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Cambridge International Examinations
Cambridge International General Certificate of Secondary Education
* 0 3 7 7 5 3 4 7 9 5 *
0680/13
ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT
Paper 1
May/June 2014
1 hour 30 minutes
Candidates answer on the Question Paper.
Additional Materials:
Ruler
READ THESE INSTRUCTIONS FIRST
Write your Centre number, candidate number and name on all the work you hand in.
Write in dark blue or black pen.
You may use an HB pencil for any diagrams or graphs.
Do not use staples, paper clips, glue or correction fluid.
DO NOT WRITE IN ANY BARCODES.
Answer all questions.
Electronic calculators may be used.
You may lose marks if you do not show your working or if you do not use appropriate units.
At the end of the examination, fasten all your work securely together.
The number of marks is given in brackets [ ] at the end of each question or part question.
This document consists of 14 printed pages and 2 blank pages.
DC (CW/SW) 81155/4
© UCLES 2014
[Turn over
2
1
(a) Look at the diagram below.
Sun
grasses
gazelle
lion
(i)
Draw arrows on the diagram to show the direction of energy flow.
(ii)
Complete the table below using words from the list. Each word may be used once, more
than once or not at all.
consumer
energy flow
producer
animal
gazelle
grasses
lion
[1]
community
niche
............................... in the savanna
............................... in the savanna
............................... in the savanna
[2]
(iii)
Explain why all the energy in the gazelle is not passed to the lion.
...........................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................[1]
© UCLES 2014
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3
(b) Read the information in the box below.
The Waza National Park, Cameroon, Africa
The Waza National Park is one of the most popular and rich wildlife sanctuaries
in Cameroon. In 1979 it was declared a world biosphere reserve because of its
biodiversity. The park is open for public visits from 15 November to 15 June.
More than 30 wild mammal species and 379 bird species have been identified
in this area of savanna. March and April are the best months to see a wide
range of animals including elephants, hippos, giraffes, lions and monkeys.
There is no tourist accommodation available in the park. There are camp sites
close to the entrance and tourist lodges in the village of Waza just north of
the National Park. Vehicles that enter the park must have a guide.
(i)
State which country the Waza National Park is in.
.......................................................................................................................................[1]
(ii)
Using the information in the box and your own knowledge, describe what animals and
plants a visitor would see in the Waza National Park.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
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.......................................................................................................................................[2]
(iii)
How might local people benefit from a biosphere reserve?
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© UCLES 2014
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[Turn over
4
2
The table below shows world iron ore production in 2010, with the top ten countries named.
production of iron
ore in 2010
/ million tonnes
China
1070
Australia
433
Brazil
370
India
230
Russia
101
Ukraine
78
South Africa
59
United States
50
Canada
37
Iran
28
other countries
136
total
© UCLES 2014
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5
(a) (i)
Complete the graph below using figures from the table.
[2]
1200
production of iron ore in 2010
/ million metric tonnes
1000
800
600
400
200
r
he
ot
n
Ira
a
an
C
at
ad
es
a
St
te
ni
U
So
ut
d
h
Af
ric
ne
a
kr
ai
U
us
si
a
R
di
il
In
Br
az
lia
tra
Au
s
C
hi
na
0
country
(ii)
State which country produces the greatest amount of iron ore.
.......................................................................................................................................[1]
(iii)
Calculate what percentage of the total world production of iron ore Australia produces.
Space for working.
....................................................... % [1]
© UCLES 2014
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6
(iv)
In 2011 the life expectancy of known iron ore reserves in Australia was estimated to be
seventy years. State what this means.
...........................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................[1]
(b) (i)
Most iron ore is mined using opencast methods. Describe the impact of an opencast
mine on a rural environment.
...........................................................................................................................................
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(ii)
Suggest one reason why some local people might be in favour of an opencast mine.
...........................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................[1]
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BLANK PAGE
TURN OVER FOR QUESTION 3
© UCLES 2014
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[Turn over
8
3
Study the diagram below of a Stevenson Screen found at many weather stations.
door opens to north in
northern hemisphere and to south
in southern hemisphere
sloping roof
painted white
slatted / louvred sides
1.2 metres off
the ground
open space
grass
(a) (i)
One purpose of the Stevenson Screen is to allow a thermometer to measure air
temperature. Explain three features of the Stevenson Screen which ensure that a
thermometer correctly measures air temperature.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
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.......................................................................................................................................[3]
(ii)
Identify the weather elements the thermometers kept in the Stevenson Screen measure
each day.
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.......................................................................................................................................[2]
(iii)
State what a barometer measures.
