w
w
ap
eP
m
e
tr
.X
w
om
.c
s
er
Example Candidate Responses
(Standards Booklet)
Cambridge IGCSE®
Development Studies
0453
Cambridge Secondary 2
Cambridge International Examinations retains the copyright on all its publications. Registered Centres
are permitted to copy material from this booklet for their own internal use. However, we cannot give
permission to Centres to photocopy any material that is acknowledged to a third party even for internal use
within a Centre.
® IGCSE is the registered trademark of Cambridge International Examinations.
© Cambridge International Examinations 2012
Contents
Introduction ........................................................................................................................... 2
Assessment at a glance ........................................................................................................ 3
Paper 1 ................................................................................................................................. 4
Paper 2 ...............................................................................................................................54
Introduction
Introduction
The main aim of this booklet is to exemplify standards for those teaching Cambridge IGCSE Development
Studies (0453), and to show how different levels of candidates’ performance relate to the subject’s
curriculum and assessment objectives.
In this booklet a range of candidate responses has been chosen as far as possible to exemplify grades A, C
and E. Each response is accompanied by a brief commentary explaining the strengths and weaknesses of
the answers.
For ease of reference the following format for each paper has been adopted:
Mark scheme
Example candidate
response
Examiner comment
Each question is followed by an extract of the mark scheme used by examiners. This, in turn, is followed by
examples of marked candidate responses, each with an examiner comment on performance. Comments are
given to indicate where and why marks were awarded, and how additional marks could have been obtained.
In this way, it is possible to understand what candidates have done to gain their marks and what they still
have to do to improve their grades.
Past papers, Examiner Reports and other teacher support materials are available on our Teacher Support
website at http://teachers.cie.org.uk
2
Cambridge IGCSE Development Studies 0453
Assessment at a glance
Assessment at a glance
For the Cambridge IGCSE in Development Studies, candidates take two compulsory components: Paper 1
and Paper 2.
Paper 1 Structured questions
2 hours
Candidates answer four compulsory structured questions based on stimulus material. The questions
are based on the whole curriculum and mainly involve demonstrating knowledge and understanding.
50% of total marks
80 marks
Paper 2 Structured questions
2 hours
Candidates answer a number of compulsory structured questions based on several pieces of related
source material. The questions are mainly designed to test skills of analysis and evaluation of
evidence, as well as investigation and decision-making.
50% of total marks
80 marks
Teachers are reminded that a full syllabus is available on www.cie.org.uk
Cambridge IGCSE Development Studies 0453
3
Paper 1
Paper 1
Question 1
Mark scheme
4
Cambridge IGCSE Development Studies 0453
Paper 1
Cambridge IGCSE Development Studies 0453
5
Paper 1
Example candidate response – grade A
6
Cambridge IGCSE Development Studies 0453
Paper 1
Cambridge IGCSE Development Studies 0453
7
Paper 1
8
Cambridge IGCSE Development Studies 0453
Paper 1
Cambridge IGCSE Development Studies 0453
9
Paper 1
Examiner comment – grade A
(a) (i) The candidate answered this correctly.
(ii) Knowledge of the name and location of selected countries was applied to the skill of map
interpretation.
(iii) This question requires a generalised answer and the candidate understood the importance of the
word ‘most’ in the question.
(iv) A clear understanding of the meaning of ‘GNP per person’ was shown in this developed answer.
(b) (i) Credit was given here for recognising that an increase in life expectancy shows that living standards
are improving. However, the reference to the rapid growth of Cairo’s population in Fig. 2 is not
evidence of this. Indeed, rapid population growth may lead to a reduction in quality of life.
(ii) The candidate only gave one problem, that of crime increasing. Other problems caused by a lack of
basic needs such as enough food, clean water and shelter were not considered.
(iii) Three advantages are clearly expressed. Instead of just stating ‘they gain skills’ this candidate
described how knowledge gained is taken back to the home country where it is put to good use.
The answer has therefore been linked to the advantages for a country’s economy.
(c) The candidate identified two different advantages Egypt has for tourism as required by the question. It is
not sufficient to list several historical sites.
(d) The candidate stated a relevant case study at the beginning of the answer. The answer also focused
on the problems of relying on tourism as a major means of development (rather than on the problems
of mass tourism which were more common answers). This answer could therefore be worth marks in
Level 3 as its format is comprehensive in scope providing there is sufficient development of ideas. The
consequences of an unexpected natural disaster were well explained in terms of why tourists stayed
away and the impact of this on the economy in both the long and short term was considered.
