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UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE INTERNATIONAL EXAMINATIONS
General Certificate of Education Ordinary Level
2251/01
For Examination from 2011
Paper 1
SPECIMEN MARK SCHEME
2 hours 30 minutes
MAXIMUM MARK: 90
This document consists of 9 printed pages and 1 blank page.
© UCLES 2010
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Section A: Research Methods
1
The social survey is a large-scale method of research that involves collecting data from a
large sample of people. This is usually gathered by the use of a questionnaire or
structured interview. The data that is created is usually referred to as quantitative.
Surveys tend to produce information which is less detailed than qualitative research, but
they can be used to make generalisations over broad areas. Reliability is one of the
strengths of surveys as the data collected can be easily coded and analysed and the
process can be repeated by a different researcher in the same way.
Surveys involving the collection of information at one point in time are referred to as
cross-sectional surveys. They provide evidence of what is happening in the present.
Longitudinal studies are used to study people over time and are useful for analysing
changes in society.
(a) What is meant by the following terms:
(i) questionnaire
[2]
Reference should be made to a list of preset questions which can be conducted by a
researcher or completed via the post. 2 marks for a full defintion. 1 mark for a partial
definition.
(ii) qualitative research
[2]
Reference should be made to a way of collecting data, which concentrates on the
meanings and interpretations people make of social interactions. 2 marks for a full
defintion. 1 mark for a partial definition.
(iii) data.
[2]
Reference should be made to information about some aspect of the social world
gathered by the researcher. 2 marks for a full definition. 1 mark for a partial definition.
(b) Explain why data collected using social surveys ‘can be easily coded and analysed.’
[4]
The answer should look at two issues: coding and analysis. 2 marks are available for
explanation of each issue. 2 marks for a full explanation, 1 mark for a partial definition.
(c) Describe two types of sampling method that may be used to collect data that is
representative of a larger population.
[4]
Answers are likely to refer to sampling methods such as random, stratified, quota etc.
2 marks for identification and a brief explanation. 1 mark for identification or an explanation.
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(d) Describe one strength and one limitation of structured interviews.
[4]
Likely strengths to be identified: provides more detailed data, standardised questions enable
researchers to code answers useful for quantitative data. Likely limitations: interview effect,
interviewer bias, denies the interviewee the opportunity to offer ideas/views outside of the
questions. 1 mark for a partial explanation. 2 marks for a full explanation.
(e) Describe one strength and one limitation of longitudinal studies.
[4]
Likely strengths: useful for measuring change over time, can be used to generate
quantitative data that is generalisable. Likely limitations: difficulty in keeping in contact with
the original sample, drop-out rate may be so high that the representativeness of the study is
limited. 1 mark for a partial explanation. 2 marks for a full explanation.
(f) Describe two strengths and two limitations of using questionnaires in sociological
research.
[8]
Likely strengths: Large sample can be used and therefore the use of questionnaire can be
representative and generalisable, questionnaires are relatively cheap to conduct, data can be
easily coded and quantified and is therefore reliable. Likely limitations to be identified: the
lack of validity of the data, participants may not fully understand questions damaging the
usefulness of the study, the preset questions may prevent the participant making comments
and views outside of the scope of the questions.
© UCLES 2010
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Section B: Culture and Socialisation
2
Sociologists believe individuals are socialised into society. Each society has its own
distinctive cultural norms and values.
(a) What is meant by the term norms?
[2]
Reference should be made to practices that are considered to be acceptable, or have social
approval. 2 marks for a full explanation, 1 mark for a partial definition.
(b) Describe two examples of cultural norms.
2 marks for each norm described may be achieved.
explanation.
[4]
1 mark for identification with no
(c) Explain how a child may be socialised by their parents.
[6]
0–3: Answers will tend to lack sociological understanding and are likely to focus on general
accounts of socialisation without specific reference to the question. At the top of the
band one aspect of the way parents contribute to socialisation will be outlined.
4–6: At this level answers will demonstrate sociological understanding, discussing a range
of factors such as providing a moral code, organising play, helping develop language
etc.
(d) To what extent are individuals shaped by socialisation, rather than instinct?
[8]
0–3: A few vague comments about socialisation will be characteristic of answers at this
level.
4–6: Answers at this level are likely to provide accounts of socialisation, but in the higher
part of the band there will be some attempt to answer the question directly. Reference
may be made to feral children but answers may lack development.
7–8: Answers are likely to show an understanding of both socialisation and the influence of
instinct. Answers are likely to be focused and use specific examples to support
relevant arguments.
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3
Social control is necessary to ensure individuals accept the norms and values of society.
This is carried out by formal and informal controls.
(a) What is meant by the term informal social control?
[2]
Reference should be made to various means of constraining behaviour by ways that does
not require recourse to the law. These constraints are likely to be carried out by the family,
schools etc. 2 marks for a full definition, 1 mark for a partial definition.
(b) Describe two examples of formal social controls.
[4]
2 marks for each appropriate form of control outlined.
(c) Explain why there is a greater need for formal social controls in modern industrial
societies.
[6]
0–3: A few vague descriptive comments about social control are likely to be a feature of
answers at this level.
4–6: Answers are likely to demonstrate a clear understanding of the explanations for greater
social control. Answers are likely to refer to: the lack of a sense of community,
increase in crime, breakdown in informal sanctions, etc.
(d) Some sociologists believe that the laws of society benefit all members of society
equally. Assess this view.
[8]
0–3: At this level there are likely to be a few comments made regarding the importance of
laws to protect people, but there will be no or few examples given.
4–6: At this level answers are likely to be more developed, perhaps focusing on the law’s
importance in helping to create a stable society. There are likely to be some examples
to support the ideas presented.
