Journals and Beyond
Bloomsbury
Conference
June 25-26, 2009
Carol Tenopir
University of Tennessee
ctenopir@utk.edu
web.utk.edu/~tenopir/
Communication Means
Oral
Discussions
Communication
Secondary
Publications
Carol Tenopir
Articles
Written
Reports
E-mail or
conversations
Specimens
Lab/Field
notebook
Sounds
Scientists
Working
Data or
Datasets
Photos
Publications
• Proceedings
• Blogs
Meetings
Carol Tenopir
• Podcasts
• E-prints
• Journal Articles
• Books
Direct
Observations
Specimens
E-mail or
Conversations
Data or
Datasets
Meetings
Carol Tenopir
Lab/Field
notebook
Sounds
Scientists
Working
Publications
Photos
Direct
Observations
3 Propositions
1.
2.
3.
Scholarly articles remain
essential to science
Sometimes readers only need
only a part
Sometimes readers need more
than is typically included in a
scholarly article
Carol Tenopir
Average number of articles
read per scientist
Average Article Readings per year per
University Faculty Member in the US and
Australia (n=1674)
300
271
250
200
150
172
150
100
50
0
1977
1984
*311 with outliers
Carol Tenopir
188
216
93-98
00-03
04-06*
University of Tennessee Knoxville
Article Downloads 2004 - 2008
UTK Article Downloads
ARL Supplementary Statistics
2,500,000
2,000,000
1,500,000
1,000,000
500,000
0
UTK article downloads
Carol Tenopir
FY 04-05
FY 05-06
FY 06-07
FY 07-08
1,338,639
1,481,040
1,969,350
2,037,663
Readings from the library have
greatly increased over time
Carol Tenopir
What makes a difference in
reading patterns




subject discipline
responsibilities (weighed more towards
teaching or research)
achievement (as defined by winning
awards in the last two years and aboveaverage publishing), and
age
Carol Tenopir
Differences in…







amount of reading
average time spent per reading
purpose of reading
source of reading
format of reading (electronic or print)
final form of reading (on paper or on screen)
year of publication
Carol Tenopir
Ave. readings yearly by faculty in US and
Australian Universities by academic
discipline (n=1674)
450
400
420
348
350
288
300
250
200
240
156
150
100
50
0
Med
Science
Subject Discipline
Carol Tenopir
Eng
Soc Sci
Hum
Average minutes per
reading
Ave. Minutes per reading per faculty by
academic discipline in U.S. and Australian
Universities (n=1674)
43
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
35
37
25
Med
Science
Subject Discipline
Carol Tenopir
35
Eng
Soc Sci
Hum
Younger readers prefer electronic
(faculty in U.S. and Australia, 2004-2006, n=1251)
Under 30
31-40
41-50
51-60
Over 60
Carol Tenopir
Print
Electronic
13%
31%
44%
46%
50%
87%
69%
56%
54%
50%
Library Value to Research
(comments)
“…Such access has
become an essential
research tool.”
Japanese University
“It would be impossible to
be competitive
internationally without
electronic access to
publications.” U.S.
University
Carol Tenopir
“It has helped me open or
discard lines of research at
the very beginning by
knowing what other
researchers have published
or are soon going to publish.”
Western European Institute
“Electronic access greatly
improved and simplified
work for publication,
preparation of proposals,
and research work with
students.” U.S. University
2. Sometimes readers only need only a
part
1. Journal
Issue
Carol Tenopir
2. Article Granularity
Carol Tenopir
3. Objects granularity: Extract and
index figures
Carol Tenopir
Potential Uses:
1. To find relevant articles they would
not otherwise find


“Sometimes tables, figures, maps, etc.
are ‘hidden’ in…papers.”
“…find data that may not be reflected in
the title and abstract of the article”
Carol Tenopir
Potential Uses:
2. To find things difficult to state in
words



“looking for geologic maps of a specific area”
“for a quick assessment of photographic quality
in cytogenetics research”
“when I need a specific graph, map, photograph,
or figure that would be for presentations or
teaching”
Carol Tenopir
Potential Uses:
3. To compare their work with others’



