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Cambridge International Examinations
Cambridge International General Certificate of Secondary Education
* 6 0 6 5 3 7 5 5 6 5 *
0680/11
ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT
Paper 1
May/June 2015
1 hour 30 minutes
Candidates answer on the Question Paper.
No Additional Materials are required.
READ THESE INSTRUCTIONS FIRST
Write your Centre number, candidate number and name on all the work you hand in.
Write in dark blue or black pen.
You may use an HB pencil for any diagrams or graphs.
Do not use staples, paper clips, glue or correction fluid.
DO NOT WRITE IN ANY BARCODES.
Answer all questions.
Electronic calculators may be used.
You may lose marks if you do not show your working or if you do not use appropriate units.
At the end of the examination, fasten all your work securely together.
The number of marks is given in brackets [ ] at the end of each question or part question.
This document consists of 15 printed pages and 1 blank page.
DC (NF/SW) 92107/5
© UCLES 2015
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1
The map below shows the main hot deserts of the world.
NORTH
AMERICA
EUROPE
ASIA
Tropic of
Cancer
AFRICA
Equator
Tropic of
Capricorn
SOUTH
AMERICA
OCEANIA
Key
hot deserts
(a) (i)
Describe the distribution of hot deserts on the map.
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(ii)
Describe the main climatic conditions in hot deserts.
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(b) (i)
Many parts of the world are becoming desert in a process called desertification. Explain
the causes of desertification.
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(ii)
Desertification and soil erosion are often linked. State one strategy to prevent soil erosion
and explain how it works.
strategy ..............................................................................................................................
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explanation ........................................................................................................................
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2
Look at the diagram below which shows a power station.
B
electricity
turbine
generator
steam
water
boiler
A
ash
(a) (i)
State the source of the energy in this power station at A.
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(ii)
Using the diagram and your own knowledge, explain how electricity is generated in this
power station.
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(b) (i)
A waste gas emitted at B is carbon dioxide. Explain why less of this gas enters the
atmosphere from this type of power station than it would if the energy source was coal.
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(ii)
Give the name of another waste gas emitted at B.
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(c) Suggest what could be done with the ash shown in the diagram.
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3
(a) The table of data and graph show air quality in a number of cities in China.
air quality grade
number
of cities
percentage
of cities
I
26
II
479
..................
III
99
16.2
>III
8
1.3
612
100.0
total
Key
grade I = least polluted
4.2
100
90
percentage of cities
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
I
II
III
>III
air quality grade
(i)
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Complete the table and use the data to complete the bar graph.
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(ii)
Air can be polluted by gases, such as sulfur dioxide, which causes acid rain. Look at the
graph below, which shows industrial and domestic sulfur dioxide emissions in Germany (a
developed country). Describe and suggest reasons for the trends in emissions between
2006 and 2009.
sulfur dioxide emissions
/ million tonnes per year
2500
industrial
2000
1500
1000
500
0
2006
domestic
2007
2008
2009
year
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(b) Explain how air pollution can cause acid rain.
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4
(a) The table below shows data about the movement of water through the water cycle.
water movement / thousands km3 per year
(i)
ocean
land
precipitation
373
113
evaporation
413
73
total
Use the data in the table to fill in the boxes A–D in the diagram below with the correct
numbers.
[2]
B
C
A
D
land
Key
water vapour
(ii)
ocean
Complete the table and compare the total world precipitation and total world evaporation.
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(b) One of the main uses for water is for agriculture. Map A shows world agricultural production in
the Americas and Australia. Map B shows drought status.
map A: agricultural production by value
map B: drought status
USA
USA
Canada
Canada
USA
Mexico
Peru
Australia
Bolivia
Chile
Key
<US$ 1 billion
US$ 1.1–20 billion
US$ 20.1–50 billion
US$ 50.1–100 billion
>US$ 100 billion
(i)
USA
Mexico
Venezuela
Suriname
Brazil
Venezuela
Suriname
Brazil
Peru
Australia
Paraguay
Bolivia
Chile
Argentina
Paraguay
Argentina
Key
very extreme drought
extreme drought
drought
no drought
Suggest how far this information shows a mismatch between water supply and agricultural
production. You can refer to the named countries in your answer.
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(ii)
Although water is vital to life, it can also be the source of diseases. Complete the table
below about water-related diseases.
[3]
disease
type
carrier
......................
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water-borne
none
bilharzia
cholera
caused by
worm
symptoms
weak and
anaemic,
kidney
problems
bacterium
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female
mosquitoes
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Plasmodium
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5
Look at the graph below, which shows the consumption of different energy sources per person
from 1820 until 2010.
consumption of energy
/ GJ (gigajoules) per person
35
Key
20
coal
oil
natural gas
hydro-electric
nuclear
15
biofuels, wind, solar,
geothermal
30
25
10
2000
1980
1960
1940
1920
1900
1880
1860
1840
0
1820
5
year
(a) (i)
Calculate the total consumption of energy per person in 2000.
Space for working
.................................. GJ per person [1]
(ii)
Identify the alternative sources shown in the graph.
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(iii)
Name one alternative energy source which is not shown by the graph.
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(b) (i)
Name two minerals which are not used as fuels. For each mineral state one use in
industrial processes.
mineral ...............................................................................................................................
use ....................................................................................................................................
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mineral ...............................................................................................................................
use ....................................................................................................................................
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(ii)
The graph below shows the past and predicted future extraction of a mineral ore and the
total amount of reserves left in the world.
actual
predicted
mass of ore / tonnes
275 000
250 000
225 000
200 000
175 000
150 000
125 000
100 000
75 000
50 000
25 000
0
1990 2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050 2060 2070 2080 2090 2100
year
Key
extracted
left in reserves
State in which year the total amount of ore extracted equals the total amount left in
reserves.
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(iii)
Suggest ways in which the ore reserves could be made to last longer.
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6
(a) Look at the photographs (A, B, C) of part of three wooden benches with vegetation growing
on them in 2008.
A
(i)
B
C
Complete the table below to match each photograph to the year in which each of the
benches were new.
year when bench was new
2001
letter of
photograph
............................
2002
............................
2003
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[2]
(ii)
The change in vegetation shown on the benches is called vegetational succession.
Explain why vegetation changes over time in an area.
Your answer should refer to soil changes and competition.
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(b) Competition between weeds and crops is a problem for farmers because it reduces crop
yield.
Suggest how a farmer might reduce this problem.
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© UCLES 2015
0680/11/M/J/15