Introduction to
Linguistics
Week 11
May 30, 2016
intro2ling/ssn/2007
1
Linguistics &
Interdisciplinary
Studies
Pragmatics
May 30, 2016
intro2ling/ssn/2007
2
Interdisciplinary studies in linguistics
• Neurolinguistics: Neurolinguistics is the study of the brain and
how it functions in the production, preception and acquistion of
language.
• Historical Linguistics: Historical linguistics is the study of
language change and the relationships of languages to each other.
• Anthropological Linguistics: Anthropological linguistics is the
study of language and culture and how they interact.
• Psycholinguistics: Studies language as a process.
Psycholinguistics is a relatively new branch of linguistics, an
outcome of two-field convergence -- philology and psychology.
• Pragmatics: Pragmatics studies meaning in context.
May 30, 2016
intro2ling/ssn/2007
3
PRAGMATICS
Studies meaning in context
the study of the use of
language in communication
particularly,
the relationships between sentences
and contexts and situations in
which they are used
May 30, 2016
intro2ling/ssn/2007
4
Review…
• Semantics → things are true by the
DEFINITIONS and RULES
• Pragmatics → things are true by
virtue of the REAL WORLD
May 30, 2016
intro2ling/ssn/2007
5
Pragmatics includes..
• How the interpretation and use of
utterances depends on knowledge
of the real world
• How speakers use and understand
speech acts
• How the structure of sentences is
influenced by the relationship
between the speaker and the
hearer
May 30, 2016
intro2ling/ssn/2007
6
Sentences vs. utterances
• Sentences 
• Utterances 
do not depend on
time+place
depend on time+place
• E.g: ‘Aku’ by Chairil Anwar (1945)
Aku bila sudah tiba waktuku
Tak Seorangpun yang merayu
Tidak juga kamu
………………….
May 30, 2016
intro2ling/ssn/2007
7
Utterances
Utterances have two menings:
- Propositional meaning (locutionary
meaning)
the basic literal meaning of the
utterance which is conveyed by a
particular words and structures which the
utterance contains
- Illocutionary meaning ( illocutionary force)
the effect of the utterance or written
text has on the reader or listener
May 30, 2016
intro2ling/ssn/2007
8
Speech Acts
An utterance as a functional
unit in communiction
(Austin)
– Locutionary act  the saying of
something which is meaningful and can
be understood
– Illocutionary act using a sentence to
perform a function
– Perlocutionary act  the effects that are
May 30, 2016
intro2ling/ssn/2007
produced by means
of saying something9
Speech acts
e.g:
“Can you close the door?”
Locutionary act :..
Illocutionary act :..
Perlocutioary act:..
Perlocutionary act  verbal and nonverbal
May 30, 2016
intro2ling/ssn/2007
10
The Cooperative Principle of
Grice
• Maxim
• Maxim
• Maxim
• Maxim
May 30, 2016
of
of
of
of
Quantity
Quality
Relation
Manner
intro2ling/ssn/2007
11
Maxims of quantity
Give the right amount of information
• Make your information as informative as is
required
• Do not make your contribution more informative
than is required
• E.g:
A: Are you Susan?
B: Yes, I’m Susana Widyastuti. I live in
Jogja and I like cooking. I am a
lecturer
anyway. …….
May 30, 2016
intro2ling/ssn/2007
12
Maxim of quality
Try to make your contribution one that is
true
• Do not say what you believe to be false
• Do not say that for which you lack
adequate evidence
• E.g:
A: You are Susan, aren’t you?
B: No, I am not, sorry
May 30, 2016
intro2ling/ssn/2007
13
Maxim of manner
Be perspicuous
• Avoid obscurity of expressions
• Avoid ambiguity
• Be brief (avoid unnecessary prolixity)
• Be orderly
• E.g: Javanese conversation??
May 30, 2016
intro2ling/ssn/2007
14
Maxim of relation
Be relevant
• E.g:
A : Do you have some sugar?
B : Last year
May 30, 2016
intro2ling/ssn/2007
15
Maxim of Relation
The hinting strategy and anticipatory illocutions
May 30, 2016
intro2ling/ssn/2007
16