7–8: Answers in this band are likely to be clearly focused, providing some form of
assessment. They may focus on Marxist and/or functionalist ideas, but should include
reference to both to enter this band.
© UCLES 2010
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Section C: Social Stratification and Inequality
4
Some people may migrate to another country to live in search of a better life. Often they
form an ethnic minority in their new country and can only find low paid work.
(a) What is meant by the term migrate?
[2]
Reference should be made to people moving from one nation to another to live. 2 marks for
a full definition, 1 mark for a partial explanation.
(b) Describe two reasons why people might move to a different country.
[4]
Answers are likely to refer to: seeking work, better opportunities, fleeing poverty, persecution
etc. 2 marks for identification and explanation, 1 mark for a partial description.
(c) Explain why ethnic minorities may only be able to find low paid work.
[6]
0–3: A few limited comments are likely to be feature in answers at the lower part of the
band. Higher in the band, answers may focus on one factor, in more detail.
4–6: Answers are likely to outline a number of explanations such as: discrimination, lack of
skills and education. The wider the range of explanations the higher the answer will be
placed in the band.
(d) How far are ethnic minorities disadvantaged in societies?
[8]
0–3: At this level there are likely to be a few comments made regarding the disadvantages
faced by ethnic minorities.
4–6: At this level answers are likely to provide a more detailed description of the ways ethnic
minorities are likely to be discriminated against, but there will be no or a limited attempt
to address the ‘how far’ aspect of the question.
7–8: Answers in this band are likely to address the issues raised in the question directly.
They are likely to show examples and data to reveal disadvantages and to discuss the
opportunities minorities may have.
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5
Social class is a form of stratification found in many societies.
stratification allows some individuals to experience social mobility.
This system of
(a) What is meant by the term social mobility?
[2]
Answers should refer to the movement of individuals from one class to another usually
assisted by changes in financial circumstances or changes in their market situation. 2 marks
for a full definition, 1 mark for a partial definition.
(b) Describe two forms of stratification other than social class.
[4]
Answers should refer to: gender, ethnicity, caste etc. 2 marks for a full definition of each
form, 1 mark for a partial definition.
(c) Explain how an individual can move from one social class to another.
[6]
0–3: Answers in this band are likely to be limited in scope. There will be few specific
examples of the ways individuals can move between classes.
4–6: A range of factors are likely to be discussed. Factors such as: marriage, training and
education and good fortune are likely to feature.
(d) To what extent does social mobility exist in modern industrial societies?
[8]
0–3: At this level there are likely to be a few comments made regarding the opportunities to
move from one class to another.
4–6: At this level, answers are likely to provide a more detailed description of the way the
class structure is changing, perhaps referring to the growth of the middle class. At the
top of the band there will be some attempt to address the question.
7–8: Answers in this band are likely to address the issues raised in the question, focusing on
the limitations to social mobility as well as discussing, for example, the
embourgeoisement thesis. At the top of the band answers may introduce theoretical
material from Marxist and/or functionalist perspectives.
© UCLES 2010
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Section D: Power and Authority
6
In democracies the government gains its authority from winning an election.
(a) What is meant by the term authority?
(2)
Reference should be made to the legal right or legitimacy of an institution to exercise power.
2 marks for a full explanation, 1 mark for a partial definition.
(b) Describe two features of a democracy.
(4)
2 marks for each feature correctly identified and explained, 1 mark for identification and an
unclear or incorrect definition.
(c) Explain how governments attempt to stay in power in a democracy.
(6)
0–3: A limited description of how governments seek to remain popular will be characteristic
of answers in this band.
4–6: In this band there will be a clear attempt to answer the question with reference to a
number of factors that may include: tailoring policies to the demands of the electorate
use of the media to maintain popularity, managing the economy effectively. The
greater the number of factors discussed, the higher the mark that can be achieved.
(d) How far do governments in modern industrial societies represent the interests of all
groups in society?
(8)
0–3: Answers at this level are likely to be very narrow in focus and provide a few vague
points about the actions of government.
4–6: Answers are likely to give a more detailed description of government actions. Higher in
the band, answers may start to address the question directly.
7–8: Answers in this band are likely to provide some assessment of the question and may
discuss Marxist and pluralist theories of power.
© UCLES 2010
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7
Family background may have an important part in shaping an individual’s political views.
However, in some modern industrial societies, political participation is declining.
(a) What is meant by the term political participation?
(2)
Reference should be made to various forms of involvement in political activity such as voting
or joining political parties. 2 marks for a full explanation, 1 mark for a partial definition.
(b) Describe two factors, apart from the family, that may influence an individual’s political
views.
(4)
Answers may refer to influences such as: the media, the policies and images of parties and
the image of the party leader.
(c) Explain how news reporting may influence the way a person votes in national
elections.
(6)
0–3: Answers at this level are likely to be very narrow in focus and provide a few vague
points about how the media can be influential.
4–6: Answers are likely to give a more detailed description of media actions. Higher in the
band answers may start to address the question directly and provide examples of the
ways the media may portray parties and their policies. At the top of the band, answers
may make reference to the relationship between media ownership and political
allegiance.
(d) How far is voting behaviour influenced by an individual’s social class and family
background?
(8)
0–3: Answers at this level are likely to be very narrow in focus and provide a few vague
points about the factors that influence voting behaviour, but they are likely to be under
developed and lacking in clarity.
4–6: Answers are likely to give a more detailed description of the factors that influence
voting behaviour. Higher in the band, answers may start to address the question
directly.
7–8: Answers in this band are likely to provide some assessment of the question and will
discuss the importance of class and family background. They will also show an
awareness that class de-alignment is said to have taken place. In addition, answers
are likely also to discuss the importance of other factors.
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© UCLES 2010
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