w
w
ap
eP
m
e
tr
.X
w
om
.c
s
er
D
R
AF
Cambridge IGCSE®/O Level
Agriculture
T
Coursework Training
Handbook
0600/5038
Cambridge Secondary 2
T
D
R
AF
Cambridge International Examinations retains the copyright on all its publications. Registered Centres
are permitted to copy material from this booklet for their own internal use. However, we cannot give
permission to Centres to photocopy any material that is acknowledged to a third party even for internal use
within a Centre.
® IGCSE is the registered trademark of Cambridge International Examinations.
© Cambridge International Examinations 2013
Contents
Introduction ....................................................................................................................... 5
The purpose of this handbook
The accreditation process
Section 1: Agriculture practical coursework, an overview ................................................... 7
T
1.1 The importance and benefits of coursework
1.2 Requirements of the syllabus for practical coursework
1.3 The relationship between the assessment objectives and the components
1.4 Health and Safety
1.5 Using the mark schemes
1.6 Annotation
1.7 Grade descriptions
1.8 Planning coursework in your Centre
1.9 How can a school best accommodate the practical coursework?
1.10 Scientific laboratory and classroom access
1.11 Practical coursework planning checklist
Section 2: The practical exercises...................................................................................... 15
Introducing the practical exercises
Evidence to support the practical exercises
Guidance on the practical exercises
Examples of evidence for the practical exercises
Specimen practical exercises
D
R
AF
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5
Section 3: The Practical Investigation ................................................................................ 39
3.1 Introducing the practical investigation
3.2 Principles
3.3 Selecting suitable questions and hypotheses
3.4 Dealing with problems that do not get solved and hypotheses that turn out to be incorrect
3.5 Suitable topics
3.6 Groupwork
3.7 Summarising data: tables and graphs
3.8 Explanations, evaluations and conclusions
3.9 The role of the teacher
3.10 The report
3.11 The assessment criteria
Section 4: Administration and moderation of practical coursework ................................... 55
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4
4.5
4.6
What comprises a candidate’s practical coursework submission?
Internal standardisation during the course
Internal moderation at the end of the course
External moderation
Individual Candidate Record Cards
Coursework Assessment Summary Form
Section 5: Exemplars for marking practice ....................................................................... 65
5.1 Exemplar 1
5.2 Exemplar 2
5.3 Exemplar 3
Section 6: Accreditation ................................................................................................... 109
D
R
AF
T
Appendix 1: Coursework Accreditation Cover Sheet
Appendix 2: Accreditation mark sheet Task 1 Sample A
Appendix 3: Accreditation mark sheet Task 1 Sample B
Appendix 4: Accreditation mark sheet Task 2
6.1 Sample practical investigation A
6.2 Sample practical investigation B
4
IGCSE Agriculture v 0.3
Introduction
Introduction
The purpose of this handbook
This handbook provides a guide to the coursework components of Cambridge IGCSE Agriculture (0600) and
Cambridge Ordinary Level Agriculture (5038).
The handbook aims to:
show how aspects of the practical work might be evidenced
•
provide exemplars to motivate and give ideas to learners
•
expand on guidance offered in the syllabus regarding coursework assessment
•
provide marked exemplar investigations (incorporating some practical exercises) to guide teachers
•
train teachers to assess candidates’ coursework in line with the syllabus requirements
T
•
D
R
AF
Effective delivery will help learners access the full range of marks available for the coursework element and
facilitate a deeper understanding of the core knowledge within the syllabus.
Once they have completed the training in the handbook, teachers should be able to:
•
Effectively prepare learners up to the planning phase before learners complete their tasks independently
as part of the formal assessment.
•
Assess the learners’ work objectively (without bias) so that they reward positive achievement and
recognise levels of attainment described in the specification when assessing their response.
This handbook should be used only in conjunction with the Cambridge IGCSE Agriculture (0600) and
Cambridge O level Agriculture (5038) syllabuses. Please ensure that you refer to the syllabus dated to the
year in which the examination will be set.
The accreditation process
If a teacher wishes to become accredited to moderate Cambridge IGCSE Agriculture coursework there are
two options.
Accreditation using the Coursework Training Handbook
Teachers can acquire accreditation by working through this Coursework Training Handbook. It is only
necessary for each school to purchase one handbook as any number of teachers can work through it,
photocopying the relevant sheets if necessary. Each individual teacher must send in a separate assessment.
Teachers should assess the sample portfolios provided in Section 6 (page 109) in the light of the guidance
and advice in the main body of the handbook, and send their marks and commentary on these to
Cambridge, using the forms provided on pages in that section.
v 0.3 IGCSE Agriculture
5
Introduction
Teachers should:
• read the advice and guidance provided in the handbook
•
mark the samples in Section 5
•
review their marks against the examiners marks provided, identify why any discrepancies may have
occurred between the two and adjust their marking accordingly
•
Once these practice exercises have been completed, teachers should then carry out task 1, to mark the
coursework samples in Section 6 (page 109), and task 2 to develop some materials and mark schemes
for a practical exercise. Teachers should then copy and fill in the forms provided, including their marks
and comments and send these to the following address or to the local Ministry as appropriate
Cambridge IGCSE Accreditation Coordinator (EDM)
Cambridge International Examinations
1 Hills Road
Cambridge
CB1 2EU
United Kingdom
T
Please save a copy of the submitted forms for your own records.
D
R
AF
Where a teacher’s marking is of a sufficient quality to attain accreditation, notification will be provided within
4 – 6 weeks.
Where the teacher is unsuccessful, commentary feedback will be provided indicating how they might
improve. They will then be invited to try again in the light of this feedback advice. Please submit your
application for accreditation in sufficient time to permit possible further attempts should they be required.
Accreditation by prior experience
If teachers have enough experience of education and assessment, particularly assessment of coursework as
well as suitable qualifications, the teachers may wish to be assessed without completing this Coursework
Training Handbook.
Such teachers should send, to the address above, a full and detailed CV which should include:
•
positions held and the roles carried out whilst in that position
•
qualifications
•
teaching experience (including examination boards and syllabuses)
•
experience of coursework, moderation and moderation training
•
any further relevant experience
If the teacher’s experience is not considered suitable for accreditation it will then be necessary to complete
the Coursework Training Handbook. There are charges for the assessment and processing of each
accreditation application detailed on the Cambridge website.
6
IGCSE Agriculture v 0.3
Section 1: Agriculture practical coursework, an overview
Section 1: Agriculture practical coursework, an overview
1.1 The importance and benefits of coursework
Before considering the actual tasks prescribed in the syllabus, it will be useful to understand why
coursework is such an important part of the learning process and a valuable form of assessment in IGCSE
Agriculture.
The practice of vocational Agriculture is essentially a mixture of knowledge, understanding and practical
tasks. Learners become more capable in the practical tasks intrinsic to the subject through the hands-on
experience that comes with the practical exercises and project. In turn, the outcomes of this learning can
be assessed, forming a vital part of the balanced and complete assessment of Agriculture at this level. On
grounds of fitness for purpose, coursework is carried out by learners during the course to best meet the
requirements prescribed in the learning content and the assessment objectives in the syllabus.
Benefits:
Coursework is hands-on as part of the process of ‘learning by doing’. It helps to develop a range of skills,
some of which can be transferred from one learning experience to another, to employment or further
education on leaving school.
•
Coursework provides opportunities for learners to develop personal attributes (self-discipline, teamwork,
cognitive and motor skills).
•
Teachers share in the assessment process which increases their expertise and professional experience
and increases motivation.
•
Learners’ best work may be chosen for assessment.
•
Learners are motivated by practical work helping to enhance their understanding of the more theoretical
parts of the syllabus.
•
Coursework tasks can be adapted to meet the needs and ability of the learners and the resources of the
Centre.
•
Coursework therefore provides a more representative view of the learner’s achievement rather than
relying entirely on external written examination.
D
R
AF
T
•
1.2 Requirements of the syllabus for practical coursework
The guidance below expands on information drawn from the syllabus where it relates to the coursework
component (Paper 2). For full technical details always consult the latest syllabus document which is available
on our public website www.cie.org.uk and on Teacher Support http://teachers.cie.org.uk
Paper 2 assesses practical and organisational skills and these abilities essential to the study of agriculture
that are not suitably measured by examinations on theory.
The coursework consists of at least four discrete practical exercises and one practical investigative project
which takes the form of a report. At least one of the practical exercises is to be carried out in each of the
four terms of study (i.e. they are to be spread evenly over the course). The purpose of this is to enhance the
learning and understanding of the subject through its application and practice.
v 0.3 IGCSE Agriculture
7
Section 1: Agriculture practical coursework, an overview
1.3 The relationship between the assessment objectives and the
components
The approximate weightings allocated to each of the assessment objectives are summarised in the tables
below (from the 2014 syllabus):
Assessment objective
Approximate weighting
AO1 : Knowledge with understanding
30%
AO2: Handling information and problem solving
40%
AO3: Experimental skills and investigations
30%
In the 2012 and 2013 syllabuses, AO1 = A, AO2 = B and AO3 = C.
Assessment objective
T
Teachers should take note that there is a greater weighting of 70% for skills (including handling information,
problem solving, practical, experimental and investigative skills) than for knowledge and understanding.
Teachers’ schemes of work and the sequence of learning activities should reflect this balance, so that the
aims of the syllabus may be met, and the candidates are fully prepared for the assessment.
Paper 1 (marks)
Paper 2 (marks)
43
0
AO2: Handling information and problem solving
57
0
AO3: Experimental skills and investigations
0
90
Paper 2
D
R
AF
AO1 : Knowledge with understanding
Total marks: 90 (Practical skills 60, Investigative skills 30)
Weighting: 30% (Practical skills 20%, Investigative skills 10%)
Careful selection of suitable practical exercises and investigative project topics will help to ensure that the
learning outcomes for the related sections of the syllabus are enhanced. The quality of learning and teaching
will benefit from the effective integration of practical work into the Centre’s scheme of work.
1.4 Health and Safety
When planning practical work, teachers should make sure that they do not contravene any school, education
authority or government regulations. Within the legal framework of the individual nation, the teacher will be
likely to be held responsible if anything goes seriously wrong with health and safety in such coursework. It is
thus very important for the teacher to make sure that health and safety is given a high priority.
The teacher should make sure that the proposals of the learners are safe. This should not be used as an
excuse to avoid or reduce practical work. For example, the use of a rotavator or mechanical tiller could be
seen as potentially risky. However its use is also very relevant to the study of agriculture, an excellent skill
for practical assessment and highly motivating for learners, who enjoy developing competence in using such
machinery. Thus, the teacher’s role is not to prevent learners from doing things because they are not safe,
but to find ways of doing things that are safe, so that learners can be enabled to enjoy the course and be
assessed doing interesting and engaging activities.
8
IGCSE Agriculture v 0.3
Section 1: Agriculture practical coursework, an overview
In agriculture there are many potential risks and hazards which must be closely monitored, including:
•
use of machinery and dangerous physical environments
•
use of chemicals including pesticides, other agrochemicals and laboratory chemicals – teachers must be
alert to hazards such as toxicity, corrosiveness and flammability
•
contact with livestock, both in terms of physical risks (e.g. biting, trampling) and biohazard risks (e.g.
infection)
•
security (as far as possible) around the site of any practical work to avoid results being destroyed or risks
to members of the public
•
potential conflicts with local or national regulations regarding water use, pesticides or agrochemicals
D
R
AF
1.5 Using the mark schemes
T
Another area of health and safety that should be carefully monitored by teachers is that of the welfare of
animals. Candidates should ensure the provision of good basic care, adequate clean water, food and bedding
for livestock and avoid any procedures that might alarm, hurt or harm them. Furthermore, it is a requirement
of the Practical Investigation Report that candidates provide evidence that they have ‘understood relevant
principles’; clearly health and safety forms one of these principles. For this reason it is vital that good
practice in health and safety should be included by learners within their project plan, throughout their
practical work and in their explanations in the report.
The total mark available for the 4 practical exercises is 60. For each practical exercise task the total is 15
marks, with 3 marks being available for each of the 5 assessment criteria.
The practical investigation is marked out of a total of 30 marks with 5 marks allocated for each of the 6
assessment criteria.
The total mark awarded to a candidate is the sum of the marks for all the exercises (a mark out of 60) and for
the practical investigation report (a mark out of 30).
The mark schemes are in 3 bands, arranged in ascending order so that each band describes a more assured
performance than the one before it.
Read and annotate the work and then make a ‘best fit’ judgement as to which band to place it in. Very often
you may see qualities that fit more than one band, so always use two bands at least and come to a decision
between them. You can trade off the strengths and weaknesses in the work against the criteria in the
different bands. Lastly, give a specific mark from your chosen band.
If all the criteria in a band fit your judgement, award the highest mark for that band and check the band
above, just in case. If most of the criteria fit your judgement, award a mark nearer the bottom and check the
band below, just in case.
When you assess all of your own Centre’s coursework assignments, place them in rank order, and award the
marks accordingly, paying special attention to the borderlines. Try, where possible, to differentiate between
assignments that lie within the same band.
Be careful not to crowd many of your candidates onto a single mark, particularly the bottom mark of a band.
The graph of your distribution of marks should be smooth rather than have points like a pagoda. Where an
excessive number of candidates are placed on one mark, an external moderator will rarely agree that the
work of each is of the same quality.
v 0.3 IGCSE Agriculture
9
Section 1: Agriculture practical coursework, an overview
1.6 Annotation
It is essential that there is proof of the teacher’s judgement (in the form of annotations) on every assignment
or stated clearly on an additional sheet. There should be a comment on the strengths and weaknesses at the
end of each piece. This annotation is crucial for moderation as it helps to explain the marks that the teacher
has given. Annotation should clearly relate to the assessment criteria. (In addition, the Individual Candidate
Record Card for the Practical Investigation has a space for comment.)
1.7 Grade descriptions
These can be used to help confirm that your marking decisions are discriminating at a level appropriate to
the candidate’s real ability.
Criteria for the standard of achievement likely to have been shown by candidates awarded Grades A, C, and
F are shown below. The standard of achievement required for the award of Grade C, include the criteria for
Grade F. Similarly, the standard of achievement required for the award of Grade A includes the criteria for
Grade C.
T
A Grade A candidate should be able to:
relate facts to principles and theories and vice versa
•
state why particular techniques are preferred for a procedure or operation
•
select and collate information from a number of sources and present it in a clear, logical form
•
solve problems in situations that may involve a wide range of variables
•
process data from a number of sources to identify any patterns or trends
•
generate a hypothesis to explain facts, or find facts to support a hypothesis.
D
R
AF
•
A Grade C candidate should be able to:
•
link facts to situations not specified in the syllabus
•
describe the correct procedure(s) for a multi-stage operation
•
select a range of information from a given source and present it in a clear, logical form
•
identify patterns or trends in given information
•
solve a problem involving more than one step, but with a limited range of variables
•
generate a hypothesis to explain a given set of facts or data.
A Grade F candidate should be able to:
10
•
recall facts contained in the syllabus
•
indicate the correct procedure for a single operation
•
select and present a single piece of information from a given source
•
solve a problem involving one step, or more than one step if structured help is given
•
identify a pattern or trend where only minor manipulation of data is needed
•
recognise which of two given hypotheses explains a set of facts or data.
IGCSE Agriculture v 0.3
Section 1: Agriculture practical coursework, an overview
In addition, it is expected that candidates will demonstrate background knowledge of, and/or an increased
depth of knowledge, in the physical, chemical and mathematical concepts and processes listed in sections
6.1 and 6.2 of the syllabus.
Where only one teacher is involved it may be helpful to ask another colleague to check and agree that the
marking is consistent prior to submission.
1.8 Planning coursework in your Centre
1.8.1 Setting tasks
It is essential to set tasks which allow learners to demonstrate all levels of success.
The areas in which the learners should be most competent include the following basic skills which may have
been gained by prior scientific learning.
T
1.8.2 Possible prior learning to support the coursework
Potential learning tasks early in the course to prepare for the practical exercises and project:
reading straightforward information from graphs, charts and tables
•
completing graphs and tables
•
reading and following instructions
•
performing basic observations and interpretation
•
translating a problem to a relevant practical activity and establishing conditions necessary to provide a
solution
•
working in a way that enhances the students’ ability and allows them to perform agricultural skills in a
competent way to produce good, fair, accurate and reliable scientific outcomes
•
practicing agricultural skills in activities such as digging, hoeing, animal husbandry etc.
D
R
AF
•
Areas where students need to be well prepared as they tend to find these aspects more challenging:
•
interpreting readings on graphs or scales
•
interpreting data with experimental error
•
interpreting data with more than two variables (common in applied agricultural investigations)
•
employing more advanced scientific skills above the basic type of task
•
solving practical problems which include more than two independent variables
•
operating more complex mechanical cultivators and tractors
v 0.3 IGCSE Agriculture
11
Section 1: Agriculture practical coursework, an overview
1.8.3 Key points to consider when setting the task for learners
The following guidelines should be followed when setting the practical exercise tasks and the
investigation.
Task setting
1. The learners should have an opportunity to practice and gain a skill before being assessed in it.
2. The assessment should be based on the principal of positive achievement.
3. Learners should be given an opportunity to demonstrate what they understand and can do.
4. The work must allow learners to respond at the levels given in the assessment criteria.
5. Work should be differentiated for the learner. Not all such work needs to contribute to formal
assessment (some can form as a pathway for learning).
6. The practical exercises need to be spread over four terms. The investigation may involve more than one
term and practical exercises can be incorporated into the investigation.
T
7. Assessments should normally be undertaken by the person or teacher responsible for teaching the
learners.
D
R
AF
8. Practical exercises should provide opportunities for learners to demonstrate all five of the skill areas
specified in the assessment criteria (see Section 2.3.2 of this handbook). It is recognised that assessing
all five areas may not, in every case, be possible if a practical is being targeted at a particluar main skill.
It is not essential to test all candidates on the same exercises.
9. It is important to make sure that all practical exercises are sufficiently complex to meet the assessment
criteria.
10. Teachers should be prepared to take advantage of local opportunities to assess their learners as they
help in the community, e.g. with large-scale harvesting, drainage or irrigation schemes, fencing, land
reclamation, etc.
11. When assessing group-based work, the teacher must ensure that the individual contribution of each
candidate can be assessed.
12. Assessment for some skills will not always generate written work from the candidate; such work can
simply be observed by the teacher.
13. Other skills will generate practical work and this will produce evidence for moderation.
1.9 How can a school best accommodate the practical coursework?
The specific requirements for delivering the coursework are necessarily open, providing the candidates can
carry out sufficient practical work to meet the needs of the specification.
It will be more difficult to deliver the syllabus without easy access to a school farm or a friendly local farm
willing to accommodate your learners.
A school garden or small plot of land would allow most practical activities to take place and allow
demonstration of most practical skills. Local visits might be required to allow access to livestock and to allow
learners to perform some practical skills.
Some Centres might find it useful to share resources or have projects where livestock can be borrowed and
kept for short periods in school so avoiding the complications of long-term care and supervision of livestock.
Poultry are one of the easiest animals to manage in this way. Short-term loan or short lifetime breeding or
12
IGCSE Agriculture v 0.3
Section 1: Agriculture practical coursework, an overview
rearing-to-slaughter programmes could also be used.
Animals such as cattle, sheep and goats that are allowed to roam freely on communal grounds can be used
for practical exercises such as vaccination, dosing for worms or hoof-checking with the permission of their
legal owner.
Ideally, Centres need to have:
an area for both laboratory-based and field-based agricultural practical work which is secure and offers
protection from animals and human activity
•
an outdoor teaching area and experimental garden, ideally with small individual beds
•
access to water and shade
•
an area suitable for propagation and for growing plant seedlings
•
somewhere secure to store chemicals and agrochemicals in accordance with local and national
regulations
•
somewhere safe and secure to store tools and machinery
•
a safe area within a laboratory environment where learners will be able to leave their experiments for
long-term observations and recording.
T
•
D
R
AF
Fieldwork is a valuable way to enhance the understanding of agricultural practices and to develop the skills
required for the coursework in this qualification.
This could support practical exercises in:
•
investigating local soils and rocks
•
visiting different types of farm e.g. field crops, fish farms, cattle farming, ostrich farm etc.
•
visits to local abattoir, packing sheds or storage houses, and other agricultural enterprises
•
visits to or visits from vets, farm livestock sonographers etc.
1.10 Scientific laboratory and classroom access
Overall delivery of the syllabus in relation to laboratory work can be approached in a number of ways. It can
take the form of either a long-term experiment that can be set up and established in advance by teachers
or technicians, or it can be a series of independent experiments coordinated with any practical work and
designed to fulfil any remaining syllabus requirements that fall outside these.
The amount of time required to deliver the course in a laboratory needs to be considered when constructing
a scheme of work.
Some laboratory time is required to carry out certain practical exercises and to support the development
of the practical investigation. The amount of time required depends on the approach and flexibility of the
teachers involved.
Students will be expected to demonstrate an understanding of:
1. temperature, pressure, evaporation and relative humidity
2. the terms element, mixture, compound, atom, molecule and ion
3. the terms acid, base and pH value
4. energy transfer/conversion
v 0.3 IGCSE Agriculture
13
Section 1: Agriculture practical coursework, an overview
Practically speaking, learners need to be able to perform practical scientific tasks such as: weigh and
measure with appropriate scales, rulers or weigh-bands; use sieves and mix soils and compost; measure
soil pH with soil indicator; be able to heat and dry soil and burn humus and carry out plant investigations
including observations and experiments on photosynthesis and transpiration.
1.11 Practical coursework planning checklist
Teachers should bear in mind the following when planning their scheme of work for the coursework
element.
1. Timings of the year; how much teaching and practical time will be available.
2. When set holidays occur.
3. The number of learners in the group and the rough areas of practical study they wish to pursue.
4. When school/local farm facilities will be available, or community activities, occur that can be used for
practical experience throughout the course.
T
5. When the growing season/breeding season falls in relation to all the above timings.
6. When laboratory facilities will be available throughout the course.
D
R
AF
7. Work out animal and plant-related practical tasks according to those generic areas you want everyone to
cover (perhaps groups in a rotating system to access facilities?) and add in the individual requirements of
learner choices.
8. When equipment requirements will be identified and any necessary purchases made.
9. Work out when the theoretical work can be carried out in class and in the lab around the
growing/breeding seasons.
10. Coordinate with Mathematics (especially graphs) and Science lessons that cover the required skills.
11. Arrange meeting to set practical work, go through the requirements of the assessment criteria to focus
tasks.
12. Consider whether practical investigations chosen by learners can be supported by some of the practical
exercises.
13.
a. Try to identify investigations using crops which have a short lifecycle to fit within your time availability
b. Choose plants or animal investigations where candidates are able to achieve positive success,
e.g. radish or potatoes grow well, and crops such as potatoes or tomatoes are good at being pest
resistant and are therefore more likely to succeed.
c. Encourage investigations where at least some of the data is quantitative and easy to collect.
d. Qualitative data could be given a numerical value to allow ease of analysis.
14. Arrange regular meetings of involved staff to review the delivery of coursework and plan ‘next steps’.
15. Include all dates identified for the above activities to take place on a yearly schedule and share this with
involved staff and other stakeholders.
