AN ABSTRACT OF THE THESIS OF
John H. Neumeister for the degree of Master of Science in
Crop Science presented on March 10, 1994.
Title: A Comparison of Vegetation Suppression and Sod-Seeding Methods Using
Perennial Ryegrass in the Renovation of Non-Irrigated Permanent Pastures in Western
Oregon
Redacted for Privacy
Abstract approved:
Larry B
11
Sod-seeding techniques offer graziers a convenient way to introduce superior
grass cultivars into underproductive permanent pastures. Production loss and erosion are
minimized. In conjunction with improved grazing management and fertilization,
renovation can significantly improve yield and quality of pastures. Existent vegetation
must be suppressed prior to introducing new cultivars.
This study was conducted on two non-irrigated pastures near Corvallis, Oregon,
one dominated by annual grass species and the other by perennial grasses and clover. A
split-plot design with four replications on each site was used to compare three seeding
methods and either (a) two herbicides following close mowing or (b) close mowing
alone. The seeding methods were drilling with an Aerway Seedmatic chisel-type drill,
drilling with a Tye double disc drill, or broadcasting seed followed by harrowing.
Glyphosate and paraquat were the herbicides used for vegetation suppression. Effect of
fertilization was compared to no fertilization.
Sod-seeded perennial ryegrass had minimal establishment at the site dominated by
annual grass species. An inadequate amount of time was allowed for germination of
annual grass seeds before herbicides were applied. Annual grass seedlings suppressed
the newly sod-seeded perennial ryegrass.
Sod-seeded perennial ryegrass was successfully established at the site dominated
by perennial species within one year after planting. Broadcasting followed by harrowing
of seed resulted in a higher percentage of perennial ryegrass than either the Seedmatic
chisel drill or Tye double disc drill. Sod-seeded perennial ryegrass did not contribute
significantly to yield until one year after planting. Glyphosate gave better control of the
species present before planting leading to a higher percentage of perennial ryegrass and
improved yield compared to paraquat or close mowing alone when seed was broadcast
and harrowed. Fertilization of unseeded plots increased yield but was not cost-effective.
A Comparison of Vegetation Suppression and Sod-Seeding
Methods Using Perennial Ryegrass in the Renovation of
Non-Irrigated Permanent Pastures in Western Oregon
by
John H. Neumeister
A THESIS
submitted to
Oregon State University
in partial fulfillment of
the requirements for the
degree of
Master of Science
Completed March 10, 1994
Commencement June 1994
APPROVED:
Redacted for Privacy
Associate PrOtessor of Crop and Soil Science in charge of major
Redacted for Privacy
Chairman of Department of Crop Science
Redacted for Privacy
Dean of Graduate
Date thesis presented
Typed by
March 10, 1994
John H. Neumeister
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
I thank my major professor Larry Burrill for his continuous encouragement.
participation, and support throughout this thesis project. I thank him for designing a
challenging graduate program that thoroughly prepared me for the future. I especially
appreciate his kind manner and goal-oriented approach.
I thank Dr. Arnold Appleby for serving on my graduate review committee and
particularly for setting the standard of precise and elegant scientific writing. I thank Dr.
Dave Thomas for serving on my graduate review committee and for his advice on the
planning and review of the statistical analysis for this project. I thank Dr. Frank Conklin
for serving as the graduate school representative on my graduate review committee. I
thank Dr. David Hannaway for his assistance in the field and in review of this work.
I thank James Fitzsimmons for his enthusiastic contribution to an efficient and
mutually productive work association throughout my time at Oregon State University. I
thank Chris Wiltgen of the statistics department, Enrique Roldan-Modrack, Jin Zou, and
Trevor Abbott of the Crop Science department, and Andi and Jenny Reed, Jody
Frampton, and Amity Neumeister for their assistance with data gathering and analysis.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION
ERATURE REVIEW
LITERATURE
Moisture and Temperature
Seed Environment
Fertility
Perennial Ryegrass
Vegetation Suppression with Herbicides
Glyphosate
Paraquat
Comparisons of Glyphosate and Paraquat
Meadow Foxtail
Post-Seeding Grazing Management
MA I ERIALS AND METHODS
Site Description
Experimental Design
Site Preparation
Herbicide Application
Planting
Fertilization
Yield
Near Infrared Reflectance Spectroscopy (NIRS)
Species Competition
Meteorological Data
Statistical Analysis
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Seedling Survival
Forage Yield, Spring 1992
Yield at the 35th Avenue Site, Spring 1992
Yield at the Soap Creek Site, Spring 1992
Species Composition, Fall 1992
Effects on White Clover
Yield at the 35th Avenue Site, Fall 1992
Forage Quality at the 35th Avenue Site
Forage Quality at the Soap Creek Site
1
3
3
4
5
6
6
7
9
9
10
11
11
12
12
13
13
14
14
15
15
16
17
19
19
23
27
29
29
31
32
CONCLUSIONS
33
BIBLIOGRAPHY
35
APPENDICES
39
Weather Data, Sept. 1991 to Dec. 1992, Corvallis, Oregon
I.
55
Monthly
Precipitation,
1961
to
1990,
Corvallis,
Oregon
II.
56
III. Herbicide Evaluation on December 12, 1991
57
IV. Visual Evaluation of Species Composition on June 4, 1992.
V. Species Composition on November 9, 1992 at the 35th avenue site 59
60
VI. Analysis of Variance tables
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure
1.
Page
The effect of fertilization on forage yield for individual harvests
at the 35th avenue site, Spring 1992.
21
The effect of fertilization on combined forage yield at the 35th
3.
avenue site, Spring 1992.
The effect of seeding method on forage yield for individual harvests
21
at the 35th avenue site, Spring 1992.
22
4.
The effect of herbicide on combined forage yield at the 35th avenue
22
5.
site, Spring 1992.
The effect of herbicide on forage yield for individual harvests at the
35th avenue site, Spring 1992.
23
6.
The effect of fertilization on forage yield at the Soap Creek site,
Spring 1992.
7.
The effect of seeding method on forage yield at the Soap Creek site,
Spring 1992.
8.
26
The effect of fertilization on the percentage of white clover in the sward
at the 35th avenue site, Fall 1992.
11.
26
The interaction between seeding method and herbicide on the
percentage of perennial ryegrass at the 35th avenue site, Fall 1992.
10.
25
The effect of herbicide on forage yield at the Soap Creek site,
Spring 1992.
9.
25
29
The effect of herbicide on forage yield when seed was broadcast and
then harrowed compared to unseeded plots on December 5, 1992 at
12.
the 35th avenue site.
The interaction between seeding method and herbicide on forage yield
30
at the 35th avenue site, Fall 1992.
30
MST OF TABLES
Table
Page
1.
Forage yield for five harvests at the 35th avenue site, Spring 1992.
20
2.
3.
Forage yield for two harvests at the Soap Creek site, Spring 1992.
24
Forage yield on December 4, 1992, and species composition on
November 9, 1992, at the 35th avenue site.
27
4.
Quality of forage for six harvests at the 35th avenue site in 1992.
31
5.
Weather Observations at Hyslop Exp. Station, Corvallis, Oregon,
39
6.
September, 1991.
Weather Observations at Hyslop Exp. Station, Corvallis, Oregon,
October. 1991.
40
7.
Weather Observations at Hyslop Exp. Station, Corvallis, Oregon,
November, 1991.
8.
Weather Observations at Hyslop Exp. Station, Corvallis, Oregon,
December, 1991.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
41
42
Weather Observations at Hyslop Exp. Station, Corvallis, Oregon,
January, 1992.
Weather Observations at Hyslop Exp. Station, Corvallis, Oregon,
February, 1992.
Weather Observations at Hyslop Exp. Station, Corvallis, Oregon,
March, 1992.
Weather Observations at Hyslop Exp. Station, Corvallis, Oregon,
April, 1992.
Weather Observations at Hyslop Exp. Station, Corvallis, Oregon,
May, 1992.
43
44
45
46
47
Weather Observations at Hyslop Exp. Station, Corvallis, Oregon,
June, 1992.
Weather Observations at Hyslop Exp. Station, Corvallis, Oregon,
July, 1992.
Weather Observations at Hyslop Exp. Station, Corvallis, Oregon,
August, 1992.
Weather Observations at Hyslop Exp. Station, Corvallis, Oregon,
September, 1992.
48
49
50
51
18.
Weather Observations at Hyslop Exp. Station, Corvallis, Oregon,
52
19.
October, 1992.
Weather Observations at Hyslop Exp. Station, Corvallis, Oregon,
53
20.
November, 1992.
Weather Observations at Hyslop Exp. Station, Corvallis, Oregon,
December, 1992.
54
21.
Total monthly precipitation at Hyslop Exp. Station, Corvallis, Oregon,
1961 to 1990.
55
22.
Herbicide evaluation on December 12, 1991.
56
23.
Visual evaluation of species composition at the 35th avenue site
57
26.
on June 4, 1992.
Visual evaluation of species composition at the Soap Creek site
on June 4, 1992.
Species Composition on November 9, 1992 at the 35th avenue site
Anova for dry matter yield on March 10, 1992 at the 35th avenue site.
27.
Anova for dry matter yield on April 2,1992 at the 35th avenue site.
60
28.
Anova for dry matter yield on April 28,1992 at the 35th avenue site.
61
29.
Anova for dry matter yield on May 22,1992 at the 35th avenue site.
61
30.
Anova for dry matter yield on July 5,1992 at the 35th avenue site.
62
31.
Anova for dry matter yield on December 5,1992 at the 35th avenue site. 62
32.
Anova for dry matter yield for Spring 92 harvests at the 35th avenue site. 63
33.
Anova for dry matter yield for Spring 92 harvests at the Soap Creek site. 64
34.
Anova for dry matter yield on April 14,1992 at the Soap Creek site.
65
35.
Anova for dry matter yield on May 12,1992 at the Soap Creek site.
65
36.
Anova for percent perennial ryegrass at the 35th avenue site
November 9, 1992.
66
24.
25.
58
59
60
37.
Anova for percent meadow foxtail at the 35th avenue site
66
38.
November 9, 1992.
Anova for percent white clover at the 35th avenue site
November 9, 1992.
39.
Anova for percent protein December 5, 1992 at the 35th avenue site.
67
40.
41.
42.
43.
Anova for percent ADF July 5, 1992 at the 35th avenue site.
68
Anova for percent ADF December 5, 1992 at the 35th avenue site.
68
67
Anova for percent protein for Spring 92 harvests at the 35th avenue site. 69
Anova for percent ADF for Spring 92 harvests at the 35th avenue site.
