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0460/02
GEOGRAPHY
Paper 2
May/June 2003
1 hour 45 minutes
Additional Materials:
Answer Booklet/Paper
Ruler
READ THESE INSTRUCTIONS FIRST
If you have been given an Answer Booklet, follow the instructions on the front cover of the Booklet.
Write your Centre number, candidate number and name on all the work you hand in.
Write in dark blue or black pen on both sides of the paper.
You may use a soft pencil for any diagrams, graphs or rough working.
Do not use staples, paper clips, highlighters, glue or correction fluid.
Answer three questions.
At the end of the examination, fasten all your work securely together.
The number of marks is given in brackets [ ] at the end of each question or part question.
Sketch maps and diagrams should be drawn whenever they serve to illustrate an answer.
This document consists of 12 printed pages and an insert.
SP (SC/KN) S39382/4
© CIE 2003
[Turn over
om
.c
s
er
CAMBRIDGE INTERNATIONAL EXAMINATIONS
International General Certificate of Secondary Education
2
1
(a) Fig. 1 was produced by the United Nations. It shows the actual growth in the world’s
population by 1999. It also shows that the world’s population may grow in three possible ways
by 2050 (estimates X, Y and Z).
(i)
Describe fully what the graph shows about population growth.
[3]
(ii)
How and why do the two estimates for future population growth X and Y differ?
[2]
(iii)
Suggest why the future growth of the world’s population might be as shown by estimate
Z.
[2]
(b) With reference to examples you have studied, explain why
(i)
(ii)
changes may occur in countries from time to time in
A
the birth rate,
B
the death rate;
[7]
governments may be concerned by a rapid growth of population.
[5]
(c) Describe the main features of the population pyramid of a developing country shown in Fig. 2
and suggest reasons for these features.
[6]
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3
6 billion
(1999)
X
11
10
9
Y
8
Z
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
Key
up to 1999
high estimate (X)
medium estimate (Y)
low estimate (Z)
World population (billion)
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
19
5
19 0
6
19 0
7
19 0
8
19 0
9
20 0
0
20 0
1
20 0
2
20 0
3
20 0
4
20 0
50
World population (billion)
Total world population (actual and estimated 1950–2050)
Years
Fig. 1
80+
80 – 84
75 – 79
Males
Females
70 – 74
65 – 69
65 years
60 – 64
55 – 59
50 – 54
45 – 49
40 – 44
35 – 39
30 – 34
25 – 29
20 – 24
15 years
15 – 19
10 – 14
5–9
0–4
8
6
4
2
0
0
2
4
6
8
Percentage
Fig. 2
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4
2
(a) Fig. 3 (opposite) shows part of a large urban area in a developed country. With the help of
information from Fig. 3 and other facts you may know, suggest reasons for each of (i), (ii) and
(iii):
(i)
the location of
A
the large superstore/hypermarket labelled X,
[4]
B
the district shopping centre labelled Y,
[3]
(ii)
differences in the numbers and distribution of different types of shopping areas shown,
[3]
(iii)
the different road pattern in area Z when compared with the road pattern in other
residential areas further away from the CBD.
[2]
(b) Choose two of the following types of urban land use (I–III);
I
leisure centre or sports ground,
II
bus and railway stations,
III
offices.
Referring to a named town or city you know well, describe and explain the distribution of your
chosen urban land uses.
[4,4]
(c) The area surrounding towns and cities is known as the rural-urban fringe. An example of this
area is shown on Fig. 3. Why do many town and city authorities control the developments
which may take place in the rural-urban fringe?
[5]
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5
u r b a n fr i ng
the rural e
X
d
roa
ring
r
oute
Y
N
Key
Selected important
roads
AREA Z
Mainly residential
land use
CBD
Boundary of built-up area
Single shops
Rows of local shops
0
1
2
Kilometres
District shopping centres
Superstore/hypermarket
shopping areas
edge of
CBD
Fig. 3
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6
3
(a) (i)
Explain how a river transports its load of large rocks and smaller materials.
[4]
(ii)
What changes in a river cause it to deposit some of the load it is carrying?
[4]
(b) Photograph A (opposite) shows the Victoria Falls on the River Zambezi in Africa. The location
and area surrounding the Victoria Falls are shown on Fig. 4 (opposite).
With the help of information from the photograph and map:
(i)
describe the main features of the Zambezi River and its valley, including the waterfall, [6]
(ii)
suggest how the river and valley features shown have influenced the lives of people in
the area.
[5]
(c) Explain how the work of a river and rock structure influence the formation of a waterfall and its
retreat upstream.
