
7 /4
16/7
14/7
16?/13
1 1 /3
18/13
6 /4
1 3 /6
Height
in 1956
( feet)
37 . 5
24 . 8
45 . 2
8.3
9.6
13. 2
19 . 1
2. 5
25 . 0
3.1
1.5
3.5
6.5
6.0
20 . 2
20 . 7
14 . 0
35 . 6
15 . 7
5.1
28 . 2
13 . 0
Figure 8 . - - B r oad - l eaved s p e c i e s in gene ral fail e d s o con­
s i s tently that the arb o r etum was devoted ex clusively to
conife r s afte r 1 9 28 . The most s uc c e s sful b r oad - l e aved
gr oup has b e en chinkapin, a native of s outhe rn O r e g on ,
whi ch attaine d a he ight o f 4 5 f e e t i n 43 ye ar s . Douglas ­
fi r would b e exp e ct e d to g r ow 8 4 f e e t in the s am e length
of tim e ,
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Tulip popla r , Liriodendron tulipif e r a , has g r own ve r y poorly
at W ind Rive r in compari s on with g rowth in it s native envi ronm ent .
North e rn r e d oak , Que r c u s r ub r a , i s g r owing well , b ut all
oth e r s urviving oak s a r e doing poorly.
Appar ently the b r oad- l e aved s p e c i e s have b e en ve ry adve r s ely
aff e cted b y the hot, dry s umm e r s and porous s oiL In e arlie r r e port s ,
the alm o s t unive r s al failu r e of the s e tr e e s w a s attributed to the lon g ,
rainl e s s p e riod during July and Augu s t ; l o w hum idity; and porou s ,
g r avelly s oiL Many s p e c i e s that failed in the a rb o retum have done
w e ll on wate r e d lawn s . V e ry little e vi denc e of f r e e z eback has b e en
not e d , e ven following the c old winte r of 1 94 9 - 50 and the e arly f r e e z e
o f Novemb e r 1 9 5 5 .
C ONIFERS F O UND UNSUITED T O THE W IND RIVER SITE
Of 1 6 5 conif e r ous s p e ci e s te s t e d at W ind Rive r , 42 have die d
and anothe r l 7 - - although living - - ar e ob viously un s uited t o the habitat
(tab l e 5 ) . ' Som e of the s e uns u c c e s sful s pe c i e s w e r e t r i e d s eve ral
tim e s .
C au s e of fail ur e , though r e c orded, i s diffi cult to e valuate ;
m o s t lots die d b etwe en examination date s , l e aving que stionab l e causal
evidenc e . W inte rkilling was l i s t e d for 29 p e r c e nt of the l ot s , whe r e a s
'
a c omb ination o f caus e s was r e c o r d e d for 5 7 p e r cent - - including
winte r damage , com p e tition , dr ought , and di s e as e . Often, s eve r al
diffe r ent cau s e s we re l i s t e d f o r individual s within the s am e lot. F ou r ­
t e e n p e r c e nt had no c au s e of de ath listed.
Di s ea s e s o r ins e c t s , though important kill e r s of individual
t r e e s , have not yet b e en l i st e d as caus ing the failure of any s p e c ie s .
Although white pine bli ste r rust has b e e n p r e s ent in the arb o retum f o r
s eve ral de cade s , i t h a s n o t completely wip e d out any white pine l o t ,
e v e n though all t re e s i n s om e l ot s a r e inf e ct e d . Lik e wi s e , the r e c ent
b al s am woolly aphid attack on Abi e s has not c om pletely kill e d any
s ingle s pe c i e s . In such outb r e ak s the a rb o r etum ha s s e rved to te st
the r elative s u s c e ptibility of the s p e c i e s within a genus .
A numb e r of s pe c i e s c ontinue to live year afte r ye a r , even
though the y a r e r e p e at e dly damag e d by fro s t , snow, o r s om e othe r
agency. The s e s p e c i e s al s o a r e conside r e d uns uite d to the Wind
Rive r s ite .
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Tab l e 5 . = =C onifer s unsuited to Wind Rive r
Spec ies
Range
S eed
s ourc e!/
Reason for unsuitab i l i ty
Age
at
: death
Years
I
uu 0'
l
D ead:
Ab ies firma S ieb . & Zucc .
Ab ies veitchii Lindl .
Ab ies brac teata D . Don
Chamaecyparis ob tusa ( S i eb . &
Zucc . ) Endl .
Chamaecyparis p i si fera (Sieb . &
Zucc . ) Endl .
C ephalo taxus harring tonia var . drupacea ( S ieb . & Zucc . ) Koidzumi
Cryp tomeria j aponica (L. f . ) D . Don
Cupres sus arizonica Greene
Cupres sus goveniana Gord .
Cupres sus lus itanica Mil l .