Mark awarded = 16 out of 20
Example candidate response – grade C
10
Cambridge IGCSE Development Studies 0453
Paper 1
Cambridge IGCSE Development Studies 0453
11
Paper 1
12
Cambridge IGCSE Development Studies 0453
Paper 1
Examiner comment – grade C
(a) (i)–(ii) The candidate was able to understand what the map is showing using the key and had the
knowledge to name one high income country.
(iii) An alternative name to High Income Countries was given instead of a statement of where most of
them are.
(iv) An understanding of GNP per person is lacking in this answer.
(b) (i) The candidate has not understood the question or else has not used Fig. 2. If the question begins
with a command to ‘Study Fig. 2’ then this must be followed in order to answer the question.
(ii) Three problems were described in detail to gain full credit here.
(iii) The first and last statements are just worth credit although the points were not made strongly. The
fact that there is less strain put on the government to provide services as the population decreases,
could have been better expressed.
(c) The candidate identified two different advantages Egypt has for tourism using the source material
provided.
(d) There was no attempt to make reference to either Egypt or other areas that have been studied. This
answer is therefore not comprehensive and so cannot merit high marks in Level 3. Animals becoming
extinct and floods destroying tourist features are only basic statements worth marks in Level 1. The
problem of tourism being seasonal due to weather conditions is expressed in more detail but other
statements are weak. For example, the candidate needs to say why attractions such as museums may
not be interesting in other years or develop the effects this can have on people and the economy.
Mark awarded = 12 out of 20
Example candidate response – grade E
Cambridge IGCSE Development Studies 0453
13
Paper 1
14
Cambridge IGCSE Development Studies 0453
Paper 1
Cambridge IGCSE Development Studies 0453
15
Paper 1
Examiner comment – grade E
(a) (i) This is correct.
(ii) ‘North America’ is not the name of a country – it is important for candidates to be able to name and
locate the continents and name selected countries within each one.
(iii) North America does have High Income Countries but it is not where ‘most’ of them are which is
what the question asks.
(iv) The candidate did not understand the idea of GNP per person being an average.
(b) (i) The fact that ‘about half of Egypt’s resident live in urban areas’ is not evidence that the standard of
living is improving although the first point made is correct.
(ii) The first two statements are worth credit as the candidate described the problems resulting from a
lack of food and shelter. The final point made regarding farming does not relate to urban dwellers.
(iii) This answer gives a good description of the way people working abroad learn new skills which they
bring back to the home country where they teach others what they have learnt. There is also a brief
reference to money being sent back home. Only these two points were made, however, and the
question asked for three advantages.
(c) The candidate did not read the question carefully and stated the advantages that tourism has for Egypt
rather than the advantages Egypt has for tourism.
(d) This candidate considered what happens if tourists fail to come to a country which is a problem if a
country relies on tourism as a major means of development. This is a Level 1 statement and the idea is
developed in terms of the loss of foreign currency leading to poverty. This is worth a mark in Level 2 but
the candidate failed to make any further developed point.
Mark awarded = 9 out of 20
16
Cambridge IGCSE Development Studies 0453
Paper 1
Question 2
Mark scheme
Cambridge IGCSE Development Studies 0453
17
Paper 1
18
Cambridge IGCSE Development Studies 0453
Paper 1
Example candidate response – grade A
Cambridge IGCSE Development Studies 0453
19
Paper 1
20
Cambridge IGCSE Development Studies 0453
Paper 1
Examiner comment – grade A
(a) (i)–(iv) These were all answered correctly as a result of careful analysis of Fig. 3.
(v) ‘Health education’ is a vague term but credit was given for mobile clinics going to different villages
to educate people in aspects of health care. This candidate also described where posters and
advertisements will be put and who will see them. This type of statement is needed if the question
asks for a description of methods. A list of short phrases is not sufficient to gain full credit.
(b) (i) This description shows the candidate has made a careful observation of the housing shown in Fig. 4
and the answer focused on what can be seen in the photograph, as required, not on general features
of shanty housing that are learnt from case studies in the classroom.
(ii) The candidate stated that the area is difficult to access but failed to explain the other reasons why
it is difficult to provide services to these crowded, illegal and unplanned dwellings. The candidate
suggested that the river water needs to be cleaned but water piped from elsewhere can supply safe
drinking water to these communities.
(c) This candidate scores full marks with a very concise but comprehensive answer. The social and
economic benefits were not only described but they were also linked together to show a thorough
understanding of the interrelationships between different sections of this syllabus in a holistic way. The
idea of a continuous cycle of improvement was also expressed.
Mark awarded = 16 out of 20
Cambridge IGCSE Development Studies 0453
21
Paper 1
Example candidate response – grade C
22
Cambridge IGCSE Development Studies 0453
Paper 1
Cambridge IGCSE Development Studies 0453
23
Paper 1
Examiner comment – grade C
(a) (i)–(iv) A sound interpretation of Fig. 3 is shown here with the candidate giving three meanings of the
word ‘safe’ in relation to drinking water even though one was sufficient.