14
IGCSE Agriculture v 0.3
Section 2: The practical exercises
Section 2: The practical exercises
2.1 Introducing the practical exercises
The practical exercises should ideally be drawn from as many sections of the syllabus as possible. The
course ranges widely over subjects such as soil and crop management, livestock husbandry and farm
infrastructure and, as far as the resources and facilities permit, it is appropriate (although not obligatory) for
the practical exercises to come from a variety of syllabus areas.
Centres are free to carry out more than four practical exercises, submitting only those they consider to be
the best four.
In addition, they may be organised in such a way that (up to a maximum of) three practical exercises can
be used as part of the Practical Investigation itself. For example, a candidate might investigate the effect of
fertilizer on the growth of cabbages, involving:
1. preparing the seed bed, (term 1)
T
2. planting and spacing the cabbages and applying the fertiliser, (term 1)
3. then harvesting and measuring the cabbage yield (term 2).
D
R
AF
However, the incorporation of practical exercises into the investigation is entirely optional and at the
teacher’s discretion. If this is done, these three practical exercises may have been done in the same term
of study, or perhaps, as in the example above, spread over just two terms. This means that, to fulfil the
requirement for the practical exercises to be spread over four terms, two (in the example above) or three
further practical exercises will be necessary.
Given the choice of investigation topic, the abilities of each individual candidate and the resources/facilities
available to the school, the teacher will need to consider the most effective way to meet the syllabus
requirements in the case of each candidate and in the time available.
2.2 Evidence to support the practical exercises
In order to enable both internal and external moderation of the teacher-marked practical work, certain forms
of evidence need to be included in the coursework portfolio. The syllabus leaves this part really open but
makes reference to it in the recording of the marks for technique and quality.
A key part of the evidence will be records generated by teacher observation of the skills being
demonstrated. However, tick-sheets and teacher-dated records merely documenting the practical tasks
that have been carried out do not provide suitable evidence for moderation since such evidence does not
show the candidate performing the task. Authentic evidence showing that the candidate has carried out
the practical tasks, and when this work was done, is required. The preferred forms of evidence are those
generated by the candidate and those showing the candidate carrying out the work. Photographs or video
clips of the candidate doing the task, taken either by the teacher or the candidate, are partuclarly useful
forms of evidence.
Evidence generated by the learner may encompass a range of sources. A diary is good practice and part
of normal agricultural work. Candidates should be encouraged to make observations relevant to the task.
Photographic evidence is useful and best annotated by the learner. Photographs or video clips also prove to
be highly motivational as well as good evidence of performance. Reflective comments on the activity/task/
exercise could include a brief, constructive, critical comment by the learner, either in the form of annotations
on other evidence or as a record of reflection. Teachers can also annotate (in red ink) learner-generated
evidence to support the mark awarded.
v 0.3 IGCSE Agriculture
15
Section 2: The practical exercises
Both learner and teacher-generated evidence for both parts of the coursework should make up each
individual candidate’s portfolio. It is important to do this for every candidate so that whichever samples
are selected for the external moderation sample they will contain all relevant information and evidence. In
addition candidates and teachers should put in the same effort to collect and organise each portfolio in the
interests of fairness and effective standardisation and moderation.
The kinds of evidence for internal and external moderation can take many forms, such as the examples given
below.
Possible items to include in a practical coursework submission:
a photocopy of the relevant parts of the teacher’s mark book
•
tables containing, for example, teacher-dated records of work
•
marksheets for each individual candidate or for a class of candidates, with teacher-dated records of skill
achievement
•
ticksheets, both a blank example and filled-in, teacher-dated copies
•
skills descriptions clearly linked to the syllabus requirements and to the ticksheets or other teacher
records
•
spreadsheets or other electronic tables containing teacher records of skill demonstration by candidates
•
teacher’s mark schemes and worksheets clearly linking to the syllabus and to the ticksheets or other
teacher records
•
authentic records generated by the learner’s activities
•
photos of the learner carrying out the activity which can be in any convenient format, e.g. jpeg, gif, bmp
or png
•
photos incorporated into a word document or PowerPoint presentation which will facilitate the addition
of annotations and critical reflections by the learner about the skills that are illustrated by the photo.
Alternatively, the photos can be printed out and annotated by hand before being scanned or
re-photographed in order to show the annotations and critical reflections
•
short sections of video of the learner carrying out the activity (at best, no longer than one minute per
activity) on a flash drive/memory stick, CD or DVD – no fancy editing or titles required, but learners may
wish to add annotations or critical reflections in the form of audio or added written commentary in the
video or as a supporting work document or PowerPoint presentation associated with the video
•
original diaries or notes recording the learner’s activities – these do not need editing or writing up neatly,
but should be the authentic records kept by the learner at the time.
D
R
AF
T
•
Continuous assessment entails keeping a record for each candidate, showing the operations carried out and
the marks awarded. The aim should be to produce portfolios that indicate the task, its descriptors and related
mark scheme, the way the candidate understood it and carried it out including his/her own reflections (e.g.
photo-diaries with comments) and any records of data collected. The key issues in such evidence are:
•
•
•
validity – the evidence must directly relate to the criteria being assessed
authenticity – the evidence must have been collected at the time that the activity was being carried out
reliability – the evidence must have been collected in such a way that the moderator can be certain that
the candidate actually carried out each activity successfully.
The complete schedule of all marks will need to be submitted either to the ministry in the candidate’s home
country or to Cambridge, as appropriate. The moderator will need to see evidence that the teacher has
marked fairly and consistently.
16
IGCSE Agriculture v 0.3
Section 2: The practical exercises
When submitting evidence, it will be found most convenient to use a usb flash stick, a CD or DVD. Some
evidence will exist electronically already (e.g. photos, video, spreadsheets, PowerPoint presentations and
word processed document, but evidence that is in hard copy can readily be scanned or photographed to
digitise it for submission. Set the scanner to a low resolution (75 or 100 ppi/dpi) and save the images as
JPEGS optimised for smaller files to give acceptable results and files that are not too large.
If material must be submitted as hard copy, please include only material that is relevant, necessary and
authentic in order to reduce the size of the moderation task.
2.3 Guidance on the practical exercises
The practical exercises should be spread over four terms.
It is important that the practical exercises are first taught as part of the delivery of the relevant syllabus area.
T
It should not be assumed that the learners know how to apply the skills that are being tested. First, learners
must be taught how to apply the skills. Then, and only then, should they be allowed to demonstrate their
mastery of the skill, whilst being assessed.
D
R
AF
The school must ensure sufficient time for the practical work and clearly identify such activities in their
scheme of work. It is best not to consider the investigation topic until sufficient theory and related topics
have been taught to accommodate in-depth study, linking different aspects of agricultural theory to the
investigation.
Ideally, Centres’ practical tasks should differentiate over the full ability range. Some practical exercises do
differentiate, for example long-term work like the feeding and maintenance of chickens or monitoring plant
growth. These are more demanding than, for instance, a lab-based soil settlement exercise. The former
gives opportunities for testing all five assessment criteria so helping differentiation, the latter does not. This
exercise, however, could be used with a worksheet that offered options and extension work to test initiative
and enable access to the higher marks.
2.3.1 Examples of tasks suitable for the practical exercises
Vegetable production, animal husbandry, soil and crop husbandry offer many opportunities for learners to
develop assessable skills. Once the skills are confidently demonstrated by the learners, the teacher can take
the opportunity to assess the candidates’ practical work.
Examples of suitable tasks associated with crop production
•
digging to produce a rough tilth
•
ploughing
•
testing the soil pH in a plot using distilled water, barium sulphate and Universal Indicator
•
using a Tulgren Funnel (or similar) and a key to identify soil organisms found in a plot
•
measuring the humus and water content of soil
•
testing samples from different water sources or water treated in different ways
•
preparation of a seed bed
•
seed sowing (drills left open for checking depth and spacings)
•
fertilising (calculation of quantities, placement, top dressing)
•
transplanting and shading
•
mulching
v 0.3 IGCSE Agriculture
17
Section 2: The practical exercises
•
weeding
•
pruning
•
crop protection (spraying, pest and disease control)
•
harvesting and storage of crops
Examples of suitable tasks associated with livestock/poultry production
care of livestock, including provision of clean water, food and bedding
•
maintenance of cages, pens, nest-boxes, etc. in a clean and tidy condition
•
use of an incubator/management of broody poultry to hatch eggs
•
use of a brooder/management of surrogate mothers to raise young poultry
•
herding
•
tending animals to minimise the risk of disease (including: disinfection of living areas; identification of
diseased animals; isolation; seeking expert medical advice when required, e.g. consulting a veterinarian;
administering appropriate treatment; etc.)
•
harvesting the product (including: egg collection, cleaning and grading; milking; collection of honey or
silk; etc.)
•
upkeep of living areas (including: boundary maintenance, e.g. fences and hedges; repairs; pasture
management; etc.)
•
husbandary (including: selecting animals to breed from; provision of suitable areas for birthing/hatching/
care of young; involving experts where appropriate; etc.)
D
R
AF
T
•
2.3.2 Syllabus criteria for the assessment of practical exercises
Each practical exercise should be marked using the following criteria:
1. Responsibility
the ability to assume responsibility for the task in hand, and to work from
given instructions without detailed supervision and help
2. Intiative
the ability to cope with problems arising in connection with the task, to see
what needs to be done and to take effective action
3. Technique
the ability to tackle a practical task in a methodical, systematic way, and to
handle tools skillfully and to good effect
4. Perserverance
the ability to see a task through to a successful conclusion with
determination and sustained effort
5. Quality
the ability to attend to detail, so that the work is well finished and is well
presented
2.3.3 Interpreting the marking criteria for the practical exercises
The tables that follow show the further breakdown of these marking criteria, as they are stated in the
syllabus. Alongside each criterion below you will find a commentary to assist teachers, assessors and
moderators. This gives an indication of the standard you should expect to see in a learner’s work at each
level for each skill area.
18
IGCSE Agriculture v 0.3
Section 2: The practical exercises
1. Responsibility marks
Marks
• Follows written or verbal instructions without
the need for help
• Carries out appropriate safety procedures
3
Works independently, can read and
interpret instructions. Follows all
relevant safety procedures. Suggest
noting in diary (when involved in groupbased tasks) how the candidate led and/
or intervened. A mature, responsible
learner with regard to practical work.
2
May need some clarification or some
guidance, especially to ensure all
necessary safety procedures are
followed. Needs reminding to record
or apply procedures to the working
situation. Responsibility for task and for
others is clearly evident.
• Assumes responsibility easily and leads in
group work
D
R
AF
• Is aware of the need for safety procedures
but has difficulty recognising them without
guidance
T
• Follows written or verbal instructions with a
little help
• Shows responsibility for the work
• Follows written or verbal instructions with
considerable help
• Shows little regard for safety procedures,
even when told
0-1
A candidate who generally needs support,
guidance and frequent reminders about
safety but who does attempt the given
task.
• Shows some responsibility for the work
v 0.3 IGCSE Agriculture
19
Section 2: The practical exercises
2. Initiative marks
Marks
• Offers solutions or explanations to unexpected
problems
• Recognises, and is able to anticipate, problems
3
D
R
AF
• Comments on imperfections of experimental
methods or results
T
• Solves problems without help
As problems arise, candidate is able
to amend or change a procedure (e.g.
if the soil was too wet to cultivate,
decided not to proceed that day.
Is able to anticipate potential
difficulties *e.g. that the tractor may
need new tyres, the oil may need
changing or spark plugs may be
fouled, if the tractor won’t start).
Suggest such details are recorded in
diary or records.
• Offers solutions or explanations to unexpected
problems after seeking advice
• Solves problems with help
2
• Recognises faults in experimental methods,
given some pointers
• Is uncertain how to proceed and requires
considerable help
• Recognises only the most obvious errors in
experimental methods after considerable
guidance
20
IGCSE Agriculture v 0.3
0-1
Discusses problems and listen to
open-ended advice and is then able
to amend, using the general advice
(not instructions).
Able to work to solve problems
having sought appropriate advice.
Suggest should record faults and be
self-criticising.
As problems arise, candidate is able
to amend or change a procedure (e.g.
if the soil was too wet to cultivate,
decided not to proceed that day).
Section 2: The practical exercises
3. Technique marks
Marks
• Approaches tasks methodically and
systematically
• Handles tools/apparatus skilfully and
confidently
3
D
R
AF
• Handles tools/apparatus effectively
T
• Carries out practical procedures with dexterity
Is well organised to carry out the
task, confident and competent in
the use of tools and equipment.
May modify approach, as needed,
to the actual conditions and
equipment available. Takes out/
returns equipment correctly. Uses
measuring/weighing equipment
accurately.
2
• Carries out practical procedures adequately
Uses tools safely and is able to
achieve the desired result. If not
perfect, the results of their efforts
will have a positive outcome.
• Handles tools/apparatus clumsily
0-1
• Carries out practical procedures with difficulty
Poor use of tools and equipment.
Holds or operates tools and
equipment in unusual way or not
in the most effective way. Has to
be reminded and made to clear up
tools.
v 0.3 IGCSE Agriculture
21
Section 2: The practical exercises
4. Perseverance marks
Marks
• Completes all the required practical tasks and
attendant written work
3
• Has a positive attitude and is well motivated
D
R
AF
• Carries out repetitive procedures willingly
2
Generally records work
effectively, only needing some
prompting to finish written or
practical aspects of the task. Is
always happy to do additional
work if requested.
T
• Completes the required practical tasks
and attendant written work with a little
encouragement
Record diary and or photographs
annotated in an effective and
well-detailed format. Really wellmotivated and gets on with the
task in a determined way. Always
cheerful and wants to get on or
spend extra time on the task.
• Does not complete the required practical tasks
and attendant written work
0-1
• Is somewhat disinterested/impatient when
carrying out work and is disinclined to repeat
procedures
22
IGCSE Agriculture v 0.3
Only performs part of the
practical task. Written evidence
is scant by nature. Lacks interest,
can’t really be bothered to carry
out any additional work that
might improve the outcome.
Section 2: The practical exercises
5. Quality marks
Marks
• Performs practical work thoroughly, pays
attention to detail and produces a very good final
result
3
• Produces accurate, clear and neatly presented
written work
Careful work, performed to a high
level of skill. Work of almost a
professional quality resulting in the
expected outcome. The outcome
could be shown with pride to a
specialist. All necessary work
detailed as a record of the task
with observational information
including reflections on the task
(possible with photographic
illustration).
• Performs practical work thoroughly for the most
part and produces a satisfactory-to-good result
2
D
R
AF
• Produces mostly accurate and clearly
presented written work
• Performs practical work in a rushed and
superficial way and shows little concern for the
finished product
0-1
• Produces inaccurate and poorly presented
written work
Task performed to an adequate
standard (e.g. the crop sown would
germinate in a regular way even
if not a perfect finish). The record
of the work is sufficiently clear
to explain the nature of the task
and includes some appropriate
observation/comment.
T
T
Poor finish, incomplete work,
(e.g. if seeds sown, not all would
germinate).
Work not complete, basic.
Note: the written work should not
be marked down if the candidate
has poor/untidy handwriting,
providing it is reasonably detailed
and contains an appropriate
record.
v 0.3 IGCSE Agriculture
23
Section 2: The practical exercises
2.4 Examples of evidence for the practical exercises
Ways to evidence practical exercises are open to the teacher. However, evidence should be seen as an
important way to support the teacher’s assessment marks while motivating learners and not imposing
excessive paperwork. It should, most importantly, be seen as a way to foster good learning, motivating
learners and allowing them to share learning within the teaching group.
Some suggestions to enhance the evidence provision and learning opportunities for practical exercises as
stand alone exercises, or exercises which could be incorporated into the investigation topic, are shown
below. Please note that any errors in these candidate submissions have not been corrected.
2.4.1 Caring for livestock
D
R
AF
T
I am trimming the feet of the ewe removing overgrown hoof material and cleaning out mud and dirt. When I
finished trimming I gave it a spray of antibiotic spray which is coloured purple so that it is easy to see which
feet and sheep have been treated.
Having caught the ewe I decided to get Rob to hold her while I clipped her rear hoof which was quite badly
overgrown and needed spraying with antibiotic.
A simple but effective way to demonstrate skill and motivation and giving pride to the learner.
24
IGCSE Agriculture v 0.3
Section 2: The practical exercises
D
R
AF
T
2.4.2 Using tools and machinery effectively with regard to safety to carry out
routine agriculture task within the centres practical area farm or garden.
This is me after starting the school tractor and collecting some manure from the pig’s house.
Before I started the tractor I checked the oil and water. I also checked the PTO cover was in place.
The tractor was running quite poorly and had been slow and hard to start, I reported this to the farm
manager.
Reversing after dropping the manure.
The farm manager checking my driving skills and ensuring I knew how to operate the tractor in a safe way.
Ploughing was quite difficult as the tractor started to wheel spin quite easily making it hard to keep in a
straight line.
v 0.3 IGCSE Agriculture
25
Section 2: The practical exercises
I am concentrating quite hard to keep straight.
Task reflection.
T
This was a fun task. I prepared a risk assessment and I learnt how to start and drive the tractor. Check it was
safe to use and carry out two practical activities. I had problems with starting the tractor and it kept stalling
so I reported this to Mr Bert the Farm manager.
D
R
AF
Collecting manure from the pigs was good for saving time as some times we do it with wheel barrows. I
made one mistake allowing the others to throw their forks onto the manure rather than laying them in safely.
It was not easy because the tractor was difficult to start and kept stalling on me not my fault . Reversing the
trailer was quite difficult but I started to master it. I really needed more time to get more skilled at this .
Ploughing was really hard the tractor was working better but the soil was really too wet . I told sir but he said
we had to do our best because we had exams next week.
Mr Bert told me later he had found the trouble with the tractor a blockage in the fuel line . He thanked me
for reporting it before it became a real problem.
The above is an example from a UK Centre and shows an interesting and motivational way to
evidence a practical exercise. The task reflection element enhances the thinking about the processes
involved and the skills required as related in the taught theory topics.
26
IGCSE Agriculture v 0.3
Section 2: The practical exercises
2.4.3 Field sampling and soil analysis pH testing
Finding out about the pH on the sand dunes nr the beach by our school. We compared the 3 main dunes the
one on the left is by the shore and is neutral with apH of 7.0 but as we moved inshore the soil had a pH of
4.0 we used the barium sulfate soil test. The area was grazed by goats from school. The best grasses grew
near the sea.
D
R
AF
T
I took each sample 50 m further in land and took 3 samples of soil at each point scraping off the top 10 mm
of soil and mixing all 3 samples and then put 20mm of soil into the barium sulfate tube.
•
The shoreline with a pH of 7.0 caused by calcium from shells
•
The third tube shows the pH has fallen to 5.0 by the final tube on top of dune 3 the pH had fallen to 4.0.
•
The Triassic Sandstone beds are very calcifuge (acid) .
•
Interesting point if a shell was dropped by a bird the pH was noticeably higher in the area.
•
To avoid this problem we always mixed six trowels of soil from each dune area and carefully scraped off
the top half centimetre before sampling.
v 0.3 IGCSE Agriculture
27
Section 2: The practical exercises
2.4.4 Animal husbandry and harvesting
D
R
AF
T
I am shown hear winnowing our family rice crop, the weather had been not good for drying but as the crop
fully dries the seeds fall away easily. It is a very labour intensive process and time consuming. It is important
that the crop is fully dry less than 18% moisture in theory I can tell by rubbing the grain between my fingers,
smell and the ease in which it separates.
Me looking after my water buffalo I am allowing it to graze the stubble from our village rice crop. Each day
I check his feet and coat and lead him out giving him as much line as possible. I keep him away from the
cows and moving to see he gets the best of the re growth on the old rice crop.
28
IGCSE Agriculture v 0.3
D
R
AF
T
Section 2: The practical exercises
It can be seen that when moving the buffalo I have to be quite positive and keep the lead short and assert
myself with the beast.
I normally sort the buffalo out before school and move them when I get back at 1300 hrs . This activity is
easier than cutting the grasses from the roadsides and between fields which I do when the rice crop is
growing.
This allows assessment away from the school and in positive ways, supporting community activity.
2.4.5 Diary extract
Date
Activity. Sowing and cultivating a row of carrots
April 12
Prepared the soil forked over weeds and compressed
April 6
The rain stopped so made seed bed with fine tilth made seed drill and sowed seeds
20mm deep
May 12
Most seeds germinated
May 26
Carefully weeded, quite easy to tell the weeds carrots 35mm
June 8
Weeded again weeds quite thick used hoe and then hands
June 26
Thinned I had got some patches quite thick
July 10
First harvest left some to grow on leaving more space to grow big
v 0.3 IGCSE Agriculture
29
Section 2: The practical exercises
2.5 Specimen practical exercises
The following suggestions could be adopted or amended for use in your school.
2.5.1 Seed bed preparation for maize production
Seed bed preparation for maize production
Hoes, spades, garden fork, watering can, measuring tape and strings
•
The work is to be carried out in groups
•
Each group should prepare a plot for planting maize crops
•
Measure the seed bed (about 1.5m x 2m)
•
Dig and level the seed bed
•
Apply the fertilisers/ordinary manure /compost
•
Water the seed bed
•
Measure the distance between the rows (90cm)
D
R
AF
Instructions to the
learner
•
T
Tools and materials
required
Written task
30
IGCSE Agriculture v 0.3
•
Determine the number of rows per seed bed and draw them
•
Measure the distance between the seed beds (30cm)
•
Show all your calculations and findings in the space provided
•
Calculate the area in m2
•
How many rows will you have in the area of 1.5m x 2m?
•
How many plants will you plant in one row?
•
Find the total number of plants per plot
Section 2: The practical exercises
2.5.1 Seedbed preparation for maize production (continued)
Marking points
Responsibility
•
Follow instructions correctly
•
Measure the distance between holes and rows correctly
Initiative
•
Levelling of the seed bed and raising up of the sides of the seed bed
•
Breaking of crumbs to a fine tilth
Technique
Measuring correct amount of fertilizer
•
Digging technique
Perseverance
T
•
Willingness to complete task within the given time
•
Level of concentration at different stages of seedbed making
D
R
AF
•
Quality
•
The quality of the work done, i.e. the seed bed being properly
measured with regard to width and length, the levelling of the seed
bed and the mixing in of the fertilizers
v 0.3 IGCSE Agriculture
31
Section 2: The practical exercises
2.5.2 Identification of soil profile
Identification of soil profile
Instructions to the
learner
Written task
•
Spades, measuring tape/metre stick, rope, pencils, pieces of paper,
pegs and a rake
•
Learners to work in groups
•
Select and clear the area to work on
•
Measure the area 1.5m x 1m
•
Dig a hole 1m deep
•
Identify the different layers of soil
•
How many layers are there?
•
How many metres/centimetres thick is each layer?
•
Draw and label the visible layers.
Responsibility
Marking points
Follow written and verbal instructions
D
R
AF
•
T
Tools and material
required
•
Punctuality
•
Safety measures followed
Initiative
•
Ability to solve unexpected problems (removing roots and rocks, etc)
•
Filling in of hole after the exercise
•
Identification of soil layers in terms of colour and/or organic content
Technique
•
Correct method of measuring
•
Handling of tools
Perseverance
•
Positive attitude towards work
•
Ability to complete work within a given time
Quality
32
IGCSE Agriculture v 0.3
•
Neatness of drawing
•
Appearance of hole
Section 2: The practical exercises
2.5.3 Milking cows by hand
Milking cows by hand
•
Milking can, water, iodine, milking cup, rope, etc.