.......................................................................................................................................[1]
© UCLES 2014
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9
(b) Acid rain is precipitation that contains pollutants. Describe two strategies for reducing acid
rain.
...................................................................................................................................................
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© UCLES 2014
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[Turn over
10
4
Study the diagram below of the model of demographic transition.
stage
1
2
4
5
birth rate
40
birth
30
and
death
rates
20
/ 1000
people
per year 10
3
death rate
total
population
0
time
Key
A
B
(a) (i)
Describe what the areas shaded A and B show.
A ........................................................................................................................................
B ....................................................................................................................................[2]
(ii)
The five population pyramids, C to G below, show the stages of the demographic
transition model.
Identify which pyramid matches each stage of the model.
C
ages
male 80–84 female
70–74
60–64
50–54
40–44
30–34
20–24
10–14
0–4
4 3210
01 234
% of total population
D
E
F
ages
ages
ages
male
male
male
80–84 female
80–84 female
80–84 female
70–74
70–74
70–74
60–64
60–64
60–64
50–54
50–54
50–54
40–44
40–44
40–44
30–34
30–34
30–34
20–24
20–24
20–24
10–14
10–14
10–14
0–4
0–4
0–4
8 76 54 321 0
01 234 5678 76 54 321 0
01 23 4 5 6 7 98 76 54 32 1 0
01 23456789
% of total population
% of total population
% of total population
G
ages
male 80–84 female
70–74
60–64
50–54
40–44
30–34
20–24
10–14
0–4
4 3210
01 234
% of total population
stage 1 .................
stage 2 .................
stage 3 .................
stage 4 .................
stage 5 .................
© UCLES 2014
[3]
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11
(iii)
Suggest two limitations of the demographic transition model.
...........................................................................................................................................
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.......................................................................................................................................[2]
(b) The governments in some countries have policies to reduce birth rates. Describe three
strategies for managing population growth.
...................................................................................................................................................
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© UCLES 2014
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12
5
The diagram below shows the water cycle in a tropical rainforest ecosystem.
X
heavy convectional .......
Y
....... from leaves
W
....... by leaves
water
collecting
on waxy leaf
V
....... from soil
(a) (i)
© UCLES 2014
Z
surface ....... to river
In the spaces below, write down the words missing from each box.
V
............................................................................................
W
............................................................................................
X
............................................................................................
Y
............................................................................................
Z
............................................................................................
0680/13/M/J/14
[3]
13
(ii)
The trees are cut down and removed from the tropical rainforest ecosystem.
Explain how this would affect the processes at W and Z.
W .......................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
Z ........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................[4]
(b) Human activities can cause changes in water quality. Suggest three ways water in rivers and
lakes can be polluted.
...................................................................................................................................................
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© UCLES 2014
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[Turn over
14
6
Study the graph below of the amount of water flowing in the river Nile before and after the building
of the Aswan High Dam. The measurements were taken below the dam, between the site of the
dam and the sea.
flow rate of the River Nile
25 000
amount of water
/ millions of m3
20 000
15 000
10 000
5000
0
J
F
M
A
M
J
J
month
A
S
O
N
D
Key
before building
of Aswan Dam
after building
of Aswan Dam
(a) (i)
State the three months when the river Nile used to flood below the dam, before it was
built.
.......................................................................................................................................[1]
(ii)
Explain why farmers near the river Nile, below the dam, needed to buy more fertiliser
after the dam was built.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................[2]
© UCLES 2014
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15
(b) (i)
The Aswan High Dam provides electricity. State the name given to electricity generated
from fast flowing water.
.......................................................................................................................................[1]
(ii)
Explain why electricity generated from fast flowing water is a renewable and sustainable
energy resource.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................[2]
(iii)
Suggest environmental problems of building large dams in developing countries.
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© UCLES 2014
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16
BLANK PAGE
Copyright Acknowledgements:
Question 2
Question 6
© http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/iron_ore/mcs-2012-feore.pdf.
© Alan Doherty & Malcolm McDonald; River Basin Management; Hodder and Stoughton Ltd; 1992.
Permission to reproduce items where third-party owned material protected by copyright is included has been sought and cleared where possible. Every
reasonable effort has been made by the publisher (UCLES) to trace copyright holders, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly been included, the
publisher will be pleased to make amends at the earliest possible opportunity.
Cambridge International Examinations is part of the Cambridge Assessment Group. Cambridge Assessment is the brand name of University of Cambridge Local
Examinations Syndicate (UCLES), which is itself a department of the University of Cambridge.
© UCLES 2014
0680/13/M/J/14