(v) The candidate explained the forms of media that could be used for advertising, which was good.
The medical centres for testing water are not a ‘raising awareness method’ but teaching children in
schools about the importance of clean water was valid.
(b) (i) The fact that the houses are close to each other would have been a better description of the houses
than just the fact they are next to each other. The type of material used and the unhygienic nature of
the houses were both points made that were worth credit.
(ii) The fact that the population of the area keeps on increasing is a valid point but the candidate needs
to explain why it is difficult to dig trenches for water pipes for these households. The references to
collection of garbage and supply of electricity are not related to provision of safe drinking water and
improved sanitation.
(c) The candidate makes a valid argument in that by providing safe water people are less likely to die or
leave their jobs and so they will be able to work which will benefit the economy. This was just sufficient
for a mark in Level 2. There were no other developed, different points in the answer to merit any further
marks. The candidate could have explained that children would not have to stay at home looking after
parents who were ill and so would be able to benefit from schooling as they themselves would also
be healthier. With a job and money to buy different foods, families would be less likely to suffer from
malnutrition.
Mark awarded = 12 out of 20
24
Cambridge IGCSE Development Studies 0453
Paper 1
Example candidate script – grade E
Cambridge IGCSE Development Studies 0453
25
Paper 1
26
Cambridge IGCSE Development Studies 0453
Paper 1
Examiner comment – grade E
(a) (i)–(iii) These are correct answers.
(iv) This is an unusual error as candidates can usually interpret a bar chart with confidence.
(v) The candidate’s first suggestion would not be a wise experiment and the research suggestion needs
to be linked with how the results could be used to make people aware of the problems.
(b) (i) Credit was given for the materials used for the roofing and main structure but reference to paper and
plastic was too vague.
(ii) The last two statements really explain why it is necessary to provide safe drinking water rather than
why it is difficult to provide this. It is not clear how the first statement applies to the question but the
reference to the fact that the households are too crowded was just worth a mark.
(c) The candidate made one Level 2 statement in referring to the fact that tourists are more likely to visit a
country that has safe water and good sanitation and this will bring in foreign currency. Whereas this is a
good economic benefit, that is all that is worth credit in this answer. The candidate could have described
all the benefits to local people in terms of better health, being able to work and attend school with all
the advantages that this brings.
Mark awarded = 9 out of 20
Cambridge IGCSE Development Studies 0453
27
Paper 1
Question 3
Mark scheme
28
Cambridge IGCSE Development Studies 0453
Paper 1
Cambridge IGCSE Development Studies 0453
29
Paper 1
Example candidate response – grade A
30
Cambridge IGCSE Development Studies 0453
Paper 1
Cambridge IGCSE Development Studies 0453
31
Paper 1
32
Cambridge IGCSE Development Studies 0453
Paper 1
Examiner comment – grade A
(a) (i) This is the correct answer.
(ii) The reason why it is necessary to increase production in agriculture was required rather than just a
statement that there is a need. A reference to land degradation elsewhere would also have been a
valid answer.
(iii) This use of land in forested areas is a correct answer.
(b) (i) Candidates were asked to study Fig. 6 which states the main sources of greenhouse gases in
relation to man’s activities. There is no reference to volcanic eruptions in the material provided. The
second paragraph clearly provided the answers to this question.
Cambridge IGCSE Development Studies 0453
33
Paper 1
(ii) Three points were made here to explain how greenhouse gases cause global warming. These are
the facts that they form a layer in the atmosphere, this traps heat emitted from the earth’s surface,
which then warms the atmosphere.
(iii) This answer does not explain sufficiently why poor farmers need more land. The candidate needed
to state why they are unable to survive on the land they already have.
(c) Full marks were gained here for three impacts of deforestation on forest ecosystems – loss of habitat,
disruption of food chains and the resulting threat of species becoming endangered.
(d) The candidate considered two different impacts, developed these ideas in detail and referred to an area
studied. This is therefore a comprehensive answer and worth marks in Level 3. The impact on less
rainfall causing deserts to expand, rendering land useless, causing crops to fail leading to famine, such
as in Somalia, is particularly well expressed in a concise way. This is the sort of answer required for
marks in Level 3.
Mark awarded = 15 out of 20
Example candidate response – grade C
34
Cambridge IGCSE Development Studies 0453
Paper 1
Cambridge IGCSE Development Studies 0453
35
Paper 1
36
Cambridge IGCSE Development Studies 0453
Paper 1
Examiner comment – grade C
(a) (i) Fig. 5 was correctly interpreted.
