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0453/01
DEVELOPMENT STUDIES
Paper 1
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UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE INTERNATIONAL EXAMINATIONS
International General Certificate of Secondary Education
October/November 2008
2 hours
Additional Materials:
Answer Booklet/Paper
*1643098525*
READ THESE INSTRUCTIONS FIRST
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Write your Centre number, candidate number and name on all the work you hand in.
Write in dark blue or black pen.
Do not use staples, paper clips, highlighters, glue or correction fluid.
You may use a pencil for any diagrams, graphs or rough working.
Answer all the questions.
At the end of the examination, fasten all your work securely together.
The number of marks is given in brackets [ ] at the end of each question or part question.
This document consists of 10 printed pages and 2 blank pages.
SP (CW/CGW) T63504/7 R
© UCLES 2008
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2
Study Figs 1A and 1B, which show information about tourism in selected countries.
Average number of tourists visiting selected countries
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
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average number of tourists per year
(millions)
1
Fig. 1A
Average annual profits from tourism
tourist profits
(US$ per head of population)
5000
4500
4000
3500
3000
2500
2000
1500
1000
500
SA
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Fig. 1B
(a) (i)
Which country has the highest average number of tourists?
[1]
(ii)
How much profit in US$ per head of the population is made in the Bahamas?
[1]
(iii)
Tourist profits are gained when foreign tourists spend more in a country than its own
residents spend abroad.
Suggest why the USA does not make a lot of profit from tourism.
[1]
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(b) Study Fig. 2, which gives information about Antigua, a tropical island in the Caribbean.
Antigua
Tourism is big business in Antigua. When a jumbo jet arrives from Britain, Germany or
the USA it is the biggest thing on the island. The vast cruise ships which dock in the
port of St. John’s dwarf the surrounding buildings. More than half a million tourists visit
Antigua each year.
Antigua is a small island of only 280 square kilometres, with a permanent resident
population of 66 000. It was originally settled by South American tribal peoples and was
named by Christopher Columbus, who sighted the island in 1493. In 1794 the English
Admiral Nelson supervised the construction of the famous Dockyard. Sugar plantations
were developed by the British in the seventeenth century and most of the population is
descended from African slaves, who were shipped here to work in the sugar industry.
The sugar industry declined, but in the last fifty years tourism has taken its place. Infant
mortality is 18 per 100 live births, life expectancy is 75 years and literacy is 95%. Many
of the major international tourist companies operate in Antigua and they have brought
work and prosperity to the island.
Fig. 2
(i)
Suggest three different reasons why Antigua is a successful tourist destination.
[3]
(ii)
What evidence is there to show that tourism has brought prosperity to Antigua? Justify
your answer.
[3]
(iii)
More than half a million tourists visit Antigua each year. Suggest some environmental
problems for places such as Antigua that may result from mass tourism. You may refer to
examples you have studied.
[5]
(c) Suggest some of the social and economic disadvantages of a country relying on tourism as a
major source of income.
[6]
[Total: 20 marks]
© UCLES 2008
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2
Study Fig. 3, which shows information about production.
factors of production:
land, labour and capital
enterprise
factory (industrial)
production
craft production
Fig. 3
(a) (i)
What is meant by land as a factor of production?
[1]
(ii)
Name two types of capital used in industry.
[2]
(iii)
What is the purpose of enterprise in the industrial process?
[1]
(iv)
How do labour and technology used in factory production differ from those used in craft
production?
[2]
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(b) Study Fig. 4, which shows information about a large clothing company.
Gap
Gap is a world leader in the clothing industry. The company has
created an image of fashionable, affordable clothing. It has become
one of the most profitable and fastest growing clothing retailers,
with shops in the USA, UK, France, Germany, Canada, and Japan.
At first the company sold clothing which was sewn in the USA
from home-grown cotton. More recently it has become one of the
world’s leading clothing companies, buying products from suppliers in
approximately 50 countries. Its brand names are Gap, Old Navy and
Banana Republic.
Like other multinational (transnational) companies, Gap takes
advantage of new opportunities in global manufacturing to make
it more efficient. It saves money by having products made by
companies in free trade zones in developing countries. It also uses
the specialised skills of different regions, for example Asian people
who are skilled at working with silk. The management, research and
development departments of Gap are in the USA and are continually
adjusting its products as fashions change.
Fig. 4
(i)
In what type of country does Gap have its shops?
(ii)
What is meant by:
(iii)
[1]
A free trade zones;
B specialised skills?
[1]
[1]
Explain fully how Gap is typical of a multinational company.
[5]
(c) Multinational companies are often located in developing countries. Describe some of the
advantages and disadvantages of this to a developing country and its citizens.
[6]
[Total: 20 marks]
© UCLES 2008
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3
Study Fig. 5 opposite, which shows the world’s major coffee exporting countries and importing
countries.