It would be useful when “writing original
manuscripts and comparing data from
other researchers to your own findings”
“seeking published data with which to
compare models”
“Knowing or suspecting that a specific
experiment has been done, I can look for
the data and compare to one I might do or
may have already done”
Carol Tenopir
Potential Uses:
4. To improve research



for “meta-analysis”
to “be inspired by how other researchers
set up figures/tables”
to “expose me to different areas in which
similar methods are used”
Carol Tenopir
Abstracts are important


Nicholas, Huntington, and Jamali “The
Use, Users, and Role of Abstracts in the
Digital Scholarly Environment” (Journal of
Academic Librarianship July 2007)
King, Tenopir, Clarke, “Measuring Total
Reading of Journal Articles,”(d-lib
October 2006)
Carol Tenopir
Type of Article Viewed (Nicholas,
Huntington, Jamali)
13%
20%
Abstract
PDF
FT&PDF
FT
AB&FT
14%
20%
Carol Tenopir
33%
Readings of Pediatrics Articles
by Pediatricians


14,700 readings of all or part of text
7,200 abstract-only readings
Carol Tenopir
3. Sometimes readers need more than is
typically included in a scholarly article
Information Professionals leading
interdisciplinary science...
DataONE
(Data Observation Network for Earth)
P.I., Bill Michener, University Libraries, Univ. New Mexico
Presenter Name
Carol Tenopir
Sustainable Digital Data Preservation
and Access Network Partners
(DataNet)


NSF Division of Cyberinfrastucture
Will create exemplar partners to address
“…one of the major challenges of this
scientific generation: how to develop the
new methods, management structures
and technologies to manage the
diversity, size, and complexity of current
and future data sets and data streams”.
Carol Tenopir
DataNet will build new types
of organizations that will…

integrate library and archival sciences,
cyberinfrastructure, computer &
information sciences, and domain
science expertise to:

Carol Tenopir
provide reliable digital preservation, access,
integration, and analysis capabilities for
science and/or engineering data over a
decades-long timeline
… engaging diverse partners.










Libraries & digital libraries
Academic institutions
Research networks
NSF- and governmentfunded synthesis &
supercomputer
centers/networks
Governmental organizations
International organizations
Data and metadata archives
Professional societies
NGOs
Commercial sector
Carol Tenopir
Interdisciplinary challenges



Environmental science challenges
Cyberinfrastructure challenges
DataONE: A solution



Building on existing CI
Creating new CI
Changing science culture and institutions
Carol Tenopir
Data loss














Carol Tenopir
Natural disaster
Facilities infrastructure failure
Storage failure
Server hardware/software failure
Application software failure
External dependencies
Format obsolescence
Legal encumbrance
Human error
Malicious attack by human or
automated agents
Loss of staffing competencies
Loss of institutional commitment
Loss of financial stability
Changes in user expectations and
requirements
Scattered data sources
“finding the needle in the haystack”

Data are massively dispersed




Carol Tenopir
Ecological field stations and research centers (100’s)
Natural history museums and biocollection facilities (100’s)
Agency data collections (100’s to 1000’s)
Individual scientists (1000’s to 10,000s to 100,000s)
Distributed framework
Coordinating
Nodes
Member Nodes
• retain complete
• diverse institutions
metadata
catalog
•• subset
of allcommunity
data
serve local
• perform basic indexing
provide network-wide
resources for
•• provide
managing their data
services
• ensure data availability
(preservation)
• provide replication
services
Flexible, scalable,
sustainable network
Organizational participation
Libraries, research networks, agencies can:
Become a Member Node in DataONE



receive data-life-cycle software and
updates
get access to training materials,
curricula, and best practices
join in establishing data preservation
and related standards
Join the DataONE International Users
Group as an institutional member



Carol Tenopir
set future directions for
cyberinfrastructure support and
education
join the software development
community
contribute curricula and training
materials
3 Propositions
1.
2.
3.
Scholarly articles remain
essential to science
Sometimes readers only need
only a part
Sometimes readers need more
than is typically included in a
scholarly article
Carol Tenopir
For more information
web.utk.edu/~tenopir/research/
ctenopir@utk.edu
Carol Tenopir