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Cambridge International Examinations
Cambridge International General Certificate of Secondary Education
0460/01
Paper 1 Geographical themes
For Examination from 2016
SPECIMEN PAPER
1 hour 45 minutes
Candidates answer on the Question Paper.
Additional Materials:
Calculator
Ruler
READ THESE INSTRUCTIONS FIRST
Write your Centre number, candidate number and name in the spaces provided.
Write in dark blue or black pen.
You may use an HB pencil for any diagrams, graphs or rough working.
Do not use staples, paper clips, glue or correction fluid.
DO NOT WRITE IN ANY BARCODES
Write your answer to each question in the space provided.
If additional space is required, you should use the lined pages at the end of this booklet. The question
number(s) must be clearly shown.
Answer three questions, each from a different section.
The Insert contains Photographs A, B and C for Question 2, Photograph D for Question 3 and Figs 8A and
8B for Question 5.
Sketch maps and diagrams should be drawn whenever they serve to illustrate an answer.
At the end of the examination, fasten all your work securely together.
The number of marks is given in brackets [ ] at the end of each question or part question.
This document consists of 28 printed pages, 2 blank pages and 1 Insert.
© UCLES 2013
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2
Section A
Answer one question from this section.
1
(a) Study Fig. 1, which shows population density in Mali (a country at a lower level of
development in Africa).
0
10° W
500
N
0°
km
ALGERIA
20° N
100mm
MALI
MAURITANIA
Timbuktu
400mm
15° N
Nioro du Sahel
Mopti
Ségou
San
Kita
Koulikoro
Bamako
Bia
R
iver
N
BURKINA FASO
ig e
1000m
NIGER
r
Sigasso
m
10° N
SIERRA
LEONE
BENIN
GUINEA
GHANA
IVORY COAST
TOGO
LIBERIA
Key
100mm
annual precipitation
Population density (people per km2):
fewer than 1
Location of Mali
1.0 to 2
2.1 to 10
more than 10
Fig. 1
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NIGERIA
3
(i) Which part of Mali has the lowest population density?
[1]
(ii) Describe two features of the location of areas where population density is over
10 people per square kilometre.
1
2
[2]
(iii) Suggest reasons why the population of Mali is unevenly distributed.
[3]
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(b) Study Fig. 2, which shows population statistics for Mali between 2000 and 2005.
year
birth rate
death rate
net migration
life expectancy
2000
49.23
19.10
– 0.37
46.66
2001
48.79
18.71
– 0.36
47.02
2002
48.37
18.32
– 0.35
47.39
2003
47.79
19.21
– 0.34
45.43
2004
47.29
19.12
– 0.33
45.28
2005
46.77
19.05
– 0.33
45.09
Fig. 2
(i) Calculate the population growth of Mali in 2005. You must show how you worked out
your answer.
[3]
(ii) Explain why birth rates are still high in countries at a lower level of development such as
Mali.
[4]
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(iii) Describe and suggest reasons for the changes in life expectancy in Mali between 2000
and 2005.
[5]
(c) Choose any example of international migration which you have studied and name the
countries between which people moved. Explain why many people made the decision to
migrate. You should refer both to pull and to push factors.
International migration chosen from
to
[7]
[Total: 25 marks]
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ROTHERHAM
A6135
1
34
M1
8
on
rD
ve
Ri
2
10
A6
N
A6
30
(a) Study Fig. 3, which shows the location of the CBD and two modern shopping centres in
Sheffield, a city in the UK.
A61
2
M1
33
30
A6
A57
A5
7
31
2
M1
A6
1
A6
21
A6
25
SHEFFIELD
32
0
5
A6
13
5
km
30
Key
31
motorway
‘A’ road
motorway junction
urban area
river
CBD
Modern shopping centres:
1
Meadowhall
2
Crystal Peaks
Fig. 3
(i) What is meant by the initials CBD?
[1]
(ii) Meadowhall and Crystal Peaks are modern shopping centres. Identify one similarity and
one difference between their locations.
[2]
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(iii) Use evidence from Fig. 3 to suggest reasons for the location of Crystal Peaks shopping
centre.
[3]
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(b) Study Fig. 4, which shows a hierarchy of settlements and services, and Photographs A, B
and C (Insert).