(a) (i)
Which continent exports the largest percentage of the world’s coffee?
[1]
(ii)
What percentage of the world’s coffee is exported by Colombia?
[1]
(iii)
Which country imports almost a quarter of the world’s coffee?
[1]
(iv)
Which type of country imports most of the world’s coffee?
[1]
© UCLES 2008
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30
20
10
0
Mexico
Tropic of Cancer
Equator
USA
Colombia
30
20
10
0
Guatemala
30
20
10
0
Tropic of Capricorn
USA
Major coffee importing countries
Other
Honduras
30
20
10
0
Brazil 30
20
10
0
Belgium
Spain
Germany
UK
Italy
Netherlands
Japan France
Netherlands
Belgium
UK
France
Spain
Italy
Germany
Ivory Coast
30
20
10
0
Fig. 5
India
30
20
10
0
Uganda
30
20
10
0
Key
30
20
10
0
Indonesia
30
20
10
0
Japan
Vietnam
30
20
10
0
major coffee exporting countries
major coffee importing countries
percentage of world
total coffee exports
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© UCLES 2008
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(b) Study Fig. 6, which is about coffee growing in Guatemala.
What coffee farmers say
The price of coffee
is always going up
and down. It has
dropped by a third
in the last three years.
Fact File
I cannot afford to
feed and clothe my
children. How can
I send them to
school?
The World Bank and
the government of
Guatemala encourage
farmers to grow coffee
Farmers have cleared
the forest to grow
coffee
The price of coffee
has not been so low
for 30 years.
My cousin is growing
poppies for drugs – it
is illegal but he makes
more money.
I stopped growing
food in order to
grow more coffee.
Six international
companies control
over half of the
world’s coffee exports
Two huge companies
control over half of
the coffee sold in the
shops
Farmers only get 7%
of the shop price for a
jar of coffee
Fig. 6
(i)
Why do governments want farmers to grow coffee for export?
[1]
(ii)
Two huge companies control over half of the world’s coffee sold in shops. Explain why
this causes problems.
[2]
(iii)
Give three reasons why the price of farm products like coffee is always going up and
down.
[3]
(c) Describe some of the ways that the incomes of farmers might be improved with the help of
their governments.
[4]
(d) Explain why increased cash crop production may result in environmental and social
problems.
[6]
[Total: 20 marks]
© UCLES 2008
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4
Study Fig. 7, which is about the United Nations Millennium Goals.
The United Nations Millennium Goals
Millennium Goal 1 is “to eradicate extreme poverty and hunger”.
The targets of Goal 1 are that between 1990 and 2015:
(a) the proportion of people whose income is less than US$1 a day will have been
halved
and
(b) the proportion of people who suffer from hunger will have been halved.
Two indicators that show what progress has been made towards Goal 1 in each
country are:
the percentage of the population living on less than US$1 a day
and
the percentage of children below 5 who are severely underweight.
Fig. 7
(a) (i)
If the United Nations reaches these targets by 2015, will there be no more poverty?
Explain your answer.
[1]
(ii)
Many underweight children suffer from malnutrition. What is meant by malnutrition?
(iii)
The percentage of the population living on less than US$1 a day is used as an indicator
of extreme poverty.
Do you think that this is a good indicator? Justify your answer.
[2]
© UCLES 2008
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[1]
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(b) Study Fig. 8, which shows some of the factors that may contribute to the children in rural
areas being underweight.
poor people in rural areas
(low social status, poor education, rural isolation)
access to land
income
family eating
habits
traditional health practices
and local medical services
sanitation
food resources
family nutrient intake
infection
underweight and inadequate
growth in children, especially girls
Fig. 8
(i)
Explain how access to land may affect the amount of food available to poor people in
rural areas.
[2]
(ii)
Give two reasons why it is difficult for poor people in rural areas to avoid infection.
(iii)
Give two reasons why family eating habits may affect the nutrient intake of family
members.
[2]
(iv)
Suggest ways that local medical services can improve the health of babies and small
children. You may refer to examples you have studied.
[4]
(c) Explain why it is difficult for people to break out of the cycle of rural poverty.
[2]
[6]
[Total: 20 marks]
© UCLES 2008
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Copyright Acknowledgements:
Question 1
Question 3
Fig. 2 © http://www.geographia.com/antigua-barbuda/jollybeachhome.jpg
Fig. 5 © Teaching Geography, Geographical Association; 2006.
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reasonable effort has been made by the publisher (UCLES) to trace copyright holders, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly been included, the
publisher will be pleased to make amends at the earliest possible opportunity.
University of Cambridge International Examinations is part of the Cambridge Assessment Group. Cambridge Assessment is the brand name of University of
Cambridge Local Examinations Syndicate (UCLES), which is itself a department of the University of Cambridge.
0453/01/O/N/08