Instructions to the
learner
•
Learners should work in groups
•
Bring animals silently to the milking area
•
Give feeds to the animals
•
Clean the udder of the cows and dry the teats before milking
•
After milking dip teats in iodine
•
Weigh the milk and keep the records
•
Store the milk safely
•
Why do we need to dip the teats in iodine after milking?
•
Draw a graph to show milk production for each cow
•
Why is it necessary to keep the cow calm during milking?
Written task
Marking points
D
R
AF
Responsibility
T
Tools and material
required
•
Carries out the work without help
•
Carry out appropriate safety procedures
Initiative
•
Washing of hands and teats/udder before milking
•
Cleaning of tools and safe storage of tools
Technique
•
Handling of cows, i.e. tying the legs before milking (safety precaution)
•
Milking techniques
•
Cleaning of udder
•
Dipping teats in iodine
Perseverance
•
All parts of the milking process completed successfully
Quality
•
Graphs correctly plotted and drawn
•
Cleanliness of the milk
•
Accurate weighing
v 0.3 IGCSE Agriculture
33
Section 2: The practical exercises
2.5.4 Laying of water pipes
The school garden is far from the water source (taps) and the agricultural learners will use this opportunity to
lay pipes, from the water source to the garden. Learners should work in groups.
Laying of water pipes
(See ‘Written task’ below)
Instructions to the
learner
•
Measure the distance between the water source and the garden
•
Determine the distance each group has to cover
•
Clean and dig trenches
•
Lay down pipes
•
Connect pipes to the tap
•
Test flow of the water to determine the leaking areas
•
Cover the trench with soil
•
Identify the materials which you will need to carry out this task
•
What effect has slope on the flow of water?
D
R
AF
Written task
T
Tools and material
required
Marking points
Responsibility
•
Following instructions correctly
•
The ability to organise themselves within a group
Initiative
•
Identification of the correct tools and materials
•
Ability to detect problems and solve them, e.g. obstacles such as
rocks, tree roots, etc.
•
Ability to vary the depth of the trench to encourage water flow
•
Selection of proper tools to use
Technique
•
Handling of tools in the proper way
•
Digging skills to allow the flow of water
•
Ability to join pipes together
Perseverance
•
All required practical tasks and written work to be completed
•
Positive attitude towards work given
Quality
34
IGCSE Agriculture v 0.3
•
Accurate measuring of distance
•
Correct filling of the tap and pipe
•
Appearance of the area on completion
•
No leakage found
Section 2: The practical exercises
2.5.5 Transplanting, shading and irrigating of tomato seedlings
Transplanting, shading and irrigating tomato seedlings
•
Hand trowels, watering cans, water, measuring tape, sticks, leaf
twigs, wheelbarrow, head pans and blades
Instructions to the
learner
•
Transplant healthy seedlings after watering and when they have
developed about four leaves and are approximately 10-12cm in height
•
Mark out the planting distances and depths, which should be 5cm
deep and 90cm apart
•
Pack the seedlings carefully into a wheelbarrow or head pan and take
to the garden
•
Carefully place the seedlings in the holes
•
Irrigate immediately and provide shade
•
Why were the seedlings nursed before being transplanted?
•
Suggest two reasons why some of the seeds did not germinate in
the nursery?
•
Give two reasons or advantages of irrigating the seedlings after
transplantation
D
R
AF
Written task
T
Tools and material
required
•
What caused the wilting of some transplanted seedlings?
•
Suggest two reasons for maintaining planting distances in the garden
•
Why should young seedlings be shaded after transplanting?
v 0.3 IGCSE Agriculture
35
Section 2: The practical exercises
2.5.5 Transplanting, shading and irrigating of tomato seedlings (continued)
Marking points
Responsibility
•
Following instructions without assistance
•
Participation and teamwork
•
Taking safety precautions e.g. handling tools
Initiative
•
Solving problems without help, e.g. how to carry the seedlings
•
Method of applying manure or humus in each hole
•
Designing and making strong and suitable shading
Technique
Proper handling of trowel whilst digging the holes for transplanting
•
Correct carrying and removal of seedlings from the nursery; putting
them in the planting hole with balls of earth clinging to them
•
Careful irrigation to prevent damaging the tender leaves and prevent
waterlogging
D
R
AF
T
•
Perseverance
•
Required number of seedlings transplanted
•
Irrigation carried out
•
Shade constructed
•
Worksheet complete (marking)
Quality
36
IGCSE Agriculture v 0.3
•
Accuracy of planting distances and straight row planting
•
Cleaning the area
•
Plant survival rate
Section 2: The practical exercises
2.5.6 Branding of calves (marking)
Branding of cows
•
Firewood/charcoal, branding iron, rope, crush-pen
Instructions to
the learner
•
Bring the calves to the crush
•
Sort out the calves to be branded from the rest
•
Get calves into position
•
Start branding the calves
•
What is the purpose of marking (branding?)
•
Describe the technique used for marking/branding
•
What will be the ideal age or time for branding a calf?
•
Why is it important to inspect the animal after branding?
•
Why is branding done on the lower part of the hind leg?
D
R
AF
Written task
T
Tools and
material required
v 0.3 IGCSE Agriculture
37
Section 2: The practical exercises
2.5.6 Branding of calves (continued)
Marking points
Responsibility
•
Safe handling of calves and consideration shown for animals
•
Follow written instructions
•
Cleaning of tools
Initiative
•
Selection of the correct tools
•
Arrangement of tools for ease of carrying out work
•
Detecting the degree of heat of the iron
•
Application of water on the branding iron to cool it
Technique
Handling of the cows during actual branding
•
Handling of tools skilfully
•
Working with accuracy (right position and correct force)
D
R
AF
T
•
Perseverance
•
Participation in all tasks
•
Patience and willingness to complete the task
•
Cleaning up after work
•
Inspection of the animal over the next three to four days
Quality
38
IGCSE Agriculture v 0.3
•
Speed of sorting calves into position
•
Quality of mark/brand made
•
Visibility of brand numbers
Section 3: The Practical Investigation
Section 3: The Practical Investigation
3.1 Introducing the practical investigation
The syllabus provides a clear explanation of the work required and the evidence that must be gathered and
presented for the practical investigation.
In the syllabus, Section 5.2.4 lays out the framework within which the practical investigation is to be carried
out. The purpose of the project is that learners will develop skills in investigation which will then be assessed
against Assessment Objective AO3: experimental skills and investigations. There is a 1000 word limit for the
project and this limit should be adhered to tightly. Please note that any work that is beyond 110% of the
total required (i.e. 1100 words in this case), will be ignored for assessment purposes.
3.2 Principles
In the syllabus, Section 5.2.5 explains the sort of work that is required for the project to test investigatory
skills.
T
This syllabus section sets some important principles for the work, which are discussed below.
The investigation should be the work of the individual candidate; group-work is not suitable and any
attempt to use group-work will inevitably penalise individual candidates.
•
The research part of the project should be practical in nature, involving measurement and observation
by the individual candidate which will produce primary data on which the conclusions can be based.
Secondary research, such as research on the internet or from books, should not be the major source
of data for the investigation, although it may be very useful in putting the preparations and drawing of
conclusions in context.
•
This should be a major piece of work. The syllabus specifies that it should take about 3½ hours of work
in class along with associated homework time.
•
This should be a good opportunity for the candidates to learn independently, guided and supported by
the teacher, working as a facilitator. The role of the teacher should thus be encouraging the candidate
rather than directing.
•
The investigation should be prepared for properly – candidates will need to learn how to do investigatory
work before they can do the project successfully.
•
The project should be on a topic chosen by the candidate where possible. Some candidates may need
considerable support to enable the selection of a suitable topic. Other candidates may be unable to
make appropriate choices themselves. Such candidates will need to have suitable problems selected for
them, as permitted by the syllabus.
•
This investigation should be based on a problem that the learner sets out to solve. This should be
expressed as a question or as a hypothesis. Simpler projects will tend to be based on questions. More
sophisticated learners will prefer to express their predictions and expectations in terms of a hypothesis.
Such hypotheses will involve the relationship between an identified independent variable and an
identified dependent variable. Such candidates will recognise, that to make a fair test, they should
control other environmental variables as far as possible.
•
Field studies may involve a type of experiment (naturalistic experiment). In this case, natural variation in
a variable, such as trampling or soil moisture, is used as the independent variable. Control of variables
such as soil pH and temperature is achieved by measuring such variables in order to confirm that there
are no significant differences between them at sites chosen to give suitable values for the independent
D
R
AF
•
v 0.3 IGCSE Agriculture
39
Section 3: The Practical Investigation
variable. This will ensure that such field studies produce worthwhile numerical data for analysis. Field
studies that produce observations alone are much more difficult to analyse effectively.
•
Some candidates will peform experiments in environments which can be better controlled (such as pots
in a glasshouse or chickens in several different runs). These will also work best if conducted in the form
used by scientific investigators (as described above) rather than as purely observational studies, so that
candidates are able to make worthwhile analyses and conclusions.
3.3 Selecting suitable questions and hypotheses
Teachers should provide advice for learners in selecting suitable questions and hypotheses – for example,
within agriculture the learner should pick a general topic of interest to them. They should write down
questions that they might want to answer. Such questions usually start with words such as: how, what,
when, who, which, why, or where. The learner may prefer to begin with a question or with a hypothesis
which is just a prediction based on knowledge and understanding. The learners should consider whether it
is possible to design a fair test to answer the question in which only one factor or variable is changed and all
other conditions are kept the same. The learners should also consider whether their question or hypothesis
involves factors or variables that can easily be measured, giving numerical results.
T
3.4 Dealing with problems that do not get solved and hypotheses
that turn out to be incorrect
D
R
AF
The syllabus offers guidance on how to support learners who do not solve the problems that they set out
to solve. In such a case, the role of the teacher is to provide encouragement to the learners to view this as
a learning experience and to report what they attempted and why it did not work as expected, in order that
they can be fairly assessed. It is expected that a well-written and well-explained project that did not succeed
in solving the problem intended will gain high marks.
Other learners may come up with data which contradicts the hypothesis that they set out with. In other
words, they do provide a solution to the problem, but it is not the solution that they were expecting.
Rather than trying to change or manipulate the data to fit the original hypothesis, learners should explain
the results in terms of challenging the original hypothesis. Learners should be aware that professional
agricultural scientists often find results that do not support their hypotheses, and that such results are the
first steps towards making new, better hypotheses. Learners might be encouraged to consider suggesting
new hypotheses that could be tested and alternative measurements that could be made if they had time.
It should be clear to learners that such research is an ongoing process of discovery, and that finding a
hypothesis to be untrue can lead them to more suggestions and questions. As an assessor, the teacher is
interested in the processes that the learner uses rather than the success or otherwise of their hypotheses.
3.5 Suitable topics
Section 5.2.6 of the syllabus gives a list of the kinds of work that will raise suitable problems for appropriate
practically-based investigatory projects in the context of the considerations about questions and hypotheses
given above. This is not designed to be an exhaustive list – many other projects are possible. It is also not
designed to be a restrictive list – learners should be encouraged to work on other suitable topics if that is
their preference. In selecting suitable projects, as described above, one consideration should be whether the
information gathered has any impact on yield of produce and on cost-effectiveness of potential treatments.
Such work has a clear agricultural, commercial purpose, and also produces numerical data which is the
preferred outcome of the investigative experimental work involved. Some general topics might be suggested
and where candidates have excellent ideas that unfortunately cannot be accommodated, teachers should
suggest alternatives. The candidate should then be allowed to incorporate some of their original ideas into a
plan worked around what is appropriate and practical for delivery within the school.
The teacher needs to think carefully about the timing of the course especially in relation to the growing
season and holidays to ensure that the syllabus content relating to the investigation topics is adequately
covered.
Local agricultural or environmental problems might prove to be motivational in identifying a useful,
productive and worthwhile investigation.
40
IGCSE Agriculture v 0.3
Section 3: The Practical Investigation
3.6 Group-work
Group-work has a potential role in the data-gathering phase of the practical projects where field trials are
involved. It must be emphasised that the practical report must be the work of the individual candidate.
However, it is possible to use group-work in this way in order to provide more data. It is vital for each
individual candidate involved in this process to identify the individual treatments and results that they
themselves contributed to the overall group results.
Candidates should be encouraged to take specific responsibility for a section of data collected. This can be
highlighted in tables and their role in this aspect of the work should be clearly indicated.
Animal investigations may also require a collaborative approach to obtain sufficient useful data and ensure
safe and high-quality animal husbandry skills.
Teachers will need to be aware of the timings of such exercises in order to achieve an even distribution
of practical work over the four terms and to make sure that each individual learner carries out sufficient
practical work and has sufficient opportunities for individual practical assessment.
3.7 Summarising data: tables and graphs
D
R
AF
T
In the Practical Investigation there is a need for concise summaries of data. The purpose of such data
summaries is to enable rapid visualisation of the meaning of the data. So learners should be encouraged to
ensure that any tables, charts, illustrations and graphs have a clear purpose in illustrating the interpretation
of the data obtained. This is explored in more detail in section 3.10 below.
3.8 Explanations, evaluations and conclusions
Another area of importance is that of expressing reasoning in the report. Reasons should be given for any
decisions made regarding the specific treatments, measurements and observations made.
Similarly, where decisions are made about which data can and cannot be relied upon and which data
should be included in the analysis, there should be clear explanation and reasoning so that the reader can
understand why data was included or excluded in further analysis.
Once the meaning of the data has become clear to the learners, indicating to them whether the data
supports the hypothesis or does not, the learner should clearly explain the reasons behind the conclusions
drawn. This should include explaining how the conclusion was reached, i.e. the specific reasons why the
information obtained in the study lead the learner to draw a particular conclusion. It should also involve the
learner attempting to explain the reasons for the data found.
The learner’s conclusions will need to summarise the extent to which their results support or refute their
original hypothesis. Learners will need to include facts and information from background research to help
explain their results. This may be in terms of a question originally posed, or may involve a statement about
the relationship between the independent variable and dependent variable.
Agriculture is a commercial enterprise, and thus cost-effectiveness is a key issue in agriculture. Learners
should be encouraged to think about the economic impact of the information that they have obtained, and to
give an assessment of the potential impact of their findings on cost-effective agriculture.
v 0.3 IGCSE Agriculture
41
Section 3: The Practical Investigation
3.9 The role of the teacher
Section 5.2.7 of the syllabus sets out the role of the teacher as guider and facilitator rather than as director.
However it also makes clear that learners who need more support should be given more support.
This will be reflected in the assessment, so those learners who are able to be more autonomous in getting
on with the work without significant support from the teacher, will get higher marks than the learner who
has had difficulty understanding the requirements of the project during the preparatory work beforehand,
and needed support at each step of the journey.
The timing of the various practical exercises and projects is crucial to ensure that all of the learners
acquire the skills to the best of their ability in the time available. The learners must also meet the syllabus
requirements in terms of both the range and extent of the work they carry out and the evidence they
submit. Practical exercises should be carried out over a sufficient number of terms. It is the teacher’s
responsibility to make sure that the learners have both the time and the opportunity to fulfil the assessment
criteria as successfully as capability and development allows.
3.10 The report
T
Section 5.2.8 gives a very clear description of the nature of the report required and the content of each
section.
D
R
AF
It makes clear that there are certain sections that must be present: Title, Contents, Introduction,
Methodology, Presentation of data findings, Findings and conclusions. Every report should be prepared to
the same high standard irrespective of whether it is in the moderation sample required by Cambridge. The
exam board could ask for any, or all, of the other projects at any time up until the point where the regulations
allow them to be either disposed of or returned to candidates. This is well after the results have been
released and any reports and re-marks completed.
It would be sensible if the title included a clear indication of the question or hypothesis that underlies the
project. The title must be visible from the front of the project along with the candidate’s name, candidate
number, school/Centre name and Centre number, so that the assessor and moderators can immediately see
the nature of the project report without having to open the covers. This means that it is unwise to put the
projects into any kind of folder as it makes them unreasonably bulky and difficult to transport and means the
moderator has to open each one to find out who wrote it and what it is about.
The contents list must have page numbers, which means, of course, that the pages of the report must be
numbered clearly. The section titles mentioned in the syllabus should be clearly indicated in the contents list,
along with any other sections included. The assessor and moderators need to find it easy to navigate around
the report and this means that any tables, charts, graphs, diagrams and illustrations should also be detailed
in the contents list and provided with titles and page numbers.
The purpose of the introduction is to summarise the plans for the investigation.
42
•
This means that it should contain a statement of the question or hypothesis underlying the investigation
plus a brief outline of the way it is to be answered or tested. Key dates indicating when the actual
practical work was carried out and the location in which it took place should also be included.
•
It should be remembered that the word limit for the whole report is only 1000 words, so the introduction
should be concise if the word limit is not to be exceeded.
•
Any acknowledgements should also be included in the introduction (for example, if laboratory
technicians helped get apparatus ready or if a local farmer permitted the work to be carried out on their
land with their livestock. The acknowledgements do not contribute to the word count, so that if there
are a number of people or organisations to acknowledge, this will not cause unfairness to the candidate.
IGCSE Agriculture v 0.3
Section 3: The Practical Investigation
•
Any secondary sources of information used, (textbooks, websites, etc.) should also be included here in
a resource list or bibliography, (which also does not contribute to the word count). Such references are
vital for indicating the source of ideas and methods selected by the learner. They suggest reasons and
explanations for decisions made and the extent to which a learner researched other investigations in the
past. They also indicate that the learner has checked the validity of other work.
The Plan and the hypothesis should be distinctly different.
The methodology section of such a report is often called ‘The Methods’ by scientists. It refers to the ways
in which the investigation was carried out. The learner needs to describe, concisely, how any planning or
pre-sampling was carried out, how the data was collected, and how any measurements (e.g. of temperature,
pH or other variables) were made, and how any problems in obtaining data were overcome. (For example, if
apparatus was made or adapted to allow measurements to be made). The section will include any numerical
and graphical methods used, for example in calculating percentage yields of different crops or costeffectiveness of a treatment regime. If any statistical methods are used to simplify data, such as standard
deviation, standard error, mean, median, quartiles, etc., these should be outlined as well.
T
The presentation of data findings section should indicate the results. This should include tables of raw
data, not re-written but presented exactly as they were recorded during the investigation. Not all such tables
need to be presented but a sample will give the assessor and moderator a clear picture of the likely reliability
of the data. Such data tables do not form part of the word count.
D
R
AF
The purpose of any other tables, graphs, charts and illustrations that might be included here is simple. In
deciding whether or not a particular presentation should be included, the learner needs to ask themselves
just one simple question: “Does this table/graph/chart/illustration help the reader to understand what the
data means?” If the answer to this is no, then the learner should not include the this table/graph/
chart/illustration. If the answer is YES, then the learner could usefully include the this table/graph/
chart/illustration, if something else does not show the same thing better.
All such presentations of data should be clearly labelled with a title, making clear what is being shown and
what it means. Learners should take care that obvious things such as graph axes and units of measurement
are suitably labelled to avoid careless loss of marks. Ideally, candidates should annotate their graphs and
charts to identify anomalies or relevant points of interest.
A word on the use of graphs in the investigative report
The section below provides clear and reliable advice regarding the use of graphs which are so important
in presenting the evidence. It was developed by a practicing Agriculture teacher delivering the Cambridge
syllabus and is designed to be given directly to learners to assist them in constructing their investigation
reports.
v 0.3 IGCSE Agriculture
43
Section 3: The Practical Investigation
Using graphs and charts
Deciding which form of representation to use
In deciding whether to include a table/graph/chart/illustration, ask yourself the following question: does
the table/graph/chart/illustration help the reader to understand what the data means?” If the answer
to this is no, then do not include it. If the answer is YES, then this table/graph/chart/illustration should be
included if something else does not show the same thing better.
Which type of representation should I use?
Graphs – should be used to show relationships between numerical variables, e.g. weight of pullet and
weight of eggs produced.
The independent variable will be plotted on the x-axis (horizontal axis) and
the dependent variable plotted on the y-axis (vertical axis).
•
Each axis will be labelled with the physical quantity and the appropriate SI
unit, e.g. time / min.
•
The graph is the whole diagrammatic presentation. It may have one or
several curves plotted on it.
•
Curves and lines joining points on the graph should be referred to as ‘curves’.
•
Points on the curve should be clearly marked as crosses (x) or encircled dots
(). If a further curve is included, vertical crosses (+) may be used to mark the points.
D
R
AF
T
•
Pie charts – may be used when you want to draw attention to relative
amounts or percentages. It works well with percentages between 10 and
90%, but bar charts are better for smaller percentages.
These should be drawn with the sectors in rank order, largest first, beginning
at ‘noon’ and proceeding clockwise. Pie charts should preferably contain no
more than six sectors.
Bar charts – these are drawn when one of the variables is not numerical or
has discrete values, e.g. number of eggs of different colours, or frequency of
occurrence of nests with different numbers of eggs.
They should be made up of narrow blocks of equal width that do not touch.
They can be plotted horizontally or vertically.
Histograms – are the most rarely required kind of graph. They are to summarise
distribution data visually. They can only be used when it is possible to calculate
a frequency for a series of classes of a continuous numerical variable, e.g. the
frequency of chickens with different masses or frequency of occurrence of
stems of different lengths. The blocks should be touching.
44
IGCSE Agriculture v 0.3
Section 3: The Practical Investigation
This advice on graphs should be made available to the learners and should be incorporated into the delivery
of the theory content of the course so that learners become familiar with their use. This could also be an
opportunity for close cooperation with the mathematics department within the school/college so that delivery
can be coordinated across the two subjects. The use of graphs and charts should form a valuable and natural
part of reporting on the investigation and practical exercises. It should be understood as the most effective
way of demonstrating the significance of results to others, i.e. illustrating what the results actually mean.
A frequent weakness in coursework evidence occurs when large amounts of data have been collected and
presented appropriately by learners but they have failed to use the information in their analysis. Encouraging
selection of appropriate graphs, coupled with annotation of the actual graphs and charts will encourage
productive use of the information which has been collected and presented.
T
The findings and conclusions section of the report should be a few short paragraphs and should bring the
whole piece of work up close to the 1000 word limit without exceeding it. This is often the longest single
section in the report, containing a few hundred words of concise explanation of what the results actually
show that is explaining what the results actually mean. The extent to which the results succeed or fail to
answer the original question or test the original hypothesis should be included. Learners should not be
frightened of explaining that they did not succeed in what they set out to do but learned some other things
instead, even if that is only to learn how to do such a project better next time. Limitations in the methods
and in the results (such as problems with reliability or with control of variables to make it a fair test) are worth
mentioning. This allows learners to make suggestions on how to improve methods and also how to make
results more reliable through use of a fairer test.
D
R
AF
If the teacher or anyone else gave assistance and help during the work, this should be described – this
description does not contribute to the word count. It is vital that this be included so that the assessor and
moderators can make a fair judgement on how much of the work in the report is the candidate’s own work.