Cupressus macrocarpa Hartw. Cupres sus sempervirens L . Cupres sus duc louxiana Hickel Ginkgo b i loba L . Juniperus ashei Buchhol z Junip erus exc el s a Bieb . Juniperus monosperma (Engelm. ) Sarg .
Rep eated winter damage
Rep eated winter damage
Rep eated fro s t damage
20
Orient
Rep eated winter damage
17
Japan
Orient
Fros t k i l l ed and
30
Japan
Japan
Aus tria
Japan
Ari zona
S . Ca l i f .
Mexico
Fro s t kil l ed
D ied gradual ly
Fros t k i l l ed
Fros t k i l l ed
S tock died in nurs ery ( s ee
1947 pub l ication)
Winter damage
Winter kil l ed
Winter k i l l ed
Rep eatedly ki l l ed back
Fros t kil l ed
Fros t k i l l ed
Japan
Japan
C a liL
Japan
Japan
S . Cal i f .
Japan
sw .
u. s .
Cal i f .
Mexico
·
S . Ca l i f .
S . Eur . ,W . As . Medit .
Himalayas
Aus tria
Japan
E . China
E . U . S . ,Mex. No t g iven
Med it .
Aus tria
sw .
sw .
u. s .
u. s .
sw .
u. s .
Died gradually
S ee foo tnote at end o f tab l e .
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Misscans identified by the software have been corrected; however, some mistakes may remain.
inter kil led
20
?
18
15
18
18
3
20
4
2
8
17
19
21
Tab l e 5 . - -Coni fers unsuited to Wind River (Continued)
Range
Species
S eed
s ourc e!/
Reason for unsui tabi l i ty
Age
at
: death
Years
D ead= -Continued
Juniperus semiglobosa
Larix lyallii Par l .
Liboc edrus formosana F lorin .
P ic ea l ikiangensis (Franch . ) Pritz .
I
w
-J
I
Pinus
P inus
P inus
Pinus
P inus
P inus
P inus
armandi Franch .
attenuata Lemm.
c anariens is C . Smith
e l l io ttii Engelm.
c oul teri D . Don
edulis Engelm.
gerardiana Wal l .
P inus hal ep ensis Mil l .
Pinus khasya Royle
P inus l eiophylla Schl ech . & Cham .
Pinus
Pinus
P inus
Pinus
roxburghii Sarg .
montezumae Lamb .
palustris Mi l l .
patula Schl ech . & Cham.
Rus sia
E . Wash .
Japan
China
Fro s t kil l ed
D ied in nurs ery and arb oretum
Fro s t k i ll ed
Died out in arboretum;
probably fros t
Repeated freezeback
Cen . ,W . China China
W. U. S .
Fros t k i l l ed
Cal i f .
Canary I . Winter kil l ed , nurs ery
Canary I .
SE . U . S .
Winter k i l l ed , nurs ery
SE . U . S .
Mex. , Cali f . S . Cali f . Fros t kil l ed
Fro s t and winter kil l ed
sw . u . s .
sw . u . s .
Hima layas
Did poorly for s everal year s ;
India
ki l led by rus t disease
S . Cen . Eur . Died out in nur s ery & arboretum
Medi t .
India
Winter kil l ed , nurs ery
N . Burma
As . Min.
Pac . NW .
Formosa
W . China
sw .
19
13
2
30
31
43
4
39
20
34
8
1
u.s. '
Mex.
Himalayas
Mexico
SE . U . S .
Mexico
Mexico ?
Himalayas
Mexico
SE . U . S .
Mexico
Winter
Winter
Winter
Winter
Ki l l ed
kil l ed , nurs ery
ki l l ed , nurs ery
kil l ed , nurs ery
kil l ed , nurs ery
in nurs ery
S ee footnote at end o f tab l e .
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Misscans identified by the software have been corrected; however, some mistakes may remain.
5
3
6
5
5
Tab le 5 , - -Conifers unsui ted to Wind River (Continued)
Spec ies
D ead- -Continued
Pinus pinas ter Ai t ,
Pinus radiata D , Don
Pinus taeda L ,
'
(,;.)
00
i
Range
S eed
sourc e!/
Reason for unsui tab i l i ty
Years
Med it ,
Cali f ,
SE o Uo S o
Ho l land
S . Cali L
SE o U , S .
Cal i f .
Pinus torreyana Parry
Taxodium dis tichum (L. ) Rich:
Thuj a s tandishii (Gord . ) Carr .
Japan
S . CaliL
Louisiana
Japan
Thuj a orientalis L .
N . ,W . China
Japan
Fros t ki l l ed
Winter k i l l ed
Gradual ly died o f f ; final ly
ki l l ed by fros t
Winter kil l ed , nurs ery
Died after few years
1 smal l lot fai l ed after
5 years in arboretum
Fros t and winter ki l l ed
Cal i f .