(ii) The first statement gained credit but the second did not answer the question.
(iii) This answer was too vague to be given credit although some natural disasters may lead to
deforestation in some areas.
(b) (i) Full credit was given here even though the candidate may not realise that the first two in the list are
the same cause.
(ii) The candidate understands that heat is trapped in the earth’s atmosphere but does not explain this
any further. A cause of emissions and some effects are considered but these were not required by
the question.
(iii) The first statement is worth credit with its reference to land becoming infertile, but the method used
to clear forest is not relevant.
(c) Loss of habitat and disruption of the food chain are described and this answer gained two marks. It is
important that candidates consider the number of marks which a question is worth and ensure they
make sufficient points in their answer to potentially gain full marks.
(d) This candidate gives a typical Level 2 answer. A sound attempt was made as points have been
developed but there is no reference to specific areas that have been studied as required by the question.
Cambridge IGCSE Development Studies 0453
37
Paper 1
The answer in not comprehensive and each point was not developed sufficiently to gain the highest
marks. The candidate could have combined the points on low yield and ill health together in such a
way as to show that high temperatures and drought causes low yields of crops which mean farmers’
incomes are low and they may therefore not be able to feed their families properly which results in
malnutrition. If reference had then been made to an area where this is happening, then a mark in Level
3 would have been likely. Similarly, the reference to flooding from ice melting did not go far enough to
merit high marks. The candidate could have named a low-lying country which would be impacted by
rising sea levels and then considered the impacts of flooding on a community.
Mark awarded = 12 out of 20
Example candidate response – grade E
38
Cambridge IGCSE Development Studies 0453
Paper 1
Cambridge IGCSE Development Studies 0453
39
Paper 1
40
Cambridge IGCSE Development Studies 0453
Paper 1
Examiner comment – grade E
(a) (i) The pie chart was interpreted correctly.
(ii) The first answer is correct but people do not lack knowledge to do other jobs. The candidate needed
to consider either the problem of soil degradation elsewhere or the profit to be gained from the
export of cash crops.
(iii) The candidate has confused the cause of deforestation with the meaning of the term. Many other
causes could have been given as an answer here such as industries or housing developments.
(b) (i) Two of the main causes were correctly identified after careful consideration of the text in Fig. 6.
(ii) The candidate clearly does not understand the cause of global warming. Some of its consequences
have been considered but this was not asked by the question. These gases do not let ‘more light’
come into the earth. The greenhouse gases form a layer in the earth’s atmosphere which allows
radiation from the sun to pass through but traps heat that is radiated back out to space from the
earth’s surface. This trapped heat causes the atmosphere to heat up. This sequence of events could
have been shown by a clearly labelled diagram.
(iii) The only valid answer here was the final point regarding the increase in the population. The lack of
education and money is not a reason why poor farmers need more land.
(c) Two impacts on the forest ecosystem were considered here and each one was well explained.
However, the question was worth three marks so in order to gain full marks the candidate either had to
develop one of the stated impacts even further or describe another impact.
Cambridge IGCSE Development Studies 0453
41
Paper 1
(d) The candidate began the answer with an incorrect attempt to explain the cause of global warming but
this was irrelevant to this question. There was one mark awarded for a simple Level 1 statement that
the climate can be affected and may cause a lack of rain when it was expected in the rainy season.
It would have been easy for this candidate to continue with this idea to gain three marks (Level 2) by
stating the impact this would have on a farming community.
Mark awarded = 8 out of 20
Question 4
Mark scheme
42
Cambridge IGCSE Development Studies 0453
Paper 1
Cambridge IGCSE Development Studies 0453
43
Paper 1
Example candidate response – grade A
44
Cambridge IGCSE Development Studies 0453
Paper 1
Cambridge IGCSE Development Studies 0453
45
Paper 1
Examiner comment – grade A
(a) (i)–(ii) The candidate understands the terminology of industrial production.
(iii) Full credit was given here because the candidate used Fig. 7 as required by the question. The skill
of being able to interpret a flow chart is tested here, not knowledge of how money capital is used in
industrial production.
(iv) It would have been better if the candidate had used a different word from ‘process’ as this was
given in the question, but it is clear that the term is understood.
(b) Purchasing and financial economies of scale are well explained rather than simply being listed as two
examples.
46
Cambridge IGCSE Development Studies 0453
Paper 1
(c) One mark was given here for the general idea of trading costs being lower although it would have been
better if the candidate had mentioned tariffs.
(d) (i) The candidate is familiar with the use of acronyms.
(ii) The ways countries can attract foreign investment was explained clearly.