3.11 The assessment criteria
In the syllabus, Sections 5.2.9 and 5.2.10 lay out the assessment criteria for assessing the reports. We have
reproduced them below for convenience but you should always refer to the syllabus (for the year in which
your learners will sit the examination) as the definitive source of authority for all technical and academic
aspects of the qualification.
3.11.1 Criteria for the assessment of the practical investigation
The practical investigation should be marked using the following criteria.
Marking Criteria
Marks
available
Criteria
1. The selection of relevant questions (hypothesis) for the investigation
5
2. The planning of the investigation and the principles on which it is based
5
3. The handling of evidence
5
4. The ability to make deductions from the evidence or the data acquired
5
5. The ability to recognise limitations of the investigation
5
6. Description of practical, presentation, layout and originality (candidate’s own work)
5
v 0.3 IGCSE Agriculture
45
Section 3: The Practical Investigation
Interpreting the marking criteria for the practical investigation report
1. The selection of relevant questions (hypothesis) for the investigation
Marks
•
Relevant questions (hypothesis) selected without guidance, appropriate and clearly stated
5
•
Relevant questions (hypothesis) selected without guidance, appropriate but poorly
expressed
4
•
Relevant questions (hypothesis) selected with guidance, appropriate and clearly stated
3
•
Relevant questions (hypothesis) selected with guidance, appropriate but poorly expressed
2
•
Relevant questions (hypothesis) selected with considerable guidance
1
•
Relevant questions (hypothesis) provided for the candidate
0
2. The planning of the investigation and the principles on which it is based
T
•
Investigation well-planned, without guidance, showing evidence that the relevant principles
are understood
Investigation adequately planned, with some guidance, relevant principles understood
D
R
AF
•
Marks
5
4
3
2
•
Investigation plan sketchy, plan produced with considerable guidance or no evidence that
principles are understood
1
•
Investigation plan provided for the candidate
0
3. The handling of evidence
•
•
•
Results presented neatly and clearly in a table, appropriate method of analysis chosen,
graphs and/or histograms accurate and correctly presented (i.e. correct scale, axis, 0 plot,
labelling, etc.)
Results presented neatly and clearly in a table, inappropriate method of analysis chosen,
graphs and/or histograms inaccurate and incorrectly presented
Results not presented in a table, inappropriate method of analysis chosen, graphs and/or
histograms inaccurate and poorly presented
Marks
5
4
3
2
1
0
4. The ability to make deductions from the evidence or the data acquired
46
Marks
•
Comprehensive deductions based on the evidence, conclusions given with reasons
5
•
Several deductions based on the evidence, conclusions given with reasons
4
•
Few deductions based on the evidence, one conclusion given
3
•
Few deductions based on the evidence, no conclusions given
2
•
One deduction, no elaboration
1
•
Tasks carried out with considerable help, inaccurate observations and records
0
IGCSE Agriculture v 0.3
Section 3: The Practical Investigation
5. The ability to recognise limitations of the investigation
•
Marks
All major limitations identified, assessed and improvements suggested
5
4
•
Several limitations identified, assessment superficial, no improvements suggested
3
2
•
One or two limitations identified but no assessments or improvements given
1
0
6. Description of investigation, presentation, layout and originality (candidate’s
own work)
•
Clear, full description of the aims and nature of the topic; work neat and well presented;
layout as required by the syllabus; candidate’s own work
Marks
5
4
T
•
Description of the aims and nature of the investigation given; lacking in either neat
presentation or layout not as required by the syllabus; candidate’s own work
3
2
Outline only of the aims and nature of the investigation; poorly presented; layout not as
required by the syllabus; candidate’s own work
D
R
AF
•
1
0
The tables that follow show the further breakdown of the marking criteria for the investigation report,
as they are stated in the syllabus. Alongside each criterion below you will find a commentary to assist
teachers, assessors and moderators. This gives an indication of the standard you should expect to see in a
candidate’s work at each level for each skill area.
v 0.3 IGCSE Agriculture
47
Section 3: The Practical Investigation
Further guidance on marking
48
•
Relevant questions (hypothesis) selected
without guidance, appropriate and clearly
stated
•
Relevant questions (hypothesis) selected
without guidance, appropriate but poorly
expressed
Marks
5
4
•
Relevant questions (hypothesis) selected with
guidance, appropriate and clearly stated
•
Relevant questions (hypothesis) selected with
guidance, appropriate but poorly expressed
2
•
Relevant questions (hypothesis) selected with
considerable guidance
1
•
Relevant questions (hypothesis) provided for
the candidate
0
3
D
R
AF
IGCSE Agriculture v 0.3
Candidate arrives at a suitable topic
with an appropriate and workable
investigation, expresses it concisely
and clearly.
Candidate has the idea and chooses
the topic without help but not very
clearly explained.
T
1. The selection of relevant
questions (hypothesis) for the
investigation
Needed help to arrive at a topic to
investigate but then well-explained
and understood.
Needed help to arrive at a topic to
investigate and not able to explain
clearly.
Candidate needed to be given lots
of prompting and guidance towards
a workable investigation.
Candidate unable to come up with a
suitable investigation, so needed to
have one set.
Section 3: The Practical Investigation
2. The planning of the investigation
and the principles on which it is
based
•
Investigation well planned, without guidance,
showing evidence that the relevant principles
are understood
Marks
5
A clear workable plan is constructed
with all major considerations
included in an appropriate way, well
understood and comprehended in
all ways and well-researched.
Investigation adequately planned, with some
guidance, relevant principles understood
3
D
R
AF
•
2
•
•
Investigation plan sketchy, plan produced with
considerable guidance or no evidence that
principles are understood
Investigation plan provided for the candidate
Better than 3 marks but not
sufficient to confidently meet 5
marks.
T
4
1
0
Needed help to arrive at a topic to
investigate but then well-explained
and understood.
Better than 1 mark but not
sufficient to confidently meet 3
marks.
Candidate needed constant support
to produce a plan and did not really
understand how the plan related to
the investigation.
Unable to formulate any aspect of
a plan: basically told what to do,
step-by-step.
v 0.3 IGCSE Agriculture
49
Section 3: The Practical Investigation
3. The handling of evidence
•
Results presented neatly and clearly in a table,
appropriate method of analysis chosen, graphs
and/or histograms accurate and correctly
presented (i.e. correct scale, axis, 0 plot,
labelling etc.)
Marks
5
4
Results presented neatly and clearly in a table,
inappropriate method of analysis chosen,
graphs and/or histograms inaccurate and
incorrectly presented
3
Insufficient for 5 but better than 3.
Some inaccurate graphs or charts
and not always in the most
appropriate form or scale, stome
poorly labelled.
T
•
All graphs, charts and tables
labelled correctly and clearly.
Candidate selected the most
appropriate forms and uses
sensible scales and methods to
express the information clearly,
annotates diagrams, charts and or
photographs.
•
D
R
AF
2
Results not presented in a table, inappropriate
method of analysis chosen, graphs and/or
histograms inaccurate and poorly presented
1
0
50
IGCSE Agriculture v 0.3
Insufficient for 3 but better than 1.
No results tables or simply graph
or chart included of dubious or no
relevance.
No attempt to show results in any
form.
Section 3: The Practical Investigation
4. The ability to make deductions
from the evidence or the data
acquired
Marks
Comprehensive deductions based on the
evidence, conclusions given with reasons
5
Candidate makes full use of data
and quotes from charts and graphs
explaining findings and identifies
any anomalous results attempting
to explain these in a scientific way.
Logical and supported conclusion
ideally referenced to secondary
information.
•
Several deductions based on the evidence,
conclusions given with reasons
4
Makes at least two relevant
comments on the results and how
they relate to the data and expected
outcomes. Conclusion explained.
•
Few deductions based on the evidence, one
conclusion given
•
Few deductions based on the evidence, no
conclusions given
•
One deduction, no elaboration
•
Tasks carried out with considerable help,
inaccurate observations and records
T
•
D
R
AF
3
Some deductions relate to aspects
of the data and enables one simple
conclusion to be drawn, e.g. the
graph showing yield showed
that nitrogen fertiliser improved
productivity by 30 per cent.
2
Some attempt to use evidence
collected from the investigation
to make some deduction, e.g. Plot
A grew better than Plot B without
fertiliser.
1
One simple relevant statement
relating to the investigation (e.g.
they grew faster with feed).
0
Candidate given help but not able
to record or use the results/findings
in a worthwhile way.
v 0.3 IGCSE Agriculture
51
Section 3: The Practical Investigation
5. The ability to recognise
limitations of the investigation
•
All major limitations identified, assessed and
improvements suggested
Marks
5
4
Several limitations identified, assessment
superficial, no improvements suggested
3
2
One or two limitations identified but no
assessments or improvements given
D
R
AF
•
1
0
52
IGCSE Agriculture v 0.3
Not sufficient to meet 5 but better
than 3.
Limitations, e.g. we only were able
to use six maize plants, not really
developed, supported or justified.
T
•
Makes comments about all
major factors which might limit
the validity or effectiveness of
the investigation suggests and
explains amendments or possible
improvement.
Better than 1 but insufficient for 3.
Mentions at least one limitation but
with little or no explanation (e.g.
we only had a few plants).
No evidence
Section 3: The Practical Investigation
6. Description of practical,
presentation, layout and originality
(candidate’s own work)
•
Clear, full description of the aims and nature of
the topic; work neat and well presented; layout
as required by the syllabus; candidate’s own
work
Marks
5
4
Description of the aims and nature of the
investigation given; lacking in either neat
presentation or layout not as required by the
syllabus; candidate’s own work
3
D
R
AF
2
•
Outline only of the aims and nature of the
investigation; poorly presented; layout not as
required by the syllabus; candidate’s own work
Less than 5 but more than 3.
Gives aims and objectives; not
presented in a very professional
way but with signs of attempting
to use appropriate headings.
T
•
See syllabus sections which must
be fully addressed. Focus on
making the report look professional
and comprehensive making full
use of scientific information
and relevant financial and
environmental aspects.
More than 1 but less than 3.
1
Aims lack detail, simple statement;
layout not clear and as specified,
substantial lack of page numbers,
content, sub-headings, naming or
numbering of charts and tables,
photographs or illustrations not
really linked to the report.
0
Very poorly presented and lacking
any logical structure.
The scheme of assessment is intended to encourage positive achievement by all candidates.
v 0.3 IGCSE Agriculture
53
D
R
AF
T
Section 3: The Practical Investigation
54
IGCSE Agriculture v 0.3
Section 4: Administration and moderation of practical coursework
Section 4: Administration and moderation of practical
coursework
4.1 What comprises a candidate’s practical coursework
submission?
The work for submission will be compiled over four terms and should be assembled into a folder for each
candidate. It should comprise both teacher and learner-generated material constituting the kinds of evidence
listed in Section 1 of this handbook, for the practical exercises, along with the Practical Investigation Report,
in each case. For both parts of the coursework there should be Individual Candidate Record Cards for each
candidate. All evidence should be clearly labelled.
T
Each teacher involved in the assessment should put the folders of their marking group together, placing
the Coursework Assessment Summary Form on top with all of the marks carefully transferred from each
individual candidate. The candidates should be listed in candidate index number order to allow for easy
transfer of marks onto the computer-printed coursework mark sheet (MS1) later on. The MS1 should be sent
to the examinations officer in each Centre in early October.
D
R
AF
Work should, if possible, be submitted in the form of an electronic folder which can be put onto a memory
stick/flash drive or CD. The electronic folder is the most convenient and secure format as it allows copies to
be kept, avoiding expensive photocopying and postage for heavy paperwork. However, if you are unable to
send your submissions electronically you can still send them as hard copy folders. We advise that you keep a
copy of all work.
The coursework must be the candidates’ own work. Where shared data has been used it must be clear what
the individual candidate contributed to the collection of that evidence and it is vital that such data sharing is
acknowledged. The analysis and all further manipulation and use of the data must be unique to the individual
candidate. Where information from secondary sources has been used, the source must be given and any
short direct quotes must be clearly shown as quotations. Longer quotations are unacceptable and will be
identified as plagiarism. The reports must be in the candidate’s own words except for short quotations as
mentioned above. It is the Centre’s responsibility to check that all work is the candidates’ own work.
Further details are given in Section 4.4 below.
4.2 Internal standardisation during the course
Where more than one teacher is involved in the marking of the practical coursework component,
standardisation is essential. All teachers involved in the marking must have a common understanding of
the mark scheme so that assessment can be carried out consistently. Each school appoints an internal
moderator from amongst the more experienced teachers delivering the subject and it is their task to ensure
the quality of the marking. We strongly advise Centres that they should hold an initial meeting (an example is
described below in the section on the practical exercises) at the point at which the practical exercises are set
for each group of learners in order to become familiar with the assessment criteria and understand what is
required of their learners through the practical coursework component.
In IGCSE Agriculture there are two aspects to the practical coursework component, the practical exercises
and the practical investigation.
v 0.3 IGCSE Agriculture
55
Section 4: Administration and moderation of practical coursework
4.2.1 Practical exercises
The assessment process for the practical exercises requires teachers to keep a record for each individual
candidate, showing the operations carried out and the marks awarded, e.g. in the form of individual learner
ticksheets/marksheets. Learner-generated evidence, such as photo-diaries including reflective comments
should also form part of the submission. (A full list of the types of evidence that can be submitted for these
practical exercises is available in sub-section 1.1 of this handbook.) These submissions from the teacher and
from the candidate, are gathered together in folders representing the work of each individual candidate.
As the practical exercises take place throughout the duration of the course, we recommend that for Centres
with more than one teacher assessing the practical exercises, an initial meeting (run on the lines below) is
held. Further meetings should be held at points in the course when sufficient amounts of evidence become
available.
Initial meeting
• The meeting should discuss points arising from the reading of the assessment criteria in the syllabus
(plus the relevant sections on assessing the practical exercises in this handbook), by all the people
involved in making this assessment (assessors).
A well-prepared average candidate is selected and asked to perform selected skills (from the
suggestions in the syllabus and this handbook). Each assessor then independently marks the candidate
on the skills that are being demonstrated using the standard ticksheet or marksheet adopted by the
Centre.
•
The marking of each marking point is shared and discussed in relation to the assessment criteria.
This should enable the assessors to become skilled in fair, standardised assessment, and the internal
moderator to identify any assessors who might need further support and training.
D
R
AF
T
•
Meetings held at points when there is sufficient new evidence
• The internal moderator selects a sample of the work (say 10 folders) representing the full range of
abilities across the Centre, marks them and keeps a note elsewhere of the marks and any comments so
that the samples themselves remain clean for copying.
•
This sample of ten should then be copied and marked by everyone who will be involved in the
assessment.
•
Any discrepancies with the marks of the internal moderator should be discussed and agreement should
then be reached on how to apply the assessment criteria. Teachers can then use the sample of ten as a
benchmark for the rest of their marking.
The practical exercises have their own assessment criteria which can be found in section 5.2.2 of the
syllabus. When carrying out their own marking, teachers should annotate the evidence of the practical
exercises at the time that each exercise is completed, indicating why those marks were given through short
comments directly related to the assessment criteria. These annotations will be very useful to the external
moderator at Cambridge.
4.2.2 The practical investigation
In the case of the practical investigation report, full submissions are only likely to be available at the end
of the course. The same sort of process can be followed at that time, perhaps meeting to discuss the
assessment criteria in the syllabus and the content of the relevant sections of this handbook, then marking
a sample of ten of the reports representing the full range of abilities, which have first been marked by the
internal moderator. Again, the practical investigation has its own assessment criteria which can be found in
section 5.2.9 of the syllabus.
56
IGCSE Agriculture v 0.3
Section 4: Administration and moderation of practical coursework
4.3 Internal moderation at the end of the course
Once the marking of all candidate submissions has been carried out at the end of the course, the internal
moderator should sample the marking of each teacher by selecting a number of folders from their work
and checking that the marking sufficiently differentiates and that it abides by the standard established in the
standardisation meetings.
If the marking appears reliable and well-standardised with the moderator, no further changes are
necessary – the marking should be accepted.
If there is a discernible pattern of either leniency or severity in anyone’s marking perhaps across the
mark scheme as a whole or just in relation to a particular section, then it may be possible to ‘scale’ the
marking of that teacher by adjusting all their marking by the same proportion (in the area affected) without
having to re-mark every submission individually.
However, if no pattern is discernible in the erroneous marking of any given teacher then additional
samples should be taken until there is no further remaining doubt or until all affected submissions are
re-marked.
T
Notes of any particular difficulties should be kept so that further training and support can be given over the
next year and to inform discussion at the meetings to ensure that standardisation and fairness improve yearon-year.
D
R
AF
A reliable rank order can then be established in the marking of the Centre.
At this point all Individual Candidate Record Cards can then be finalised and the Coursework Assessment
Summary Form carefully completed. Indications that internal moderation has taken place should be evident
on the Individual Candidate Record Cards where marks have been amended.
Always get another person to check your work when transferring figures from one document to another.
The sample to be despatched to Cambridge should be prepared as instructed in the Cambridge
Administration Guide. It will always contain the evidence from candidates with the highest and lowest mark.
It is also desirable that, if the work of any particular candidates has caused special difficulties in assessment
for any reason, this evidence be submitted as part of, or in addition to, the sample.
4.4 External moderation
Once the internal moderation has been completed and the mark sheets and Individual Candidate Record
Cards finalised, you will need to prepare a sample of coursework to be sent to either the Officer responsible
for moderation of examinations at the Ministry of Education or to Cambridge as appropriate.
•
If you are a UK Centre, at present, Cambridge will send a list of selected candidates from which to
make up the moderation sample. As well as the candidates that we have selected you will also need to
include at least one candidate on the highest mark and at least one on the lowest mark in your sample,
(providing these are not already on the list).
•
If you are an International Centre, at the time of writing, you will need to select your own sample.
The sample should be selected to represent the full ability range of the Centre, covering the whole mark
range, with the marks spaced as evenly as possible from the top mark to the lowest mark. If appropriate, the
samples should be selected from the classes of different teachers. It is possible that a second sample may
be requested so please retain all records and supporting written work until after the publication of results.
All the coursework that contributed to the final mark for the selected candidates must be sent to the
external moderator. Please check the information in Section 3 of the Cambridge Administrative Guide (either
v 0.3 IGCSE Agriculture
57
Section 4: Administration and moderation of practical coursework
UK or International version) to establish the number of portfolios required in the sample.
What goes into the sample?
• Coursework Assessment Summary Forms covering the entire cohort from your Centre.
•
Coursework samples from across the range of marks and from multiple teachers where appropriate,
each including their Individual Candidate Record Cards.
•
Instructions given by teachers to learners for the assessed practical work.
•
Mark schemes for each assignment or project.
•
The second copy of the Internal Assessment Mark Sheet (MS1) from your MIS system or CIE Direct
internal marks report.
•
Any materials used to implement the internal moderation process (e.g. spreadsheets and notes).
T
Remember that electronic submission of coursework is preferred either on USB Flash drive/memory stick,
CD or DVD. Evidence in hard copy can be scanned to digitise it. You should send the candidates’ portfolios
plus a general folder containing the administrative forms and internal moderation materials, etc. These can
include items such as spreadsheets, notes and other materials that were used during internal moderation. If
it is not possible to send the submissions electronically then you can send them as hard copy.
D
R
AF
Always check the latest version of the Cambridge Administrative Guide and the Cambridge Handbook
for Centres for the most recent information on procedures and for key administrative deadlines as
these may vary from time to time.
In order to enable external moderation of the teacher-marked practical work, certain forms of evidence need
to be submitted as part of the coursework portfolio. Both candidate and teacher-generated evidence for
both parts of the coursework should make up each individual candidate’s portfolio. It is important to do this
for every candidate so that whichever samples are selected for the external moderation sample they will
contain all relevant information and evidence. In addition candidates and teachers should all have put in the
same effort to collect and organise each portfolio in the interests of fairness and effective standardisation
and moderation.
4.5 Individual Candidate Record Cards
Teachers need to supply these for each candidate, detailing their marking for both the practical exercises and
the practical investigation.
4. When completing the record card please take care to make the description as detailed as possible.
5. Ensure that all details are completed in full.
6. Keep a copy of all forms completed for your records as a back-up.
7. Storing work electronically is preferred. Please keep it suitably backed up. Candidates should be
encouraged to keep their own copy.
4.6 Coursework Assessment Summary Form
Once marking is complete, the Coursework Assessment Summary Form must be used to summarise the
marking for the group or cohort. This information must be transferred carefully from the Individual Candidate
Record Cards and should be checked by another person.
Please find examples of these forms on the following pages. They are also available in the syllabus.
58
IGCSE Agriculture v 0.3
AGRICULTURE – Practical Exercises
Individual Candidate Record Card
Please read the instructions printed on the following page and the General Coursework Regulations before completing this form.
Centre Number
Centre Name
November
Candidate Number
Candidate Name
Teaching Group/Set
1
4
2
3
4
5
Initiative
Technique
Perseverance
Quality
– coping with – tackling tasks – seeing a task – attending to
problems
systematically through to the
detail
and skilfully
end
T
1
Responsibility
– following
instructions
0
D
R
TOTAL
v 0.3 IGCSE Agriculture
Marks to be transferred to Coursework
Assessment Summary Form
(max 12)
WMS619
(max 12)
(max 12)
(max 12)
(max 12)
(max 60)
0600/04/CW/I/14
59
Section 4: Administration and moderation of practical coursework
AF
Brief description of Practical Exercises undertaken
2
2. Mark each Practical Exercise for each candidate according to instructions given in the Syllabus booklet.
3. Enter marks and total marks in the appropriate spaces. Complete any other sections of the form required.
4. Ensure that the addition of marks is independently checked.
5. It is essential that the marks of candidates from different teaching groups within each Centre are moderated internally. This means
that the marks awarded to all candidates within a Centre must be brought to a common standard by the teacher responsible for co-ordinating the
internal assessment (i.e. the internal moderator), and a single valid and reliable set of marks should be produced that reflects the relative attainment
of all the candidates in the Coursework component at the Centre.
T
6. Attach this form to the candidate’s Practical Exercises, and retain until required for external moderation. Further detailed instructions about
external moderation will be sent in early October of the year of the Examination. See also the instructions on the Coursework Assessment
Summary Form (0600/06/CW/S/14).
AF
7. Transfer the marks to the Coursework Assessment Summary Form (0600/06/CW/S/14) in accordance with the instructions given on that
document.
D
R
IGCSE Agriculture v 0.3
1. Complete the information at the head of the form.
Section 4: Administration and moderation of practical coursework
60
Instructions for completing individual candidate record cards
AGRICULTURE – Practical Exercises
Individual Candidate Record Card
Please read the instructions printed on the following page and the General Coursework Regulations before completing this form.
