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0460/01
GEOGRAPHY
Paper 1
May/June 2003
1 hour 45 minutes
Additional Materials:
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This document consists of 14 printed pages, 2 blank pages and an insert.
SP (SC/KN) S51882/5
© CIE 2003
[Turn over
om
.c
s
er
CAMBRIDGE INTERNATIONAL EXAMINATIONS
International General Certificate of Secondary Education
2
1
(a) Fig. 1 was produced by the United Nations. It shows the actual growth in the world’s
population by 1999. It also shows that the world’s population may grow in three possible ways
by 2050 (estimates X, Y and Z).
(i)
In 1900 the world’s population was 1.5 billion. How many years did it take for the world’s
population to double?
How many years did it take to double again?
(ii)
[2]
In 1999 the United Nations attempted to forecast how the world’s population would grow
by 2050. Three possible ideas were produced and these are shown as X, Y and Z on
Fig. 1. How would changes in birth and death rate produce each of these rates of
population growth?
[3]
(b) Major reasons for the rapid growth of the world’s population in the 20th century were the high
birth rates in many developing countries and the general decline in death rates.
Explain why
(i)
birth rates are high in many developing countries,
[4]
(ii)
governments of many developing countries attempt to lower their birth rates,
[4]
(iii)
death rates have declined in many countries.
[4]
(c) Now study the population pyramid of a developing country shown in Fig. 2.
(i)
Which age group has the largest percentage of the population of the country?
(ii)
Explain why the age groups under 15 years and 65 years and over are referred to as
‘dependent population’.
[1]
(iii)
Describe the main features of the structure of the population shown.
(iv)
With reasons, suggest how the structure of the country’s population might change over
the next 50 years.
[3]
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[1]
[3]
3
6 billion
(1999)
X
11
10
9
Y
8
Z
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
Key
up to 1999
high estimate (X)
medium estimate (Y)
low estimate (Z)
World population (billion)
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
19
5
19 0
6
19 0
70
19
8
19 0
90
20
0
20 0
1
20 0
2
20 0
3
20 0
4
20 0
50
World population (billion)
Total world population (actual and estimated 1950–2050)
Years
Fig. 1
80+
80 – 84
75 – 79
Males
Females
70 – 74
65 – 69
65 years
60 – 64
55 – 59
50 – 54
45 – 49
40 – 44
35 – 39
30 – 34
25 – 29
20 – 24
15 years
15 – 19
10 – 14
5–9
0–4
8
6
4
2
0
0
2
4
6
8
Percentage
Fig. 2
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4
2
(a) Fig. 3 shows part of a large urban area in a developed country. With reference to Fig. 3 and
other facts you may know, answer each of the following.
(i)
Name an area shown on Fig. 3 which is not mainly used for housing.
[1]
(ii)
Give a reason for your answer to (a)(i).
[1]
(iii)
Shopping areas in the residential areas shown on Fig. 3 are listed in Fig. 4 (Insert).
Complete the diagram (Fig. 4) by adding the numbers of each type of shopping area
shown on the map.
[1]
(iv)
Why are there differences in the numbers of each type of shopping area?
[2]
(v)
How does the large superstore/hypermarket labelled X differ from the other shopping
areas shown?
[3]
(vi)
Suggest reasons for the location of the superstore at X.
(vii)
State how the pattern of roads in area Z differs from the pattern of roads in other
residential areas further away from the CBD.
[1]
(viii)
Suggest a reason for the difference you have described in (a)(vii).
[3]
[1]
(b) Choose two of the following types of urban land use (I–III);
I
leisure centre or sports ground,
II
bus and railway stations,
III
offices.
Referring to a named town or city you know well, describe and explain the distribution of your
chosen urban land uses.
[3,3]
(c) Three major problems in towns and cities are:
shortage of land in the CBD,
housing shortages,
traffic congestion.
Select one of these problems
(i)
give reasons why it occurs,
[2]
(ii)
describe how town and city authorities try to overcome the problem selected.
[4]
note credit will be given for reference to actual examples included in your answer.
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5
u r b a n f ri n g
the rural e
X
d
roa
ring
r
oute
N
Key
Selected important
roads
AREA Z
Mainly residential
land use (housing)
CBD
Boundary of built-up area
Single shops
Rows of local shops
0
1
2
Kilometres
District shopping centres
Superstore/hypermarket
shopping areas
edge of
CBD
Fig. 3
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6
3
(a) (i)
What is meant by the load of a river?
[1]
(ii)
State three ways in which the load of a river may be moved.
[3]
(iii)
Describe a change in a river which causes it to deposit some of the load it is carrying.[1]
(b) Fig. 5 shows part of a river and its valley together with a cross section of the river’s channel.