70
A COMPARISON OF VEGETATION SUPPRESSION AND SOD-SEEDING
METHODS USING PERENNIAL RYEGRASS IN THE RENOVATION OF NONIRRIGATED PERMANENT PASTURES IN WESTERN OREGON
INTRODUCTION
Forage production is an important part of agriculture in western Oregon. This
region is located west of the Cascade mountain range and has 574,800 acres in permanent
pasture (U.S. Department of Commerce, 1992). At an average yield of 4 tons/acre and
value of $30/ton, the total forage produced is worth $70,000,000.
Mild rainy winters and relatively cool dry summers provide ideal conditions for
the growth of cool-season perennial grasses and legumes. Unfortunately, many pastures
do not realize their production potential because of inappropriate grazing practices, low
fertility, and infestation with short-season grasses and broadleaf weeds. Better grazing
management, fertilization, weed control, and introduction of superior grass and legume
cultivars would improve the yield and quality of these pastures.
Until the development of equipment that was able to drill seed directly into sod,
pasture renovation required plowing, discing, and then drilling the seed into the prepared
seedbed. In most cases, an intermediate annual crop was grown before seeding to
permanent pasture (Day et al., 1983). Many pastures are still renovated in this way.
Establishment is satisfactory since competition is removed by cultivation and the seedbed
is good. But this approach has several disadvantages, including high cost, loss of
production, and increased soil erosion on sloped lands. As an alternative method, seed
can be broadcast by aircraft, but establishment percentage is low because the seed is left
exposed to unfavorable environmental conditions.
Sod-seeding (the direct drilling of seed into sod) is a less costly technique that has
the additional advantages of minimiring production loss and erosion. Sod-seeding drills
create a furrow and deposit the seed in direct contact with the soil, giving the seed a better
environment in which to germinate.
With conventional renovation, the vegetation present before renovation is
destroyed by cultivation, smothered by an intermediate grain crop, and suppressed by
fallowing. With sod-seeding, close mowing, heavy grazing, and herbicides are used to
reduce competition. Glyphosate and paraquat are registered for use in pastures in
western Oregon and are the herbicides most commonly used prior to sod-seeding.
Sod-seeding methods are used throughout the major pasture growing areas of the
world, but there has been little research done in this region. This project was conducted
to assess the efficacy of sod-seeding techniques in western Oregon.
The objectives were to:
1. Determine the most effective seeding method: chisel drill, double
disc drill, or broadcast and harrow.
2. Determine whether close mowing alone or the additional use of glyphosate or paraquat
provided the most effective vegetation suppression.
3. Determine the effects of fertilization with and without herbicides and with and without
sod-seeding.
4. Determine the effects of the above treatments on the clover population.
An Aerway Seedmatic chisel drill was chosen to represent modern drills designed
specifically for sod-seeding. A Tye double disc drill was used as an example of drills
commonly used for seeding into a cultivated seedbed and occasionally for sod-seeding.
The broadcasting and harrowing of seed is a common practice. Glyphosate and paraquat
are the two herbicides most often used for suppression of vegetation prior to renovation
of pasture. Change in clover percentage was evaluated since legume/grass balance is an
important determinate of pasture quality and fertilization need
Ellett perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) was used as the test cultivar.
Perennial ryegrass is often the sole or primary grass species selected for pasture
renovation. It is distinguished by excellent competitiveness, quick germination, and
rapid seedling growth.
Results should be applicable for pasture renovation projects involving
introduction of perennial ryegrass into weedy mixed grass/clover pastures in western
Oregon and other areas with similar environmental conditions. This study did not
evaluate the interactions of different levels of fertilization or the effects of increased
production and improved forage quality on livestock performance.
3
LITERATURE REVIEW
Soil moisture and temperature, fertility, seed environment, choice of grass and/or
legume varieties to plant, suppression of competition, and good grazing management
following establishment are important factors influencing the success of sod-seeding
permanent pastures.
Moisture and Temperature
Moisture and temperature are the primary factors determining the time of seeding.
Permanent pastures in western Oregon, traditionally, have been seeded in the fall to cool-
season grasses and legumes. The sod is plowed and disked in late spring and the fields
are periodically cultivated to kill weeds during the dry summers (Day et al., 1983).
Seeding follows the first fall rains. Unfortunately, fall rainfall is highly variable. From
1961 to 1990, the mean precipitation at Hyslop Farm near Corvallis, Oregon, was 0.87
inch in August, 1.51 inches in September, and 3.11 inches in October. In the past 10
years, the fall season has been comparatively dry until late in October, when declining
temperatures slow seedling growth. Rainfall in August and September exceeded the 30year monthly mean only twice from 1982 to 1992. Since 1985, October rainfall exceeded
the monthly mean only in 1990 and 1992 (Appendix I and H).
Seed Environment
Taylor et al., (1969) determined that placement of the seed below the soil surface
was the most consistent factor contributing to successful establishment and was more
important than planting date.
Bellotti and Blair (1989a) found that seedling emergence was affected mostly by
seed placement. When seed was drilled into cultivated ground and the seedbed firmed,
emergence percentage was high even though soil moisture was lowest of all treatments.
When seed was broadcast by aircraft, emergence percentage was low even with high soil
moisture because of high seedling mortality on the unprotected soil surface. Seedling
emergence was intermediate with direct drilling of seed (Bellotti and Blair 1989a).
Early attempts at sod-seeding were limited by a lack of equipment that ensured
good seed-soil contact. Many seedlings died after germination because the planting
grooves were shallow or poorly covered or because of competition with established
4
species. A common opinion, at that time, was expressed by Sprague et al., (1962) who
concluded that it was necessary to employ some tillage for small-seeded legumes and
grasses to obtain good seed-soil contact given the equipment available. Development of
drills designed specifically for sod-seeding proceeded in the 1960s and by the end of the
decade Decker et al., (1969) and Taylor et al., (1969) described new drills that provided
good seed-soil contact.
Kay and Owen (1970) preferred the double disc opener for sod-seeding over the
single disc or hoe opener. However, they found the double disc opener was unable to
adequately clear through litter at a density exceeding 1500 lbs/acre. Chisel coulters are
generally regarded as retaining more moisture in the furrow than either hoe or triple disc
coulters. Ritchie (1986) reported that the inverted "T" design of the Aer-Way Seedmatic
drill created a planting groove that was more tolerant of climatic and soil changes than
other shapes.
Fertility
Correction of soil fertility deficiencies is necessary for pasture renovation to
succeed. Phosphorus is important in seedling establishment. Nitrogen fertilization is
especially important if grasses are introduced (Day, et al., 1983). Ward and Blaser
(1961) reported that as nitrogen rates at planting increased, the number of established
seedlings decreased but seedling size increased. Rapid growth of introduced grass is
essential if seedlings are to compete effectively with residual perennial vegetation or
germinating annual weeds. Adding nitrogen fertilizers to grass/clover pastures may or
may not increase the percentage of grasses relative to the percentage of clover present in a
mixed sward. Robinson and Sprague (1947) reported that when frequent close grazing
or clipping was employed on irrigated pastures receiving as high as 350 lbs/acre/year of
nitrogen, the percentage of clover was not reduced. However, when three inches or
more of growth was left after clipping on pastures fertilized at the same rate but with no
irrigation, clover was nearly eliminated.
One advantage of sod-seeding is the retention of fertility near the soil surface that
would normally be turned under by cultivation. In perennial pastures, nutrients tend to
build up in the top 2 inches of the soil because of top-dressed fertilizers and the release of
nutrients from decaying plant material on the soil surface.
5
Perennial Ryegrass
The primary purpose of introducing improved grass species during renovation is
to increase pasture productivity. But productivity means more than herbage production.
It also means improved feed quality and increased production during periods of feed
shortage such as late winter or during drought (Robertson, L.N. and E.R. Thom. 1987).
In western Oregon, rising temperatures stimulate growth of pasture plants in
March or early April. Growth rates quickly accelerate. In most years, half or more of the
forage is produced from late April to mid June on non-irrigated pastures. Typically,
drought limits pasture production from early July until the fall rains begin. Some grazing
is available in the fall until forage growth is limited by cool temperatures. A relatively
cold- and drought-tolerant species such as perennial ryegrass is needed to extend pasture
productivity as long as possible (Bedell, 1986).
For these reasons, perennial ryegrass is a preferred species for improvement of
under-productive pastures in western Oregon. It is also popular in New Zealand where
perennial ryegrass is the fastest growing seedling of the major pasture grasses planted
there. Charlton et al., (1986) found that at 40 to 50 F, 75% of perennial ryegrass seeds
germinated in 13 days compared to 26 for orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.) and
prairie grass (Bromus wildenowii Kunth). In a New Zealand study, 98% of the farmers
used perennial ryegrass in a seeding mix and 93% intended to use ryegrass in the future
(Sangakkara et al., 1982).
In a recent study, perennial ryegrass was a stronger competitor than tall fescue
(Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) when sod-seeded (Bellotti and Blair 1989a). They
reported that perennial ryegrass was the best grass species to sod-seed into cloverdominated pastures to balance botanical composition and for more stable pastures with
greater drought tolerance and productivity.
Ellett perennial ryegrass is an improved variety from New Zealand that has
attracted many supporters in the Pacific Northwest, including commercial renovator John
Kaye of Modern Agriproducts who believes Ellett perennial ryegrass is "the best all
round forage grass in the world". This diploid perennial is reported to last as long as 10
years, is highly drought tolerant, possesses a profuse tillering ability, grows later in
summer than other ryegrass, and will continue to grow as long as the temperature is
above freezing (New Zealand Agriseeds).
6
Vegetation Suppression with Herbicides
Sprague et al., (1962) noted that moisture and nitrogen fertility had less effect on
seedling growth than did the degree of control of the vegetation present before
renovation. The amount of vegetation present did not affect germination and emergence.
However, measurements of seedling growth and development 10 days after planting
varied as much as 20 times depending on the amount of vegetation present before
planting. The number of grass tillers on new plants was associated with the degree of kill
of the old sod.
Bellotti and Blair (1989a) found that seeding method had no significant effect on
yield of sod-seeded perennial ryegrass and tall fescue, whereas use of herbicides
increased the survival and yield. There was an inverse relationship between the amount
of vegetation present at sowing and yield of sown grasses. In their experiment, seedling
growth was severely hampered when seeds were drilled directly into an unsprayed sod of
annual grasses and white clover. Competition from the existing plant species was intense
and occurred at an early stage in seedling development. Yield of sod-seeded perennial
ryegrass 22 months after planting was 14.3% for the no herbicide treatment and 125.2%
for the broadcast herbicide treatment compared 100% for the cultivated seedbed
treatment. They concluded that cultivation or herbicide suppression was required for
successful establishment.
In a study comparing sod-seeding to full cultivation and drilling, Koch et al.,
(1983) observed that herbicides were needed to control perennial grass weeds such as
quackgrass (Agropyron repens L.) when sod-seeding. Annual weeds were not a major
problem in sod-seeding when disturbance of the soil was minimal.