Centre Number
Centre Name
November
Candidate Number
Candidate Name
Teaching Group/Set
0
1
4
T
2
3
4
5
Initiative
Technique
Perseverance
Quality
– coping with – tackling tasks – seeing a task – attending to
problems
systematically through to the
detail
and skilfully
end
D
R
v 0.3 IGCSE Agriculture
TOTAL
Marks to be transferred to Coursework
Assessment Summary Form
(max 12)
WMS619
(max 12)
(max 12)
(max 12)
(max 12)
(max 60)
0600/04/CW/I/14
61
Section 4: Administration and moderation of practical coursework
AF
Brief description of Practical Exercises undertaken
1
Responsibility
– following
instructions
2
2. Mark each Practical Exercise for each candidate according to instructions given in the Syllabus booklet.
3. Enter marks and total marks in the appropriate spaces. Complete any other sections of the form required.
4. Ensure that the addition of marks is independently checked.
5. It is essential that the marks of candidates from different teaching groups within each Centre are moderated internally. This means
that the marks awarded to all candidates within a Centre must be brought to a common standard by the teacher responsible for co-ordinating the
internal assessment (i.e. the internal moderator), and a single valid and reliable set of marks should be produced that reflects the relative attainment
of all the candidates in the Coursework component at the Centre.
T
6. Attach this form to the candidate’s Practical Exercises, and retain until required for external moderation. Further detailed instructions about
external moderation will be sent in early October of the year of the Examination. See also the instructions on the Coursework Assessment
Summary Form (0600/06/CW/S/14).
AF
7. Transfer the marks to the Coursework Assessment Summary Form (0600/06/CW/S/14) in accordance with the instructions given on that
document.
D
R
IGCSE Agriculture v 0.3
1. Complete the information at the head of the form.
Section 4: Administration and moderation of practical coursework
62
Instructions for completing individual candidate record cards
AGRICULTURE
Coursework Assessment Summary Form
Please read the instructions printed on the following page and the General Coursework Regulations before completing this form.
Centre Number
Centre Name
November
Practical exercises
Candidate Name
0
1
4
Investigation
1
2
3
4
5
1
2
3
4
5
6
Teaching Responsibility Initiative Technique Perseverance Quality Selection of
Plan and Handling Deductions Recognition Description
Total
Internally
Group/
questions principles of evidence
of
of
Mark Moderated
Centre
(hypotheses) investigation
limitations investigation
Mark
Set
(max 12)
(max 12) (max 12)
(max 12)
(max 12)
(max 5)
(max 5)
(max 5)
(max 5)
(max 5)
(max 5)
(max 90) (max 90)
D
R
v 0.3 IGCSE Agriculture
Name of teacher completing this form
Signature
Date
Name of internal moderator
Signature
Date
WMS622
0600/06/CW/S/14
63
Section 4: Administration and moderation of practical coursework
AF
T
Candidate
Number
2
2. List the candidates in an order that will allow ease of transfer of information to a computer-printed Coursework mark sheet MS1 at a later stage (i.e.
in candidate index number order, where this is known; see item B.1 below). Show the teaching group or set for each candidate. The initials of the
teacher may be used to indicate group or set.
3. Transfer each candidate’s marks from his or her Individual Candidate Record Cards (0600/04/CW/I/14 and 0600/05/CW/I/14) to this form as
follows:
(a) Where there are columns for individual skills or assignments, enter the marks initially awarded (i.e. before internal moderation took place).
(b) In the column headed ‘Total Mark’, enter the total mark awarded before internal moderation took place.
T
(c) In the column headed ‘Internally Moderated Mark’, enter the total mark awarded after internal moderation took place.
AF
4. Both the teacher completing the form and the internal moderator (or moderators) should check the form and complete and sign the bottom portion
D
R
IGCSE Agriculture v 0.3
1. Complete the information at the head of the form.
Section 4: Administration and moderation of practical coursework
64
Instructions for completing coursework assessment summary forms
Section 5: Exemplars for marking
Section 5: Exemplars for marking practice
The following exemplar materials have been reproduced to provide as authentic an experience as possible
of marking candidates’ work. You will therefore find errors in layout, spelling and grammar uncorrected and
as they appear in the original work.
•
Look at the three exemplars and mark them using the mark schemes in Section 2 of this handbook or
from Section 5 of the syllabus.
Exemplar 1: Adlib feeding versus restricted feeding on layers
Exemplar 2: The effects of ethylene on the ripening of green bananas
Exemplar 3: Investigating the performance of Hercules which is a summer variety of cabbage, when
grown in winter.
Compare your mark with those suggested in the text boxes.
•
Try to identify what has caused any discrepancies between the two.
D
R
AF
T
•
v 0.3 IGCSE Agriculture
65
Section 5: practice
T
5.1 Exemplar 1
D
R
AF
TOPIC: ADLIB FEEDING VERSUS RESTRICTED FEEDING ON LAYERS
66
IGCSE Agriculture v 0.3
Section 5: practice
List of Tables and Graphs
6
Fig. 2 Bar Chart showing percentage in egg production types
6
Fig. 3 Pie Chart showing percentage in egg production types
7
Fig. 4 A table showing the both egg percentage and production numbers
8
Fig. 5 Bar Chart showing egg production per week in the two systems
9
Fig. 6 A Line Graph showing egg production in percentage in two systems
9
D
R
AF
T
Fig. 1 Table showing Egg production in percentage
v 0.3 IGCSE Agriculture
67
Section 5: practice
iii
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
1.0
Background Information
Layers are chickens that are kept for their eggs. Under poultry production, layers can be kept in the deep
litter and in the battery cage system if you want the eggs to be safely laid. Layers require a regular supply of
food daily in order for them to grow and develop normally. Chickens can be fed in two ways: by making sure
feed is available at all times (adlib feeding) or by giving a measured amount (restricted feeding). The feed
given to layers depends on their age. Layers are fed layers mash which gives extra protein and minerals for
them to produce quality eggs.
D
R
AF
T
Chickens (layers) have a definite calcium appetite, energy appetite(grain) and protei n appetite(high
protein poultry ration), Ruff (2006).A layer which lays an egg each day will eat far more calcium than one
which lays an egg a week. Adlib offers chickens as much (balanced, high-quality) chicken feed as they want,
and settle for whatever amount of foraging they discover on their own. Restricted requires the chickens to
be fed less feed amounting to 120grams per day (Ngugi, 1 978).
The most popular egg producing breeds are the leghorn, Ancona and Minorcan, The white leghorn is the
most common basis for the development of layer hybrids because of i ts weight and high egg production.
Mature cockerels and hens weigh approximately 2.7kg and 1.8kg. Hybrid layers come into lay at the age of 1
8 to 22 weeks, and remain productive for at least nine months if they are well managed (Macmlillan, 2008).
1.1
Purpose of the study
The purpose of the project was to find out feeding system which is best suitable for layers. The researcher
wanted to study and rate the percentage of eggs laid weekly under adlib feeding against to that of restricted
feeding. It was to confirm if restricted feeding is the best feeding method to conduct to layers and would
there be any change in the number of eggs produced.
1.2 Justification
Is the feed being wasted when overfeeding the layers or is it worth it? The study will help us see the right
feeding system to use when keeping layers.
Will the layers grow and lay well as it happens with restricted feeding? This study was to help the researcher
see the effect of feeding amounts given to layers and determine the importance of feeding layers with the
rightful amounts of mash. Farmers overfeeding the layers would realize that it is wastage of feed.
1.3 Objective
To describe the effects of restricted and adlibtum feeding on the laying percentage of layers.
68
IGCSE Agriculture v 0.3
Section 5: practice
1.4 Hypotheses
1.4.1 Main hypothesis
Restricted feeding increases the laying percentage of layers than adlib feeding.
1.4.2 Alternative hypothesis
Adlib feeding increases the laying percentage of layers than restricted feeding.
1.5 Limitations of the study
There are certain problems that had effects on the study:
The was lack of enough space which caused poor air circulation in the poultry house.
The poultry house would get dirty very easily and bad odour would accumulate the house.
T
There were late delivering of orders (feed) and these would get the layers stressed.
A lot of people entering the poultry house disturbed the layers when trying to lay, with the noise.
D
R
AF
CHAPTER II
LITERATURE REVIEW
Feeding chickens
Layers normally exhibit two peak feed consumption periods-one at the time of lay and the other late in the
afternoon. Hybrid layers reach peak egg production after 5-8 weeks and will continue to lay for about 300
days. They begin to lay about an hour after first light and light encourages feeding, the provision of additional
light in the moming and again in the evening should encourage layers to eat during the cooler periods.
Laying birds should receive 12-14 hours of light per day for optimum egg production (Macmillan, 2008).
Fresh, clean water must always be available, in addition to feeding practices people entering and exiting the
poultry house should disinfect their shoes.
Restricted feeding
Pellets/crumbles-the feeding of these is to some extent advantageous, there is less wastage. Birds cannot
select out specific feeds and are therefore likely to obtain all the nutrients included in the ration. However,
the feeding of pellets does tend to increase the incidence of cannibalism. Cannibalism is caused to due to a
deficiency in the diet or to sheer boredom.
Ngugi at Eastern African for agriculture (1990) stated that diets need to be limited for the older birds. Young
chicks that are well reared, start to lay eggs at 22-24 weeks old. He further mentioned that birds should
well fed, given a proportion of grit in the diet to produce strong egg shells. Farmers feed layers’ mash only to
their laying bird, which contains 11-12% protein, given an amount of 120 grams of layers mash per day. They
must also be provided with grit.
It is claimed that the best feeding to use is restricted feeding, because the layers are limited to a certain
amount of feed. Care is taken as to how much feed is used. It increases the chances of higher profits
because less food is consumed; therefore less money is used to buy it. At the same time more feed means
higher egg production and excellent production and excellent performance by chickens.
v 0.3 IGCSE Agriculture
69
Section 5: practice
Adlibtum feeding
Adlibtum feeding consumes feed faster, at large amounts and unnoticeably, more than necessary food in
short period of time. Adlib feeding is not a good idea. Birds must search and dig for
their food ( Ruff, 2006). He stated that if you are fattening layers for the table then limiting the feeds would
help because as you feed them they gobble up the food quickly. Three good feeds a day would fatten an
Indian bird. Adlib has always been believed to be a waste of feed whilst restricted feeding would lead the
chickens to starvation.
House keeping systems
During the laying period the birds may be kept in a house with a battery cage system, or in a deep litter
house. If they are kept in deep litter houses, nests or laying boxes must be provided. Each layer requires a
floor space of 0.3 min deep litter houses (Macmillan Agriculture, 2008).
T
During the laying period the birds must be kept in a house with a battery cage system, or in a deep litter
house. If they are kept in deep litter houses, nests or laying boxes must be provided. Layers require a floor
space of 0.3 m in deep litter houses. On this period layers are fed Layers mash, which contains ll-12%
protein. They must also be provided with grit (Sakira, W.A,1981).
D
R
AF
In record keeping, each day there must be recordings for eggs laid, food eaten, egg sales and deaths and
culls if any. The laying percentage can also be calculated once a week, this gives a guide to how well the
hens are laying. In 1 938, the first trough chain feeder was introduced, becoming the standard for the poultry
industry. This way chickens were able to get the amounts of feed they needed. Adlib feeding (deep litter),
the layers suffer from large differences in weight gain. Competition is too high so chickens have to run to the
feed as it’s dropped on the ground pans. For the health of the chickens and well being, during winter they
can be provided with green supplements like second cut alfalfa hay that’s been soaked overnight in fresh
water.
If hatchability percentages are above 65% of all eggs set are obtained, then it’s considered that the
minimum percentage is satisfactory.
70
IGCSE Agriculture v 0.3
Section 5: practice
CHAPTER III
METHODOLOGY
3.0 Procedure and layout
To carry the project, the researcher had 32 layers.
Sixteen (16) layers were kept in the deep litter and the other 16 in the battery cage system for restricted
feeding. Deep litter, chickens were overfed with no strict measurements.
In the battery cage they were given a measured amount of 120gm including water in both systems. Before
settling in the birds, the room had to be cleaned.
1. Selection of question/hypothesis
Hypothesis clearly expressed and shows evidence of a candidate working independently.
D
R
AF
Award 5 marks
T
It can be helpful if when marking teachers give an annotated comment to confirm this hypothesis was
formulated without direct support.
We would fill in sow dust in the deep litter system and place inside two nest boxes, placed the feeder and
waterer.
In the battery cage, blocks were placed on the floor and filled the circle with sow dust; this was for ensuring
that the droppings settle on the sow dust.
3.1 Data collection
Record keeping with layers is essential in order to keep a check on how well your enterprise is doing. A good
layer should lay one egg per day.
Deep litter was recorded as a whole group, and in the battery cage per individual. Eggs were collected daily
for eight (8) weeks, and at the end of each week the laying percentage was calculated.
2. Planning
The plan produced lacks some in depth and detail but covers all the main aspects even identifying
limitations of the procedure at this stage. The plan is workable, producing a range of excellent data.
Own plan produced without guidance not quite sufficient for 5 marks.
Award 4 marks
v 0.3 IGCSE Agriculture
71
Section 5: practice
3.2 Data presentation
Weeks
Deep litter egg percentage
Battery Cage egg
1
11.6
53
2
43.8
92
3
59.8
89.3
4
59.8
91
5
64.3
99.1
6
57.1
99
7
72
93.0
8
56.3
96.4
Average
59.5
96.6
D
R
AF
T
Fig 1: A Table showing Percentage on the egg production compared
3.3 Data analysis
Fig 2: Percentage egg production between the Deep and the Battery systems
72
IGCSE Agriculture v 0.3
T
Section 5: practice
D
R
AF
Fig 3: A pie Chart showing percentage in egg production between the two systems
No.1 represents Deep Litter. No. 2 represents Battery Cage.
A the end of the research as shown by the charts Fig 1 and Fig 2 above, the total average number of eggs
recorded in the restricted feeding was 99.6% and in the ad-lib feeding the total was 59.5%. The mass of
each layer in the battery cage was 2.7kg, whilst in the deep litter they ranged from 3.0 to 3.2kg. Average
difference between the two was 40.1 percent.
It was observed that the deep litter chickens were of bigger mass ( 3-3.2kg ) than the battery cages ones
( 2.7kg ). This could be that the deep litter ones got a lot of feed than the cages which were restricted in
feed. The total average difference in egg production between the two systems was 40.1 percent.
3. Handling of Evidence
Neat, well-presented tables of results with appropriate graphs using suitable scales and proportions.
The graphs clearly show the outcome of the study. Pie charts helpful and easy to interpret.
Work appears accurate and labelled.
Ideally it would be good to see more tabulated data at this stage but it is evident in the remaining text.
The graphs have been commented on effectively.
Award 5 marks
v 0.3 IGCSE Agriculture
73
Section 5: practice
CHAPTER IV
Findings and discussions
Two samples were made in the findings. One was layers in a cage feed and others in deep litter feed. After
eight weeks (8) of sampl ing, the results were as shown in the ta ble below.
Fig 4: Egg production in percentage and quantity
Number Of Eggs Produced
Age In
Weeks
BatteryCage(%)
Deep Litter(%)
Restricted
Feeding
(Battery)
Ad lib
Feeding(Deep
Litter)
Week 1
53.0
11.6
59
13
Week 2
92.0
43.8
103
49
Week 3
89.3
59.8
100
67
Week 4
91.0
59.8
102
67
Week 5
99.0
64.3
111
72
Week 6
99.0
57.1
110
Week 7
93.0
72.0
104
Week 8
96.4
56.3
108
63
797
476
Difference on total number of eggs produced
321
Total percentage (%)
99.6
Difference (%)
40.1 (%)
The Data in the above table is represented by the charts below
74
64
81
D
R
AF
Total eggs
produced
T
Egg Production On Chicken Layers (%)
IGCSE Agriculture v 0.3
59.5
Section 5: practice
T
Figure 5: Bar chart showing eggs produced per week
The above bar chart compares egg production in percentage between the Restricted Feeding Battery Cage
and Adlib Feeding on Deep Litter.
D
R
AF
Fig 6: The line graph above shows the egg production in percentage between the two feeding types.
During the first week the number of eggs produced using the restricted system were high with 59 eggs
laid, compared to the adlib system which had a very low number of 13. Percentage became 53 against 11.6.
The average percent on Battery Cage system was 99,6% while on the Deep Litter it was only 59.5%. The
percentage difference is 40.1%. The total difference on number of eggs produced is 321 eggs.
v 0.3 IGCSE Agriculture
75
Section 5: practice
CHAPTERS
Findings
The difference between the two systems was that; the restricted fed chickens produced a lot more eggs.
The layers were always lively, and healthy. Less is more and with the layers they were able to produce the
best results, whilst adlib fed animals gained a lot weight because of the overfeeding, they became lazy,
moving from average weight of 2.5 kg to 3.2 kg. They became unhealthy and lost appetite.
The duration of the project was 2-3 months, from February to early April. Eggs were collected twice a day.
A daily record keeping of the numbers of eggs produced daily were recorded. Adlib feeding consumes feed
faster, at large amounts and unnoticeably, more than necessary food is used in a short period of time, thus
increasing the expenses for buying feed. Restricted feeding is the best method of feeding to use because
chickens are limited to a cet1a in amount of feed. Care is taken as to how much feed is used. It increases
the chances of higher profits because less food is consumed; therefore less money is used to buy it.
D
R
AF
T
Based on literature findings, restricted feeding is considered to be the best feeding system to use on
commercial layers. The research shows that the total average number of eggs produced using the restricted
feeding is 99.6% compared to the adlib feeding which is 59%. This shows a huge difference between the
layers percentage and thus proves that adlib feeding is not a productive feeding system to use in layers.
Adlibtum feeding consumes feed faster and more than necessary in a short period of time.
4. Making deductions
Comprehensive conclusion, related to the evidence, explained and linked to previous research in an
appropriate way. The data has been sensibly selected and appropriate graphs and charts drawn and whole
data brought together in an analytical way.
Award 5 marks
CHAPTER SIX
Summary
The duration of the research from data collection, to compilation, up to conclusion took nine (9) months,
that’s from February to early October. Adlib feeding consumes feed faster, at large amounts and
unnoticeably. The chickens are offered as much feed as they want, and settle for whatever amount of
foraging they discover on their own, this maximizes production and profitability. The layers become bad
layers, unproductive layers and the fats in their bodies are found to be harmful towards human beings. Most
layers go a day without lying which is a sign of abnormality. To ensure that a laying flock produces at its
highest level, the birds should be well fed, given a proportion of grit in the diet to produce strong egg shells.
Restricted feeding is the best method of feeding to use because chickens are limited to a cet1ain amount of
feed.
Conclusions
Layers should be fed 120 g of feed per day. This increases the chances of higher profits because less food is
consumed, therefore less money is used to buy it. Adlib feeding is not a profitable system. The overfeeding
is wastage at the end of it all. They should not waste feed because they are not only wasting money but
they are also killing the layers. The types of records kept for a layer’s enterprise include; vaccination and
76
IGCSE Agriculture v 0.3
Section 5: practice
production records, egg production records and financial records. Layers record consists of number and
value of layers as they stat1 laying, number of eggs collected per day, dail y food consumption and number
of dead and culled hens. After collecting these records, the researcher can make periodic calculations which
give him an overall picture of the performance of the enterprise .e.g. Percentage egg production. A high
standard of hygiene should be maintained. Feed and water troughs should be cleaned regularly. Where birds
are kept, people entering and leaving the house should disinfect their feet. Unfortunately the unproductive
layers were not culled.
Recommendation
Farmers are recommended to use restricted feeding to their layers in order to produce the best results in
egg production. Restricted feeding does not waste the feed and provides the layers with the right amounts
of food they need to stay active throughout the day. They should also make sure water i s available at all
times to provide a balanced diet for the layers. Farmers are advise to disinfect the poultry house regularly to
avoid diseases. The litter is to be turned at least once a week for health purposes.
Limitations evaluation several problems have been identified within the text including different people being
involved. The Pens not being the same.
D
R
AF
T
However from observation the birds all appeared to behave in a similar way and have remained healthy. The
investigation was carried out with birds being exposed to the same photoperiod and so this should not have
had an adverse effect. Rats taking eggs could easily affect the results but we kept a good check and appear
to have had no problems from rats or other vermin.
The results and conclusions appear to be reliable although the investigation in scientific terms is quite small
and needs to be replicated several times and ideally in identical environmental conditions.
I am confident with the report in as much as within the limits the results and conclusions are supported by
my research.
5. Limitations
The report shows awareness of potential problems and these are addressed within the text and plan as
much as within the conclusion and evaluation. The limitations are not fully appreciated and therefore only
some are covered and only in outline.
Award 4 marks
Acknowledgement
I would like to thank my Agriculture teacher Mr R.I Lamini for guiding me while compiling the project,
without him it would have been very difficult.
Secondly I would like to thank my father Augustine Nuhirwa for the effort he put in making my project be a
success.
I would also like to pass my sincere gratitude to my friends Igyelwa Latsenjwa, Mosipho Hongwee, and
Mongcebo Lixumalo for the great teamwork and making the project possible.
v 0.3 IGCSE Agriculture
77
Section 5: practice
References
Watson, J.M. (1986 Modern Agriculture, Macmillan Boleswa Publishers (Pty) Ltd.
Sakira, W.A. (1981) O’Level Agriculture Principles and Practise.
Aves, John P.(1998) Poultry Maskew Longman (Pty) Ltd.
6. Description, presentation
A well organised report not exactly as specified so unable to award full marks however the general standard
of the report is better than the expected standard criteria for 3 marks so
Overall mark 27
T
Award the intermediate mark of 4
D
R
AF
The work is typical in that its design has to be limited by the Centre’s resources and the need to involve
other students on the same course. It is essential to ensure such work is the candidates own work. Ideally
candidates should identify where data is collected by them or others.
The work is a low A grade example.
Such work could also potentially be used as assessment for practical exercises indicated by the use of
words such as I watered, cleaned, checked. Such candidate activities could be used to assess routine
care, cleaning, feeding and maintenance of livestock.
78
IGCSE Agriculture v 0.3
Section 5: practice
A practical exemplar
My practical exercise task: collect milk from the farm cattle (suckler cows)
Hand milking our cows Feb 26th 2012
This task presented me with several skills to demonstrate .
1. Collecting and cleaning the milk bucket so that it was suitable for collecting drinking milk.
2. Approaching the animal and checking her while keeping her quiet and content.
3.
Checking the milk quality and for disease before collecting it .( because she was also feeding her calf
this reduced the risk of diseases like mastitis.)
4. Milking is a skill i find easy as I have done it all my life some of the class find it hard to get the cow to let
down milk.
D
R
AF
T
5. Keeping the cow calm involved me talking to her all the time and not frightening the calves.
v 0.3 IGCSE Agriculture
79
Section 5: practice
Possible way to record teacher assessment for a practical exercise
Additional notes could be added to the specific mark scheme if not clear from the task. However these are
practical exercises so written evidence should support the activities only as far as the task requires. For
example, a diary of milking and the milk collected. Simply marking when and where exercises take place (as
well as noting any specific points) allows the teacher to track and evidence candidates’ assessment.
Follows written or verbal instructions
without the need for help
Marks
3
Carries out appropriate safety
procedures
No need for written instruction
once demonstrated performed
competently
Works safely within local norm
unable to use protective footwear
Assumes responsibility easily and leads
in group work
Follows written or verbal instructions
with a little help
Additional Guidance
2
D
R
AF
Is aware of the need for safety
procedures but has difficulty recognising
them without guidance
All covered
T
1. Responsibility marks
Shows responsibility for the work
Follows written or verbal instructions
with considerable help
Shows little regard for safety procedures,
even when told
Shows some responsibility for the work
80
IGCSE Agriculture v 0.3
0-1
All covered
Section 5: practice
2. Initiative marks
Offers solutions or explanations to
unexpected problems
Marks
3
Recognises, and is able to anticipate,
problems
Additional Guidance
Adapted to finding the cow and
getting her into a comfortable
position to milk her.