QA
PA
riv
er
B
B
X
A
R
B
Di
re
c ti
on
0 metres 200
r i ve r
A
of f
low
Cross section of river channel
B
Steep slopes
Large pebbles
Higher land
Fig. 5
(i)
Describe how the river will change its course at X on Fig. 5.
[1]
(ii)
At which location P or Q or R along the river was the cross section A-B drawn? Give a
reason for your answer and explain why you rejected the other two locations.
[4]
(iii)
Explain the shape of the river channel shown in the cross section.
[2]
(c) Photograph A (opposite) shows the Victoria Falls on the River Zambezi in Africa. The location
and area surrounding the Victoria Falls are shown on Fig. 6 (opposite).
Use information from the photograph and map to help you to answer the following.
(i)
In which compass direction did the camera face when photograph A was taken?
(ii)
Measure the width of the channel of the River Zambezi where the Victoria Falls (Main
Falls and Rainbow Falls) occur. Give your answer to the nearest kilometre.
[1]
(iii)
Describe three of the main river and valley features shown on the photograph.
(iv)
Describe three ways in which the River Zambezi and its valley influence the lives of
people in the area shown on Fig. 6.
[3]
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[1]
[3]
7
(d) Explain how the work of the river and the rock structure help
(i)
to form a waterfall, such as the one shown in Photograph A,
[3]
(ii)
to cause the waterfall to retreat upstream.
[2]
Photograph A
VICTORIA FALLS
MA
FAL IN
LS
ZAMBIA
River
Zambezi
RAINB
OW F
AL
LS
HOTEL
HOTEL
N
HOTEL
HOTEL
POWER
STATION
Direction of river flow
Built Up Area
Hotel
Power Lines
Roads
Gorge
Railway
0
ZIMBABWE
River Zambezi
metres 1000
Fig. 6
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8
(a) (i)
State two of the main features of temperature and two of the main features of rainfall of
the climate of an area of tropical rain (evergreen) forest shown in Fig. 7 below.
[2,2]
(ii)
In the boxes below Fig. 8, (Insert) state the features of tropical rain forest labelled A, B, C
and D.
[4]
(iii)
Explain the limited amount of undergrowth in a tropical rain forest.
(iv)
Describe three ways in which the features of tropical rain forest are related to climatic
features you have described in (a)(i).
[3]
Temperature (°C)
30
20
10
0
–10
–20
–30
300
Rainfall (mm)
4
J F M A M J J A S O N D
Total rainfall 2413 mm
200
100
J F M A M J J A S O N D
Fig. 7
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[1]
9
(b) Study the extract from a newspaper account (Fig. 9) below, which was written about
deforestation in the tropical rain forest of the Amazon Basin in Brazil in May 2001.
(i)
How much of the Amazon Basin has been deforested in Brazil?
[1]
(ii)
Why has so much deforestation taken place?
[2]
(iii)
Was the clearance of forest a success?
(iv)
Give reasons for your answer.
[2]
Suggest problems for the environment when deforestation takes place.
[4]
E
mpty fields, as far as the eye can see, line the
highway for most of the 300 km from Belem,
eastern Amazonia’s main city, to the timbercutting town of Paragominas. Once it was all forest,
but since the 1970s most of the trees in a broad strip
beside the road have been cut, not just to extract
timber, but to clear pasture for cattle-raising,
encouraged by government grants. Now, though,
most of the fields lie empty and are becoming
overgrown with scrub. Cattle are now seen
infrequently.
This deforestation of 14% of the Amazon Basin in
Brazil, has been both an economic disaster and an
environmental disaster. The usable timber would be
ripped out of a stretch of forest and the rest would
then be burned, because the land would often be
worth more when cleared than it had been as
untouched forest.
When farming was actually tried, it was frequently
found to be unprofitable.
Fig. 9
(c) What are your views about protecting natural environments such as the tropical rain forest?
Support your answer with reasons.
[4]
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10
(a) Fig. 10 shows employment in different industries in a number of selected countries.
(i)
What percentage of the labour force is employed in primary industry in
A
Japan,
B
Indonesia?
[2]
(ii)
State the main differences in employment in the three countries in group X and the three
countries in group Y.
[3]
(iii)
Suggest reasons for the differences you have given in (a)(ii).
0
[3]
100
10
20
%
80
30
70
40
60
50
of
60
80
50
X
40
Japan
70
d
ye
plo
em ry
rce ust
r fo nd
ou ry i
lab nda
the co
of in se
the
l
in abou
ter
tia r forc
ry
ind e em
us plo
try
ye
d
90
%
5
France
30
Y
USA
20
Nigeria
90
Indonesia
10
100
0
Tanzania
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
0
100
% of the labour force employed
in primary industry
Fig. 10
(b) Fig. 11 (opposite) gives information about the motor vehicle assembly industry.