W . China
Manch . ,Kor ,
U o S o S . R.
S , Cal i f ,
China
Japan
No t g iven
Repeatedly
Rep eatedly
Rep eatedly
Repeatedly
E, U,So
Japan
N. J ,
Japan
Repeated ly fro zen
Gradually dying off
Japan
Himalayas
Japan
India
Rep eatedly snowbroken
Rep eatedly snowbroken
Living , but in poor condi tion : Ab ies brac teata D . Don
Abies fabri (Mas t . ) Craib
Ab ies ho lophyl la Maxim.
Ab ies s ib irica Ledeb ,
Chamaecypari s thyoides (L. ) B . S , P o
P ic ea b ic o lor (Maxim. ) Mayr
Pic ea polita ( S ieb o & Zucc . )
Carr ,
Picea smithiana Bois s ,
Age
at
: death
s.
u. s .
S ee foo tno te at end o f tab l e ,
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Misscans identified by the software have been corrected; however, some mistakes may remain.
frozen frozen froz en fro zen 27
12
43
5
10
13
20
Tab l e 5 . - -Conifers unsui ted to Wind River (Continued)
Spec ies
Range
S eed
sourc e!/
Reason for unsuitab i l i ty
Age
at
: death
Years
Living , but in poor
c ondition- -Continued
Pinus bungeana Zuc c .
I
l..V
...0
I
NW.
China
China
Repeatedly froz en back
( 2 al ive but very poor)
Gradual ly dying o ff ( snow­
break ; fros t) 8 o f 29 l eft
in 2 lots
F ro s t- - 1 o f 2 l ot s k i l l ed
Fro s t
Fro s t ; gradua l ly dying o ff
Fro s t ; gradua l ly dying o ff
P inus dens i flora S i eb . & Zuc c .
Japan
Japan
P inus griffithii McC le l land ( ?)
P inus sabiniana Doug l .
P inus thunbergii Par l .
Pinus virginiana Mi l l .
P s eudotsuga macrocarpa
(Vasey) Mayr
Himalayas
Cal i f .
J apan
E. U.S.
Himalayas
N. Cali f .
Japan
N.C.
Cal i f .
S . Cali f .
Gradua l ly dying o f f ( 1 s ur­
vivor)
C al i f .
Euras . ,
N . Af .
S . Cali f .
Repeatedly froz en
Aus tria
Rep eatedly frozen
S equoia s empervirens (D . Don)
End l .
Taxus baccata L .
l/ S eed sourc e as recorded in fi l e record . Where source is outs ide spec ies range , the s eed
may have come from arboreta , or may s imp ly be the address o f the c o l l ec tor .
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GENERAL C OMMEN TS ON PERFORMANCE
Although tests of intr oduc e d t r e e s at W ind Rive r Arb o r e tum
a r e not s tat i s ti c ally de s igned, it would b e a di s s e r vi c e not to di s cu s s
tho s e ob s e rvation s that s e em t o throw light o n p e r fo rman c e of int r o ­
duc e d s p e ci e s in the Pacific No rthw e s t . The W ind Riv e r a r e a , b e in g
low s ite Ill, and a t an ele vation o f 1 , 1 50 f e et , c e rtainly p r ovide s a
c on s e rvative t e s t of adaptab ility f o r planting s on f o r e s t land ove r much
of the Pacific No rthwe s t r e gion , The risk of planting a s p e c i e s that
do e s p o o rly at W ind Riv e r would b e c on s ide rable , e ven in milde r \parts
of the r e gion ,
W ith few exce ption s , int r oduc e d t r e e s have not attaine d g r owth
r ate s e qual to that of Douglas - fir native to the a r e a , In thi s lat e s t
r em e a s urement, the ave rage height of Douglas - fi r dominants i n the
arb o r e tum was dete rmined f o r e ach year up to 4 5 year s of age (table 3 )
The s e he ights clo s e ly f ollow the curve for Douglas - fi r s ite index 1 3 0 ,
A g rowth index - - the exp r e s s ion of p e rform an c e of e ach lot- - wa s p r o ­
vide d b y dividing the he ight o f the tall e s t individual by the ave rage
h e i ght of Douglas - fi r dominant s of the s am e age , At first, this
m etho d f o r de riving the g r owth index s e em s ove rly favorab l e to the
introduc e d t re e , Howeve r , the talle s t t r e e in a l ot i s p r ob ably a b ette r
exp r e s s i on than the ave rage height in indicating how a s p e ci e s might
p e rfo rm if s e e d s our c e w e r e c a r e fully s e le cte d to match the climate
at W ind Rive r , Even with s uch a favorab l e c om pari s on , the g r o wth
index of almo s t all int r oduce d t r e e s fal l s b el ow 1 , 0 0 ; hence it s e rve s
to fo cus attention on how f e w of the 2 1 5 living g roup s have p o s s ibilitie s
f o r int r o duction a s timb e r t r e e s ,
Practically all s p e c i e s that have g r own at fast e r rat e s than
Dougla s .- fi r did s o during early lif e and w e r e eventually ove rtaken - ­
m o s tl y b ef o r e r e aching 20 ye a r s of age , Thi s i s particularly true of