(e) This is a typical Level 2 answer as several points have been developed beyond a simple statement
(Level 1). The government earning tax revenue from a factory is Level 1 but the explanation of how
this money is used to aid development brings the answer up into Level 2. There are two parts to this
question and the candidate has not described how a factory may be linked to the different parts of the
economy. It is not therefore a comprehensive answer and so does not merit marks in Level 3 even if one
of the points had been fully developed. The candidate needed to show how the factory was linked either
to the primary sector in terms of raw materials or the tertiary sector for transportation, power, marketing
etc.
Mark awarded = 17 out of 20
Example candidate response – grade C
Cambridge IGCSE Development Studies 0453
47
Paper 1
48
Cambridge IGCSE Development Studies 0453
Paper 1
Examiner comment – grade C
(a) (i)–(ii) The candidate understands the meaning of ‘factors of production’ and ‘capital goods’.
(iii) Only one way that money is used in industrial production was given. If the question asks for three
ways then full credit cannot be given for stating one way, even though that way is explained.
(iv) The question itself was repeated and the term not understood.
(b) Purchasing economies of scale is only one example but the question asks for two.
(c) The candidate understands why factories are often located in free trade zones. The lack of trade
restrictions such as quotas and the fact that tariffs are not charged were the points that gained the
marks.
(d) (i) Correct answer.
(ii) The answer only includes two policies and neither point has been sufficiently developed to merit an
additional mark.
(e) The candidate focused on the use that can be made of the tax revenue supplied by the factory. The
point is well made and worth a mark in Level 2. There is no reference to how the factory is linked to the
primary or tertiary sectors of the economy and the answer is insufficient to merit marks in Level 3.
Mark awarded = 12 out of 20
Cambridge IGCSE Development Studies 0453
49
Paper 1
Example candidate response – grade E
50
Cambridge IGCSE Development Studies 0453
Paper 1
Cambridge IGCSE Development Studies 0453
51
Paper 1
Examiner comment – grade E
(a) (i) The candidate gave examples of Land, Labour and Capital rather than the general term that is used
for all of them.
(ii) Machinery is a good example of a capital good used in a factory.
(iii) The candidate gave four ways although only three are asked for in the question. Only the first two
apply to Fig. 7 which needed to be used to answer this question.
(iv) The candidate confused semi-processed goods with raw materials.
(b) Examples of the economies of scale that might be made in a large factory are not given so no credit was
gained although the candidate does show some understanding of the term with the references to ‘large
number’.
(c) Companies may well have to pay taxes in free trade zones. The candidate needed to be more specific to
gain credit by referring to lack of trading restrictions such as import tariffs.
(d) (i) Credit was given for this answer.
(ii) This answer was just worth one mark for the first brief statement. The ‘government assisted
policies’ needs an explanation.
52
Cambridge IGCSE Development Studies 0453
Paper 1
(e) The candidate does not fully understand what the question requires for an answer. The first paragraph
is confused. The second paragraph is worth a mark in Level 2 in relation to the statements regarding
development of other infrastructure and housing linked to diversification of the economy. The use of
transport routes to move goods is an attempt to link a factory with the tertiary sector of the economy
but this is not clearly stated.
Mark awarded = 8 out of 20
Cambridge IGCSE Development Studies 0453
53
Paper 2
Paper 2
Question 1 (a)–(d)
Mark scheme
54
Cambridge IGCSE Development Studies 0453
Paper 2
Example candidate response – grade A
Cambridge IGCSE Development Studies 0453
55
Paper 2
56
Cambridge IGCSE Development Studies 0453
Paper 2
Examiner comment – grade A
The candidate scored consistently within this question.
(a) (i) The countries were arranged in the correct order.
(ii) The full three marks were awarded for precise and accurate references to the countries being in the
Tropics, in Africa and in South East Asia.
(b) (i) The definitions were all acceptable.
(ii) The candidate correctly identified freedom and justice as the indicator used in Fig. 2 which is difficult
or impossible to measure. The reasoning was also credited, particularly the reference to the fact that
‘no form of census can be taken on the number of people who are free or treated fairly in a country’
which implies that it is not measurable by statistics. The fact that each country has its own laws,
and different cultures and religions, is not relevant, however had the candidate expressed the idea
that information about this issue is often withheld by governments this would have been credited.
(c) This section was answered effectively and the candidate showed an understanding of the meaning
of ‘percentage increase in GDP’. The candidate identified years when the GDP was increasing and
decreasing, backing this up with accurate statistics, although it would have been useful had the
candidate referred to relative rates of increase by using words like ‘rapidly’ or ‘slowly’, therefore making
more of an interpretation of the statistics.