Remembered to bring a lid for the
bucket
Solves problems without help
Aware to collect only a little as
the milk will not keep and it would
deprive her fast growing calf
2
All covered
T
Offers solutions or explanations to
unexpected problems after seeking
advice
Solves problems with help
D
R
AF
Recognises faults in experimental
methods, given some pointers
Is uncertain how to proceed and requires
considerable help
0-1
All covered
Recognises only the most obvious
errors in experimental methods after
considerable guidance
v 0.3 IGCSE Agriculture
81
Section 5: practice
3. Technique
Approaches tasks methodically and
systematically
Marks
3
Very organised
Collected own equipment without
reminder and collected a lid for
bucket owing to the flies and dust
from the wind and cattle moving in
the drought conditions
Handles tools/apparatus skilfully and
confidently
Carries out practical procedures with
dexterity
Handles tools/apparatus effectively
Additional Guidance
2
All covered
0-1
All covered
Handles tools/apparatus clumsily
D
R
AF
Carries out practical procedures with
difficulty
T
Carries out practical procedures
adequately
4. Perseverance marks
Completes all the required practical tasks
and attendant written work
Marks
3
Has a positive attitude and is well
motivated
Completes the required practical tasks
and attendant written work with a little
encouragement. Carries out repetitive
procedures willingly
Additional Guidance
Most work completed but lacking
depth
Very positive attitude to practical task
2
All practical work completed
Photograph and recorded the milk
collected on 6 occasions
Carries out repetitive procedures
willingly
Does not complete the required practical
tasks and attendant written work
Is somewhat disinterested/impatient
when carrying out work and is disinclined
to repeat procedures
82
IGCSE Agriculture v 0.3
0-1
All covered
Section 5: practice
5. Quality
Marks
Performs practical work thoroughly, pays
attention to detail and produces a very
good final result
Additional Guidance
3
Not fully met
2
Fully met as required by the task
Produces accurate, clear and neatly
presented written work
Performs practical work thoroughly
for the most part and produces a
satisfactory to good result
Produces mostly accurate and clearly
presented written work
0-1
D
R
AF
Produces inaccurate and poorly
presented written work
All covered
T
Performs practical work in a rushed and
superficial way and shows little concern
for the finished product
Produces inaccurate and poorly
presented written work
Practical Exercise Marks awarded for task 24 out of 25
v 0.3 IGCSE Agriculture
83
Section 5: practice
5.2 Exemplar 2
THE EFFECTS OF EHTYLENE ON THE RIPPENING OF GREEN BANANS
Abstract
This study was conducted to see the effect of ethylene on the ripening of bananas.
D
R
AF
T
The results were such that the presence of ethylene increased the rate of ripening; this was shown by the
number of days taken by the banana to ripen. In the presence of light the rate of ripening further increased
but in darkness the rate of ripening decreased. Light and ethylene improve ripening rapidly and are vital for
the whole ripening process to occur.
84
IGCSE Agriculture v 0.3
Section 5: practice
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Abstract ............................................................................................................................................................I
Table of contents ............................................................................................................................................II
Chapter I:..........................................................................................................................................................1
Introduction
Limitations of the study .....................................................................................................................................2
Purpose of the study
Justification
Problem statement ............................................................................................................................................3
T
Objectives
Hypothesis
D
R
AF
Definitions
Chapter II:.........................................................................................................................................................4
Literature review
Chapter III: .......................................................................................................................................................6
Methodology
Chapter IV: .......................................................................................................................................................7
Data Presentation
Chapter V: .......................................................................................................................................................9
Findings and Conclusions
Chapter VI: ..................................................................................................................................................... 11
Summary and recommendations.
v 0.3 IGCSE Agriculture
85
Section 5: practice
CHAPTER 1
Introduction
Plant tissues communicate by means of hormones. Hormones are chemicals that are produced in one
location that have an effect on cells in a different location. Most plant hormones are transported through the
plant vascular system, but some like ethylene are released as a gas.
Ethylene gas (C2H4) is an odourless, colourless gas that exists in nature and is also created by man-made
sources. Not easily detectable, it exists where produce is stored. In nature, the largest producers are plants
and plant products. For instance, fruits, vegetables and floral products which produce ethylene within their
tissues and release it into the surrounding atmosphere. It is also a by-product of man-made processes, such
as combustion.
D
R
AF
T
This gas is a ntural plant hormone. It is produced and released by rapidly-growing plant tissues. It is released
by the growing tips of roots, flowers, damaged tissue and ripening fruit. The hormone has multiple effects
on plants. One is fruit ripening when fruit ripens; the starch in the freshly part of the fruit is converted to
sugar. (www.catalyticgenerators.com/whatisethylene.htm).
Fruit Ripening Process by Ethylene
Enzyme action causes the ripening responses which are as follows. Firstly, chlorophyll is broken down and
new pigments are made so that the fruit skin changes color from green to red, yellow or blue. Acids are
then broken down so that the fruit changes from sour to neutral. The degradation of starch by amylase
produces sugar. This reduces the mealy quality and increases juiciness by osmosis. Next will be the
breakdown of pectin between the fruit cells, unglues them so they can slip pass each other resulting in
a softer fruit. Lastly, the enzymes also breakdown large organic molecules into smaller ones that can be
volatile and u can detect as an aroma.
LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY
While conducting this research, there were numerous limitations including time being a problem factor and
also obtaining information about ethylene as a compound was not an easy feat. We encountered difficulties
with our colleagues as they would eat the bananas used for the experiment.
Purpose of study
The purpose of the study was to observer the role of ethylene and its effects on produce. In addition, to
measure the effect of ethylene gas on the quality and ripening process and lastly, the efficiency of the gas
in the ripening of the fruit.
86
IGCSE Agriculture v 0.3
Section 5: practice
Justification
Bananas are a small growing agricultural industry in Swaziland. IT is at a stage whereby the use of chemicals
can be managed by the use of natural gases given of by plants such as ethylene. In addition, the cost
of importing bananas from South Africa is an expense to the government resulting in this expenditure
being passed on the consumer. If those costs were absorbed by the use of ethylene, these could go
towards training local farmers and improving on their capacities & to grow more and lessen importation
levels. Furthermore, empowering local farmers to grow more and use natural treatments, one provides
employment, enhances skills and provides additional revenue for people. Moreover, more costs are incurred
while transporting these bananas from South Africa to Swaziland due to rotting before reaching the intended
market. Also some bananas may reach the intended market damaged or not fresh resulting in huge losses.
Problem statement
T
Furthermore, it causes no health risks as compared to artificial ripening agents such as calcium carbide.
Once this chemical dissolves in water, it produces acetylene which is believed to affect the nervous system.
D
R
AF
Small scale farmers in Swaziland lack knowledge on the ripening effect of ethylene and how they can use it
on a larger scale than the time consuming traditional ways of ripening fruit.
Ethylene can be manufactured in a laboratory through the dehydration of alcohols, manufactured ethylene
can be sold to these farmers to cut down on the time spent waiting for fruit to ripen and waiting for a
specific season to grow specific fruits. This will in turn increase profits and in the long run boost the ailing of
economy of Swaziland.
Objectives
This study was guided by the following objectives:
1. To determine the rate of fruit ripening caused by ethylene on the bananas under the different
2. To determine the effect of ethylene on the quality of the banana.
3. To determine the effect of the gas on the taste of the banana.
Hypotheses
Main hypothesis
Increasing levels of ethylene on fruit produced, increases the ripening rate.
Alternative hypothesis
Increasing levels of ethylene on fruit produced, does not increases the ripening rate.
v 0.3 IGCSE Agriculture
87
Section 5: practice
Definitions
Ethylene gas: It is a simple hydrocarbon gas ( H2C = CH2 ) that is ripening fruits make and shed into the
atmosphere.
Hormone: a chemical substance produced in the plant that encourages growth or influences how the cells
and tissues function.
Ripening: A process in fruits that causes them to become more palatable.
1. Selection of question/hypothesis
Question selected without help, well expressed and supported by evidence which was explained.
Award 5 marks
T
CHAPTER II
D
R
AF
Literature Review
Discovery of ethylene
The role of ethylene and its effects on produce were discovered by Rudolf who was a commercial farmer in
the eighteenth century. He would store his newly harvested green lemons in sheds kept warm by kerosene
heaters until they turned yellow and ripened enough to market.
When new modern heating systems were tried, the lemons no longer turned yellow in time.
Research soon found that the important factor in the ripening process was small amounts of ethylene gas
given off by the burning kerosene in the heaters. ( www.ethylene.com)
Ethylene as a plant hormone
The biological agent that initiates this ripening process after the fruit is mature is naturally produces ethylene
(Koel-beck and Cain, (1984) ). Askay (1996) found that it is not emitted by the plant naturally and cannot
activate the ripening of nearby fruits; rather it is used as a hormone within the plant.
Significance of a plastic bag
Qubasilar (1973) reported that, sealing fruits in a bag (transparent plastic) enocourages them to ripen since
the plastic bag traps the gas released by the fruit which will be used for immediate ripening of the produce.
Liebig (1899) reported that covered fruit ripening bowls increase the ripening process. The bowls increase
ethylene and carbon dioxide gases around the fruit which promote ripening.
88
IGCSE Agriculture v 0.3
Section 5: practice
Folklore says that sealing fruits in a bag encourages them to ripen. IT is the bag that traps ethylene released
by the fruit and the ethylene enhances ripening. The Greek philosopher, Theo Prates later recognized that
sycamore fig do not ripen unless scrapped with an iron claw. 23 centuries later, we know that wounding
induces ethylene production resulting in fruit ripening.
Ethylene as a healthier alternative
Esmail (2006) revealed that ethylene was healthier ripening agent compared to other agents such as calcium
carbide which affect the nervous system and found to b e carcinogenic.
Effectiveness of ethylene
Lincoln (2009) discovered that ethylene gas is effective at 0.1 to 1ppm; one part of ethylene per million parts
of air that’s one cupful of ethylene gas in 62,000 gallons of air is enough to promote the ripening process.
It is estimated that the total bananas produced in the world is at 20 million tons at which Africa provides 50
percent whilst Asia and America 25% percent each by means of ethylene stated Linnaeus (2001).
Economic benefits of ethylene
D
R
AF
T
The even and controlled ripeness that ethylene initiates prevents post-harvest losses of up to 50%
confirmed Rodenburg (2007). Douglas (1910) discovered that oranges cause bananas to ripen naturally.
He also confirmed that, bruised or damaged fruit give more of ethylene gas resulting in fast ripening. In
agreement with this statement, the more gas, the faster chlorophyll is broken down resulting in pigment
changes.
Application of ethylene
Additional externally applied ethylene merely accelerates the normal ripening process.
Numerous studies have shown that there are no important biochemical’s, chemical or physiological
differences between fruit ripened where the naturally produced ethylene has been the triggering
mechanism or where additionally externally applied ethylene has triggered the process in the mature but
unripe fruit disclosed Justus (2002).
Effects of ethylene
Other effects of ethylene include epinasty, hook closure maintenance, initiates germination in grains,
activates dormant buds ( potatoes in storage), stem elongation in deep water rice, induces flowering in
pineapples, promotes female expression in flowers and lastly, it stimulates leaf senescence.
Illumination gas in Ethylene
Ethylene is the biological active component of illumination gas, when they noticed that illumination gas was
responsible for the horizontal growth of etiplated pea seedlings which had been cultivated, (Neljubob, 1986).
v 0.3 IGCSE Agriculture
89
Section 5: practice
Emmition of ethylene
It is also known that ethylene is synthesized in response to different types of stress such as wounding, very
low and high temperatures, flooding or drought, treatment with other hormones, heavy metals and attack by
pathogens stated Pech (1992). Yang and Hoffman (1954) also discovered that the ethylene biosynthesis has
now been completely elucidated due to advance in the techniques of biochemical analysis.
Ethylene receptors
Several theories on ethylene signal perception and transduction have been proved to explain the mechanism
by which ethylene receptors could promote signal transduction through a cascade involving several
components reported Zarembiniski and Theologis (994). Giovannoni (2004) and Alonso (2005) concluded
that there are strong indications that the ethylene receptors act as a negative regulator of the ethylene signal
transduction pathway.
Chapter III
Research Type:
D
R
AF
T
Methodology
This was an experimental research aimed at determining the effect of ethylene on the rate of fruit ripening
and the quality of the banana.
Experiment layout
Since this experiment is based on the effect of ethylene on produce, the experiment will be carried out
as follows. Four bananas, apples and eight pears under normal conditions will be the control experiment
observed against four bananas and eight pears in a transparent sealable plastic bag, bananas in a refuse bag
with the pears and bananas in a box with pears as the experiment.
Equipment
90
•
Sealable transparent plastic bags and two refuse bags.
•
Four unripe bananas.
•
Eight ripe pears or apples
•
Knife
•
Boxes X2
•
Scale
•
Record sheets
IGCSE Agriculture v 0.3
Section 5: practice
2. Planning
The plan is not fully explained and does not clearly show how levels of ripeness could be assessed.
However the research is used to design the experiment. The design has allowed sufficient data to be
collected and would allow the reader to perform a similar experiment so can just award 3 marks.
Award 3 marks
1/4 (extent of ripening on Banana)
box
Not in any
material
Experiment
Total
number
of days
taken
2
Banana + apple
+ light
3
Banana + apple
2
Banana + light
7
Banana + apple
+ light
3
Banana + apple
4
T
number of
days taken
Banana + apple
2
Banana + light
13
material
experiment
Black refuse
Banana+
Apple+
light
Banana + light
10
Banana + light
Banana + apple + light
4
Banana + apple
+ light
10
Banana + apple
5
Banana + apple
5
Banana + light
9
Banana + light
11
Banana + apple in
cardboard
9
Banana + apple
in cardboard
11
Banana + light
9
Banana + light
2
Banana
17
Banana
2
D
R
AF
Transparent
Plastic
1/2 (extent of ripening)
Transparent
Plastic
box
Not in any
material
v 0.3 IGCSE Agriculture
91
Section 5: practice
D
R
AF
3. Handling of Evidence
T
BAR CHART SHOWING THE EFFECTIVENESS OF THE EQUIPMENT USED
A well presented and informative table of results. Not easy to interpret the validity or purpose of the
information. The bar chart axis not clearly labelled.
Award 4 marks, as just better than the criteria for 3 marks
Experiments carried out in plastic bag
Banana and apple in black refuse bag ( in light )
Light and temperature are one of the most important factors in fruit ripening, this experiment proved this in
that the banana took the shortest time to complete the ripening process compared to all the other bananas
in the various experiments. The light and temperature provide the banana with enough energy to ripen.
Another factor leading to this rapid ripening is the fact that the ripening agent ethylene released by the
ripened apple was not lost to the atmosphere but trapped in the bag. The bag was black, which means it
had the ability to trap heat energy within the bag, thereby enhancing ripening process.
92
IGCSE Agriculture v 0.3
Section 5: practice
Banana and apple in transparent bag (in light)
As in the experiment above, the amount of time taken for the banana to ripen was quicker compared to the
other experiments. This is because the experiment was exposed to light, providing the banana with enough
chemical and heat energy to carry out chemical reactions. The plastic bag trapped the ethylene released by
the ripened apple, which speed up the process.
Banana in plastic bag (in light)
This banana took a longer time to ripen because of the absence of the ripened apple to release ethylene to
speed up the ripening process, all other factors existing, without ethylene ripening was negatively affected.
Banana in black refuse bag (in darkness)
D
R
AF
T
This banana took a longer time to ripen compared to the banana in the transparent plastic bag because it
was not exposed to light and did not have exposure to ethylene from a ripened apple, therefore ripening was
disrupted.
Experiments conducted in a box
Banana and apple (one in light and the other in darkness )
These experiments took the same number of days because the box blocked out any light from coming
through. Even though the apples were present these banana took longer to ripen because of their lack of
exposure to light for energy to carry out chemical reactions for ripening to complete.
Banana without apple ( one in light and the other in darkness)
These bananas took even longer than the bananas in the previous experiment because of the absence
of the ripening factor, ethylene. The difference in exposure to light was not visible as the box limited the
amount of light available to the banana in the experiment conducted in light.
Experiments conducted without any other materials besides the apple/banana
Banana on its own ( light )
This banana ripened rapidly, even rotting after a few more days because of the over exposure to light, the
direct exposure to light, the fruit had too much light energy to make use of, hence excessively speeding up
the ripening process.
v 0.3 IGCSE Agriculture
93
Section 5: practice
Banana on its own (exposed to a balanced environment) … Control experiment
This banana took the longest time to ripen compared to all the other bananas in the various experiments due
to the fact that it was not exposed to ethylene as a ripening agent and also light was not directly exposed to
it thereby reducing temperature and slowing the ripening process.
CHAPTER VI
SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
SUMMARY
CONCLUSION
D
R
AF
T
The presence of ethylene coupled with light energy greatly enhance the ripening process in fruit, even with
all conditions present, the absence of either one of the is a limiting factor to the ripening process but to get
the best yield they both emus b provided in moderation as too much exposure to either will lead to rotting.
Research conducted on the taste of the banana indicated that the bananas exposed to light and ethylene
were sweeter, easier to peel and had a sour smell. The bananas not exposed to light and ethylene were
harder to peel and their flesh was firmer, harder to bite into.
The presence of ethylene significantly speeds up the ripening process in fruit; coupled with light energy the
speed is further improved. This knowledge can be used to use Ethylene nationwide to ripen citrus fruits
in Swaziland, Swaziland is mostly recognized for growing field crops, and the use of ethylene nationwide
would help Swaziland diversify whilst at the same time bringing more revenue into the country.
4. Making deductions
The conclusion appears to be more related to the research than directly linked to the data from the
investigation. Two main deductions given that are sufficiently related to the investigation.
Award 4 marks
Recommendations for future research
The study can be further continued to;
1. Investigate the effect of ethylene in vegetable production.
2. Investigate how ethylene can be produced industrially.
94
IGCSE Agriculture v 0.3
Section 5: practice
5. Limitations
This part has not really been addressed by the report. Although suggestions for future investigation are
made they do not relate closely to the actual investigation. The candidate has not shown an awareness
of the qualitative nature of the report.
Award 1 mark
6. Description, presentation
Generally meets the desired structure with some omissions. The report is neat and logical. The investigation
is discussed in a way which shows a mature understanding and application of the topic in a broad context
not just linked to the actual practical of the investigation.
D
R
AF
Overall mark 21
T
Award 4 marks as better than the criteria for 3 marks.
The report is just a C grade and although it has aspects of work more typical of a good B grade candidate
the work is mixed and not a well constructed investigation lacking a scientific approach.
It has not been related to a practical exercise although it could be with some additions. It could have been
used to support assessment of practical exercises based around work on harvesting times and marketing
the produce.
v 0.3 IGCSE Agriculture
95
Section 5: practice
D
R
AF
T
5.3 Exemplar 3
TOPIC: Investigating the performance of Hercules which is a summer variety
of cabbage when grown in winter.
96
IGCSE Agriculture v 0.3
Section 5: practice
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
a) Background
b) Statement of problem c) Specific objective
d) Hypothesis
e) Importance of project f) Limitations
CHAPTER 3
a) Plot selection
b) Plot layout
c) Planting
D
R
AF
METHODOLOGY
T
g) Defination of term
d) Plot mantainance
e) Data collection
f) Data analysis
CHAPTER4
RESULTS AND DISCUSION
CHAPTER 5
SUMMERY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMENDATION
v 0.3 IGCSE Agriculture
97
Section 5: practice
CHAPTER 1
INTRTRODUCTION
BACKGROUND
D
R
AF
T
Cabbage is the ancestor of cauliflower and broccoli. It was a wild plant that grew on the coasts of Europe
and North Africa. Cabbage is generally a cool season crop which is always grown from seed which are
sown in seedbeds and later transplanted. Cabbage being cool season crop that grow best in winter months,
due to market demand in summer varieties with heat tolerance have been bred and such varieties are now
available in seed markets such as Grandslam, Hercules, topmost. Also varieties like Hercules, big copper,
brano, star and green star were found to be resistant to diseases and that why cabbage can be grown any
time of the year in almost all areas in Swaziland. It is grown mainly for salads and also cooked for its great
supply of vitamins and minerals which improves ones diet. It responds well to kraal manure applied before
planting and when you have used the manure synthetic fertiliser should be reduced by about 25%. Cabbage
grows well in PH of about 5.5 and 7.0. When growing cabbage even if the temperatures are a few degrees
below freezing, it will not adversely affect the crop. The spacing is usually 60cm apart and 60cm between
the rows. Cabbages are ready for harvesting about 3-4 months after sowing.
98
IGCSE Agriculture v 0.3
Section 5: practice
STATEMENT OF PROBLEM
Famers have a tendency of choosing seedlings at random not considering varieties that will suit their places
and season. The intention of this project was to find out if a summer variety of cabbage (Hercules) can
perform in winter so that farmers may be selective or not when choosing varieties of seedling or seeds. For
example you want to plant cabbages in the Low yield where temperatures are a bit higher even in winter the
question which variety to use.
SPACIFIC OBJECTIVE
D
R
AF
HYPOTHESIS
T
The specific objective project; was: to find the performance of Hercules which is a summer variety when
grown in winter
H.0
The summer variety of cabbage can perform better in winter.
H.1
The summer variety of cabbage cannot perform better in winter.
1. Selection of question/hypothesis
Hypothesis is well expressed after some discussion. Some initial guidance given so the candidate’s mark
was restricted.
Award 3 marks
v 0.3 IGCSE Agriculture
99
Section 5: practice
IMPORTANCE
The importance of this project is to alert tamers whether to choose or not when buying varieties of cabbage
to grow in a particular area or season
LIMITATIONS
The limitations of this project were;
1. LAND – The land the project was to be carried on was too small in that way the results were not going to
be more reliable.
2. ASCARCITY OF WATER – the water source was far from my plots.
T
3. MONEY – the money was insufficient to carry the project in different areas.
DEFINATION OF TERMS
D
R
AF
1. Ancestor – a person in your family who lived a long time ago.
2. Demand – a firm request.
3. Tolerance – the willingness to accept.
4. Adversely – not likely to produce a good result.
5. Cultivars – a type of plants that have been deliberately developed to have particular features.
CHAPTER 3
METHODOLOGY
PLOT SELECTION
Plots were selected at random to avoid biasness.
PLOT LAYOUT
KEY: In all the plots cabbages were planted
100
IGCSE Agriculture v 0.3
Section 5: practice
PLOT PREPARATION
Four plots marked 2m by 2m and 45cm between the plots which was a pathway. A spade was used to dig
the soil. Large lumps of soil were broken using the edges of a spade. A fork was used for making fine tilth
and levelling was done using a rake. 60g of Fertiliser 2:3:2(22) was broadcasted in all the plots.
2. Planning
Planned without guidance and adequately explained so award the intermediate mark.
Award 4 marks
PLANTING
D
R
AF
T
Planting rows were marked using a string tied between two sticks. Planting stations were marked 60cm by
60cm inter row and intra row. 10g of 2:3:2(22)+0.5%zn was applied in each planting station and filled the
holes with water, after it was drained the seedlings were submerged into the holes, they were deep to their
first set of leaves and watered.