the pine s , Seve ral l a r ch e s have c ontinu e d to g r ow at high rate s , but
have b e en b r oken by snow , Even when com pa r i s on s a r e made within
g ene r a, instead of with native Douglas - f i r , the No rthwe s t r e pr e s e nta­
tive s have usually shown the b e s t g r owth rate ,
Som e introduc e d s pe c i e s s e em to have p r omi s e , how e ve r ,
B e tt e r adapte d s train s of S e quoia gigante a , Pi cea ex c e l s a , and s e v e r al
larche s shoul d b e te ste d m o r e exhaustively, f o r exam pl e , s in c e the
arb o r e tum lots have shown good sustained pe rforman c e ,
Mention should al s o b e made of patte rn s a s s ociat e d with g r ow th
and m o rtality , One of the s e patterns i s the g ene rally poor g r owth o r
- 40 ­
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,
out r i ght failu r e of intr oduc e d s p e c i e s and s ub s pe ci e s f r om the s outhe rn
and s outheaste rn Unit e d State s , Mexi c o , s outhe rn Asia, China, Japan ,
and the s outhe rn hemi s ph e r e o B e s t p e r fo rm e r s in each gen e ra have
b e en native to the we s t slope of the C a s cade Range and Sie r ra Nevada o
C onif e r s f r om the north e a s te rn Unite d State s have done fai rly w e ll ,
and tho s e f r om w e s t e rn Europe have gene r ally s urvive d o Thi s patt e rn
i s shown , s pe c i e s b y s p e cie s , f o r var ious climatic r e gi ons of the
w o r l d (Heintzelman and High sm ith, 1 9 5 5 ) in tab l e 6 . As shown in thi s
table , the compari s on s with height g r owth of native Dougla s - fir ( g rowth
index ) a r e fai rly c on s i s tent by g r oups of s p e ci e s in each climati c
r e gion , In int e r p reting the tab l e , howeve r , the r e ade r should r e c o g ­
niz e that the data u s e d fo r e valuating any one s pe cie s w e r e ve ry
limite d and that the cla s s ification is not a r i g o r ous one ,
The s imilar p e rformance at W ind Rive r of wh ole g r oups of
s p e c i e s f r om climatic r e gion s of the world s upports the vie w long held
b y plant g e o g r aphe r s ( G ray, 1 8 78 ; G ray and Hook e r , 1 8 8 1 , p, 4 1 ) that
clim ati c r e qui rement s of plant c ommuniti e s a r e highly r e s t ricted and
p r ob ably have not chang e d much ove r millions of year s ,
Many t r e e s pe ci e s int r o duc e d at W ind Rive r , now native to the
Orient and s o utheaste rn Unite d State s , exi s t e d abundantly in the flora
of th e Pacific N o rthwe st in the Mio cene e p o ch ( B e ck , 1 9 4 5 ; Chaney,
1 948 ) b ut faile d to s urvive a s the climate b e came cool e r and s ubj e ct
to m o r e s umm e r dr oughtine s s . The i r gene ral un suitability following
r e intr oduction s upports the ide a of an inhe r ent! y na r r ow e c ological
amplitude ; the s e s p e c i e s have fail e d to devel o p a tole ranc e for the
p r e s e nt climate of the Pacific No rthwe st, e ve n afte r millions of year s ,
This empha s iz e s the diff i c ulty of finding s p e ci e s o r st rains from the
Orient or s outh e a s t e rn Unite d State s that a r e adapted to No rth,w e s t
c ondition s ,
Anoth e r int e r e s ting patt e rn has b e e n the poor pe rforman c e of
s p e c i e s native to th e No rthw e s t , b ut having o r igins from s e e d c oll e cted
e a s t of the C a s cade s , G rowth rate s a r e exc ell ent for Douglas - fi r ,
w e s t e rn l a r ch , l odgepole pin e , and p onde r o s a pine that a r e native to
the W ind Rive r valley, b ut st rains of the s e s p e ci e s from a r e a s having
a m o r e c ontinental climate than at W ind River have usually done poorly
at the arb o r etum o Lik e wi s e , b ette r g r owth of tr e e s f rom s e e d s our c e s
w e st o f the C a s cade s i s al r eady appar ent i n the 1 0 l ot s of Douglas - fi r
s own in 1 948 f r om var ious s e e d s ou r c e s ove r i t s g r eat range o Native
n e e dl e di s ea s e s have undoub t e dly playe d a m aj o r role in the poor pe r ­
fo rman c e of the Ro cky Mountain f o rm of Douglas - fi r , Arb o r etum lots
- 41 ­
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Tab le 6 . - -Performanc e o f spec ies by c l imatic regions of the world
Spec ies
Dry- summer sub tropic s :
Ab ies brac teata D . Don
Cupres sus goveniana Gord .