(i)
Explain what is meant by the terms ‘assembly industry’ and ‘inputs’.
(ii)
Explain why
[2]
A
components are often produced in different factories from the one assembling motor
vehicles,
[1]
B
factories manufacturing components are often located close to the factory
assembling motor vehicles,
[1]
C
motor vehicle assembly factories are large and have plenty of land around the
factory,
[2]
D
motor vehicle assembly factories employ large numbers of workers with different
skills.
[2]
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11
INPUTS
Skilled and semi-skilled labour
Steel rods
and bars
INDUSTRIAL
PROCESSES
Components
(Over 20 000 per
motor vehicle,
e.g. tyres, lights,
radios)
Production of
the engine
Steel
sheets
Production of the
motor vehicle
body
Painting
of the motor
vehicle body
Putting the
engine and the
motor vehicle
body together
with other
components
OUTPUTS
Motor vehicles to
showrooms and
distributors
Fig. 11
(c) (i)
Name an example of a small-scale cash crop farming system you have studied.
[1]
(ii)
Explain how three of transport, capital, labour, markets influence the development of this
system of farming.
[5]
(iii)
Describe three farming processes used in the example of small-scale cash crop farming
you named in (c)(i).
[3]
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[Turn over
12
6
(a) Fig. 12 shows some of the changes in global energy use from 1990 to 2000.
(i)
By how much did the use of solar energy increase from 1990 to 2000?
[1]
(ii)
Which type of energy decreased from 1990 to 2000?
[1]
(iii)
Give two reasons why many people would be pleased with the increase shown in the
use of wind power and solar energy.
[2]
(iv)
State a problem, different in each case, in the use of
(v)
A
wind power,
B
solar energy.
[2]
Explain why coal is not used as much at the present time as it used to be.
[3]
Global energy use, 1990-2000
annual average % change
Wind power
Solar energy
Natural gas
Oil
Nuclear power
Coal
–5
0 +5
10 15 20
25
Fig. 12
(b) Why is oil still the most widely used source of energy in the world?
[2]
(c) Fig. 13 (on page 13) contains some views about the use of energy. Use this information and
other facts you may know, to explain in your own words, why there are advantages and
problems in using nuclear power.
[5]
0460/01/M/J/03
13
d.
appene
h
e
v
a
ents h
r accid
Nuclea
Nuclea
rp
the env ower is less
damag
ironme
ing to
nt
genera
ted from than energy
it does
fossil fu
no
e
warmin t contribute t ls because
o globa
g.
l
Large a
of
mounts
roblem
p
e
h
c
t
of radia
a
o
u
t
s
e
n
io
n
c
ancer,
tion ca
lut
ca
o
ls
s
ia
o
r
n
a
n
e
s
l
t
n
t
ations
d nucle
r ma
is stil
a
e
f
le
r
u
o
c
a
e
s
u
r
h
s
e
p
T
N
d
s
o
.
n
o
w
e
a
m
t
m
er
e
aterials
thous
r was
. But ra radioactive
nuclea dioactive for
n
a
d
l.
t
ia
u
a
a
tion oc
rally in
r
h
curs
the air,
remain d they are let
in
n
a
the gro
,
s
year
und.
Oil is b
eing co
nsume
that kn
da
ow
about 4 n reserves w t such a rate
ill run o
0 years
ut in
.
There
is
running no threat of n
uclear
o
fu
enough ut. Uranium
exists in el
quantit
ies to la
anothe
la
r 5 000
st for a rge
years.
t least
The best sources of energy are those
called ‘renewable’. They include the
power available from the sun, from the
movement of wind, tides and waves,
and from underground heat. These
energy sources are largely untapped.
Fig. 13
(d) (i)
Describe the advantages of the development of tourism to either a named region or
country you have studied.
[5]
(ii)
In some areas of the world there is a need to protect natural environments from the
growth of tourism. Eco-tourism is a term used when tourism is developed while at the
same time the natural environment is also carefully protected.
A
Name an area where the development of tourism is threatening to spoil the natural
environment.
[1]
B
How do you think that eco-tourism can be developed in the area named in A and at
the same time protect the natural environment?
[3]
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14
BLANK PAGE
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15
BLANK PAGE
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16
Copyright Acknowledgements:
Fig. 1.
Fig. 6.
Photograph A.
Fig. 9.
Fig. 10.
Hazel Barrett. Six Million and Counting. Published by the Geographical Association.
© Photo Safari (Pvt.) Ltd.
© D Barton.
© The Economist.
© The Economist.
Cambridge International Examinations has made every effort to trace copyright holders, but if we have inadvertently overlooked any we will be pleased to make
the necessary arrangements at the first opportunity.
0460/01/M/J/03