LARGE
• Large
railway station
• Indoor shopping
centre
• Theatres • Museums
• Large sports stadium
• Department stores
• Specialist shops
• University
• Hospital
Cities
HIGH
ORDER
SPHERE
OF INFLUENCE
Towns
• Supermarkets • Bus station
• Banks • Travel agents
• Leisure centre • Secondary school
MIDDLE
ORDER
Villages
• Doctors’ surgery • General store/Post office
• Church • Primary school
LOW
ORDER
SMALL
Fig. 4
(i) Photographs A, B and C (Insert) were taken in three different types of settlement.
For each photograph, state whether it was taken in a city, a town or a village, judging by
the services shown.
A
B
C
[3]
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(ii) Use the information in Fig. 4 to explain what is meant by hierarchy of settlements and
services.
[4]
(iii) Explain why people travel further for some shops and services than for others.
[5]
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(c) The building of new housing, roads and services often results in urban sprawl.
Name an example of a town or city which you have studied where urban sprawl has taken
place. Describe its effects on people and the natural environment.
Name of town or city
[7]
[Total: 25 marks]
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TURN OVER FOR QUESTION 3
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Section B
Answer one question from this section.
3
(a) Study Fig. 5A, which shows the location of the Mojave Desert, along with Fig. 5B, a graph
showing its climate.
N
NEVADA
UTAH
CALIFORNIA
Mojave
Desert
ARIZONA
Pacific
Ocean
0
250
km
Fig. 5A
Canada
USA
Area shown
by Fig. 5A
Mexico
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30
20
10
temperature (°C)
40
0
40
35
precipitation (mm)
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
J F M A M J
J A S O N D
months
Fig. 5B
(i) Estimate the total annual precipitation in the Mojave Desert.
[1]
(ii) What is the annual temperature range in the Mojave Desert? You must show how you
worked out your answer.
[2]
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(iii) Describe the location of the Mojave Desert.
[3]
(iv) Explain why tropical desert areas, such as the Mojave Desert, are hot and dry. You may
use labelled diagrams or sketch maps in your answer.
[4]
(b) Study Photograph D (Insert), which shows vegetation in part of the Mojave Desert.
(i) Describe the main features of the vegetation shown in Photograph D.
[3]
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(ii) Explain the effects of climate on the natural vegetation in tropical desert areas.
[5]
(c) Many areas of natural vegetation are at risk from deforestation. Name an area of tropical
rainforest which you have studied and explain the causes and effects of deforestation.
Name of area of tropical rainforest
[7]
[Total: 25 marks]
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4
(a) Study Fig. 6, a map showing the drainage basin of the River Lee in the south of the UK.
N
Luton
Y
R. LE E
Stevenage
R. BE
Welwyn
Garden
City
E
AN
Hatfield
R. R I B
Ware
Hertford
S
R. A
H
Bishops
Stortford
Hoddesdon
R. S
TO
R
Cheshunt
E
LE
.
R
Enfield
T
Sawbridgeworth
Harlow
Waltham
Abbey
Greater
London
Epping
Key
rivers
X
built up
areas
0
15
km
Fig. 6
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watershed
17
(i) Name a tributary of the River Lee.
[1]
(ii) Give two reasons why the amount of water in the river is greater at X than Y.
1
2
[2]
(iii) Suggest three likely differences between the shape of the river valley at X and at Y.
1
2
3
[3]
(iv) Explain how the River Lee might bring both benefits and problems for people who live in
Hertford.
[4]
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(b) Study Fig. 7, a diagram showing a waterfall and gorge.
direction of flow
river
former position
of waterfall
hard rock
(limestone)
boulders
from rockfall
soft rock
original
plunge pool
debris washed
downstream
Fig. 7
(i) The river is eroding by hydraulic action, corrasion (abrasion) and corrosion.
Define each of these terms.
Hydraulic action
Corrasion (abrasion)
Corrosion
[3]
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(ii) Explain how the waterfall and gorge shown in Fig. 7 have been formed.
[5]
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(c) Explain how an oxbow lake is formed. You should include fully labelled diagram(s).
[7]
[Total: 25 marks]
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Section C
Answer one question from this section.
5
(a) Study Fig. 8A (Insert), which shows information about the physical geography of New
Zealand, along with Fig. 8B (Insert), which shows information about pastoral farming in New
Zealand.
(i) What is meant by pastoral farming?