Cupres sus lus itanica Mil ler
Cupres sus s empervirens L .
P ic ea smithiana (Wall . ) B oiss ier
P inus coul teri D . Don
P inus halep ensis Mil l .
I
,.J>.
N
I
Pinus muricata D . Don
P inus radiata D . Don
Pinus torreyana Parry
Humid sub tropic s :
Ab ies firma S ieb . & Zucc .
Ab ies ho lophylla Maxim.
Ab ies sachalinensis Mas t .
Araucaria araucana (Mol ina)
K . Koch
Chamaecyparis ob tusa (S ieb . &
Zucc . ) Endl .
Larix gmelini var . pr inc ip i s rupprechtii (Mayr) Pi lger
Picea b ico lor (Maxim. ) Mayr
P ic ea pol i ta ( S ieb . & Zucc . ) Carr .
Pinus echinata Mil l .
Range
Seed
source
Per formance
: Growth
: index
Rep eated fro s t damage
Fros t kil l ed
Di ed in nurs ery
Winter killed
Rep eated snow damage
Fros t kil l ed
Cal i f .
Cal i f .
Ca l i f .
S . Cal i f .
S. Calif.
Mexico
Pal estine
Turkey
S . Cal i f .
I taly and
France
S . Cal i f .
S . Calif.
S . Cal i f .
Japan
Manch. ,Kor .
Japan
Japan
Japan
Japan
Repeated winter damage
. 10
Rep eatedly froz en back
Goo d ; light fro s t ; crook ed s t ems . 66
Chi le
Argentina
Rep eatedly kil l ed back ; now good . 09
Japan
Japan
Repeated winter damage
. 31
E . As ia
J apan
Japan
E. U.S.
Japan
Japan
India
N. C .
Fai r ; extreme snowbreak
Poor ; repeatedly snowbroken
Poor ; snowbroken
Suffers fro s t damage ; poor
to fair
o 47
. 12
. 06
Cali f .
Ca l i f .
Mexico
S .. Eur . , N . As .
H imalayas
Cal i f .
Medi t .
Died out in nurs ery & arboretum
D ied in arboretum
Fro s t k l l ed
Fros t k l l ed in nurs ery
About This File: This file was created by scanning the printed publication.
Misscans identified by the software have been corrected; however, some mistakes may remain.
. 41
Tab l e 6 . - P er formance o f spec ies by c l imatic regions of the worl d (Continued)
Range
Spec ies
I
If:>.
VJ
I
Humid sub tropic s - -Continued
P inus elliottii Engelm.
P inus koraiensis S i eb . & Zucc .
P inus palus tris Mil l .
P inus rigida Mi ll .
Pinus r igida var . s erotina
(Michx . ) Loud .
P inus taeda L .
SE . U o S . Jap . ,Kor . SE . U . S . E . , N . Amer .
S eed
s ource
Louis iana
Japan
N. C .
Georgia
Per formance
: Growth
: index
Winter k i l l ed in nurs ery
Goo d ; evidence o f root rot
Winter kil l ed in nurs ery
Goo d ; badly snowb ent
F lorida
Louisiana
Japan
E. U. S .
Japan
N. C .
Died in nurs ery
Gradually died o ff ; final ly
fros t k i l l ed
Fro s t ; gradual ly dying o f f
Fro s t ; gradua l ly dying o ff
Japan
N . ,W . China
Japan
Louis iana
Japan
D i ed in nurs ery
Died after few years in arboretum
Fro s t and winter kil l ed
sw .
u. s .
Arizona
Fros t kil led
u.s.
u. s .
N. Mex.
E . Oregon
Juniperus scopulorum Sar g .
W . N o Amer .
E . Oregon
Juniperus semiglob o s a Regel
Pinus aris tata Engelm.
As . Minor
W. U o S o
U . S . S . R.
Ari zona
Died o ff gradual ly
Fair ; snowbreak , twis ted s t ems ,
extremely s low growth
Goo d ; s ome snowbreak , s l ow
growing
Fros t k i l l ed
Poor ; snowb ent
Dry continenta l s :
Cupres sus ari zonica Gr eene
Juniperus monosp erma (Engelm. )
Sar g .
Juniperus occ identaH.s Hook .
. 46
..
SE . U . S .
SE . U . S .
P inus thunbergii Par l .
P inus virginiana Mi l l .
