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0453/02
DEVELOPMENT STUDIES
Paper 2
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UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE INTERNATIONAL EXAMINATIONS
International General Certificate of Secondary Education
October/November 2008
2 hours
Additional Materials:
*4790905135*
Answer Booklet/Paper
Ruler
READ THESE INSTRUCTIONS FIRST
If you have been given an Answer Booklet, follow the instructions on the front cover of the Booklet.
Write your Centre number, candidate number and name on all the work you hand in.
Write in dark blue or black pen.
You may use a soft pencil for any diagrams, graphs or rough working.
Do not use staples, paper clips, highlighters, glue or correction fluid.
Answer all the questions.
You should read and study the sources before answering the questions.
Insert 1 contains Photograph A for Question 2 and Insert 2 contains Fig. 8 for Question 3.
At the end of the examination, fasten all your work securely together.
The number of marks is given in brackets [ ] at the end of each question or part question.
This document consists of 12 printed pages and 2 Inserts.
SP (SM/CGW) T39734/7
© UCLES 2008
[Turn over
2
1
(a) Study Fig. 1, which shows information about population growth in three countries.
projected figures
1 750
population (millions)
1 500
India
1 250
China
1 000
750
500
United States
250
0
1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050
Fig. 1
(i)
What was the total population of India in 2000?
(ii)
How did the rate of growth of the population of the USA and India differ between 1950
and 2000?
[1]
(iii)
Identify one similarity and one difference in the pattern of population growth which is
expected in India and China between 2010 and 2050.
[2]
© UCLES 2008
0453/02/O/N/08
[1]
3
(b) Study Fig. 2, which shows birth and death rates in India during the twentieth century.
Birth and death rates in India
1901 to 2001
50
40
30
20
1981-91
1971-81
1991-2001
years
1961-71
1951-61
1941-51
1931-41
1921-31
0
1911-21
10
1901-1911
rate per 1000 population
60
Key
birth rate
death rate
Fig. 2
(i)
Between which years was the birth rate in India 46 per 1000 and the death rate 37 per
1000?
[1]
(ii)
Calculate the natural population growth rate of India between 1981 and 1991. You must
show your calculations.
[2]
(iii)
Suggest possible reasons for the high birth rates in India during much of the twentieth
century.
[5]
© UCLES 2008
0453/02/O/N/08
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4
(c) Study Figs 3A and 3B, which are population pyramids for India. Fig. 3A shows information
about the population in 2005. Fig. 3B is based on projected figures for 2050.
2005
Age
group
80+
75-79
70-74
65-69
60-64
55-59
50-54
45-49
40-44
35-39
30-34
25-29
20-24
15-19
10-14
5-9
0-4
Male
60
50
40
30
20
Female
Old dependents
Economically active
Young dependents
10
10
0
0
Population (millions)
20
30
40
50
60
Fig. 3A
2050
Age
group
80+
75-79
70-74
65-69
60-64
55-59
50-54
45-49
40-44
35-39
30-34
25-29
20-24
15-19
10-14
5-9
0-4
Male
60
50
40
30
20
Female
Old dependents
Economically active
Young dependents
10
0
0
10
Population (millions)
20
30
40
50
60
Fig. 3B
(i)
Which age group in 2005 had the largest number of both males and females?
(ii)
What evidence in the population pyramids suggests that:
A
people will have a longer life expectancy in 2050 than they had in 2005;
B
there will be a lower birth rate in 2050 than there was in 2005?
[1]
[2]
(iii)
How is the dependent population of India expected to differ in 2050 from what it was like
in 2005? Support your answer with figures.
[3]
(d) Suggest how the life expectancy is expected to change in developing countries during this
century. Give reasons for your answer.
[4]
[Total 22 marks]
© UCLES 2008
0453/02/O/N/08
5
2
(a) Study Fig. 4, which shows rural to urban migration, a process involved in urbanisation.
Rural to urban migration
countryside
city
PUSH
PULL
Fig. 4
(i)
What is rural to urban migration?
(ii)
Push and pull factors can be used to explain rural to urban migration. What is meant by
push and pull factors?
[2]
(iii)
By referring to different push and pull factors, explain in detail why there has been a large
amount of rural to urban migration in many developing countries.
[6]
© UCLES 2008
0453/02/O/N/08
[1]
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6
(b) Study Fig. 5, which shows information about cities in India with a population of 2 million or
more.
The population of cities in India
10
8
N
6
4
4
12
4
2
4
2
2
10
2
New
Delhi
8
Lucknow
6
4
6
Jaipur
Kanpur
4
2
4
4
2
4
2
Kolkata
2
Ahmadabad
2
Surat
4
Nagpur
4
2
Mumbai
2
Pune
6
Hyderabad
4
6
population (millions)
2
Key
6
4
Chennai
Bangalore
2
4
2
total
city
population
population
living in
slums
0
km
Fig. 5
© UCLES 2008
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0453/02/O/N/08
7
(i)
Estimate the total population of Bangalore.
(ii)
Rank the following cities in order of their population size. Rank from largest to smallest.
Kolkata
Ahmadabad
Nagpur
New Delhi
[1]
[1]
(iii)
Identify the city with over half of its population living in slums.
[1]
(iv)
Many people who have migrated to urban areas in developing countries, such as India,
still end up with a poor quality of life. Suggest three reasons for this.
[3]
(c) Study Photograph A (Insert 1), which shows slum housing in Mumbai.
(i)
(ii)
Imagine you were visiting the city shown in Photograph A, to make observations about
the slum housing. Describe:
A
the location of the homes shown in the photograph;
[1]
B
two features of the buildings in which people are living.