(d) The candidate referred to a large number of indicators, indeed all of those listed in Fig. 2 and showed
some understanding of how each could be used to find out if Kenya is a low, high or middle income
Cambridge IGCSE Development Studies 0453
57
Paper 2
country. Had the candidate dealt with fewer indicators (three for example) and developed the ideas
relating to them more fully this Level 2 answer would have been raised in quality to Level 3.
Mark awarded = 17 out of 21
Example candidate response – grade C
58
Cambridge IGCSE Development Studies 0453
Paper 2
Cambridge IGCSE Development Studies 0453
59
Paper 2
Examiner comment – grade C
Some sections were well answered, though performance was not consistent.
(a) (i)–(ii) Full marks were scored.
(b) (i) The definitions are weak. A mark was awarded for the definition of life expectancy, as the use of the
phrase ‘expected to live’ implies that this is an average. The GDP definition is inaccurate and the
definition of adult literacy has too general a focus on education, rather than the ability to read and
write.
(b) (ii) Freedom and justice were correctly identified and the final sentence of the answer was sufficient to
imply that it is not possible to quantify, therefore difficult to measure. Had the candidate expanded
this idea, referring to the fact that freedom and justice is an abstract concept, further credit would
have been awarded.
(c) The candidate referred to years and quoted generally accurate figures, describing the trends and
including reference to rates of increase. This answer scored high marks, however full marks could not
be awarded as there is no indication that the candidate understood that the figures show change in the
GDP (rather than actual GDP).
(d) This section was not understood. The candidate wrote about methodology such as questionnaires,
rather than explaining how indicators such as those in Figs 1 and 2 could be used.
Mark awarded = 11 out of 21
60
Cambridge IGCSE Development Studies 0453
Paper 2
Example candidate response – grade E
Cambridge IGCSE Development Studies 0453
61
Paper 2
62
Cambridge IGCSE Development Studies 0453
Paper 2
Examiner comment – grade E
The candidate gave some correct answers, showing some basic knowledge and understanding; however
there are shortcomings and inaccuracies throughout.
(a) (i) The countries were not arranged in the correct order, with South Africa and India being reversed.
(ii) This section suggests that the candidate did not understand the term ‘distribution of countries’,
however a mark was (just) awarded for reference to ‘Africa’, even though South Africa does not fall
into the category of 40% or more living on less than US$1 per day.
(b) (i) The first two definitions given are clearly incorrect and the candidate only gained one mark for an
acceptable definition of adult literacy.
(ii) Freedom and justice were correctly identified and the reasoning was sufficient for basic credit
despite the awkward wording of the answer, which only just implies that different individual
perceptions of freedom and justice make quantifying it impossible.
(c) The candidate gave a simple description of trends, though not all are accurate, with no reference to
statistics. Level 1 was awarded.
(d) This was another basic answer which was awarded Level 1 as the candidate identified a range of
indicators, but did little to explain how any of them could be used to determine if Kenya is a low, middle
or high income country. Indeed by starting the answer ‘Kenya is a low income country’ the candidate
has indicated that the nature of this task has not been fully understood.
Mark awarded = 8 out of 21
Cambridge IGCSE Development Studies 0453
63
Paper 2
Question 2 (a)–(c)
Mark scheme
64
Cambridge IGCSE Development Studies 0453
Paper 2
Cambridge IGCSE Development Studies 0453
65
Paper 2
66
Cambridge IGCSE Development Studies 0453
Paper 2
Question 2
Cambridge IGCSE Development Studies 0453
67
Paper 2
Example candidate response – grade A
68
Cambridge IGCSE Development Studies 0453
Paper 2
Cambridge IGCSE Development Studies 0453
69
Paper 2
70
Cambridge IGCSE Development Studies 0453
Paper 2
Cambridge IGCSE Development Studies 0453
71
Paper 2
72
Cambridge IGCSE Development Studies 0453
Paper 2
Examiner comment – grade A
The candidate performed consistently across this question, scoring marks on all sections. Answers showed
a good knowledge and understanding of the aspects of enquiry which are tested and the candidate was
able to present and analyse data as required.
(a) Full marks were scored as all three answers are precise and accurate.
(b) The candidate showed a thorough understanding of sampling and data collection.
(i) The explanation of why pilot studies are carried out was acceptable.
(ii) The advantages and disadvantages of random sampling given are weak and relate to sampling
generally rather than random sampling as such.
(iii) Systematic and quota sampling were clearly described.
(iv) The candidate expressed clearly why interviews and observations were used in this study and the
points were quite well developed.
Cambridge IGCSE Development Studies 0453
73
Paper 2
(v) The candidate gave three valid ideas relating to the practical difficulties of interviewing, however no
credit was awarded for the references to observation which did not focus on practical difficulties.
Further marks could have been gained had the candidate expressed more ideas or developed those
included.