PLOT MAINTENANCE
The plots were watered twice or thrice a day depending on the weather, if it was hot and windy watering
was done 3 times a day and when they were below and at average watering was done 2 times a day.
After a week some weeds germinated and they were removed using a hand fork and a layer of mulch was
applied. Watering rate was increased when the cabbages began to form heads. 3g of LAN was applied as a
top dress 10cm away from the plant as rings.
v 0.3 IGCSE Agriculture
101
Section 5: practice
DATA COLLECTION
The data was collected by measuring the length of leaves every after a week and measuring the
circumference of the head and measuring the mass at harvesting.
DATA ANALYSIS
The data was analysed using the average height and masses.
CHAPTER 4
RESULTS AND DISCUTION
1
2.1
3
4.5
6
6
8
12
18
CIRCUMFERENCE OF
LEAF (CM)
7
MASS AT
HARVESTING
T
LEAF
LENGTH
(CM)
D
R
AF
NUMBER OF
WEEKS
10.2
13
12.1
15
15.4
17.8
Samples of 5 cabbages were chosen at random for mass measurements after harvesting and the average
mass was calculated.
0.9kg
1.2kg
0.85kg
1.3kg
1.6kg
The average mass was 1.134kg
3. Handling of Evidence
Results appropriate but only presented as a table and no graphs or charts used.
Award 2 marks
102
IGCSE Agriculture v 0.3
Section 5: practice
D
R
AF
T
From the results obtained during the study it could be clearly stated that Hercules a summer variety of
cabbage cannot grow better in winter even if you have applied all the conditions necessary for plant growth
this is witnessed from the tables above. The growing rate was very slow due to low temperatures and short
day lengths. The heads grew at a low rate. At harvest the heads were too small and the leaves were thick
and dark green, the plant was short and the stem was thick. When the heads were measured they weighted
less than the expected mass of summer which is 2-4kg yet not even one reached the maximum mass
which is evidence to a literature by commercial vegetable production Swaziland 1996\7 which say matching
the proper cultivar to the season is essential in cabbage production as cabbage varieties differ considerable
to with stand summer and winter temperatures and their resistance to diseases. As summer varieties were
made to with stand summer temperatures when grown in winter where there are low temperatures and
short day lengths it is going to be unable to manufacture enough food due to short day lengths.
v 0.3 IGCSE Agriculture
103
Section 5: practice
CHAPTER 5
SUMMERY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMANDATIONS
SUMMERY
The purpose of the study was to find out whether the growing of cabbage which is a summer variety
in winter can be profitable or not. The study was conducted practically as an experiment to achieve the
objection in hand the experiment was conducted in four plots with the same amount of fertiliser applied.
Watering was done daily and it was well maintained which include weeding, mulching and top dressing.
Data was collected every a week. The results showed that Hercules does not perform better in winter.
CONCLUSION
D
R
AF
4. Making deductions
T
From the results obtained it was discovered that the summer variety (Hercules) was not able to perform
better in winter when all the necessary conditions were applied.
Several deductions based on the evidence and an appropriate conclusion drawn but insufficient detail for
4 marks. See the recommendation: had this been developed the candidate could easily have gained more
marks for this area.
Award 3 marks
RECOMENDATIONS
As a recommendation it can be clearly stated that farmers must be more careful when choosing varieties of
seeds or seedlings to grow particular area or season because matching a cultivar a wrong season or place
may affect production which may cause total inputs to be more than total returns because of low quality
production
104
IGCSE Agriculture v 0.3
Section 5: practice
REFRENCE
1. Commercial vegetable production Southern Africa 1996\7
2. Vegetable research and development in Southern Africa March 8-9 (1999)
5. Limitations
The candidate identified these at the planning stage and made reference to them in arriving at the conclusion.
No improvement other than implied in the initial identification regarding scale of the investigation.
Award 2 marks
6. Description, presentation
D
R
AF
Award 3 marks
T
The work was presented in an interesting and clear way but with some partial omissions the work is the
candidates own work and clearly motivated and answering the original question.
v 0.3 IGCSE Agriculture
105
D
R
AF
T
Section 5: practice
106
IGCSE Agriculture v 0.3
D
R
AF
T
Section 5: practice
Overall comment
A sound investigation but limited. It would be hoped that up to two such areas in different places would
be used by better candidates so that the candidate can have an opportunity to access other areas of the
syllabus.
The work is typical of D/E grade work. Had the candidate spent a little more time fully addressing the
marking criteria, this work could have easily gained a few more marks making it C grade.
This could also be easily adapted, allowing practical exercises to be assessed for preparing soil, sowing
seeds as well as transplanting and growing plants. The photographs could easily be used to evidence
practical exercises.
Award 17 marks
v 0.3 IGCSE Agriculture
107
D
R
AF
T
Section 5: practice
108
IGCSE Agriculture v 0.3
Section 6: Accreditation
Section 6: Accreditation
How to become an accredited marker
When you have worked through the guidance above and are confident you can see how the advice can
be applied to your Centre and have ideally attempted to mark some candidates work even if only practice
exercises, you will need to attempt to mark the exemplars provided below (Samples A and B) and submit
your mark outcomes and comments for feedback and accreditation on the copies of the forms provided.
The examples will include a brief candidate profile to help assess those parts of the marking criteria which
depend in practice on seeing a candidate perform the practical work in the field.
Accreditation coursework marking exercise
T
Task 1 Mark example investigations A and B, show your results for each of the sections 1-6 and a total
mark.
Task 2 Design a practical exercise for use in your own Centre and a suitable specific mark scheme to cover
the marking criteria 1-5 of the syllabus.
D
R
AF
You should indicate the ability of the candidates that it is designed to cover and show clearly how
you intend to ensure differentiation within the task exercise.
On completion of the accreditation tasks
1. Photocopy and fill in the forms on the following pages, completing your personal details and the
declaration stating that your accreditation submission is your own work.
2. Complete the mark sheet with the marks you have given the accreditation samples.
3. Put the following items together, electronically if possible, (as hard copy if not), and send them to the
address provided on the form.
•
Personal details and declaration of authenticity
•
Mark sheet for the accreditation samples
•
Suggested practical exercise and mark scheme covering the marking criteria 1 – 5 from the syllabus
4. Please keep a copy of everything you send, for your own records. Please allow 4 – 6 weeks for the
Moderator to assess the work that has been submitted and for Cambridge to inform you of the
outcome.
v 0.3 IGCSE Agriculture
109
D
R
AF
T
Section 6: Accreditation
110
IGCSE Agriculture v 0.3
Appendix 1: Coursework Accreditation Cover Sheet
Evidence for Cambridge IGCSE® coursework assessor
accreditation Cover Sheet
Cambridge IGCSE Agriculture 0600/Cambridge ‘O’ Level Agriculture 5038
Please complete this form in BLOCK CAPITALS.
Centre number
D
R
AF
Teacher’s name
T
Centre name
Contact email
Declaration of authenticity
I have read and understood the training materials and certify that the evidence submitted with this
form is my own original work.
Signed
Date
(DD/MM/YY)
Name
Return this form to:
Cambridge IGCSE Accreditation Coordinator (EDM),
Cambridge International Examinations,
1 Hills Road,
Cambridge,
CB1 2EU,
UK.
Save a copy of all forms submitted, for your own records.
Cambridge IGCSE Agriculture 0600
111
D
R
AF
T
Appendix 1: Coursework Accreditation Cover Sheet
112
Cambridge IGCSE Agriculture 0600
Appendix 2: Accreditation mark sheet Task 1 Sample A
Accreditation mark sheet Task 1 Sample A
IGCSE/O Level Agriculture
Please record your outcomes for the marking of the accreditation sample investigations A and B in the
tables below with a brief statement supporting your decision.
Sample practical investigation A:
Investigating the effect of organic and inorganic fertiliser on the
growth of lettuce
Mark
1. The selection of relevant
questions (hypothesis) for the
investigation
D
R
AF
/5
Supporting comment
T
Marking Criteria
2. The planning of the
investigation and the
principles on which it is based
/5
3. The handling of evidence
/5
Cambridge IGCSE Agriculture 0600
113
Appendix 2: Accreditation mark sheet Task 1 Sample A
Accreditation mark sheet Task 1 Sample A (continued)
4. The ability to make
deductions from the evidence
or the data acquired
/5
5. The ability to recognise the
limitations of the investigation
D
R
AF
T
/5
6. Description of practical,
presentation, layout and
originality (candidate’s own
work)
/5
General comments on Practical Investigation
Total Mark for Practical
Investigation A
114
Cambridge IGCSE Agriculture 0600
/30
Appendix 3: Accreditation mark sheet Task 1 Sample B
Accreditation mark sheet Task 1 Sample B
Sample practical investigation B:
Effects of mulch on onion production
Marking Criteria
Mark
Supporting comment
1. The selection of relevant
questions (hypothesis) for the
investigation
T
/5
D
R
AF
2. The planning of the
investigation and the
principles on which it is based
/5
3. The handling of evidence
/5
Cambridge IGCSE Agriculture 0600
115
t
Accreditation mark sheet Task 1 Sample B (continued)
4. The ability to make deductions
from the evidence or the data
acquired
/5
5. The ability to recognise the
limitations of the investigation
D
R
AF
T
/5
6. Description of practical,
presentation, layout and
originality (candidate’s own
work)
/5
General comments on Practical Investigation
Total mark for Practical
Investigation B
116
Cambridge IGCSE Agriculture 0600
/30
Total Mark for Practical
Investigation A
/60
Appendix 4: Accreditation mark sheet Task 2
Accreditation mark sheet Task 2
IGCSE/O Level Agriculture
F
Have you included a practical exercise that you have designed for use in your own Centre?
F
Have you included a work sheet for the practical exercise?
F
Have you included a mark scheme for the practical exercise covering the relevant marking criteria
for the syllabus?
D
R
AF
T
Indicate the ability of the candidates that it is designed to cover
Explain how you would ensure differentiation within the task exercise
Cambridge IGCSE Agriculture 0600
117
Section 6: Accreditation
6.1 Sample practical investigation A
Investigating the affect of organic and inorganic fertiliser on the
growth of lettuce.
Chapter I
Introduction
Background
Lettuce is a leafy annual vegetable crop with green leaves. The leaves must be picked often to
allow the production of new leaves. Fertilizers need to be applied for the encouragement of fast
growth.
T
The fertilizer can either be organic or inorganic. Inorganic are chemicals fertilizers e.g. 2:3:2 (22),
LAN Organic fertilizers can be from plants or animals e.g. chicken droppings, Kraal manure. Wild
lettuce came from Europe and Asia. The leaves were bitter and it was cultivated for medicine. The
D
R
AF
Greeks and Chinese cultivated lettuce as a salad. Today lettuce is less bitter and it is used as a s
Climate lettuce grows best in cool weather. It is a difficult crop to grow in summer. Soil requirement:
rich in summer. Soil PH it must be slightly acid and it’s PH of between 5.5 and 6.5. A good variety
of lettuce in a cool season is Greek Lakes 659 and winter crop and in summer is commander
Emperor 2000.
Purpose of the study
The purpose of the study was to compare the growth rate and yield of lettuce under the use of
organic and inorganic fertilizer management.
Justification
Fertilizer is expensive and also causes the soil to lose nutrients through leaching. This project
is aimed to determining the effect of growing lettuce through the use of organic and inorganic
fertilizer. This will help more knowledge about fertilizers. This helps them determine the best
fertilizer with effective result but low costs. Also the disadvantages of inorganic fertilizer are that
they do not supply humus, so the soil structure is not improved and humus breaks down slowly.
These fertilizers do not supply minor plant food an too much may damage the plants.
Problem Statement
Inorganic fertilizers are expensive for famers, especially for subsistence farmers. Inorganic fertilizer
do not have the ability of binding soil particle together, thus continuous use of such fertilizer without
use of organic manure depletes the research was guided by the following objectives.
1. To describe the growth rate between inorganic and organic fertilizers, when used in lettuce.
2. To compare the yield of lettuce growth after the use of organic and inorganic fertilizers.
3. To compare the quality of lettuce under the use of organic and inorganic fertilizers.
118
IGCSE Agriculture v 0.3
Section 6: Accreditation
Hypotheses
Main hypotheses
Application of inorganic fertilizers brings higher yield and increase the growth rate of lettuce.
Alternative hypotheses
Organic fertilizer increases the growth rate and yield in spinach.
Definition of terms
1. Inorganic fertilizers: 2:3:2 (38) basal fertilizer and LAN top dressing fertilizer.
2. Organic fertilizers: Kraal (goat) manure.
3. Top Dressing: A fertilizer applied to a crop after it has been growing for several weeks
Limitations of the study
T
4. Basal dressing: The fertilizer 2:3:2(38) that is added to the soil before or at planting and transplanting
D
R
AF
Season; it was summer time forests and weeds were growing faster and it was difficult to control.
v 0.3 IGCSE Agriculture
119
Section 6: Accreditation
CHAPTER II
Nutrients Requirements
For the lettuce growth various nutrients are needed. Phosphorus (P), Potassium (K) is the major
nutrients needed by lettuce. Therefore lettuce also needs essential minor nutrients like zinc for fast
growth.
Yield rate and quality
The use of organic or inorganic matter or both is important but guidelines needs to be followed,
and the correct amount should be applied for the good yield of lettuce. Organic fertilizers make
lettuce to become more resistant to diseases, pests and drought. These fertilizers are nutritious
and conducive to plant’s health and resistance.
T
According to Paul (1997) lettuce has become a cinderal salad plant, embellishing the clients of
millions of people throughout the world. As a cultivated crop lettuce probably originated or around
Mediterranean basin. One piece of evidence to support these ideas is existence of a primitive,
nearly wild form of lettuce.
D
R
AF
According to Mondlane (2007) chemicals are believed of cancer and teritogenic. Organic fertilizers
farming is introduced as a production system which minimizes the use of synthetically produces
fertilizers, pesticides, growth, growth regulators and livestock feed addictives. To maintain soil
productivity and fertility we use organic fertilizers. There are fertilizers derived from plant and
animal material origin. The fertilizers are mostly bulky so they release nutrients gradually and their
effect for a long time in the soil.
Inorganic Fertilizer: Application
Potassium and magnesium contributes to the production of the cell walls for plants. Nitrogen can
be taken in the plants as nitrates from nitrites in the process of nitrogen cycle. These nitrates
promote best stems and leaves maturity which combines in the soil. Some of the mineral fertilizers
can be dangerous and farmers using them for years may notice signs of soil exhaustion so organic
fertilizers can be used instead.
Organic Fertilizer: Application
Organic fertilizer can vary in many effective ways. They can improve the soil structure and can
make lettuce resistant. They supply the soil with substances that help lettuce develop and increase
disease resistance. They can also stand pest attacks and droughts. Organic fertilizers can also
improve soil’s organic fraction. When the soil structure is good the roots of spinach can develop
rigorously with
moisture increase. The soil can also he worked easily and he more resistant to rain, it retains water
until decomposition is complete. These fertilizers activate the soil profiles; they give more food to
the soil inhabitant that change organic manure into organic matter which decays and is changed
into humus releasing mineral nutrient.
Organic fertilizer: Application
When applying organic fertilizers it only needs to he broadcast the quantity is determine by the
number of plants grown. Heavy application can burn seedlings and young plants and this process
120
IGCSE Agriculture v 0.3
Section 6: Accreditation
D
R
AF
T
is called drying out or desiccation due to the presence of too much alt within the fertilizer. This
process could also he experienced when there is heavy application of inorganic fertilizers where
toxic concentration of salt can build up in the soil and create chemical imbalance lettuce is ready
for harvesting after 60 days after planting. The outer leaves are to he cut and the inner ones left to
continue growing. Lettuce does not keep long so it should he eaten sooner after harvesting.
v 0.3 IGCSE Agriculture
121
Section 6: Accreditation
CHAPTER III
Procedure
Research type
The research type was a field experiment that was aimed at describing and comparing the growth
rate, yield and quality of spinach under the use of organic and inorganic fertilizers
Layout
UNIT A
UNIT B
Inorganic fertilizers
Organic fertilizer
D
R
AF
Equipments used
T
The plot is 3m by 4m. It is divided into two units, one force the inorganic fertilized lettuce. UNIT A
was for the lettuce grown under organic fertilizers. UNIT B was for the lettuce grown under organic
fertilizer.
1. Tape measure- for measuring the plots size.
2. Fork- for loosening the soil.
3. Spade- for making pathways
4. Rake- for making leveling the soil and make a fine tilt.
5. Watering can - for watering plants
6. String- used for straightening rows.
7. Pegs –For making corners.
Subject selections
Select the middle four rows as they have low chances of being attacked by pests.
Data Analysis
The data was analysis by the use of percentage and means (average).
122
IGCSE Agriculture v 0.3
Section 6: Accreditation
Data Presentations
Data was presented in the form of tables. Table 1: Data Analysis
Objectives
Statistics
1. Describe growth rate of spinach under the use Average in percentage (%)
of organic and inorganic fertilizers.
Leaves number, in means
3. To compare the quality of spinach under the
use
of organic and inorganic fertilizer
Compare the leave color
D
R
AF
T
2. To compare the yield of spinach under the use
of organic and inorganic fertilizer
v 0.3 IGCSE Agriculture
123
Section 6: Accreditation
CHAPTER IV
FINDINGS TO DISCUSSION
To summarize a bite, organic farming is the form of agriculture that relies on techniques such as
crop rotation, green manure, compost and biological pest control to maintain soil productivity and
control pests on a farm. It excludes or strictly limits the use of synthetic fertilizers (Pesticides,
herbicides, insecticides). Plant growth regulations such as hormones livestock antibiotics, food
additives and whilst on the other hand inorganic farming requires adequate use of fertilizers \
chemicals e.g. herbicides, pesticides, and many more for plant growth.
With the experiments in the plots, we gathered that this is an easier and more efficient way of
growing crops. It reduces pests and diseases in the field and higher yields are obtained. We also
gathered that it is more convenient and provide most or all the nutrients at once which the plants
need. However, a huge difference between the two experiments was gathered.
D
R
AF
T
The organic method we observed, that it needed more labor and it takes time for it to start working
in the soil. Before usage we had to wait for the dung to dry up first then make a tilt so that it
became smooth, this cost labor. Despite all this, we also observed that this method of farming
sustains the health of soils and the plants since the plant is free from chemicals that may harm
consumers. Pests were observed with the organic methods and some plant leaves were turning
yellow at the lower bottom due to lake of nitrogen; however their growth rate was perfect times two
compared to the inorganic side of the plot Basal fertilizer was put in every planting station of the
inorganic method and some plants did not show up and we had to replace transplants whereas on
the other side the growth rate of the lettuce was perfectly normal although weeds grew randomly.
GROWTH RATE
The first few weeks, both sides of the plot the organic and inorganic sides had the same growing
rate in their lettuce. The leaf length was approximately the same height because transplanting
was done on the same day. Changes were seen in the third week or so, the height and growth
rate started to depreciate in plot B (INORGANIC PLOT ) whilst in plot A, no stunted growth was
observed.
124
IGCSE Agriculture v 0.3
Section 6: Accreditation
The observations are as follows: FIRST 3 WEEKS
PLOT
HEIGHT
A
B
NUMBEROF
LEAVES
3
3
WEEK 1
WEEK 1
WEEK 2
A
5
4.5CM
WEEK 2
B
5
4.5CM
WEEK 3
A
7
6.5CM
WEEK 3
B
5
4.5CM
WEEK 4
A
9
7.2CM
WEEK 4
B
6
5.0 CM
3CM
3CM
Quality
Colour
Smoothness
D
R
AF
QUALITY OF THE PLANT
T
WEEKS
Week 1
Week 2
Week 3
Bright Green
Still Green
Lower Leaves
started to change
Very Smooth
Smooth but not
crisp
Rough
With all thus data gathered we learn that organic method had more effects on the lettuce than
the inorganic method, this is seen by the data presented on the above tables. We note that plot A
which is the organic plot grew well than the inorganic side of the plot.
v 0.3 IGCSE Agriculture
125
Section 6: Accreditation
CHAPTER V
DISCUSSION
Observations were made that lettuce can be grown very well in organic way of growing crops since
this method is built up in the soil by organic methods which are used, which add up nutrients into
the soil thus improving the growth rate and the quality of the lettuce. Lettuce has shallow roots, so
by this, putting organic matter in the top soil will provide the plant with nutrients, also, improving the
yield of the lettuce.
Both organic and inorganic ways of growing plants are good for instance, with inorganic, lettuce got
all the three nutrients from the fertilizers used which also improved its yield and prevents pests and
diseases from the lettuce.
D
R
AF
T
Since 1990 we are told that the market for organic products has grown from nothing, reaching
55 billion in 2009. According to organic monitor (www.organic monitor). This demand has driven
a similar increase in originally managed farmland. Approximately 37000000 hectors 991000000
acres) are now formed organically representing approximately 0.9% of the total world farmland. A
2007 study has conducted that organic methods could produce enough food to sustain the human
population and potentially an even larger population without increasing the land base, this state’s
clearly that this method is not too costly and it is easy but however this study also states that
organic farms have lower harvest yields due to lower adoption of fertilizers and pesticide in the
land. Despite all this I we recommend this system with lettuce because lettuce in plot A grew very
well with this system.
CHAPTER SIX
CONCLUSION
Organic farming combines tradition, innovation and science to benefit the shared environment
and promote fair relationships and a good quality of life for all involved, meaning that the lettuce
produced was good and healthy and clean to eat, free from chemicals, so organic matter is no
harm and this system is best for growing plants because the lettuce grew very well in a chemical
free environment.
126
IGCSE Agriculture v 0.3
Section 6: Accreditation
6.2 Sample practical investigation B
EFFECTS OF MULCH ON ONION PRODUCTION
ABSTRACT
Both wind and water are powerful eroding agents and in a short space of time the cleared land
can lose a ll its topsoil and become infertile. Consequently any l and exposed to these agents
must be protected in eve ry way. Farmers must resist the temptation to take a quick profit at the
expense of future harvest. Mulching is however amongst the soil erosion prevention measures.
The project was a descriptive and winter constructed project with aims of describing the growth
rate and comparing both quality and quantity yields between onions grown under mulch and
onions grown under non mulch conditions.
D
R
AF
T
Mulch being a layer put on the soil surface int ers and intra rows, well known crop management
practice. It was constructed mainly to find out the effects of mulch in onion production. The project
was important as it was to reveal the importance of mulch in production and to show how mulch
improves yield or produce. The study construction was also important to raise awareness that
mulch ca be used as a first alternative of improving production.
The project proceedings were carried out in a method of two sections A and B in the similar 4
by 4 meter plot. Six rows of onions in two divisions A and B each with three rows 30cm inter and
intra rows of onions were put in the experiment . A path divided the two with the first three rows
put under mulch conditions and the next three were put under non-mulch conditions . E qua l
management practices were carried out on both sections.
v 0.3 IGCSE Agriculture
127
Section 6: Accreditation
LIST OF TABLES AND GRAPHS
TABLE 1
TABLE 2
TABLE 3
TABLE 4
TABLE 5
GRAPH 1
GRAPH 2
?