[2]
Describe problems that people who live in the area shown may experience.
[4]
[Total 22 marks]
© UCLES 2008
0453/02/O/N/08
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8
3
Study Fig. 6, which is about a study carried out in Jaipur, a city in India.
In many cities in India, slums have grown wherever there was space. Many have
by now become so crowded that there is no longer room for new migrants to
the towns or cities to build their homes. Therefore many new migrants live
on pavements, or next to roads and railways. Most of them live in home-made
shelters made of polythene sheets, cardboard, cloth or blankets, supported by
tree branches or bamboo poles. A tap in the street is often their only source of
water; a nearby street lamp the source of light and any unused space becomes a
place to throw rubbish and human waste.
A piece of research was carried out to investigate the lifestyle of these people,
who live on pavements and alongside roads in Jaipur. A total of 296 families were
studied, which was a 10% sample. Interviews were used to find out information
about the people and their families.
Fig. 6
(a) (i)
In which city was this research carried out?
[1]
(ii)
Use the information in Fig. 6 to explain why many new migrants to this city live on
pavements, or next to roads and railways.
[1]
(iii)
Suggest reasons why interviews were used for this investigation.
[2]
(iv)
What is meant by a 10% sample?
[1]
(v)
Give three different ways by which the sample of 296 families could have been chosen.
[3]
(vi)
Describe and explain any difficulties which you think the researchers might have had in
carrying out these interviews.
[4]
© UCLES 2008
0453/02/O/N/08
9
(b) Study Fig. 7, which shows the states from which the people interviewed migrated to Jaipur.
These states are shown in Fig. 8 (Insert 2).
State
Number of migrants interviewed
Rajasthan
241
Gujarat
16
Haryana
14
West Bengal
10
Uttar Pradesh
10
Madhya Pradesh
4
Punjab
1
Fig. 7
(i)
Present the data shown in Fig. 7 using a suitable method. You may use Fig. 8 (Insert 2) if
you wish. If Fig. 8 is used, it must be handed in with your answer paper.
[6]
(ii)
Use Fig. 8 to suggest reasons why there were more migrants to Jaipur from Rajasthan
than from West Bengal.
[2]
© UCLES 2008
0453/02/O/N/08
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10
(c) Study Figs 9, 10 and 11, which show some of the results of the research carried out in Jaipur.
Main sources of water
Main sources of lighting
water
tankers
public
wells
gas
lamps
0%
public
90%
handpumps
10%
70%
public
taps
nearby
shops /
houses
80%
30%
10%
20%
no
lighting
kerosene
lamps
40%
60%
50%
50%
Fig. 9
Main type of work done by head of family
100
other
90
80
polishing shoes
snake charming
digging and selling of sand by tractor
iron/rag picking
70
statuette making
playing drum/pipe
60
pulling rickshaws/trolleys
% of
people
interviewed
50
decoration of trucks/buses
40
blacksmith
30
making and selling home-made items
20
10
construction work
0
Fig. 10
© UCLES 2008
0453/02/O/N/08
30%
street
lights
70%
40%
60%
0%
90%
20%
80%
battery
lamps
11
Disposal of household rubbish
disposal method
Burnt
Thrown on the road
Dumped at least 10 metres away from shelter
Thrown next to shelter
0
10
20
30
40
50
percentage of household waste
Fig. 11
(i)
What percentage of the families use water from public taps?
[1]
(ii)
What percentage work as blacksmiths?
[1]
(iii)
Name the method of presentation which has been used in each of Figs 9 and 10.
[2]
(iv)
The main conclusion of this research was that the quality of life of these new migrants
to Jaipur was very low. Explain how the information shown in Figs 9, 10 and 11 supports
this conclusion.
[5]
© UCLES 2008
0453/02/O/N/08
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12
(d) Study Fig. 12, which shows information about four possible schemes being considered by the
authorities of Jaipur to solve the problem of people living on pavements, or next to roads and
railways.
JAIPUR METROPOLITAN AUTHORITY PLANNING DEPARTMENT
Scheme 1
Scheme 2
Provide low-cost housing
with basic amenities on
the edge of the city.
Give an area of land to
these people with a
public washroom, piped
water and toilets.
Scheme 3
Scheme 4
Employ more police to
prevent people from
living on the pavements,
and teams of council
workers to clear rubbish.
Give grants to farmers
in the countryside so
they can buy tools,
fertilisers and irrigation
pumps.
Fig. 12
Choose the scheme which you think will be most likely to solve the problem of people living
on pavements, or next to roads and railways.
Explain your reasons for choosing this scheme. You should do this by describing the
advantages of the scheme you have chosen and the disadvantages of the schemes you
rejected.
[7]
[Total 36 marks]
Copyright Acknowledgements:
Question 1
Question 1
Question 1
Question 2 Photograph A
Fig. 1 © http://www.un.org/esa/population/pubsarchive/india/poptrend/.htm
United Nations Population Division, World Population Prospects: The 1998 Revision, Copyright © 1999.
Fig. 2 © http://populationcommission.nic.in/facts1.htm
Figs. 3A & 3B © US Census Bureau.
© Purnima Datt.
Permission to reproduce items where third-party owned material protected by copyright is included has been sought and cleared where possible. Every
reasonable effort has been made by the publisher (UCLES) to trace copyright holders, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly been included, the
publisher will be pleased to make amends at the earliest possible opportunity.
University of Cambridge International Examinations is part of the Cambridge Assessment Group. Cambridge Assessment is the brand name of University of
Cambridge Local Examinations Syndicate (UCLES), which is itself a department of the University of Cambridge.
© UCLES 2008
0453/02/O/N/08