Choice of herbicide depends on the type of weeds present and the desired
botanical composition of the renovated pasture. Glyphosate and paraquat are frequently
used for vegetation suppression with pasture renovation in western Oregon.
Glyphosate
Roundup is the trade name of glyphosate manufactured by the Monsanto
corporation as a water-soluble concentrate. The active ingredient is the isopropylamine
salt of N-(phosphonomethyl) glycine that is 41.0% of the formulation or 3 lbs/gallon acid
equivalent. Glyphosate is non-selective and can be used for the control of most
herbaceous plants. It is most effective when applied to rapidly growing plants.
7
Glyphosate is readily translocated from the foliage to the roots through the phloem of the
plant and kills by interfering with the biosynthetic pathway for aromatic amino acids.
Effects generally are not visible until 7 or more days after application when the plants wilt
and become chlorotic. The plant then continues to deteriorate until the aboveground plant
parts are completely necrotic. Control of plants that are stressed by drought, temperature,
or other factors will be inadequate (Monsanto, 1988).
Independent research confirmed that glyphosate applied at 1.0 to 3.0 lbs/acre will
provide nearly complete kill of most actively-growing herbaceous perennial plants (Baird
et al., 1971, and Sprankle et al., 1974). Robertson and Thom (1987) found that some
clover survived glyphosate applied at rates up to 3.85 lbs/acre. There was good control
of most pasture plants at 5.1 to 7.7 lbs/acre. Soil-applied glyphosate is not toxic to plants
at rates as high as 60 lbs/acre (Baird et al., 1971).
Monsanto (1988) recommends broadcast spraying instead of band spraying in
pasture situations when particularly aggressive perennial species are present. Otherwise,
the grasses between bands are too competitive with the newly planted seedlings.
Kunelius et al., (1982b) compared sod-seeding with glyphosate to drilling seed
after full cultivation. Seedling development was slower in plots sod-seeded after a
broadcast application of glyphosate than after full cultivation and drilling. He speculated
that this may be due to mineralization of nitrogen from decomposing plant material in the
cultivated soil. He also found that the highest percentage of sod-seeded perennial
ryegrass seedlings was in plots treated with glyphosate. Plants in the plots treated with
glyphosate were as large as those drilled after cultivation when measured 150 days after
sod-seeding (Kunelius et al., 1982b).
Some researchers discovered negative effects of sod-seeding directly after
applications of glyphosate (Moshier and Penner. 1978; and Campbell, 1974). Moshier
and Penner (1978) noticed specifically that sod-seeded alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.)
seedlings in direct contact with glyphosate-killed vegetation were injured. These
observations led to speculation in both studies that alfalfa seedlings were absorbing
glyphosate through direct contact with decomposing plant litter on the soil surface.
Paraquat
Gramoxone Super is the trade name of paraquat manufactured by ICI Americas as
a water-soluble concentrate. The active ingredient is 1,1'-dimethy1-4,4'-bipyridinium
dichloride. This formulation is 20.4% or 1.5 lbs/gallon active ingredient. Paraquat is a
8
non-selective herbicide that does not translocate. It operates on contact with the plant by
intercepting electron flow in photosynthesis, leading to production of strong oxidizing
agents. Paraquat is recommended for use on actively growing weeds 1 to 6 inches tall.
(ICI Americas).
Paraquat has been used to kill vegetation before sod-seeding many different crops
(Triplett et al., 1975). Warboys (1966) conducted some initial work with paraquat in
pasture renovation. He discovered that after spraying a mixed pasture, the percentage of
perennial ryegrass, tall fescue, dock (Rumex crispus L.) and yarrow (Achillea lanulosa
Nutt.) increased but velvetgrass (Holcus lanatus L.) and bentgrass (Agrostis spp.)
decreased. White clover (Trifolium repens L.) was not affected. Decker et al., (1969)
and Taylor et al., (1969) successfully used paraquat for suppression of vegetation prior
to planting. Cullen (1970) reported that paraquat and close grazing with sheep assisted in
the establishment of perennial ryegrass and white clover in bentgrass-infested pastures in
New Zealand. However, Jones (1962) reported that paraquat was not effective for longterm control of bentgrass .
There are various opinions in the scientific literature about the effects of paraquat
on emerging seedlings. Baker et al., (1979) reported that there was no detrimental effect
on emergence of perennial ryegrass following band-sprayed paraquat at the time of sodseeding. Bellotti and Blair (1989b) reported that paraquat had no effect on germination
after blanket applications. Hurto and Turgeon (1979) demonstrated that paraquat residue
in bluegrass (Poa spp.) thatch inhibited perennial ryegrass establishment but glyphosate
residue in thatch did not.
Paraquat killed nearly all perennial ryegrass seedlings emerging through treated
vegetation (Faulkner 1980). He speculated that paraquat absorbed by thatch was
transferred to the seed where it then killed the germinated seedling. Appleby and
Brenchley (1968) found that paraquat at 1.0 lb/acre sprayed directly on perennial ryegrass
seeds reduced germination rates to only 4%. They also found that bluegrass seeds
covered with 0.25 inch of moist soil had a germination rate of 78% compared to 3%
when uncovered. Kay and Owen (1970) concluded that seed needed to be placed in the
soil, covered, and shielded by soil from the paraquat to have adequate germination.
Other studies compared differences between band and broadcast applications of
paraquat. Taylor et al., (1969) found that paraquat banded on sod-seeded rows of alfalfa
improved legume stands only where the grass weeds were dense. Although Kay and
Owen (1970) found it necessary to use paraquat to ensure survival of sod-seeded harding
9
grass (Phalaris tuherosa L.), in only five tests out of 16 over 5 years was broadcast
treatment superior to banding at the time of seeding.
Comparisons of Glyphosate and Paraquat
When legumes were seeded into grass sod sprayed with paraquat, the grass was
only temporarily suppressed and the result was a mixed grass/legume sward. In contrast,
glyphosate almost completely suppressed perennial grasses and resulted in pure stands of
the legume (Mueller-Warrant and Koch 1980, and Welty et al., 1981). Vogel et al.,
(1983) also investigated seeding alfalfa into grass and grass/alfalfa fields. Glyphosate
temporarily stunted but did not kill the alfalfa. At 1.5 lbs/acre, glyphosate killed or
suppressed all the grasses in a pasture being seeded to alfalfa. Sod-seeding in pure
stands of grass after application of paraquat at 0.5 lbs/acre resulted in stands of 50%
grass and 50% alfalfa. Paraquat only temporarily suppressed the grass and had minimal
effect on the alfalfa.
Leroux and Harvey (1985) applied glyphosate at 1.0 lb/acre to a weedy alfalfa
stand. Glyphosate suppressed 90% of the grasses and alfalfa. Broadcast glyphosate
produced better and more persistent stands of alfalfa than did pronamide, dalapon, or
paraquat, or banded glyphosate. When alfalfa density is 3 or more plants/ft2 in a weedy
stand they recommended use of paraquat to kill grass weeds and release the alfalfa.
Where alfalfa density is less than 3 plants/ft2, they recommended glyphosate to kill all
vegetation and replant to alfalfa..
Meadow Foxtail
Meadow foxtail (Alopecurus pratensis L.). a perennial, slightly-spreading
bunchgrass. It does well on peat soils and on heavier soils where there is high rainfall or
a high water table.
In Alberta, Canada meadow foxtail is second only to reed canarygrass (Phalaris
arundinacea L.) among the common forage grasses for tolerance to flooding. However,
it is not drought-tolerant, responding to inadequate moisture by ceasing leaf growth and
sending up multiple seed heads. Meadow foxtail is favored in some areas because of
especially early spring growth (Tingle and Van Adrichem, 1974). It is competitive,
responds well to rotational cutting or grazing, and is fairly palatable (Fairey, 1991).
Meadow foxtail usually is not planted for pasture in the Willamette valley. The seed is
10
light and fluffy making it difficult and expensive to harvest or plant. In addition, the seed
is similar in size to other commercially grown grass seed and can be a contaminant. It is
frequently found in western Oregon pastures, however, and dominated the vegetation of
the 35th avenue research site.
There is evidence that meadow foxtail has a negative effect on animal
performance. Rode (1986) found that consumption of meadow foxtail depressed weight
gain in steers compared to other forages, even after switching from meadow foxtail to
other forages. Treatments had similar levels of crude protein and digestible dry matter
intake. Apparently an "antiquality" component is present in meadow foxtail which has
not been identified.
Post-Seeding Grazing Management
Newly renovated pastures must be grazed or clipped to limit rank growth of the
existing vegetation and allow the planted seedlings access to light. Askin (1990)
recommended that grazing should not begin before newly planted perennial ryegrass is
about 4 inches tall. At this growth stage, the new seedlings should break at the base
when pulled rather than be uprooted by grazing animals. Rotational grazing will improve
forage quality in grass-dominated pastures by increasing legume production. With
adequate moisture and fertility, perennial ryegrass/white clover pasture yields are greater
when cut to a height of 1 inch than when allowed to grow to a height of 2.5 to 3 inches
(Appadurai and Holmes, 1964). Kay and Owen (1970) also noted that grazing or
mowing after sod-seeding increased establishment.
11
METHODS AND MATERIALS
Site Description
The two sites chosen for this trial were the sheep pastures west of the Oregon
State University campus along 35th avenue and the Soap Creek cattle unit located 10
miles north of Corvallis, Oregon.
The 35th avenue site is a perennial grass and clover pasture. Prior to this study.
the predominant species included 40 to 50% meadow foxtail, 5 to 15% white clover, and
20 to 30% perennial ryegrass. Also present were tall fescue, velvetgrass, bentgrass,
roughstalk bluegrass (Poa trivialis L.), dandelion (Taraxacum spp.), wild carrot
(Daucus carota L.), Canada thistle (Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop.) and other broadleaf
weeds. The soil is a deep, somewhat poorly drained Amity silty loam. According to soil
tests taken in September 1991, there were adequate levels of phosphorus and potassium.
The Soap Creek site is an annual grass and clover pasture. The predominant
species included 50 to 60% weedy annuals of the Bromus genus and rattail fescue
(Vulpia myuros L.), 10 to 20% subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.), and 5
to 15% bentgrass. Also present were tall fescue, meadow foxtail, perennial ryegrass,
and several broadleaf weeds including red sorrel (Rumex acetosella L.), dandelion, hop
clover (Trifolium dubiurn Sibth.), wild carrot, and Canada thistle. The soil is an Albiqua
silty clay loam. Clay and fine silt content is 76.3%. Soil tests in September 1991
indicated an adequate level of potassium present but phosphorus levels were low.
Experimental Design
The experimental design was a randomized split plot with four replicationsl.