[6]
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7
Photograph A
VICTORIA FALLS
MA
FAL IN
LS
ZAMBIA
River
Zambezi
RAINB
OW F
AL
LS
HOTEL
HOTEL
N
HOTEL
HOTEL
POWER
STATION
Direction of river flow
Built Up Area
Hotel
Power Lines
Roads
Gorge
Railway
0
ZIMBABWE
River Zambezi
metres 1000
Fig. 4
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8
(a) (i)
Describe the main features of the climate of an area of tropical rain (evergreen) forest
shown in Fig. 5 below.
[4]
(ii)
With the aid of labels only, added to Fig. 6 (insert), describe the characteristics of
tropical rain forest.
[5]
(iii)
How are the characteristics of tropical rain forest you have described in (a)(ii) related to
the climate features you have given in (a)(i)?
[4]
Temperature (°C)
30
20
10
0
–10
–20
–30
300
Rainfall (mm)
4
J F M A M J J A S O N D
Total rainfall 2413 mm
200
100
J F M A M J J A S O N D
Fig. 5
(b) (i)
Study the extract from a newspaper account opposite (Fig. 7) which was written about
deforestation in the tropical rain forest of the Amazon Basin in Brazil in May 2001.
Use this information together with other facts you may know, to suggest why the writer of
the newspaper account refers to deforestation which has taken place in the Amazon
rainforest region as
(ii)
A
‘an economic disaster’ and
[3]
B
‘an environmental disaster’.
[4]
Give your views, with reasons, on the need to conserve natural environments, such as
the tropical rain forest of the Amazon Basin.
[5]
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9
E
mpty fields, as far as the eye can see, line the
highway for most of the 300 km from Belem,
eastern Amazonia’s main city, to the timbercutting town of Paragominas. Once it was all forest,
but since the 1970s most of the trees in a broad strip
beside the road have been cut, not just to extract
timber, but to clear pasture for cattle-raising,
encouraged by government grants. Now, though,
most of the fields lie empty and are becoming
overgrown with scrub. Cattle are now seen
infrequently.
This deforestation, has been both an economic
disaster and an environmental disaster. The usable
timber would be ripped out of a stretch of forest and
the rest would then be burned, because the land
would often be worth more when cleared than it had
been as untouched forest.
When farming was actually tried, it was frequently
found to be unprofitable.
Fig. 7
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10
(a) Give reasons for the differences shown on Fig. 8 in the percentage employment in different
sectors of the economy in the two groups of countries X and Y.
[5]
0
100
10
20
%
80
30
70
40
60
50
of
60
80
50
X
40
Japan
70
d
ye
plo
em ry
rce ust
r fo nd
ou r y i
l ab nda
the co
of in se
the
l
in abou
ter
tia r forc
ry
ind e em
us plo
try
ye
d
90
%
5
France
30
Y
USA
20
Nigeria
90
Indonesia
10
100
0
Tanzania
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
0
100
% of the labour force employed
in primary industry
Fig. 8
(b) Explain how at least four of the following factors have influenced a motor vehicle industry to
become established at a named location you have studied:
•
•
•
•
•
•
labour,
components and other raw materials,
siting factors,
capital,
transport,
markets.
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[10]
11
(c) Fig. 9 shows a diagram which may be used to describe a farming system.
With reference to the ideas in the diagram and other facts you may know, describe a system
of small-scale cash-crop farming.
[10]
NATURAL INPUTS
SMALL-SCALE
CASH CROP
FARMING
HUMAN INPUTS
OUTPUTS
MARKETS
CAPITAL
Fig. 9
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12
6
(a) Study Fig. 10 which shows some of the changes in global energy use from 1990 to 2000.
Global energy use, 1990-2000
annual average % change
Wind power
Solar energy
Natural gas
Oil
Nuclear power
Coal
–5
0 +5
10 15 20
25
Fig. 10
Suggest reasons why from 1990 to 2000:
(i)
the use of nuclear energy expanded by only a small amount,
[4]
(ii)
the use of coal declined,
[5]
(iii)
there was a considerable increase in the use made of wind power and solar energy. [4]
(b) As tourism increases in importance in areas of natural beauty, there is a need to protect the
environment and the well being of local people. Eco-tourism is a term used when tourism is
developed whilst at the same time the natural environment is carefully protected. For a
named area of natural beauty which attracts tourists:
(i)
explain why tourists are attracted to the area;
[4]
(ii)
explain how eco-tourism would bring benefits to the area;
[4]
(iii)
describe how eco-tourism may be developed.
[4]
Copyright Acknowledgements:
Fig. 1.
Photograph A.
Fig. 4.
Fig. 7.
Fig. 8.
Fig. 10.
Hazel Barrett. Six Million and Counting. Published by the Geographical Association.
© D Barton.
© Photo Safari (Pvt.) Ltd.
© The Economist.
© The Economist.
© The Economist.
Cambridge International Examinations has made every effort to trace copyright holders, but if we have inadvertently overlooked any we will be pleased to make
the necessary arrangements at the first opportunity.
0460/02/M/J/03