Sunday 18 /11/2012 م.م عالء الدين عباس عبد الحسن Transformation Transformation is the backbone of computer graphics, it enables us to manipulate the shape, size, and location of the object. It can be used to effect the following changes in a geometric object: Change the location Change the shape Change the size Rotate Copy Generate a surface from a line Generate a solid from a surface Animate the object Transformation Basic transformations are translation, scaling, rotation, reflection and, shearing. We look at transformations as ways of moving the points that describe one or more geometric objects to new locations. Although there are many transformations that will move a particular point to a new location, there will almost always be only a single way to transform a collection of points to new locations while preserving the spatial relationships among them. Hence, although we can find many matrices that will move one corner of our color cube from P0 to Q0, only one of them, when applied to all the vertices of the cube, will result in a displaced cube of the same size and orientation. Transformation 1. Translation Translation is an operation that displaces points by a fixed distance in a given direction. To specify a translation we need only to specify a displacement vector d, because the transformed points are given by: p2=p1+d This equation can be written is a scalar form as: x2=x1+dx and y2=y1+dy In matrix form, the translation is expressed as: Transformation The translation matrix is given by: This method of representing translation using the addition of column matrices does not combine well with our representations of other affine transformations. However, we can also get this result using the matrix multiplication: p' = TP, where 𝑥 1 0 𝑑𝑥 𝑇 = 0 1 𝑑𝑦 , 𝑃= 𝑦 1 0 0 1 Transformation And for 3D transformation we have: 𝒙 𝒚 , 𝑷= 𝒛 𝟏 We can obtain the inverse of a translation matrix either by applying an inversion algorithm or by noting that if we displace a point by the vector d, we can return to the original position by a displacement of( - d ) Transformation By either method, we find that Transformation 2. Scaling : In scaling transformation, the original coordinates of an object are multiplied by the given scale factor. There are two types of scaling transformations: uniform and non-uniform. In the uniform scaling, the coordinate values change uniformly along the x and y coordinates, whereas, in non-uniform scaling, the change is not necessarily the same in all the coordinate directions. Transformation Uniform Scaling For uniform scaling, the scaling transformation matrix is given as: a. Where s is the scaling vector. Transformation b. Non-uniform Scaling Matrix equation of a non-uniform scaling has the form : P'=SP 𝑥 𝑆𝑥 0 0 𝑥′ 𝑦′ = 0 𝑆𝑦 0 ∗ 𝑦 1 0 0 1 1 Where sx and sy are the scale factors for the x and y coordinates of the object. Transformation There is a fixed point that is unchanged by the transformation. We let the fixed point be the origin, and we show how we can concatenate transformations to obtain the transformation for an arbitrary fixed point. A scaling matrix with a fixed point of the origin allows for independent scaling along the coordinate axes. Transformation The three equations are These three equations can be combined in homogeneous form as Transformation We obtain the inverse of a scaling matrix by applying the reciprocals of the scale factors: Note : Invers of Scale is S-1 = 1 𝑆 Transformation 3. Scaling about an arbitrary point : If we want to scale an object about a fixed point we have to walk through the following algorithm : Step1 : Translate the object to the origin. Step2 : Scale the object by given Scale factor. Step3 : Translate the object back to the original position. These three steps can be combine with transformation matrix as below: Transformation 1 𝑇1 = 0 0 𝑆𝑥 𝑆2 = 0 0 1 𝑇3 = 0 0 0 −𝑑𝑥 1 −𝑑𝑦 0 1 0 0 𝑆𝑦 0 0 1 0 𝑑𝑥 1 𝑑𝑦 0 1 Transformation Exercise : give the result of the following matrices multiplication. T FixPointScale 𝑆𝑥 0 0 1 0 𝑑𝑥 1 0 = 0 1 𝑑𝑦 ∗ 0 𝑆𝑦 0 ∗ 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 −𝑑𝑥 −𝑑𝑦 1