This design was employed since large main plots were necessary for operation of the
commercial-size equipment used in this experiment. Equipment for the herbicide
application was more compact and could be effectively employed on smaller subplots
within main plots. Each of the five main plots was 8 by 69 feet. The main plots
consisted of three seeding methods with fertilization, a fertilized unseeded plot, and an
unfertilized unseeded plot. There were no plots that were seeded but unfertilized. The
three seeding methods were: (1) sod-seeding with an Aer-Way Seedmatic chisel drill (61 To facilitate use of this trial as a demonstration, replication #1 was arranged as a non-randomized strip
plot.
12
inch row centers), (2) sod-seeding with a Tye double disc drill (9-inch row centers), and
(3) broadcasting the seed followed by harrowing with a spike-tooth harrow. The
Seedmatic drill was developed in New Zealand by Peter Aitchison of Aitchison Industries
and is manufactured in North America by the Aer-Way company of Custer, Washington.
Main plots were further subdivided into three equal sub-plots 8 by 23 feet. The
sub-plots were three methods of vegetation suppression: (1) close mowing and
glyphosate (n-(phosphonomethyl)glycine), (2) close mowing and paraquat dichloride
(1,F- dimethyl -4,4'- bipyridinium dichloride), and (3) close mowing alone.
Site Preparation
Both sites were mowed with a flail mower on September 13, 1991 to a height of
1 inch. The 35th avenue site had been closely grazed into the summer of 1991 and the
residual vegetation was minimal. The Soap Creek site had a somewhat thicker but
uneven cover of zero to 8 inches of dried residual vegetation.
Herbicide Application
Significant rainfall did not occur until October 22. From October 22nd to the 29th
2.55 inches were recorded at the Hyslop farm outside Corvallis (Table 6). Herbicides
were applied on October 29, 1991, with a hand-carried 6-nozzle overlapping spray
boom. Pressure of 35 psi was provided by compressed CO2. Stainless steel Teejet
nozzles providing an 80° fan pattern (XR8004VS) were used. At a boom height of 18
inches, there is a 30° overlap of the fan patterns, giving a uniform distribution of the
herbicide over the plot width. Glyphosate was applied at 1.0 lb acid equivalent/acre and
paraquat was applied at 1.0 lb active ingredient/acre. A surfactant (X-77) was added to
each herbicide solution to increase retention and absorption of the chemical into the leaf,
0.5% (v/v) of the mixture for glyphosate and 0.25% (v/v) for paraquat. X-77 is a
mixture of alkylarylpolyoxyethylene glycols, free fatty acids, and isopropanol.
Temperature at the time of application was 50° F. Relative humidity was 75%. The sky
was clear and it did not rain for 6 days after application.
13
Planting
The Soap Creek site was planted on October 31,
The 35th avenue site was
sod-seeded with the Seedmatic drill and broadcast and harrowed on that day. On the
following day, the Tye drill plots were planted.
1991.
The Seedmatic drill has a chisel-type planting shoe in the shape of an inverted
"T". The planting shoes are 9 inches apart. Planting shoes are positioned about 1/2 inch
below the soil surface where they cut roots of existing vegetation and open up slits in the
shape of an inverted "V". Seeds are dropped onto an undisturbed seedbed at the bottom
of each slit and are covered by soil shaken from the sides by planting shoe vibrations.
The Tye drill is a double disc drill with a single coulter in front to slice open the
soil surface. The discs are 6 inches apart. The double discs open the slit and seeds are
dropped into the opening.
Seed were "broadcast" by raising the planting shoes of the Seedmatic drill out of
the ground to allow seeds to fall from the planting tubes onto the soil surface. A spiketooth harrow was dragged over the broadcast plots to distribute and cover the seeds. The
seeding rate for the Seedmatic and Tye plots was 20 lbs/acre and for the broadcast/harrow
plots was 40 lbs/acre.
Fertilization
Fertilizer was applied to both experimental sites on November 18, 1991.
Fertilizer (280 lbs/acre of 16-20-0-5 (44 lbs N/acre. 55 lbs P205/acre, 14 lb S/acre)) was
applied to all seeded plots and to one unseeded main plot with a Gandy drop spreader.
The initial fertilization date for 1992 was determined by using the T-sum 200 method
(Kowalenko et al., 1989). T-sum 2(X) is a base zero-growing-degree day method that is
calculated by summing the daily average of the maximum and minimum temperatures in
°Celsius beginning January 1. Daily values less than zero are ignored in the summation.
The T-sum method assumes that ideal fertilization time is at a sum of 200 which was
reached on February 2. 1992. On February 4. 1992 and October 28, 1992 an additional
60 lb/acre of urea (27 lb N/acre ) was applied to the same plots. Total nitrogen applied to
the fertilized plots was 98 lb N/acre for the experiment. The rate and timing of
fertilization was determined from standard recommendations from Oregon State
University extension service and based on random soil tests taken at a 2 inch depth and
analyzed by the Oregon State University soil testing service.
14
Yield
To simulate rotational grazing, the plots were cut to a uniform height of 2 inches
when they reached a height of 6 to 8 inches. Prior to this experiment, the sward at the
35th avenue site was far more productive than the Soap Creek site. Consequently. five
harvests were taken at the 35th avenue site from March 10, 1992 to July 5, 1992 and two
harvests were taken at the Soap Creek site on April 14, 1992 and May 12, 1992. An
additional harvest was taken at the 35th avenue site on December 5, 1992. A Swift flail-
type harvester with a 24-inch cutting width was used. A 24-inch swath was removed
from each end of the plots to eliminate border effects. The resulting swath length of
several plots selected at random were measured and the average calculated. A center
swath and a swath to the immediate left of the center were mowed and collected in the
bin, avoiding an outside 12-inch border area. The area to the immediate right of the
center swath was left for later evaluation of species composition. Following plot harvest,
the entire site was mowed at a right angle to the sampling direction to a uniform height of
2 inches.
Forage material collected in the bin was weighed in the field and a subsample
taken from each plot to be dried. Subsamples were composed of several grab samples
taken at random from different places in the forage yield sample. Subsamples were
weighed, dried at 100° F for 72 hours, and reweighed. The dry matter forage yield was
calculated from these data.
Near Infrared Reflectance Spectroscopy (NIRS)
Dried subsamples were ground to .04 inches in a Tecator Cyclotech mill.
Subsamples of the ground material were selected at random for NIRS analysis of crude
protein (CP) and acid detergent fiber (ADF).
The NIRS technology uses a scanning monochromator to measure characteristics
of the sample that can be used to predict quality attributes of the forage. Crude protein is
calculated by multiplying the estimate of nitrogen by 6.25.
ADF is used as a measure of the available energy of the feed and as an indicator
of digestibility. Chemical analysis determines ADF by measuring the amount of plant
fiber that remains after an acid detergent removes part of the digestible cell wall and cell
contents. NIRS evaluation estimates this value through reflectance characteristics of the
sample. Lower ADF indicates higher quality.
15
Species Composition
All plots at both sites were evaluated visually on December 12, 1991. Estimates
of the percent biomass reduction relative to the untreated controls were made by an
individual observer (Table 22).
After the April 28, 1992 harvest at the 35th avenue site and the May 12, 1992
harvest at the Soap Creek site, subplots were established for species composition.
Subplots measuring 18 by 24 inches were selected at random and staked out in the 24inch strip not harvested for yield. These subplots at 35th avenue were not mowed after
the subsequent harvest at that site on May 22, 1992. Vegetation at both sites was allowed
to mature to facilitate species identification. On June 4, 1992, a visual evaluation of
species composition in the subplots was conducted at the Soap Creek and 35th avenue
sites by an individual observer. The percentage of each species was estimated on a dry
matter basis with clover and broadleaf weeds given a value one half that of grass species.
The observer first estimated the percentage of clover present, then the broadleaf weeds,
noted the individual broadleaf weed species, and then estimated the percentage of grass
species present. The grass species were then identified by their inflorescence and leaf
morphology and their percentage was estimated (Table 23).
One year after planting, the percent of perennial ryegrass and the other major
species present at the 35th avenue site was determined by hand separation. On
November 9, 1992, subplots measuring 6 by 9 inches were randomly selected in the 24inch wide area reserved for species composition analysis. The areas where subplots had
been allowed to mature the previous spring were avoided. Subplots were destructively
harvested with a rice knife at the ground level and removed to the lab for separation. No
attempt was made to separate the sod-seeded perennial ryegrass from the perennial
ryegrass that may have already been present at planting.
After careful separation, each species from each plot was oven dried for 72 hours
at 100° F and weighed. Subsample weights for each plot were totaled and the relative
percentage of each species was determined on a dry matter basis (Table 24).
Meteorological Data
Meteorological data was collected at the Hyslop Experimental Station and reported
by the Oregon Climate Service of Oregon State University (Appendix I and II). Hyslop
16
Experimental Station is located 4.5 miles SE of the Soap Creek site and 6.5 miles NE of
the 35th avenue site .
Statistical Analysis
An analysis of variance was applied to each data set. The F test was used for
significance testing at P=.05. Dependent variables were analyzed according to a split-plot
design. Main effects were replication (blocking), seeding method (Seedmatic, Tye,
broadcast/harrow, unseeded, and unseeded/not fertilized), and herbicide (glyphosate,
paraquat, and no herbicide. The interaction between seeding method and herbicide was
analyzed. Fisher's protected least significant difference (PLSD) was employed to judge
several pairwise comparisons that were of interest: individual seeding methods compared
to each other and to the unseeded but fertilized check, fertilized compared to unfertilized.
and the herbicides compared to each other and to the unsprayed check.
17
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Seedling Survival
Seedling survival and growth is dependent on reduction of competition from
annual and perennial species present before renovation. In western Oregon, perennial
pasture species enter dormancy during the annual summer drought and begin rapid
growth when conditions improve. Annual species die, but a bank of seeds is poised to
germinate after the fall rains begin. Without the established root reserves of existing
perennial grasses and the slower rate of growth compared to annual seedlings, newlyplanted perennial seedlings are at a competitive disadvantage even when temperature,
moisture, and seedbed conditions are ideal. Without herbicides, the sod-seeded species
must be very aggressive to survive. Use of herbicides, properly applied, should confer
a competitive advantage to the newly-planted species. Mueller-Warrant et al., (1983)
found that glyphosate had 25 to 60% better control of perennial grasses when the grasses
were allowed to grow to a height of 5 or more inches before spraying compared to 4
inches or less. Two or more weeks of growth may be necessary for perennial grasses to
reach this height. Every grower attempting fall pasture renovation with herbicides is
faced with this dilemma. On the one hand, they face the need to delay herbicide
application long enough for adequate growth of perennial plants and for a longer time for
germination and growth of annual plants so that there is adequate leaf surface for
absorption of herbicides. On the other hand, they face the imminent onset of seasonal
low temperatures, which inhibit seedling growth of newly planted species, and wet field
conditions, which physically impair planting equipment and lead to soil compaction.