Sciadop i tys vertici l lata (Thumb . )
S i eb . & Zuc c .
Taxodium distichum (L. ) Rich .
Thuj a orientalis L .
. 42
s.
sw .
w.
u. s .
About This File: This file was created by scanning the printed publication.
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. 09
. 22
. 14
Tab le 6 o = -Per formance o f spec ies by c l imatic regions o f the world (Continued)
Range
Spec ies
Dry continenta l s - =Continued
Pinus c ontorta var " latifolia
S . Wats "
Pinus edulis Engelm.
Pinus engelmannii Carr .
P inus flexilis James
l
" f!:>.
*"I
Pinus
ex .
Pinus
P inus
Pinus
P inus
leiophylla S chiede & Deppe
S chlech o & Cham .
monte zumae Lamb .
patula S chlech " & Cham .
ponderosa Laws .
ponderosa Laws .
Long - summer humid continentals :
Chamaecyparis thyoides (L . ) B . S . P .
Juniperus virginiana L .
Seed
s ourc e
W . N . Amer .
Montana
sw .
u. s .
sw .
u. s .
N . Mex.
Arizona
N . Mex.
Mexico
sw .
P er formanc e
: Growth
: index
Poor ; di s eased , fo l iage dam=
aged by eas t wind
Fros t and winter k i l l ed
Goo d ; tendency to snowbr eak
Good ; b l is ter rus t ; some
c rooked and forked
. 67
. 63
. 82
u. s . '
Mex.
Mexico
Mexico
W. U . S .
W . U. S .
Mexico
Mexico
Mexico
E. Wash .
Arizona
E . U. S .
N. J .
E . N . Amer .
Virginia
Penn.
Pinus echinata X rigida
P inus nigra var . poiretiana
(Ant . ) Schneider
Medit .
Yugos lav.
P inus rigida Mil l .
E . N . Amer .
N. J .
Winter kil l ed in nurs ery Winter kil l ed in nur s ery
Killed in nurs ery
Exc e l l en t ; 4 bes t trees forked
Fair to exc e l l ent ; uniden ti fied
top diseas e , snowbreak
Poo r ; repeated freezeback ; very
s low growth
Fair to goo d ; snowbreak ; l ight
fro s t ; extremely slow growing
Good ; fair growth
Goo d ; fair growth; sapsucker
inj ury
Good ; snowbreak and snowbend
About This File: This file was created by scanning the printed publication.
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. 89
. 63
. 11
o l7
. 57
. 60
. 42
Tab l e 6 . - -Per formanc e o f spec ies by c l imatic regions o f the world (Continued)
Sp ec ies
Range
Shbrt = summe r humid c ontinentals :
Larix gme l inii var . j aponica
(Reg . ) P i lg er
I
If::..
U"1
I
Larix
Pic ea
P inus
Pinus
P inus
Pinus
laricina (Du Roi) K . Koch
g lauca (Moench) Voss
b anks iana Lamb .
s trobus L .
sylves tris L .
tabulaeformi s Car r .
Thuj a occidentalis L.
As .
Can . , N . U o S o
Can o , N . U o S .
Can. , N . U . S .
NE o U o S o
Eur . ,NW. As .
China , Kor .
NE . U .
Marine wes t coas t s :
Ab ies nordmanniana ( S teven) Spach .
Cupressus macrocarpa Hartw .
Cupres sus duc louxiana Hickel
Larix eur o lep i s Henry
Picea ab ies (Lo ) Kar s t .
Picea s itchensis (Bong . ) Carr .
Pinus p inas ter Ait .
S equoia s emp ervirens (D .
Endl .
NE .
S eed
source
Kur ile I .
N . Minn .
Minn .
Minn .
Manchuria
Korea
S . , Can .
P er formanc e
: Growth
: index
Good ; some snowb reak , sap­
sucker damage
Good ; some snowb end
Goo d ; many gal l s
Good ; crooked bo les
Good exc ep t for b l i s ter rus t
Goo d ; light s ap sucker damage
Good ; some snowbreak , sap­
sucker inj ury
Good ; s low growth
. 83
. 84
. 49
. 66
73
o 62
•
. 75
o 68
Di ed in arboretum
Winter kil led
Fros t k i l l ed in nurs ery
Exc e l l ent ; s ome crooked trees
1 . 00
Excel l ent ; 1 tree snowbroken
1 . 33
NW . U . S . ,
Can .
Medi t .
Franc e
Oregon
Aus tria
England
Prus s ia ,
Germany
Wash. and
Oreg .
Hol land
Cali f o ,
Orego
Calif o
Repeatedly froz en back ; very
poor
As . Minor
SW . U o S o
Himalaya
(hyb rid)
N . C en . Eur .