(c) The candidate used the data in Figs 6A and 6B with some confidence.
(i)–(ii) The symbols for Athi Kamunyuni were accurately drawn and the information given was used
effectively to compare average farm size and crops grown in the named villages.
(iii) The candidate recognised that more cattle are kept in Kaiani and more goats in Athi Kamunyuni and
to some extent used statistics to back this up, however more precise reference to the percentage of
households which have goats or cows was required for full marks.
Mark awarded = 29 out of 35
Example candidate response – grade C
74
Cambridge IGCSE Development Studies 0453
Paper 2
Cambridge IGCSE Development Studies 0453
75
Paper 2
76
Cambridge IGCSE Development Studies 0453
Paper 2
Cambridge IGCSE Development Studies 0453
77
Paper 2
78
Cambridge IGCSE Development Studies 0453
Paper 2
Examiner comment – grade C
The candidate performed well on some sections of the question and showed knowledge and understanding
of most of the aspects of enquiry which are tested, however marks were lost on several sections.
(a) (i) The candidate has not understood the meaning of ‘location’.
(ii) The answer is fully correct
(iii) The answer is fully correct
(b) (i) The explanation of why pilot studies are carried out was clear and accurate.
(ii) The advantage of random sampling was accepted, but not the disadvantage, which could apply to
any type of sampling technique.
(iii) Stratified and systematic sampling are correctly named methods of sampling which could have
been used but their descriptions have been reversed.
(iv) The candidate explained in simple terms why observations and interviews were used in this study
but could have included further reasoning for more credit.
Cambridge IGCSE Development Studies 0453
79
Paper 2
(v) The candidate gave a number of simple ideas which were credited in the first part of the answer;
however no credit was awarded for the references to biased questions or interviewing the wrong
people as they are not practical difficulties of carrying out research such as this.
(c) (i) The candidate shaded ten boxes in the correct proportions, however was only awarded one of
the two marks as the style used was not consistent with that used on the map for the other three
villages.
(ii) The candidate correctly quoted the amount of land used for arable farming in the required villages,
although full marks were not awarded as these figures were not interpreted (i.e. more land in total is
used for arable farming in Kyamusoi but a greater proportion of the land is used for arable farming in
Darajani.)
(iii) No marks were awarded as the candidate simply lifted figures again without interpretation, and in
this case did not understand what the key shows about the percentage of households with goats or
cows, therefore not giving any accurate statistical comparisons between the two villages.
Mark awarded = 20 out of 35
Example candidate response – grade E
80
Cambridge IGCSE Development Studies 0453
Paper 2
[4]
Cambridge IGCSE Development Studies 0453
81
Paper 2
[5]
82
Cambridge IGCSE Development Studies 0453
Paper 2
Cambridge IGCSE Development Studies 0453
83
Paper 2
84
Cambridge IGCSE Development Studies 0453
Paper 2
Examiner comment – grade E
The candidate answered all sections, though all answers were brief.
(a) (i) The statement describing the Makueni District does not refer to its location, therefore is not
relevant.
(ii) The comparisons which were made between Wote and Kibwezi are valid.
(iii) Two of the three villages were correctly named.
(b) (i) The brief answer is valid and shows that the candidate has some knowledge of the purpose of a
pilot study.
(ii) The candidate did not make any valid points about the advantages and disadvantages of random
sampling.
(iii) The two alternative types of sample described are valid, though Method 1 is not correctly named.
(iv) The methods of data collection used have been correctly named but there is no valid reasoning
included.
(v) This section requires extended writing yet the candidate has written three brief bullet points. These
bullet points are acceptable practical difficulties which a researcher may experience, however the
candidate would have gained more credit by elaborating on each one.
(c) (i) This section was accurately completed despite the correction.
Cambridge IGCSE Development Studies 0453
85
Paper 2
(c) (ii) The candidates did nothing more than lift figures from the resources without any attempt to interpret
them or compare the named villages.
(iii) There is no pair of accurate statistics.
Mark awarded = 16 out of 35
Question 2 (d)
Mark scheme
86
Cambridge IGCSE Development Studies 0453
Paper 2
Example candidate response – grade A
Cambridge IGCSE Development Studies 0453
87
Paper 2
Examiner comment – grade A
All three sections were answered well, displaying accuracy and detail.
(d) (i) The pie chart was carefully drawn with the dividing lines accurately placed and the shading and key
fully completed.
(ii) The candidate showed a good understanding of why a pie chart is an appropriate method of
displaying such data, clearly making the point that not only is it easy to read but also it shows in a
visual way how the whole is divided into percentages.