In the fall of 1991, no significant rainfall was received until October 22-29. The
2.55 inches of rain recorded (Table 6) was adequate to stimulate rapid growth in
perennial species existing in the pastures and to initiate germination of annual species.
The investigator elected to take advantage of the window of clear weather after the first
rainy period to apply herbicides and plant. Subsequently, rainy weather began again on
November 4, 1991 and continued with only minor interruption until December 14, 1991
(Tables 7 and 8).
Distinct rows of perennial ryegrass seedlings were visible in December 1991 at
the 35th avenue site. Enough vegetative growth of the predominantly perennial species
present before planting had occurred to allow the herbicides to be effective. The sodseeded perennial ryegrass had a competitive advantage.
18
Some sod-seeded perennial ryegrass germinated at the Soap Creek site, but nearly
all of the seedlings died. Insufficient time was allowed for germination and growth of
the existing annual species before the herbicides were applied. The emerging perennial
ryegrass seedlings were overwhelmed by rapidly growing annual grasses that had
germinated after application of the herbicides.
In addition, at the Soap Creek site, excessive thatch left on the soil surface after
mowing may have absorbed herbicides and killed germinating seedlings as they emerged.
Both glyphosate and paraquat inhibit survival of seedlings emerging through sprayed
plant material. About 2500 lbs/acre of thatch remained on the surface at the Soap Creek
site, while the 35th avenue site had about 1200 lbs/acre of thatch remaining after
mowing. Moshier and Penner (1978) recommended a 3-day interval between application
with glyphosate and seeding of alfalfa to avoid this effect.
Also, natural toxins released by decaying plant material possibly inhibited
seedling survival at the Soap Creek site. Patrick and Koch (1958) noted that the
decomposition of plant material killed by herbicides may have an inhibitory effect on
newly planted seedlings. Mueller-Warrant and Koch (1980) reported that allelopathic
effects of decaying quackgrass caused a reduction in numbers of alfalfa seedlings. Toai
and Linscott (1979) determined that alfalfa germination was inhibited by toxins released
from quackgrass residue. Naylor et al., (1983) reported that chemicals released by
decomposing plant material could inhibit forage seed germination.
Moisture conditions that were ideal for sod-seeding on the lighter soil at the 35th
avenue site may have been too wet for equipment on the heavier soil at the Soap Creek
site. Under these conditions, the Seedmatic drill shoes glazed the sides and bottom of the
planting furrow. Penetration of the glazed surface would be difficult for the emerging
seed radicle. In addition, the Seedmatic ripped apart and dragged clumps of sod, leaving
some furrows unprotected and covering others.
Finally, although evidence of slug predation was not observed, slugs may have
killed some seedlings, because they are common in western Oregon pastures and
conditions were favorable. Welty et al., (1981) partially blamed slug predation for
inadequate seedling establishment in their experiment. They indicated that herbicide
application as much as 28 days prior to planting would allow time for the vegetation to
die back so that sunlight could dry the furrow providing a less favorable environment for
slugs. In other research, band spraying herbicides reduced slug and insect damage.
When herbicides were broadcast before drilling, slugs and insect pests moved into the
19
rows of seedling but when herbicides were band-sprayed over the drill rows, the pests
remained in or moved into the residual vegetation between the bands (Barker 1990).
Forage Yield, Spring 1992
To simulate rotational grazing, the plots were cut to 2 inches when they reached a
height of 6 to 8 inches. There were five harvests at 35th avenue and two harvests at Soap
Creek. The winter of 1991-92 was drier and warmer than the 30-year average (Table
21). Precipitation in the spring of 1992 was highly variable and drier than the 30-year
average. In March only 1.04 inches of rainfall fell but 4.08 inches was recorded in April.
While no precipitation was recorded in May, 1.18 inches was recorded in June and again
in July. Low rainfall contributed to lower yields across all treatments in the later harvests
(Tables 11 through 15).
Yield at the 35th Avenue Site, Spring 1992 (Table 1)
At the 35th avenue site, fertilization increased mean forage yield 104%, 39%, and
10% in unseeded plots for the first, second, and third harvests compared to mean forage
yield of the unfertilized and unseeded plots (Figure 1). Mean forage yield was 19%
higher in the fertilized and unseeded plots compared to the unfertilized and unseeded plots
for combined spring harvests (Figure 2). Beneficial effects of the early fertilizer
application had disappeared by April. To maintain increased yield throughout the spring
it would have been appropriate to fertilize again at this time. Although nitrogen
fertilization is important for grass seedling development, application of fertilizer in
unseeded plots was not cost-effective. Yield increase due to fertilization was 600 lbs/acre
for the five combined spring harvests. At $0.25/1b N and $6.00/acre application, cost
was $23.75/acre. At $30/ton the forage produced was worth $9.00/acre.
The mean forage yield for combined spring harvests for the plots sod-seeded with
the Tye drill and those where seed was broadcast and harrowed did not differ from the
unseeded plots, but mean yield for plots sod-seeded with the Seedmatic drill was reduced
4% (Figure 3). The sod-seeded perennial ryegrass had not developed enough to
contribute substantially to forage yield during the spring 1992 growth period.
Mechanical destruction of the sod by the Seedmatic drill may have caused the decrease in
yield in those plots.
20
The mean forage yield for combined spring harvests in the plots treated with
paraquat was 5% higher than the unsprayed plots, but mean forage yield in the
glyphosate-treated plots was 24% lower (Figure 4). At the first harvest, mean yield was
reduced 66% in the glyphosate-treated plots and 42% in the paraquat-treated plots. For
the second, fourth, and fifth spring harvests, paraquat-treated plots had higher mean
yield, the unsprayed plots were intermediate, and the glyphosate-treated plots were
lowest (Figure 5). Glyphosate was more effective than paraquat in killing the existing
perennial species, but the growth of the sod-seeded perennial ryegrass was not adequate
to compensate for the yield reduction. In the plots treated with paraquat, the predominant
perennial species (meadow foxtail and white clover) were not killed and contributed to the
slight increase in yield compared to unsprayed plots.
Table 1. Forage yield for five harvests at the 35th avenue site, Spring 1992.
Harvest Date
March 10
April 2
Treatments
April 28
May 22
lbs dry matter/acre
July 5
Total
Seeding Method
Seedmatic
Tye
Broadcast
Unseeded
777 a
PLSD
154
757 a
736 a
742 a
818
828
886
812
ab
ab
a
b
72
979 a
987 a
1018 a
1024 a
530
606
580
588
66
35
c
b
a
a
373
432
434
438
b
a
a
a
58
3477 b
3610 a
3654 a
3604 a
106
Unseeded Plots
Fertilized
Unfertilized
742 a
363 b
PLSD
154
812 a
582 b
72
1024 a
927 b
66
588 b
638 a
35
438 b
514 a
58
3604 a
3025 b
106
Herbicide
Glyphosate
Paraquat
No Herbicide
357 c
610 b
1058 a
618 c
901 a
837 b
1037 a
1046 a
877 b
463 c
750 a
552 b
361
b
569 a
384 b
2836 c
3876 a
3709 b
PLSD
105
54
69
46
46
107
t All seeded treatments were fertilized.
Means followed by the same letter within columns and headings do not differ (P3.05) according to the
PLSD multiple range test.
21
Figure 1. The effect of fertilization on forage yield for individual harvests at the 35th
avenue site, Spring 1992.
1200
El Fertilized
a
4.)
1000
ES] Unfertilized
a
800 a
E
a
600
a
400
_ 200
0
6A,
March
10
A
April
2
A, A
A
April
28
Harvest Dates
May
22
July
5
Figure 2. The effect of fertilization on combined forage yield at the 35th avenue site,
Spring 1992.
4000
a
3500
EL-.'
b
3000
2500
2000
1500
1000
500
0
.........
Fertilized
Unfertilized
'treatment
22
Figure 3. The effect of seeding method on forage yield for individual harvests at the 35th
avenue site, Spring 1992.
Seedmatic
Tye
El Broadcast E3 Unseeded
1200
t 1000
cd"
800
600
400
200
0
March
10
April
2
April
28
Harvest Date
May
22
July
5
Figure 4. The effect of herbicide on combined forage yield at the 35th avenue site, Spring
1992.
a
4000 _
3500
3000
2500
2000
1500
1000
500
0
ti
Glyphosate
ti
Paraquat
ti
No
Herbicide
Treatment
23
Several studies showed that herbicide use before sod-seeding reduced forage
yield in the first and even the second year after application. Kunelius et al., (1982b)
found that a broadcast application of paraquat reduced forage yield by 33% and
glyphosate 41% compared to untreated pasture during the first year after sod-seeding red
clover (Trifolium pratense L.) and perennial ryegrass. Leroux and Harvey (1985) had
reduced seasonal yield in herbicide-treated plots for the first 2 years of their trial on sodseeded alfalfa as did Kunelius et al., (1982a).
Figure 5. The effect of herbicide on forage yield for individual harvests at the 35th
avenue site, Spring 1992.
E2 Glyphosate
1200
a
m Paraquat
a
12 No Herbicide
a
1000
17.
a.)
a
800 --
a
600
-o
400 200
0
March
10
April
2
April
28
Harvest Date
May
22
July
5
Yield at the Soap Creek Site, Spring 1992 (Table 2)
Fertilization of unseeded plots at Soap Creek increased mean forage yield for
combined harvests 104% compared to unfertilized and unseeded plots. Fertilization more
than tripled mean forage yield in fertilized but unseeded plots for the first harvest on April
14, 1992 compared to unfertilized and unseeded plots but only increased mean forage
yield 37% for the second harvest on May 12, 1992 (Figure 6). At this site, as well as
24
35th avenue, a second application of fertilizer in April would have maintained increased
yield. Once again, however, the value of the increased forage ($16.50) was less than the
cost of the fertilizer applied.
Mean forage yield for combined spring harvests for the plots sod-seeded with the
Tye drill and those broadcast with seed and harrowed did not differ from the unseeded
plots. Mean forage yield for the plots sod-seeded with the Seedmatic drill was reduced
12% because of physical damage to the sward noted earlier (Figure 7).
Plots not treated with herbicides had the highest mean forage yield (Figure 8).
Mean forage yield in plots treated with glyphosate was reduced 27% and with paraquat
34%. Without survival of the sod-seeded perennial ryegrass, treatment effects were
limited to the effects of herbicides on the sward existing prior to sod-seeding.
Table 2. Forage yield for two harvests at the Soap Creek site, Spring 1992.
