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ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT
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UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE INTERNATIONAL EXAMINATIONS
International General Certificate of Secondary Education
0680/12
May/June 2012
1 hour 30 minutes
Candidates answer on the Question Paper.
Additional Materials:
Ruler
READ THESE INSTRUCTIONS FIRST
Write your Centre number, candidate number and name on all the work you hand in.
Write in dark blue or black pen.
You may use a soft pencil for any diagrams, graphs or rough working.
Do not use staples, paper clips, highlighters, glue or correction fluid.
DO NOT WRITE IN ANY BARCODES.
Answer all questions.
At the end of the examination, fasten all your work securely together.
The number of marks is given in brackets [ ] at the end of each question or part question.
This document consists of 13 printed pages and 3 blank pages.
DC (SJF/SW) 46970/2
© UCLES 2012
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2
1
Look at the photograph below showing two power stations.
A
(a) (i)
For
Examiner’s
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B
Name the energy source used at A.
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(ii)
Suggest one reason why this location was chosen.
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(iii)
B is a nuclear power station. Nuclear energy does not contribute to acid rain or
global warming. Name one source of energy which does contribute to both of
these problems.
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(iv)
Describe two problems with nuclear energy.
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© UCLES 2012
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3
(b) (i)
One form of renewable energy that is growing in importance is biomass.
The pie graph shows the breakdown of energy use in the USA at present.
total = 100 quadrillion Btu
For
Examiner’s
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total = 7 quadrillion Btu
solar 2%
geothermal 6%
wind 8%
petroleum
37%
HEP 34%
renewable
energy
7%
natural gas
25%
coal
23%
nuclear
electric power
8%
biomass 50%
What percentage of all USA energy does biomass provide? Show your working.
……………% [2]
(ii)
Renewable energy is one alternative to burning fossil fuels, which cause pollution.
What changes can people make to their daily lives that will reduce the use of fossil
fuels?
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© UCLES 2012
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4
2
(a) Measures of human well-being include infant mortality and life expectancy.
Look at the graph below which shows how infant mortality changed in the USA between
1950 and 2005.
30.0
25.0
20.0
15.0
10.0
5.0
0.0
19
5
19 0
1952
1954
1956
1958
6
19 0
1962
1964
1966
1968
7
19 0
1972
1974
1976
1978
8
19 0
1982
1984
1986
1988
9
19 0
1992
1994
1996
2098
0
20 0
2002
04
infant mortality rate (per 1000)
35.0
year
(i)
Describe the changes shown by the graph.
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Look at this graph which shows changes in life expectancy in the USA over the
same period.
life expectancy (years)
80.0
78.0
76.0
74.0
72.0
70.0
68.0
66.0
64.0
19
5
19 0
1952
1954
1956
1958
6
19 0
1962
1964
1966
1968
7
19 0
1972
1974
1976
1978
8
19 0
1982
1984
1986
1988
9
19 0
1992
1994
1996
2098
0
20 0
2002
04
62.0
year
(ii)
How does the trend for life expectancy differ from that for infant mortality?
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© UCLES 2012
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5
(b) (i)
Human migration has occurred throughout history.
People move because they do not like where they are (PUSH FACTORS) or
because they think somewhere else is better (PULL FACTORS).
For
Examiner’s
Use
Listed below are some push and pull factors.
A
Not enough jobs
B
Attractive climate
C
Poor medical care
D
Desertification
E
Better educational opportunities
F
More services and amenities
G
Drought
H
Better job opportunities
I
Political freedom
J
High levels of pollution
K
Poor housing
L
War
Write the letter for each factor under the correct heading in the table below:
PUSH
PULL
[4]
(ii)
People may move from one country to another or within a country. Movements
within one country are usually between urban and rural areas.
In which direction is the movement of people happening in most developing
countries?
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What name is given to the process?
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© UCLES 2012
0680/12/M/J/12
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3
(a) (i)
Over 99% of the atmosphere consists of oxygen, carbon dioxide and nitrogen.
Which of these is a pollutant?
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(ii)
Other pollutants enter the atmosphere as a result of human activity. The list below
shows some of these and some of the activities. Link each pollutant to the correct
activity by writing one letter from A to E next to the appropriate activity.
