Tables and Illustrations
Tables
2.1 Crude weights of atmospheric emissions by selected allUnion industries, 1989
31
2.2 Atmospheric pollution emissions for selected cities in 1987
33
2.3 Air pollutant emissions from stationary sources, 1987
35
2.4 Major air pollutants and cities with the highest mean annual
concentrations, 1989
37
2.5 Thirty-five cities with the worst air quality and its
derivation, 1985–1989
39
2.6 Atmospheric emissions, 1980–1990
44
3.1 Water withdrawals for the national economy in the
Soviet Union and the United States
56
3.2 Performance of wastewater treatment as reported by
republic, 1989
65
3.3 Compounds released into surface waters, 1989
66
3.4 Destination of untreated and partially treated effluent
discharges, 1990
67
3.5 Performance of water pollution control programs by
ministry at all-Union level, 1988
68
3.6 Mean annual concentration of pollutants for selected major
rivers, 1990
74
3.7 Reported noncompliance with drinking water standards in
municipal water supply systems by republic, 1988
80
ix
x
Tables and Illustrations
3.8 Volume of improperly treated and untreated wastewater
released in Lake Baikal watershed
86
4.1 Nitrate concentration of produce in Lithuania, 1987
106
4.2 Pesticide contamination of soil and produce by republic,
1989
107
5.1 Comparison of U.S. and USSR municipal solid waste
generation, disposal, and recovery, 1988
130
5.2 Generation and disposal of toxic waste by sector, 1990
131
5.3 Generation and disposal of toxic waste by type, 1990
132
6.1 Union-wide expenditures for environmental protection,
1988
169
7.1 Selected plant shutdowns for violation of environmental
protection regulations, 1989
198
Figures
2.1 Atmospheric emissions from stationary sources by republic,
1989
31
2.2 Air pollution emissions, 1980–1989
45
4.1 Trends in pesticide contamination of soil and produce,
1981–1989
110
5.1 Mean annual biological gamma radiation dosage for
Moscow at sites of above-mean background radiation
143
Maps
The former Soviet Union
1.1 Regions of environmental degradation within the former
Soviet Union
xx
8
2.1 Regions with acidic snow cover, 1988
43
3.1 Environmental degradation in the Black Sea region, late
1980s
77
3.2 Environmental degradation in Lake Baikal region, late
1980s
84
Tables and Illustrations
4.1 Agricultural regions subject to a high rate of erosion, late
1980s
4.2 Aral Sea region
xi
98
113
Photographs
Landscape of Kemerovo, center of the Kuznetsk industrial basin
in central Siberia
3
Kindergarten children in Angarsk practice donning gas masks
4
The Chernobyl No. 4 reactor smoldering shortly after it
exploded
20
Pollution from a smelter of the Norilsk Mining-Metallurgical
Combine
32
Truck driver in Moscow undergoing roadside inspection for
automobile emissions
48
Officials in Norilsk check a factory’s cooling system
73
Fishing trawlers abandoned near the former port city of Aralsk,
Kazakhstan
111
Prototype incinerator for liquid hazardous wastes in Tomsk
oblast
134
Interim landfill for solid hazardous waste in Tomsk oblast
136
Reactor No. 3 of the Order of Lenin Mining-Chemical Combine
located at Krasnoyarsk-26
146
Measuring the radioactivity of silt taken from the Yenisei River
147
Radiation meter near village of Muslyumovo along the Techa
River
148
The RT-2 plant, designed to reprocess spent nuclear fuel near
Krasnoyarsk
153
Soviet postage stamps commemorate environmental symbols
177
Citizens protesting heavy pollution in Kemerovo
196
Abandoned instrument towers at the Semipalatinsk nuclear
weapons test range
203
Bicycle race in Estonia to draw attention to pollution
209
The Nadezhda plant at the Norilsk Mining-Metallurgical
Combine
241