Harvest Date
April 14
Treatments
May 12
Total
lbs dry matter/acre
Seeding Methodt
Seedmatic
Tye
Broadcast
Unseeded
PLSD
1043
1228
1306
1273
bt.
a
a
a
199
864
855
924
884
a
a
a
a
188
1907
2083
2230
2157
b
ab
a
a
215
Unseeded Plots
Fertilized
Unfertilized
PLSD
1273 a
413 b
199
884 a
644 b
188
2157 a
1057 b
215
Herbicide
Glyphosate
Paraquat
No Herbicide
951
b
788 c
1419 a
786 b
772 b
944 a
1737 b
1560 c
2364 a
PLSD
128
110
197
t All seeded treatments were fertilized.
t Means followed by the same letter within columns and headings do not differ (P.05) according to the
PLSD multiple range test.
25
Figure 6. The effect of fertilization on forage yield at the Soap Creek site, Spring 1992.
2500_
May 12
a
cy4 2000
E2 April 14
1500
h
1000
500
0
Fertilized
Unfertilized
Treatment
Figure 7. The effect of seeding method on forage yield at the Soap Creek site, Spring
1992.
El April 14
2500
ab
Ee 2000 _
May 12
a
a
b
1500
1000
73"
500
0
Seedmatic
Tye
Broadcast
Treatment
Unseeded
26
Figure 8. The effect of herbicide on forage yield at the Soap Creek site, Spring 1992
2500
a
El April 14 D May 12
Qd 2000
h
c.)
C
w 1500
1000
oo
0
Glyphosate
Paraquat
No
Herbicide
Treatment
Figure 9. The interaction between seeding method and herbicide on the percentage of
perennial ryegrass at the 35th avenue site, Fall 1992
IL31
80
Seedmatic
70
60
Tye
Broadcast
50
7-;
40
a.,
30
c
:-
4.
o
Unseeded
20
10
0
Glyphosate
Paraquat
Treatment
No
Herbicide
27
Species Composition, Fall 1992 (Table 3)
One year after planting, the proportion of perennial ryegrass and the other major
species present at the 35th Avenue site was determined by hand separation of the species
in subplots. High variability between subsamples created some analytic problems.
Larger and/or more subsamples would have given more accurate and representative
results. Data reported for evaluation are untransformed and the outliers are included
(Table 3).
Table 3. Forage yield on December 5, 1992, and species composition on November 9,
1992, at the 35th avenue site
Yield
Treatments
Seedmatic-Fertilized
Glyphosate
Paraquat
No Herbicide
Tye-Fertilized
Glyphosate
Paraquat
No Herbicide
Meadow
Foxtail
lbs dry
matter/acre
White
Clover
Other
%
368
452
324
47
47
28
26
37
15
11
12
5
32
7
33
491
38
41
17
9
59
62
6
22
24
15
363
319
74
46
24
8
14
10
29
39
22
15
31
19
17
59
44
24
15
11
17
32
24
Broadcast/Harrow-Fertilized
Glyphosate
612
Paraquat
500
No Herbicide 339
Unseeded-Fertilized
Glyphosate
Paraquat
No Herbicide
Perennial
Ryegrass
331
321
33
2
297
28
Unseeded-Unfertilized
Glyphosate
129
Paraquat
186
No Herbicide
173
9
3
6
8
35
43
44
2
5
11
41
13
27
23
The highest percentage of perennial ryegrass was found in the plots broadcast
seeded and harrowed following application of glyphosate (Figure 9). When herbicides
were not used the percentage of perennial ryegrass did not vary between broadcast and
28
harrowed, Seedmatic, or unseeded treatments. Broadcasting of seed following an
application of paraquat did not result in a greater percentage of perennial ryegrass than
sod-seeding with the Seedmatic drill but did improve the percentage of perennial ryegrass
compared to sod-seeding with the Tye drill or not seeding at all. Plots sod-seeded with
the Seedmatic drill following either glyphosate or paraquat application and plots where
seed was broadcast following paraquat application had a mean percentage of perennial
ryegrass of just under 50%.
The germination rate of seeds is improved by protection from temperature
extremes and drying by a light covering of soil, and drill equipment is designed to create
this environment. Broadcasting seed on the soil surface leaves seed exposed to the
possibility of unfavorable environmental conditions. Consequently, broadcast seeding
rates are usually increased to compensate for inferior placement of seed (Day et al.,
1983). Bellotti and Blair (1989a) noted a shift in the dominant factor in their trial from
herbicide effects to amount of seed sown. Sown grasses dominated (69-94%) high
yielding plots at 22 months. By 27 months, highest yield was associated with highest
amount of sown grasses.
In this experiment, temperature and moisture conditions at the time of planting
were ideal for seed germination. For several weeks after sod-seeding, unusually warm
temperatures and uniformly overcast and rainy weather provided good conditions for
seedling growth. As a result, survival was high, and given the wider distribution of the
numerous seedlings, the intraspecies competition between the sod-seeded perennial
ryegrass seedlings was reduced. Glyphosate was more effective in removing competition
from species existing prior to sod-seeding than paraquat because the 35th avenue site was
dominated by perennial species.
Plots sod-seeded with the Seedmatic drill had a higher percentage of perennial
ryegrass than did plots sod-seeded with the Tye drill for each herbicide treatment. This
gives evidence that the design of the Seedmatic drill shoe provides an improved planting
furrow to that of the Tye drill under ideal soil moisture and texture conditions such as
those at the 35th avenue site on the day of planting.
Two apparent anomalies were present in these data, the unexpectedly high
percentage of perennial ryegrass in the unseeded plots not treated with herbicides and the
plots sod-seeded with the Seedmatic drill following an application of glyphosate.
Although there is no clear explanation, the small sample size may have led to random
selection of unrepresentative subplots.
29
Effects on White Clover
Nitrogen fertilization conferred a competitive advantage to perennial ryegrass.
meadow foxtail, and other grasses present, reducing the percentage of white clover from
33.2% to 18.0% in unseeded plots (Figure 10). The percentage of white clover did not
differ between herbicides or seeding methods.
Figure 10. The effect of fertilization on the percentage of white clover in the sward at the
35th avenue site, Fall 1992
35
30
25
201510-
50
Fertilizer
No
Fertilizer
Treatment
Yield at the 35th Avenue Site, Fall 1992 (Table 3)
One harvest was taken at the 35th avenue site on December 5, 1992 to evaluate
forage yield for the period after summer drought and before cool winter weather limited
growth. For all treatments, mean forage yield was highest where seed was broadcast and
then harrowed following a pre-plant application with glyphosate. Mean yield was 85%
higher than mean yield in unseeded plots treated with glyphosate. Broadcast and
harrowed plots treated with paraquat had 56% higher mean forage yield than unseeded
plots treated with paraquat. Unsprayed broadcast/harrow plots had only an 11% higher
mean yield than unseeded unsprayed plots (Figure 11). Mean forage yield for the Tye
and Seedmatic sod-seeded plots without herbicide differed little from the unseeded,
unsprayed plots. Yield results were associated with the percentage of perennial ryegrass
30
Figure 11. The effect of herbicide on forage yield when seed was broadcast and then
harrowed compared to unseeded plots on December 5, 1992 at the 35th avenue site.
700
600
500
400
El BroadcastlHarrow
a
El Not Seeded
a
b
a
b
a
E 300
Pr/V
-15 200
100
0
Glyphosate
Paraquat
No
Herbicide
Treatment
Figure 12. The interaction between seeding method and herbicide on forage yield at the
35th avenue site, Fall 1992
650
Seedmatic
600
Tye
550
Broadcast
o
500
Unseeded
450
400
350
300 -1
Glyphosate
o
Paraquat
Treatment
JI=6
No
Herbicide
31
present (Figures 9 and 12) indicating that one year after planting, the sod-seeded
perennial ryegrass was now well-established and substantially contributing to yield
differences.
Table 4. Quality of Forage for six harvests at the 35th Avenue Site in 1992
Protein
Total Spring
ADF
Dec. 5
Total Springt.
July 5
Dec. 5
Treatments
Seeding Method
Seedmatic
Tye
Broadcast
Unseeded
PLSD
21.7
21.9
21.8
22.4
at
a
a
a
0.7
25.0
25.1
25.4
25.4
a
a
a
a
0.7
28.5 a
28.5 a
28.4 a
28.3 a
33.9 a
33.4 a
33.4 a
33.6 a
17.0 a
16.2 a
17.2 a
16.6 a
0.7
0.8
1.0
28.3 a
28.2 a
33.6 a
32.7 b
16.6 b
17.9 a
0.7
0.8
1.0
28.5 a
28.2 a
28.5 a
33.8 a
32.5 b
33.9 a
17.9 a
16.5 b
16.5 b
0.6
0.7
0.8
Unseeded Plots
Fertilized
Unfertilized
PLSD
22.4 a
22.3 a
0.7
25.4 a
23.9 b
0.7
Herbicide
Glyphosate
Paraquat
No Herbicide
PLSD
21.4 b
22.7 a
22.0 ab
0.9
24.7 a
25.1 a
24.9 a
0.5
t Means followed by the same letter within columns and headings do not differ (P=0.05) according to the
PLSD multiple range test.
T. Includes July 5, 1992 harvest.
Forage Quality at the 35th Avenue Site
Subsamples from each plot at each harvest were analyzed by NIRS procedure.
The percentage of protein and AM' did not differ between the seeding methods and the
unseeded plots at any of the harvests at the 35th avenue (Table 4). For the spring
32
harvests, fertilized and unfertilized plots did not differ in percent protein and ADF except
for July 5, 1992 when fertilized plots had 0.9% higher ADF than the unfertilized. The
mean percentage of meadow foxtail was 60% in the unseeded but fertilized plots and 48%
in the unseeded and unfertilized plots in the spring of 1992 (Table 23). Meadow foxtail
sets seed early and becomes less palatable and nutritious, especially in a dry spring such
as 1992. As was noted earlier, the effects of fertilization had disappeared by April 1992.
The higher percentage of meadow foxtail likely resulted in increased ADF levels.
On December 5, 1992, fertilized plots had 1.5% higher protein and 1.3% lower
ADF than unfertilized plots.
Plots treated with paraquat had 1.3% higher protein levels than those treated with
glyphosate in Spring 1992. Plots treated with paraquat had 1.4 and 1.5% lower ADF
than either glyphosate-treated plots or plots not treated with herbicides, respectively, on
July 5, 1992. Paraquat-treated plots were higher in the percentage of white clover in
Spring 1992 (Table 23), resulting in a higher quality forage. On December 5, 1992, the
percentage of protein did not differ but ADF was 1.4% higher in glyphosate-treated plots
than in those treated with paraquat or not treated with herbicide.
Forage Quality at the Soap Creek Site
As a result of high variability and the failure of perennial ryegrass to establish, the
percentage of protein or ADF did not differ among any of the treatments at either harvest.