The letters may be used once, more than once or not at all.
Pollutant
A
CFCs
B
methane
C
sulfur dioxide
D
oxides of nitrogen
E
lead
Activity creating pollutant
(iii)
burning coal or gas
……………
using aerosols
……………
growing rice
……………
burning refined petroleum
……………
[2]
Which pollutant causes a reduction in the thickness of the ozone layer in the
atmosphere?
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(iv)
Give two sources of this pollutant.
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© UCLES 2012
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7
(b) (i)
How might the ozone hole affect the environment and humans?
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(ii)
Describe strategies that have been used to reduce the problem of the ozone hole.
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© UCLES 2012
0680/12/M/J/12
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8
4
Study the graph below showing changes in tourism in Kenya between 1990 and 2004.
number of tourists (thousands)
1600
1400
1200
1000
800
600
400
200
0
1990
(a) (i)
1992
1994
1996
1998
year
2000
2002
2004
What is the percentage increase in tourism to Kenya between 1990 and 2004?
Show your working.
………………% [2]
(ii)
Suggest some advantages of this increase in tourism in Kenya.
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© UCLES 2012
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9
(b) (i)
Some of the tourists visiting Kenya are ecotourists. Some of the features of
ecotourism are listed below.
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Examiner’s
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Wildlife is protected.
Masai tribespeople, employed as guides, share in the benefits of the tourist
trade.
Ways of life are maintained.
National parks are set up.
Describe how these features show ecotourism.
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(ii)
In Kenya there is great potential for ecotourism which will benefit the country. There
are large game reserves where the ‘Big 5’ animals (elephant, lion, leopard, buffalo,
rhino) are protected for their tourist value. Explain why there is a conflict between
local people and tourists about protecting these animals.
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© UCLES 2012
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10
Look at the graph showing changes in the population of Bluefin Tuna in the Western Atlantic
from 1970 to 1991 when fishing became uneconomic.
200
8
6
100
4
2
0
1969 71
(a) (i)
10
Key:
Tuna numbers
catch
Tuna catch
(in thousands)
Blue Fin Tuna population
(in thousands)
5
73
75
77
79
81
year
83
85
87
89
91
0
In which year did tuna population numbers start to decline?
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(ii)
Suggest one possible cause of this decline.
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(iii)
What strategies might have stopped this decline?
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© UCLES 2012
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11
(b) (i)
The table shows the sources of marine pollution:
source of marine
pollution
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percentage of total
atmosphere
33
transport
12
dumping
10
offshore oil and gas
1
runoff from land
44
Use the data in the table to complete the pie graph and the key below:
0
key:
10
90
80
20
70
30
60
40
50
(ii)
[3]
Describe how pollution from marine transport might be reduced.
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© UCLES 2012
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6
The graph below shows variation in precipitation over a 95 year period at a weather station in
Australia.
100
rainfall difference from
long-term average (%)
80
60
40
20
0
–20
–40
2000
1995
1990
1985
1980
1975
1970
1965
1960
1955
1950
1945
1940
1935
1930
1925
1920
1915
1910
–80
1905
–60
year
0 = long term average precipitation
(a) (i)
In which ten year period was it much wetter than average?
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(ii)
How long was the longest continuous period of below average rainfall?
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(b) Fluctuations in rainfall can be balanced with fluctuations in demand, by storage and
release of water. This can be done by building dams across rivers. On the diagram, X, Y
and Z show three possible sites for a dam.
X
Y
Z
(i)
Which site is the best?
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© UCLES 2012
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13
(ii)
Explain why the site you have chosen is better than the other two.
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(c) Water is essential for life, but in some parts of the world it can carry diseases. Complete
the table below listing water-related diseases.
disease
type
Bilharzia
water-borne
Malaria
© UCLES 2012
[3]
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14
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© UCLES 2012
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reasonable effort has been made by the publisher (UCLES) to trace copyright holders, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly been included, the
publisher will be pleased to make amends at the earliest possible opportunity.
University of Cambridge International Examinations is part of the Cambridge Assessment Group. Cambridge Assessment is the brand name of University of
Cambridge Local Examinations Syndicate (UCLES), which is itself a department of the University of Cambridge.
© UCLES 2012
0680/12/M/J/12