(iii) This section required a piece of extended writing which identified differences in the percentages
of households using different sources of water and explained them. This candidate attempted both
parts of the task and made some valid observations (e.g. a greater percentage of households in Athi
Kamunyuni uses river water than in any other village), suggesting reasons for some of these (e.g.
proximity of the villages to a suitable river). There is a little development of this reasoning, however
further credit would have been awarded had the points been more elaborated (e.g. villages distant
from rivers are unlikely to depend on river water as it would take too long for residents to collect the
water on a regular basis).
Mark awarded = 9 out of 10
88
Cambridge IGCSE Development Studies 0453
Paper 2
Example candidate response – grade C
Cambridge IGCSE Development Studies 0453
89
Paper 2
Examiner comment – grade C
(d) (i) The candidate completed the key and the pie chart divisions were drawn in reasonably accurately.
Though not perfect, these are within tolerance so full marks were awarded.
(ii) The answer to this section is basic, however it is valid. The fact that it is attractive and easily read
and understood scored one mark, the other mark would have been awarded had the candidate
referred to it being an appropriate method to show proportions.
(iii) The candidate only partially addressed the demands of the question. Whilst it suggests simple
reasons for differences (e.g. whether a village is near to the river or not) it does not identify exactly
what these differences are in the percentages of households who use different sources of water in
the named villages. Indeed no villages are named in the answer therefore Level 1 was awarded for
this basic answer.
Mark awarded = 5 out of 10
90
Cambridge IGCSE Development Studies 0453
Paper 2
Example candidate response – grade E
Cambridge IGCSE Development Studies 0453
91
Paper 2
[6]
Examiner comment – grade E
(d) (i) The pie chart was completed but using an incorrect technique so that it is grossly inaccurate. Lines
were drawn at 22, 23 and 35 rather than the circle being divided into the correct proportions.
(ii) The comments made were too vague for credit.
(iii) This is the only section to gain credit. The candidate to some extent identified and suggested
reasons for the differences in percentages of households using different sources of water. Whilst
the points made are basic at least the candidate used named examples of villages and in the case of
Kaiani attempted to suggest reasons why most people use dams and tanks on their roofs.
Mark awarded = 3 out of 10
92
Cambridge IGCSE Development Studies 0453
Paper 2
Question 2 (e)–(f)
Mark scheme
Cambridge IGCSE Development Studies 0453
93
Paper 2
Example candidate response – grade A
94
Cambridge IGCSE Development Studies 0453
Paper 2
Examiner comment – grade A
(e) This is an excellent answer which was awarded full marks. For each of the investments chosen the
candidate offered a well-thought-out explanation of why it would be a good choice, fully elaborating
each of the points made.
(f) This is a more basic answer. Whilst it identifies appropriate means of research such as interviews and
questionnaires, it does not address the issue of finding out the success of the investments, nor does it
really justify the chosen methods. To improve this answer the candidate needed to consider and justify
the interview and questionnaire in more detail, attempting to explain exactly what things could be asked
and why in order to find out the success of the methods. For example, an interview with a farmer might
incorporate an examination of the accounts of the farm before and after the investments to see if more
income had been earned as a result of building a dam and buying livestock.
Mark awarded = 10 out of 14
Cambridge IGCSE Development Studies 0453
95
Paper 2
Example candidate response – grade C
[8]
96
Cambridge IGCSE Development Studies 0453
Paper 2
[6]
Examiner comment – grade C
(e) The candidate made valid points for each of the investments chosen although more marks would have
been earned had each point been developed more. For example, the advantages which will be gained
by the villagers if their agriculture is not seasonal could have been explored (e.g. an all year round food
supply and/or income) along with the ways in which a secure store for grain may benefit farmers (e.g.
reduction of loss of grain due to being consumed by rodents).
(f) Brief comments were made, including reference to observation and interviews, however only Level
1 was awarded as the answer does not explore how these methods could be used to ascertain how
successful the two types of investment have been.
Mark awarded = 6 out of 14
Cambridge IGCSE Development Studies 0453
97
Paper 2
Example candidate response – grade E
[8]
Examiner comment – grade E
(e) The candidate provided a brief, but accurate, response in this section but did not attempt the final part of
the question. The points made in (e) are valid and the candidate made a simple attempt to develop the
explanation of how buying livestock will be a good investment. The explanation for building of a dam
could have been similarly developed.
Mark awarded = 4 out of 14
Cambridge IGCSE Development Studies 0453
98
Cambridge International Examinations
1 Hills Road, Cambridge, CB1 2EU, United Kingdom
Tel: +44 (0)1223 553554 Fax: +44 (0)1223 553558
Email: international@cie.org.uk www.cie.org.uk
® IGCSE is the registered trademark of Cambridge International Examinations.
© Cambridge International Examinations 2012 v1 2Y09
*4569839101*