33
CONCLUSIONS
Sod-seeding can be an effective method of pasture renovation if certain conditions
are met. The microclimate of the seed is a critical factor. Adequate moisture and
temperature, and good seed-soil contact are essential. Drill equipment such as the
Aerway Seedmatic and the Tye double disc drills are designed to create a suitable seedbed
and place the seed in it. Under the conditions of this experiment, the Seedmatic drill
increased the percentage of perennial ryegrass while the Tye drill did not. When moisture
and temperature are limiting factors in seedling survival, the Seedmatic would be a good
choice. When environmental conditions are good, such as the month following sod-
seeding in this study, broadcasting seed on the soil surface followed by harrowing may
result in satisfactory seedling survival and establishment. However, newly sod-seeded
species will take at least one year to establish and begin to contribute significantly to
improvement in yield or quality.
For effective herbicide action and subsequent establishment, removing the dead
plant material from the soil surface before application of herbicides is necessary. Mob
stocking with livestock is an effective strategy to accomplish this requirement..
Use of herbicides to suppress vegetation present before renovation will lead to
improved establishment of sod-seeded grasses. Close mowing alone does not reduce
competition enough for sod-seeded species to establish. When selecting an herbicide, the
management goal of the renovation project must be clearly understood and the herbicide
properly applied.
Glyphosate is a good choice to use when introducing high-yielding grass species
supported by nitrogen fertilization into pastures dominated by undesirable perennial
species. Clovers and perennial grasses will be suppressed. Vegetation present before
sod-seeding must be allowed to grow until adequate leaf surface is available for
absorption and translocation of the herbicide.
Paraquat can be used effectively to suppress annual weeds, but is less effective
than glyphosate on perennials. If a balance of clover and the sod-seeded grass species is
desired and undesirable perennial grass weeds are not present, paraquat is a good choice.
Seed of annual species must have time to germinate and the seedlings allowed to grow
enough for absorption of the herbicide.
Fertilization increased yield in unseeded plots at both sites but the value of the
additional forage produced was less than the inputs in all cases. Graziers contemplating
renovation of weedy, underproductive pastures should look at (a) adjustment of grazing
34
intervals to promote maximum light interception, tillering, forage quality and utilization.
and (b) correction of fertility and weed problems if cost-effective. Only when these
criteria are improved should graziers (c) consider the introduction of aggressive cultivars
to improve the production, quality, or palatability of the pasture or to extend the grazing
season.
In western Oregon, usually there is not enough time in the fall between the first rains
and the onset of cold weather for renovation with herbicides to succeed on non-irrigated
pasture. Future research should examine spring renovation and examine the long-term
cost-effectiveness of renovation with sod-seeding versus other methods in western
Oregon.
35
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defoliation, and moisture on the growth and productivity of a ryegrass-white
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Askin, D.C. 1990. Pasture establishment. p. 132-156 In R.H.M. Langer (ed). Pastures,
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Campbell, M.H. 1974. Effects of glyphosate on the germination and establishment of
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Ext. Cir. 1157. Oregon State Extension Service, Corvallis, Oregon.
36
Decker, A.M., H.J. Retzer, M.L. Sarna, and H.D. Kerr. 1969. Permanent pastures
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Faulkner, J.S. 1980. The effects of paraquat and glyphosate residues in sprayed herbage
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Hurto, K.A. and A.J. Turgeon. 1979. Effect of thatch on residual activity of nonselective
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Jones L. 1962. Herbicides to aid pasture renovation. J. of Br. Grassl. Soc. 17:85-86.
Kay, B. L. and R. E. Owen, 1970. Paraquat for range seeding in cismontane California.
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37
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38
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APPENDICES
39
Appendix I Weather Data, Sept. 1991 to Dec. 1992, Corvallis, Oregon.
Table 5.
Weather Observations at Hyslop Exp. Station,
Corvallis. Oregon, September, 1991.
Air Temp. (F)
Degree days * Growing Wind Surface
42 inch Precip. Snowfall (Base 65°F) Deg. Days Run Temp (F)
Day Max Min
(in.)
(in.)
Heating Cooling (at 50°F) (miles) Max Min
66
49
.19
8
0
8
24
68 48
2
74
51
3
0
13
54
78 50
3
80
56
0
3
18
114
83 54
4
90
52
0
6
21
74
93 51
5
91
57
0
9
24
63
94 53
6
93
51
0
7
22
69
95 49
7
87
57
0
7
22
54
88 58
8
68
46
8
0
7
27
71
44
9
71
51
4
0
11
78
76 50
10
81
51
0
16
114
84 48
11
83
45
1
0
14
36
88 43
1
1
12
13
80
45
3
0
81
51
0
1
14
15
16
17
18
19
76
44
50
52
20
21
22
23
24
25
75
86
89
93
91
90
73
74
83
83
94
93
26
27
81
28
72
29
73
30
77
Total
Mean 81.6
Dep.** +6.1
T
24
22
3
18
81
10
4
0
0
6
60
11
131
0
4
6
7
19
21
116
168
22
91
5
20
32
24
29
74
64
5
3
0
0
0
0
0
53
54
53
45
38
48
54
58
50
46
49
50
49
48
0
0
0
0
4
4
-1.32
0
0
0
4
16
10
13
19
21
0
15
0
11
11
57
0
0
83
476
2
3
16
3
0.19
50.1
+2.3
6
9
7
25
24
74
93
107
60
74
80
13
-72
13
85
85
82
79
89
92
97
95
94
78
79
87
85
97
97
86
77
73
80
43
51
43
49
50
52
52
51
44
36
51
53
58
48
45
48
48
50
47
85.2 48.9
126
* Degree day calculations differ slightly from NCDC George H. Taylor
estimates, which would total:
Oregon Climate Service
HDD:
54
CDD:
80
Oregon State University
** Departures from 1961-90 normals
40
Table 6.
Weather Observations at Hyslop Exp. Station,
Corvallis, Oregon, October, 1991.
Air Temp. (F)
Degree days * Growing Wind Surface
42 inch Precip. Snowfall (Base 65°F) Deg. Days Run Temp (F)
Day Max Min
(in.)
(in.)
Heating Cooling (at 50°F) (miles) Max Min
47
1
86
0
2
17
30
90 46
2
81
55
0
3
18
85
85 49
3
76
45
5
0
11
72
81
43
4
74
51
3
0
13
130
77 48
5
42
80
4
0
11
128
83 38
41
6
82
4
12
0
30
86 39
7
70
47
26
7
0
9
75 48
8
71
39
10
0
5
32
76 37
9
76
39
8
0
8
35
80 38
10
80
39
6
0
10
59
83 36
11
85
39
3
0
12
30
87 38
12
85
43
1
0
14
26
89 43
13
75
46
5
0
11
80
80 45
14
77
41
6
0
103
9
79 38
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
82
86
63
62
67
73
74
63
53
56
53
51
52
54
47
49
49
Total
Mean 68.8
Dep. +4.5
38
5
41
35
16
2
36
37
40
44
35
39
42
45
45
40
35
38
32
29
16
13
.01
.42
.30
.55
.92
.09
.04
.22
2.55
40.8
-0.9
9
6
16
-.56
19
16
16
17
19
21
0
23
25
26
321
0
0
0
10
14
19
86
49
0
51
0
0
0
77
45
76
36
47
90
66
66
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
5
10
0
-46
5
2
7
9
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
197
6
47
41
66
44
64
37
26
64
107
48
71
76
78
65
56
59
54
53
54
58
48
53
52
35
41
34
37
35
35
42
32
37
43
45
45
38
33
37
31
28
72.1 39.2
* Degree day calculations differ slightly from NCDC George H. Taylor
estimates, which would total:
Oregon Climate Service
HDD:
315
CDD:
4
Oregon State University
** Departures from 1961-90 normals
41
Table 7.
Weather Observations at Hyslop Exp. Station.
Corvallis, Oregon, November, 1991.
Air Temp. (F)
Degree days * Growing Wind Surface
42 inch Precip. Snowfall (Base 65°F) Deg. Days Run Temp (F)
Day Max Min
(in.)
(in.)
Heating Cooling (at 50°F) (miles) Max Min
1
54
33
22
0
0
13
58 34
2
48
40
21
0
0
132
50 39
3
53
38
20
0
119
0
56 38
4
50
40
.04
20
0
0
15
52 41
5
57
47
.74
13
0
2
89
58 46
6
62
50
.17
9
0
6
59
62 50
7
56
50
.07
12
0
3
58
56 50
8
57
52
.01
11
0
5
16
57 52
9
60
46
.06
12
0
3
16
60 46
10
55
46
.01
15
0
1
22
55 45
11
54
48
T
14
0
1
28
56 48
12
63
52
.08
8
0
8
45
64 52
13
60
44
.17
13
0
2
37
60 43
14
56
37
.12
19
0
0
36
58 36
15
52
34
.01
22
0
0
33
56 33
16
45
37
.04
24
0
0
34
49 37
17
54
43
.78
17
0
0
90
52 43
18
53
43
.38
17
0
0
65
56 40
19
55
44
.17
16
0
0
75
57 44
20
54
46
0.55
15
0
0
72
53 45
21
54
39
.34
19
0
0
42
55 38
22
51
31
.02
24
0
0
30
55 31
23
40
33
T
29
0
0
42
42 34
24
48
37
.41
23
0
0
35
48 37
25
55
47
.40
14
0
1
79
55 47
26
57
46
.33
14
0
2
34
58 46
27
54
37
.22
20
0
0
33
54 35
28
50
37
22
0
0
16
54 36
29
49
32
.01
25
0
0
64
50 31
30
47
26
29
0
0
35
50 26
Total
0
5.13
531
0
32
Mean 53.4 41.2
18
0
1
54.9 40.8
Dep. +1.2 +3.2 -1.69
-65
0
+16
* Degree day calculations differ slightly from NCDC George H. Taylor
estimates, which would total:
Oregon Climate Service
HDD:
523
CDD:
0
Oregon State University
** Departures from 1961-90 normals
42
Table 8.
Weather Observations at Hyslop Exp. Station,
Corvallis, Oregon, December, 1991.
Air Temp. (F)
Degree days * Growing Wind Surface
42 inch Precip. Snowfall (Base 65°F) Deg. Days, Run Temp (F)
Day Max Min (in.)
(in.)