8
11
15
16
13
14
TABLE OF CONTENTS
D
R
AF
T
ABSTRACT
COPYRIGHT
ii) DEDICATIONS
(iii) AKCNOWLEDGEMENTS
(iv) LIST OFTABLES AND GRAPHS
(v) TABLE OF CONTENTS
(vi)
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
Background
Purpose of study
Justification
Problem statement
Objectives
Hypothesis
Alternative
Definition of terms
Limitation of study
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
3
3
CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVI E W
4
CHAPTER 3: METHODOLGY
Research type
Experiment lay out
Procedure
Equipment
Data presentation
Data analysis
6
6
6
7
7
8
CHAPTER 4: FINDINGS
128
Growth rate
9
Quantity of yield
15
IGCSE Agriculture v 0.3
Section 6: Accreditation
Quality of yield
16
CHAPTER 5: DISCUSSION
Growth rate
17
Quantity of yield
19
Quality of yield
20
21
Conclusions
22
Recommendations
23
REFERENCES
24
D
R
AF
Summary
T
CHAPTER 6: SUMMARY, CONCLUSSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
v 0.3 IGCSE Agriculture
129
Section 6: Accreditation
CHAPTER 1
Background
INTRODUCTION
Mulch is a layer put on the soil surface, inter and intra rows in planting or crop production. It
has been commonly used in subsistence farming to cut costs and improve yields. Large scale
commercial producers of crops normally use chemicals to cover up for the role played by mulch
in crop production. This includes the suppression of weeds and sustaining of moisture in soil.
Mulch is also known for prevention of soil erosion and capping. In the early sixties has been well
known for also controlling soil temperatures in fairly dry areas of the equatorial regions. Mulch also
contributes to soil fertility as it maintains a good soil structure with a well distribution of organic
matter. The second addition of agriculture also gives that mulch has been practised in schools for
over sixty years and it has operated ever since.
D
R
AF
T
Mulch has however been used on onion production because onions are underground bulbs that
spend their entire life cycle under the protection of the soil. In this project soil is the main asset
that mulch is believed to protect. Onions also have little or no pests therefore the project will have
minimized problems. As all individual who engage in crop production aim at making a reasonable
profit compared to expenses. However mulch reduces irrigation rates weeding labor and weed
control as well as a maintaining soil fertility which reduces fertilizer application and costs. This
therefore leads to more production profits at Iow expenditure.
On the other hand mulch has been somehow found to attract insects that may favor a straw (grass)
layer as a home. This has contributed to mulch being disregarded for crop management as the
population
of insects like grasshoppers and caterpillars would gradually
increase. An insect populated garden is however not suitable for further production of other crops.
Other mulch layers could be plastic material, wood material and leaves.
Purpose of study
The mulching study was put in progress to describe and compare the growth rate , quality of yield
and the quantity of produce in onions grown under mulch and onions grown under none mulch
conditions. The investigations will clearly define the effect that mulch has on the production of
onions.
Justification
Mulching has been a subsistent practice for decades due to the development and chemical
introduction. It has been underestimated due to its labor and time consuming characteristic.
Therefore the study was conducted to prove that even with so much labor and time consumed
production under the influence of mulch will give high yields of good quality an d greatly increased
profits . This will be at low costs and minimized management labor.
130
IGCSE Agriculture v 0.3
Section 6: Accreditation
Statement of research problem
Enormous expenses on crop management and production have been exhausted on poor quality
of inorganic and low selling produce yield . This is due to less knowledge on simpler, cheaper, and
effective ways of crop management practices. However mulch plays an important role in improving
these gradually decreasing and unpleasant yields.
0 bj ectives
The research was guided by the following objectives;
1. To describe the growth rate of onions under mulch and onions under non mulch conditions
2. To describe the yield given by onions under mulch and onions under non mulch conditions
3 To describe the quality of onions under mulch and onions under non mulch conditions.
Hypothesis
T
Main Hypothesis
D
R
AF
Mulching increases growth rate, quality and yield in the production
of onions
Alternative Hypothesis
Mulching has no effect on the growth rate and yield of onion production.
Definition of terms
Mulch: A layer put on the soil surface when plants are grown
Infiltration:
The ability of water to enter the soil
Erosion:
The wearing away of topsoil particles by run-off, wind etc.
Yield:
The harvest or end produce of crop production
Limitation of study
Time: This study required efficient time for all observations and measurements. However, due to
lack of time, observations and necessary measurements were taken during spare time.
v 0.3 IGCSE Agriculture
131
Section 6: Accreditation
CHAPTER II
LITERATURE REVIEW
Kwateng (2000) stated that when land is cleared off its natural vegetation, it becomes exposed
to soil erosion agents like wind, rain, and living organisms. The cleared land can lose its topsoil
within a short period of time and become infertile. Consequently, any land exposed to this
situation must be protected in every possible way. Farmers must resist the temptation to take a
quick profit at the expense of future harvest. Mulching is however one of the soil erosion prevention
measurements.
T
Cultivation of crops, particularly on a plantation scale has provided an enormous amount of food
for some members of the animal kingdom. It has also given a suitable environment that favors
the spread of disease causal organisms. This was stated by Towler (2002) when he discovered
that soil treatments which encourage germination and plant growth are also ideal for the growth
of weeds competing for precious resources. However the control of weeds, pest and diseases
is a major consideration in the successful cultivation of crops. In relation, mulch has a potential
in prevention of weed growth and thus prevent the growth of disease causal weeds and pests
attracted their flowers and fruits.
D
R
AF
Soil temperatures either too high or too low are said to be a limiting factor in certain areas of
the tropics by Pedro ( 1999). The solution is normally to mulch the soil with various materials
depending on whether soil temperatures are to be increased or decreased. In soils recently cleared
for cultivation, management of topsoil temperatures via straw mulching is extremely jmportant to
neutraljze the jncrease in topsoil temperatures, with exposure and correspondingly faster rate of
organic matter decomposition, which can reduce infiltration rates in soils low in iron and aluminum
oxide coatings. In addition, mulching decreases water consumption and the need for weed control
and often increase yields.
Sanchez (2000) analyzed that large areas of Ultisols and Alf sols with sandy textured top soils a
similar soils present are completely set of management problems. Exposure and cultivation, can
easily lead to serious soil compaction, runoff and erosion. The moisture range for suitable soil
tillage operations is narrower than the case of the first group . On the positive sjde, many of these
soils hold more available water in their particles than do clay soils. Protecting the soil surface with
mulching is the best management alternative.
In steep areas minimum tillage is essential.
Morgan (1996) stated that difficulties with weed control in operating large amounts of residue
and in many cases, lower yields have also prevented the widespread take up of stubble mulch
tillage. Nevertheless , this system can be used successfully to control wind erosion and conserve
moisture in drier wheat growing areas.
Average annual soil loss over eight years was 2t/ha. on stubble mulched land compared with 6.5t/
ha on conventionally tilled land.
In addition to the above, Bertrand (1959) confirmed that covering the soil with crop residue
mulches increases the infiltration capacity and decreases runoff and erosion losses in practically
all cases. The desirability of mulch for erosion control is generally well recognized. Mulching affects
the physical, chemical and biological conditions of the soil while the over all yield is good.
132
IGCSE Agriculture v 0.3
Section 6: Accreditation
Furthermore Owen (2007) confirmed that a layer of vegetation can be applied around the base
of growing crops in order to conserve moisture within the soil. Various materials can be used like
a grass cutting, chopped maize stalk and leaves. Sometimes black polythene sheeting is used.
Mulching reduces evaporation and weed growth. Fruit trees are suitable for mulching but for most
fields crops the benefits would not be worth the work in preparing and applying the mulch. He also
stated that the soil cover protects the soil from erosion by wind or water.
Lastly Ngugi ( 1990) concluded that mulches are plant materials such as straw which are used as a
soil cover mainly for conservation of soil moisture by preventing excessive evaporation. It is worth
noting that synthetic mulches can also be used as is practiced in pineapple production in the Thika
area in Kenya. For our purposes however, we are concerned with organic or vegetable mulches.
The main material s commonly employed as mulch include maize stalk, star grass, Napier grass,
banana leaves, coffee husks, and sisal waste. The main benefits of mulching are soil moisture
conservation, improved water infiltration, smothered weeds, improved soil structure by adding
organic matter and protected soils from erosion.
D
R
AF
T
He also concluded that mulch controls weeds by cutting out light from the surface of the soil which
prevents germination of weed seeds due to lack of light. Many weeds are incapable of penetrating
through the thick layer of mulch even if they were to germinate, they therefore die. Mulch is a
common practice in coffee and pineapple cultures in Kenya, Tanzania and Uganda.
v 0.3 IGCSE Agriculture
133
Section 6: Accreditation
CHAPTER III
METHODOLOGY
Research Type
This type of research was a descriptive field experiment aimed on describing the growth rate and
yield in quantity and quality of onions grown under mulch and onions grown under non mulch
conditions.
Layout
SECTION B
NON MULCH
Procedure
D
R
AF
T
SECTION A
MULCH
A 4 by 4 meter plot was constructed for the study. Onions were appropriately planted in two
sections. The first three rows on one end were put under mulch conditions and labelled section A.
The second rows of three were put under non mulch conditions and labelled section B. Similar and
equal management was carried out on both sections.
134
IGCSE Agriculture v 0.3
Section 6: Accreditation
Equipments
1. Two one meter sticks with centimetre divisions were used to measure heights.
2. A ten centimetre stick with centimetre divisions was used to measure moisture depth
3. Trowels were used to remove weeds and watering cans for watering.
Data Presentation
Data was presented in tables and graphs
Data Analysis
Table1: Data Analysis
*Averages , percentages , and
differences.
D
R
AF
*The description of growth rate
between onions under mulch
and onions under
non-mulch conditions
STATISTICS
T
OBJECTIVES
*The description of the
quantity of yield given by
onions under mulch and
onions under non-mulch
conditions.
*Mass, differences, means,
and percentages.
*Size, diameters, and
colour of leaves and onions.
*The description of the
quality of onions grown
under mulch and onions
grown under non-mulch
conditions.
v 0.3 IGCSE Agriculture
135
Section 6: Accreditation
CHAPTER IV
FINDINGS
OBJECTiVES
Growth rate in section A (mulch)
Table 2
Height (em)
Week 1
Weekly
Height
Gained
18.8
Leaves per
plant
2
6
24.8
Week 3
27.9
3
3
11.3
Week 5
39.2
4
D
R
AF
Week 4
T
Week 2
49.1
4
12.6
Week 6
Week 7
61.7
5
69.2
5
9.7
Week 8
Week 9
78.8
6
83.3
6
2.2
Week 10
Week 11
85.5
6
92.8
6
0.5
Week 12
93.3
Week 13
93.3
6
6
0
Week 14
93.3
6
The above table clearly shows weekly height measurements taken during the project. Height gained per
week is outlined in the second column and the average weekly growth rate in the third column. The weekly
average leaf per plant was calculated above. The following conclusions were drawn:
136
IGCSE Agriculture v 0.3
Section 6: Accreditation
Total Height:
93.3cm
Average Height: Average 65cm
Growth rate:
6cm/week
Average Leaf number:
5
Growth rate in section B (non-mulch)
Table 3
14.8
Week 2
21.8
Week 3
23.7
Week 4
Week 5
Week 6
Week 7
Week 8
Week 9
Week 10
Leaves per
plant
2
7
2
3
D
R
AF
Week 1
Weekly
Height
Gained
T
Height (em)
29.1
5.4
34.8
39.2
3
4.4
42.4
54.5
Week 11
62.6
Week 12
62.9
Week 13
62.9
Week 14
62.9
4
4
12.1
57.4
59.1
3
4
4
1.7
5
5
0.3
5
5
0
5
The above table clearly outlines the weekly measurements taken during the project. Height gained per week
was measured and the average growth rate was calculated. The number of leaves per plant was also calculated
weekly and the following results were compiled .
v 0.3 IGCSE Agriculture
137
Section 6: Accreditation
62.9cm
44.9cm
4.4cm/week
4
D
R
AF
T
Total Height: Average
Height: Average
Growth rate: Average
Leaf number:
Fig I: (Growth rate)
Fig 1: above i s a graph illustrating t he difference in growth rate between the two sections of
onions under the influence of mulch (represented by the graph wit h kite shaped divisions) and
onion s n o t under the influence of mulch (represented by the graph with square shaped divisions)
138
IGCSE Agriculture v 0.3
D
R
AF
T
Section 6: Accreditation
Fig 2(Height differences)
KEY
A
B
onions under mulch conditions
onions under non-mulch conditions
Fig 2; above is a graph showing the difference in height betwe en the two sections of onions
under the influence of mulch (represented by graph A ) and onions not under the influence of
mulch (represented by graph B).
v 0.3 IGCSE Agriculture
139
Section 6: Accreditation
Quantity of yield
Table 4
Mass (kg)
Section
A (mulch)
57 . 6
Section B
(non mulch)
19.2
Difference(kg)
%
Djfferenc e
38.4
200
Table 4 above give s the mass of onions at harvest from the two sections and the difference in
mass given by onions under mulch conditions compared to onions under non-mulch conditions. A
200 difference was also calculated above.
T
Quality of yield
D
R
AF
Table 5
AVERAGE ONION DIAMETER I ROW (em)
Diameter
Section
A
(MULCH)
Section B
(NON MULCH)
Row 1
Row 2
8.2
8 .3
5
4 .8
Row 3
9
4.6
Average diameter/
onion( em)
8.5
4 .8
Table 5 above draws the conclusions of the differences in quality of both onion groups where average onion
diameter was measured per row of onions. An average of averages in diameter/onion was calculated to draw
the conclusions.
SECTION A
The leaves were 2cm in thickness and dark g r een.
SECTION B
The l eaves were 0.8cm in thickness and were lime greenish with dried tips
140
IGCSE Agriculture v 0.3
Section 6: Accreditation
CHAPTER V
DISCUSSION
Growth
Table 2 and table 3 were the measurements that gave an average height of 65cm in table 2
(mulch), and 44.9 em in table 3 (non mulch). An average height difference of 20.lcm or 44% height
difference was extracted.
A weekly height gain was calculated and located in the weekly height gained column, eventually
giving an average growth rate of 6cm/week in table 2 (mulch) and 4 . 4cm/week in table 3 (non
mulch).The averages of the number of leaves/plant were calculated giving the average leaf/plant
of 5 leaves/plant in table 2 (mulch) and 4 leaves/plant in table 3 (non- mulch) presented on the
fourth column. Leaf /plant difference was 1. This was mainly due other leaves drying up due to high
evaporation rate in section B.GRAPH A represents the height differences of onions under mulch
conditions and GRAPH B represents onions grown under non-mulch conditions.
D
R
AF
T
Daily watering was equal with 3 watering cans on both sections for the first week. Due to the winter
winds, lack of rain, and the onions vegetative growing, watering increased to 6 watering cans in
section B (non-mulch) and 4 watering cans in section A (mulch) from the second to the sixth week
of planting. This was due to high evaporation rate on section B as the soil surface was bare and
directly exposed to the agents of evaporation (wind and high temperature). Watering fluctuated
from plus 2 to plus 3 watering cans in section B (non-mulch) up to week J 4. Consequently, four
onion plants dried up in the process in section B (non-mulch.
Due to protection from high temperatures , soil erosion and capping , soil in section A (mulch) was
still reasonably moist almost every morning, and soil in section B (non-mulch) had lost roughly
40% moisture in the night winter winds. As for section A (mulch), the soil remained crumby yet
the unprotected soil in section B (non mulch) soil capping , compaction, and cracking was weekly
observed. Most onion bulbs were exposed above ground level in section B due to runoff eroding
the soil. Weeds grew from day 3 of planting and were removed every 5 days of growth in both
sections. However , weeds in section B (non-mulch) emerged 6 days after removal yet weeds in
section A (mulch) emerged I 0 days after removal. This was because weed growth in section B
(non-mulch) was not suppressed . More weeding labor was exhausted in section B than section
A. The weeds in section B (non-mulch) grew faster and taller compared to onions than the weeds
in section A (mulch). This was because weeds in sectjon A (mulch) struggled to emerge through
the grass layer and grew shorter than the vigorously growing onions. Shortly, mulch acted as a
depressant agent in weed growth. However, weeds in this section were healthier than weeds in
section B (non-mulch). This was due to the soil being well nourished in terms of soil fertility as no
erosion occurred and good moisture content due to minimized evaporation by the layer.
On observation, the leaves of onions under non-mulch conditions changed from green to thin
yellowish colored, then eventually small and brownish with dry tips occasionally wilting throughout
the project. On the other hand , leaves of onions under mulch conditions remained green, large
and healthy throughout the project. Both leaf characteristics depended on weed competition,
watering rate , and soil conditions in terms of moisture, fertility, and structure which mulch
controlled in section A. Lastly, as onions merely have pests and diseases, none were found in
section B (non-mulch). However, ants, grasshoppers, and caterpillars were found in section A
(mulch). This was a negative aspect towards the mulching management practice which provided a
home for the pests which might have eaten or introduced certain diseases to the onions.
v 0.3 IGCSE Agriculture
141
Section 6: Accreditation
Quantity of yield
Mass was weighed and recorded in table 4, giving 57.6kg in s ection A(mulch), and 19.2kg in
section B (non - mulch) of leaved onion bulbs in both sections . A mass difference of 38.4kg drew
conclusions that onions under mulch conditions have a 200% mass difference from onions under
non-mulch conditions. Refer ably; the mass difference was due to onions growing in favor of
mulch management practices carried out in section A. where the factors that interfere with plant
growth were well taken care of by the mulch layer. The quantity results were also influenced by the
wilting and drying off of some seedlings in section B (non-mulch) as mention e d above during the
fluctuation of watering rate due to high evaporation rate.
Quality of yield
D
R
AF
T
Results a llocat ed in table 5 draw an average of the averages / row in each section. Onions under
mulch conditions in section A had an average diameter /onion of 8.5cm, yet onions under nonmulch conditions in section B had an average diameter / onion of 4 .8cm.A calculated average
difference in diameter of 3. 7cm analyzed that onions grown under mulch conditions give 77 %
quality onions than those grown under non-mulch conditions.
Th is difference was due to onions on section A (mulch) being covered by the mulch layer
providing protection from extreme temperatures thus preventing evaporation of onion fluids. This
produced onion bulbs with thick and moist onion rings with a reasonable diameter. Onions in
section B (non-mulch) however suffered soil erosion and cracks which exposed the bulbs to these
harsh conditions therefore shrunk to thin, almost dry onion rings.
Leaves harvested on onions grown under mulch cond ition s had an average thickness of 2cm,
while leav es harvested in onions grown under non-mulch conditions had an average thickness of
0.8cm. This gave an average thickness difference of 1.2cm due to the mulch layer providing hea
lthy growing soil conditions with adequate water and nutrient supply throughout the project on the
section of onions under mulch conditions. On the other section (onions under non mulch condit
ions) strived for water and nutrient due to competition with weeds thus grew thinner. Conclusively,
onions under mulch condition grew big ger and of high quality due to improved management
practices and benefits offered by the app li cation of mulch.
142
IGCSE Agriculture v 0.3
Section 6: Accreditation
CHAPTER VI
SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Summary
This was a descriptive field and winter constructed project with aims of describing the growth rate,
and comparing both qu a lity and quantity yields between onions grown under mulch conditions
and onions grown under non - mulch conditions. Mulch being any layer put on the soil surface inter
and intra plant rows is a well known crop management practice. It was constructed mainly to find
out the effects of mulch in onion production . The project was important as it was to reveal- the
importance of mulch in production and to show how mulch improves yields or produce. The study
construction was also important to raise the awareness that mulch can be used a first alternative
of improving production.
T
The major issue was that insufficient knowledge on the effects and importance of the role played
by mulch in crop production gradually leads to a decrease in yields . The main hypothesis stated
that mulching increases growth rate
Conclusions
D
R
AF
The project proceedings were carried out in a method of two sections A and B in the similar 4 by
4• meter plot. Six rows of onions in two divisions A and B each with three rows 30cm inter and 11
em intra rows of onions were put in the experiment. A path divided the two with the first three rows
put under mulch conditions and the next two rows were put under non-mulch conditions. Equal
management practices were carried out on both sections. Two em divided one meter sticks were
used for height measurements, one em divided
1Ocm stick was used for moisture depth, hoes and trowels were used for weeding.
•
Data was presented in table and graph form, then analyzed 1n averages, differences, percentages and
appearance.
•
0n ions in sect i o n A ( m u Ic h) gave a tot aI height of 9 3 .3c m and an average height of 65cn.
Section B (non-mulch) however had a total height of 62.9cm and an average height of 44.9cm. A height
difference of 30.4cm and an average height difference of 20.1 em or 44% was analyzed.
•
Final growth rate in section A (mulch) was 6cml week and 4.4cm/week in section B (non-mulch).
•
Leaves were counted and section A (mulch) gave an average leaf/plant of 5 leaves then section B (nonmulch) gave an average leaf/plant of 4 leaves. Table 2 and 3 clearly discuss these findings.
•
Y i e I d quantity in section A (mulch) was 5 6 .7 kg and 1 9 .2 kg i n section B (non-mulch) as outlined in
table4. Differences in yield quantity was 38.4kg giving a 200% yield quantity 1n section A (mulch) than in
section B (non-mu}ch).
•
Qua I i t y in terms of on i on buI b d i am e t e r gave a 7 7 % b u I b diameter difference of 3.7cm, where
onion bulbs from section A (mulch) had an average diameter of 8.5cm , and onion bulbs from section B
(non-mulch) had an average diameter of 4.8cm.
•
P I ant I eaves in sect i on A ( m u I c h) at harvest were dark green and 2cn in thickness. However, plant
l eaves in section B (non mulch) were 1.2cm less than those in section A (mulch) with a thickness of
0.8cm and were lime greenish with dry tips.
v 0.3 IGCSE Agriculture
143
Section 6: Accreditation
Recommendations
From the results and conclusions drawn in this research project , further researches can be
constructed. One research could be to spot out the effects of mulch on onions pest s and disease
attacks.
Another research could be finding out the effects of mulch in the application of fertilizers and soil
pH in onion production.
All farmers are greatly recommended to opt for mulch as a first alternative in crop production
management practice in order to increase yields whilst cutting irrigation costs. Farmers should also
use mulch to suppress weeds therefore saving a great deal of and cutting labor costs that would
have been used in other aspects of crop production.
REFERRENCES
Bertrand, C. H. (1959) Crop Production in Tanzania, Macmillan, Boleswa Publishers, (Pty) Ltd.
T
Kwateng, G. A (2000) West African Agriculture . Third Edition
D
R
AF
Owen, G. H. (1998) 0-Level Agriculture, Longman Group Ltd.
Sanchez, P. S. (1999) Properties and Managements of Soils in the Tropics, 9th Edition,
Penguin Books
Ngugi, D. H. (1990) East African Agriculture, Longman Group Ltd.
144
IGCSE Agriculture v 0.3
T
D
R
AF
Cambridge International Examinations
1 Hills Road, Cambridge, CB1 2EU, United Kingdom
Tel: +44 (0)1223 553554 Fax: +44 (0)1223 553558
Email: international@cie.org.uk www.cie.org.uk
© Cambridge International Examinations 2012. v0.3 3Y03
**