Fair to good ; many spruc e gal l s
Fro s t kil l ed
. 66
on)
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0
09
Tab l e 6 . - -Per formanc e o f spec ies by c l imatic regions of the world (C ontinued)
Spec ies
Middle-latitude highlands :
High elevations- -Europe and As ia :
Ab ies alba Mi l l .
Picea l ikiangensis (Franch . )
Pritz .
Pinus mugo Turra .
I
;!:>.
0'
I
High elevations - -wes tern America:
Ab ies amabilis (Dougl . ) Forb es
Ab ies las iocarpa (Hook . ) Nutt .
Ab ies magni fica A . Murr .
Ab ies magni fica var . shas tens is
L
.
Abies procera Rehd .
Cupres sus macnabiana A. Murr .
Larix lyallii Parl .
Larix occidentalis Nutt .
Pic ea engelmannii Parry
Picea pungens Engelm.
Pinus alb icaul is Engelm.
Pinus bal fouriana Grev . & Bal f .
Range
Europe
S eed
sourc e
Swi tzer­
land
P er formance
Fair
: Growth
: index
. 40
Fros t kil led
N. China
China
C en . & S . Eur . Switzer­
land
Exc e l l ent
Wash.
Pac . NW .
Wash .
P ac . NW .
C a l i f . , Oreg . C a l i f .
Goo d ; s l ow growth
Fair
Exc e l l ent
. 41
. 43
. 44
Cal i f . , Oreg .
Oreg . ,Wash .
Cal i f .
Pac . NW .
P ac . NW .
Pac . NW .
Oregon
Wash .
SW . Oreg .
wash.
E. Wash.
N . Idaho
. 40
. 70
. 18
w. u. s .
W . N . Amer .
C a lif .
Utah
E . Oreg .
Cal i f .
Good
Good
Goo d ; s evere fros t injury
Died out in arboretum
Poor ; s evere snowbreak
Good ; many gal l s , sapsucker
inj ury
Exc e l l ent
Fair ; al l have b li s ter rus t
Good ; one k i l l ed by b l i s ter
rus t
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Misscans identified by the software have been corrected; however, some mistakes may remain.
•
36
. 27
. 51
. 61
. 53
. 16
Tab l e 6 . - -Performanc e of spec ies by c l imatic regions o f the world (Continued)
Range
Spec ies
Middle- latitude highland s- -Continued
High elevat ions - -wes tern America -­
Continued
P inus f lexi l i s James
Tsuga mertens iana (Bong . ) Carr .
I
>f:>.
-J
I
Middle elevations wes t o f Cascade
Range and S i erra Nevada:
Ab ies grandis (Doug l . ) Lind l .
Pinus j e ffreyi Grev . & B a l f .
S eed
·source
Montana
Performanc e
: Growth
: index
NW .
Wash.
Goo d ; some snowbreak and
b l i s ter rus t
Exc e l l ent
Pac . NW .
Calif. ,
Oreg .
Wash.
Exc e l l ent
. 81
Cal i f .
Cal i f .
Fair ; 1 tree damaged
Exc e l l ent ; 1 tree damaged by
fros t
Exc e l l ent
Poor ; repeated deer damage
Exc e l l ent
Exc e l l ent
. 63
s·�;,� .
Pac .
u. s.
Pinus lamb ertiana Doug l . mv .
S equoia gigantea (Lindl . ) D ecne . Taxus brevi folia Nut t . Thuj a p l icata Donn . Tsuga heterophy l l a (Ra f . ) Sarg . Cal i f .
Pac . NW .
Pac . NW .
Pac . NVJ .
u. s .
Calif.
Wash.
Wash.
Wash.
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Misscans identified by the software have been corrected; however, some mistakes may remain.
. 70
. 41
. 96
. 89
. 02
. 68
. 83
of we ste rn l a r c h , p onde r o s a pin e , and lodg e po l e pine have al s o s uf ­
fe r e d f r om di s e a s e a s well a s b r eakage f r om heavy, wet snow s .
A s p r e viously m ention e d , the known cau s e s of mo rtality have
b e en m o stly c lim atic extr em e s - - cold, heavy snows , and drought .
Many s p e c i e s survive d s eve r e winte r s for 20 to 40 ye a r s until finally
kill e d b y s om e more ext r em e w e athe r c ondition than p r e viously en ­
count e r e d . W ithin the last 1 0 year s , s eve ral l ot s - -notably tho s e of
knob c on e , cluste r , and C oulte r pin e - - we r e kill e d afte r g r owing well
Figure 9 . - - The m aj o r c onclu ­
s ion f r om te s ting introdu c e d
t r e e s ove r a 44 - ye a r p e riod
i s that native tre e s s e em to
b e s upe rior in b oth g r owth
and vig o r . At l eft , the b o r ­
de ring natural Dougla s - fi r
stand tow e r s ab ove all lots
in the arb o r etum . The a r e a
w a s l o g g e d ab out 1 9 0 9 , hence
the Dougla s - fi r stand is
about the s am e age a s the
olde s t planting s .
in th e W ind Rive r climate for 4 1 ye ar s . Thus , the value of the a r ­
b o re tum a s a t e s t of adaptability inc r e as e s with tim e .