[1]
(ii) Using Fig. 8B (Insert), identify a region:
A
where more dairy cattle are kept per square kilometre than beef cattle;
[1]
B
which is one of the most important sheep farming regions in New Zealand.
[1]
(iii) Use evidence from Fig. 8B (Insert) to identify differences in farming between Taranaki
and Hawke’s Bay.
[3]
(iv) Suggest reasons why more cattle are kept on North Island than on South Island.
[4]
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(b) Study Fig. 9, which shows the location of meat processing factories in New Zealand.
Key
N
main cities
Meat processing factories
sheep (lamb)
cattle (beef)
Auckland
Napier
Wellington
Christchurch
Dunedin
0
Invercargill
250
km
Fig. 9
(i) Describe the distribution of meat processing factories in New Zealand.
[3]
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(ii) Suggest reasons for the distribution of meat processing factories in New Zealand.
[5]
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(c) Economic development may cause problems for the natural environment.
For an area you have studied explain how the environment is at risk from economic
development.
Name of area
[7]
[Total: 25 marks]
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TURN OVER FOR QUESTION 6
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6
(a) Study Fig. 10, a scatter graph which shows the relationship between GDP and the
percentage of population with access to safe water in ten countries.
GDP is an indicator of the wealth of a country.
20 000
Portugal
19 000
18 000
17 000
16 000
15 000
14 000
13 000
Argentina
12 000
Malaysia
11 000
GDP
per
capita
(US$)
10 000
9 000
8 000
Thailand
Romania
7 000
China
6 000
5 000
Guatemala
Morocco
4 000
3 000
Bolivia
2 000
1 000
Ethiopia
0
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
population with access to safe water
(%)
Fig. 10
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90
100
27
(i) Which country has a GDP per capita of US$8 200 and 62% of its population has access
to safe water?
[1]
(ii) What is the general relationship shown by Fig. 10 between GDP per capita and the
percentage of population with access to safe water? Use examples and figures to
illustrate your answer.
[2]
(iii) Suggest three reasons why there is better access to reliable supplies of safe water in
some countries than there is in others.
1
2
3
[3]
(iv) Explain how providing reliable supplies of clean water in countries at lower levels of
development improves the quality of life of the people.
[4]
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(b) Study Fig. 11, which is an article from a website about drought in Portugal. Portugal is a
country at a high level of development in Europe.
Drought threatens water supply for 10 percent of Portuguese
Portugal is suffering its worst drought in decades. The country received an average of
542 millimetres of precipitation in 2004, compared with an average annual precipitation of
930 millimetres between 1961 and 1990.
The dry weather, which has harmed crops and caused livestock to starve, continued into
2005, with the country experiencing precipitation levels which were less than 20% of
normal levels in January.
The regions most at risk are those in the centre and south of the country, which rely
mostly on wells instead of dams for their water.
In January the Environment Minister threatened to ration water in the southern province of
Algarve, if the region did not receive enough rain by the end of the year.
Tourism industry officials had condemned talk of water rationing, arguing it could frighten
visitors away from the Algarve, the nation’s main tourist centre.
Environmentalists estimate Portugal wastes some three billion litres of water each year.
Fig. 11
(i) Use evidence from Fig. 11 to suggest three reasons why people are short of water in
some regions of Portugal.
1
2
3
[3]
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(ii) Describe methods which could be used to reduce water shortages.
[5]
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(c) Name an area which you have studied where the tourist industry is important.
Explain why the tourist industry has grown up in the area. You should refer in detail to the
area’s physical and human attractions.
Name of area
[7]
[Total: 25 marks]
Copyright Acknowledgements
Question 2 Photograph A
Question 2 Photograph B
Question 2 Photograph C
Question 2 Photograph D
Question 6 Figure 11
S. Sibley © UCLES
S. Sibley © UCLES
S. Sibley © UCLES
S. Sibley © UCLES
© www.terradaily.com 7 September 2006
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reasonable effort has been made by the publisher (UCLES) to trace copyright holders, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly been
included, the publisher will be pleased to make amends at the earliest possible opportunity.
Cambridge International Examinations is part of the Cambridge Assessment Group. Cambridge Assessment is the brand name of University of
Cambridge Local Examinations Syndicate (UCLES), which is itself a department of the University of Cambridge.
© UCLES 2013
0460/01/SP/16