The m aj o r c onclu s i on f r om the arb o r etum te s ting i s that no
s p e ci e s has b e en found that s e em s pr e s ently s uitable for int r o duction
a s a timb e r t r e e in the Pacifi c No rthw e s t (fi g . 9 ) . Pe rhaps m o r e
careful choi c e o f rac e s b ette r adapted t o the No rthwe s t climate will
change the pictur e e ventually.
- 48 ­
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Misscans identified by the software have been corrected; however, some mistakes may remain.
Obvious ly, growth rate and mo rtality a r e only two of m any
c rite ria by which the p e rfo rm an c e of lots might b e judg e d , The us e ­
fulne s s of s om e t r e e s for wat e r shed and o rnam ental planting s has b e en
m ention e d ,
LITERA T URE C ITED
B e ck , George F ,
1 94 5 , Ancient f o r e st t re e s of the s ag eb rush a r e a in c entral
W a shington , Jou r . F o r e s t r y 4 3 : 3 34 - 3 3 8 , ill us ,
Chaney, Ralph W o rk s
1 948 , The ancient for e st s o f O r e gon , Or e g , State System Hi gh e r
E d , C ondon Le ctur e s , 5 5 p p , , ill us . Eugen e , O r e g .
Childs , Thoma s W , 0 and B e dwell, J . L ,
1 948 , Sus c e ptibility of s om e white pine s p e cie s t o C r onartiwn
rib i c ola in the Pacifi c No rthwe st , Jour . F o r e stry 4 6 :
59 5 - 59 9 ,
Duffield, · John W ,
.
1 9 5 6 , Damage to we s t e rn W a shington fo r e s t s f r om No vemb e r
1 9 5 5 cold wave . U .· S , For e st Se r v . Pac , N W , F or e st and
Range Expt , Sta . Re s , Note 1 29 , 8 p p . , illus , ( P r o c e s s e d . )
G ray, A s a
1 8 78 . F o r e st g e o g r aphy and a r cheology.
Arts 1 6 ( 9 2 ) : 8 5 - 94 ,
Ame r , Jour . ScL and
and Hooke r , Jos e ph D .
1 8 8 1 . The ve g etation of the Rocky Mountain r e gion and a c om ­
pari s on with that of oth e r parts of the world, U . S . Ge ol . &
G e og . Survey of the T e r . , v . 6 , Bul . · 1 , pp . 1 - 7 7 .
W ashington , D , C .
-:-:::-:::-
-
Heintz e lman , Olive r Har ry, ;:tnd Highsmith , R , M .
1 9 5 5 . W o rld r e gional g e o g r aphy. 3 5 7 pp , , ill us .
C liff s , N . J .
Engl ewood
Littl e , Elb e rt L . , J r .
1 9 5 3 . C h e ck l i s t of native and naturaliz e d tr e e s o f the United
State s (including Ala s ka ) . U . S . De pt , Ag r . Handb . 4 1 ,
47 2 pp ,
- 49 ­
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Misscans identified by the software have been corrected; however, some mistakes may remain.
Munge r , Thornton T ,
1 94 7 , The W ind Rive r Arb o r etum f r om 1 9 3 7 t o 1 94 6 , U , S , F o r ­
e s t S e r v , Pac , N W , F o r e s t and Range ExpL Sta , , 2 1 pp , ,
illus , ( P r o c e s s e d , )
and Kolb e , E rn e s t L ,
1 9 3 2 , The W ind River Arb o r etum f r om 1 9 1 2 to 1 9 3 2 , U , S , F o r ­
e st Se rv, Pac , N W , F o r e s t and Range Expt , Sta , , 2 2 p p , ,
illus , ( P r o c e s s e d , )
--..,..-,...
-
and Kolb e , E rne st L ,
1 9 3 7 , The W ind Rive r Arb o r e tum f r om 1 9 3 2 to 1 9 3 7 , U , S , F o r ­
e s t S e rv , Pac , N W , F o r e s t and Range ExpL Sta , , 1 5 p p ,
(Pro c e s s e d , )
----
Ste e l e , R, W ,
1 9 5 4 , C ol d we athe r damag e s p r om1smg s p e ci e s i n the Wind
Rive r Arb o r e tum , U, S, F o r e st S e rv , Pac , N W . F o r e st
and Range ExpL Sta , Re s , Note 9 5 , 7 p p , , illus ,
(Proce s sed, )
-
50
-
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