Heating Cooling (at 50°F) (miles) Max Min
1
44
32
T
27
0
0
37
45 32
2
50
40
.06
20
0
0
45
50 39
3
53
35
T
21
0
0
12
55 34
4
45
.12
39
23
0
0
43
46 39
5
51
43
.23
18
0
0
56
51
43
6
52
48
.80
15
0
0
132
51
48
7
53
40
.57
19
0
0
50
52 38
8
52
40
.06
19
0
0
50
52 39
9
52
36
.01
21
0
0
38
54 35
10
48
32
.06
25
0
0
52
49 31
11
41
31
.02
29
0
0
49
44 31
12
50
40
.28
20
0
0
80
50 40
13
52
30
.02
24
0
0
45
51
29
14
42
30
.02
29
0
0
44
44 31
15
40
31
30
0
0
23
43 32
16
37
29
32
0
0
28
41
30
17
37
29
32
0
0
30
41
30
18
38
29
.26
32
0
0
28
40 30
19
44
33
.51
27
0
0
39
44 32
20
48
32
.01
25
0
0
32
50 32
21
40
32
.56
29
0
0
30
41
32
22
45
39
.54
23
0
0
27
45 39
23
47
41
T
21
0
0
25
49 42
1...._
1
24
47
40
.01
0
0
18
49 40
-,2
25
47
39
.03
0
0
19
48 37
26
45
39
23
0
0
22
46 38
-y
27
47
39
.04
22
___
0
0
75
46 39
-,-,
28
49
38
.02
......
0
0
50
50 37
29
47
40
.15
22
0
0
38
48 40
30
45
39
.01
23
0
0
37
46 37
--,5
31
46
34
T
0
0
21
49 34
Total
739
4.39
0
0
0
Mean 46.3 36.1
24
0
0
47.4 35.8
Dep. +0.7 +2.2 -3.34
-39
0
-4
* Degree day calculations differ slightly from NCDC George H. Taylor
estimates, which would total:
Oregon Climate Service
HDD:
735
CDD:
0
Oregon State University
** Departures from 1961-90 normals
43
Table 9.
Weather Observations at Hyslop Exp. Station,
Corvallis, Oregon, January, 1992.
Air Temp. (F)
Degree days * Growing Wind Surface
42 inch Precip (Base 65°F) Deg. Days Run Temp (F)
Day Max Min (in.) Heating Cooling (at 50°F) (miles) Max Min
43
37
25
0
0
29
44 37
2
46
36
.19
24
0
0
51
46 37
3
50
42
.08
19
0
0
51
42
59
4
49
39
.73
21
0
0
49 38
98
5
49
39
.09
21
0
0
105
52 38
6
46
39
23
0
0
59
48 39
7
46
34
25
0
0
47
48 33
8
45
28
29
0
0
34
48 28
9
42
31
29
0
0
13
46 30
10
43
31
.10
28
0
0
43 31
19
11
50
37
.47
22
0
0
54
51
37
12
49
31
.04
25
0
0
25
51 31
13
39
32
.02
30
0
0
20
40 33
14
46
38
.01
23
0
0
17
47 38
15
51
40
T
20
0
0
31
54 41
16
50
42
.11
19
0
0
51
42
50
17
52
37
.24
21
0
0
52 35
91
48
18
33
25
0
0
99
50 31
19
50
26
27
0
0
41
52 25
20
42
25
32
0
0
45 26
9
21
44
25
.07
31
0
45 27
0
18
22
52
38
20
0
0
18
55 37
23
52
39
20
0
0
54 39
63
24
55
48
.21
14
0
2
103
55 48
25
54
40
.32
18
0
0
46
55 38
26
56
36
.15
19
0
0
57 35
37
27
52
40
.32
19
0
0
52 40
35
28
55
47
.85
14
0
1
109
55 46
29
57
48
.31
13
0
3
59 47
62
30
60
48
.02
11
4
0
60 47
23
31
60
46
.19
12
0
3
27
55 46
Total
4.52
673
0
12
Mean 49.5 37.2
21.7
0
0
48 50.6 36.8
Dep. + 4.0 + 4.2 -2.30 -126
0
+9
1
* Degree day calculations differ slightly from NCDC
estimates, which would total:
George H. Taylor
HDD: 666
CDD:
0
Oregon Climate Service
** Departures from 1961-90 normals
Oregon State University
44
Table 10.
Weather Observations at Hyslop Exp. Station,
Corvallis, Oregon, February, 1992.
Air Temp. (F)
Degree days '5 Growing Wind Surface
42 inch Precip (Base 65°F) Deg. Days Run Temp (F)
Day Max Min (in.) Heating Cooling (at 50°F) (miles) Max Min
1
55
45
.20
15
0
0
84
54 44
2
54
39
.03
19
0
0
42
55 37
3
60
35
T
18
0
0
22
61
33
4
55
30
23
0
0
35
56 28
5
58
29
22
0
0
33
59 29
6
53
27
25
0
0
18
55 28
7
49
30
.01
26
0
0
22
48 29
8
51
30
.01
25
0
0
11
53 29
9
45
32
.25
27
0
0
39
45 32
10
54
38
19
0
0
76
55 37
11
57
38
T
18
0
0
38
59 38
12
52
44
.07
17
0
0
68
53 43
13
64
44
.37
11
4
0
30
66 44
14
56
39
.01
18
0
0
35
58 38
15
52
30
24
0
0
38
53 29
16
55
33
.01
21
0
0
48
59 34
17
50
41
.01
20
0
0
40
53 42
18
52
43
.39
18
0
0
95
53 42
19
52
43
.88
18
0
0
97
53 43
20
52
43
1.26
18
0
0
99
52 43
21
52
44
.52
17
0
0
73
52 43
22
60
48
.44
11
4
0
99
60 47
23
58
39
.08
17
0
0
32
60 37
24
56
44
15
0
0
21
59 45
25
65
50
8
0
8
87
66 49
26
68
49
7
0
9
139
69 48
27
67
39
12
0
3
68
69 37
28
65
37
14
1
0
25
69 35
29
59
40
16
0
0
19
61
40
Total
4.54
511
0
28
Mean 56.1 38.7
17.6
0
57.4 38.0
Dep. + 5.7 + 3.6 -0.50 -123
0
22
* Degree day calculations differ slightly from NCDC George H. Taylor
estimates, which would total:
Oregon Climate Service
HDD:
502
CDD:
0
Oregon State University
** Departures from 1961-90 normals
45
Table 11.
Weather Observations at Hyslop Exp. Station,
Corvallis, Oregon, March, 1992.
Air Temp. (F
Degree days * Growing Wind Surface
42 inch Precip (Base 65°F) Deg. Days Run Temp (F)
Day Max Min (in.) Heating Cooling (at 50°F) (miles) Max Min
55
44
T
16
0
47
0
58 42
2
58
44
.01
14
1
0
73
62 43
3
54
39
19
0
0
28
55 48
4
64
43
.08
12
0
4
33
66 41
5
52
44
.45
17
0
0
21
54 42
6
61
40
.17
15
1
0
42
64 40
7
58
43
15
1
0
40
62 44
8
57
38
18
0
0
82
60 37
9
62
32
18
0
0
52
64 30
10
64
32
17
0
0
18
66 32
11
65
35
15
0
0
4
68 34
12
65
36
15
0
1
20
67 35
13
66
37
14
0
2
17
69 35
14
61
43
13
0
2
32
66 44
15
63
38
.04
15
0
1
38
67 37
16
63
45
.02
11
4
0
15
66 46
17
58
45
.01
14
0
2
46
60 45
18
58
37
.06
18
0
0
32
62 36
19
59
33
19
0
0
36
62 32
20
64
33
17
0
0
33
67 32
21
65
35
15
0
0
47
68 33
22
68
35
14
0
2
38
70 33
23
66
34
15
0
0
15
69 33
24
68
34
14
1
0
19
71
32
25
65
41
12
0
3
39
67 40
26
69
41
10
0
5
20
72 39
27
58
46
T
13
0
2
16
61
46
28
60
39
16
0
0
110
63 37
29
68
37
13
0
3
31
69 35
30
68
49
.20
7
9
0
24
72 49
31
65
39
13
0
2
18
69 37
Total
1.04
446
0
41
Mean 62.2 39.1
14.4
0
65.0 38.4
Dep. + 7.3 + 2.1 -3.51
-144
0
23
1
* Degree day calculations differ slightly from NCDC George H. Taylor
estimates, which would total:
Oregon Climate Service
HDD: 438
CDD:
0
Oregon State University
** Departures from 1961-90 normals
46
Table 12.
Weather Observations at Hyslop Exp. Station,
Corvallis, Oregon, April, 1992.
Air Temp. (F)
Day
1
Degree days * Growing Wind Surface
42 inch Precip (Base 65°F) Deg. Days. Run Temp (F)
Max Min (in.) Heating Cooling (at 50°F) (miles) Max Min
71
3
74
73
4
61
5
53
52
55
53
54
60
62
57
63
63
68
67
62
58
64
65
63
60
55
64
72
75
69
75
76
69
2
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
45
42
49
40
37
33
38
39
43
50
49
47
42
41
47
50
48
41
40
44
37
36
33
.05
.03
.22
.19
20
23
.01
1.07
.10
19
19
17
10
.01
10
.18
.59
.01
.03
.16
.42
.07
13
13
13
8
15
7
10
16
13
T
11
.06
.13
15
17
21
13
41
43
45
53
55
53
48
7
7
4
26
27
.12
28
.01
29
.27
30
.35
Total
4.08
Mean 63.8 43.6
Dep. + 4.3 + 4.5 1.52
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
8
61
8
35
49
45
53
11
1
0
0
0
0
0
5
25
24
37
48
3
29
52
60
68
66
2
18
0
0
8
19
71
9
0
5
0
0
0
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
3
37
104
60
29
26
30
44
34
83
40
69
63
59
68
67
66
64
60
65
75
76
73
76
79
74
71
0
5
5
4
0
0
0
1
0
7
0
9
339
0
141
8
10
11
15
15
16
12
29
25
41.4
-134
75
63
58
55
59
55
53
62
67
6
2
0
0
8
47
57
72
77
0
42
40
48
39
36
32
37
38
43
49
48
47
46
49
46
50
47
41
38
43
36
36
33
40
43
44
53
54
53
48
66.4 43.3
83
* Degree day calculations differ slightly from NCDC
George H. Taylor
estimates, which would total:
Oregon Cimate Service
FWD:
332
CDD:
0
Oregon State University
** Departures from 1961-90 normals
47
Table 13.
Weather Observations at Hyslop Exp. Station,
Corvallis, Oregon, May, 1992.
Air Temp. (F)
Day
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
Degree days * Growing Wind Surface
42 inch Precip (Base 65°F) Deg. Days Run Temp (F)
Max Min (in.) Heating Cooling (at 50°F) (miles) Max Min
60
36
T
17
0
0
51
64 36
64
39
14
0
2
51
68 38
73
46
6
0
10
74
74 45
82
48
0
0
15
38
83 47
84
54
4
0
19
60
85 52
83
52
0
3
18
42
86 51
86
79
63
66
64
60
65
76
79
74
80
81
75
69
63
68
79
84
89
76
74
73
52
42
44
52
45
42
46
42
39
42
48
43
48
39
38
39
44
49
55
56
46
0
5
12
6
11
14
10
6
6
7
1
T
T
52
78
82
53
54
11
15
12
4
T
51
76
3
4
T
Total
0.00
Mean 74.4 46.3
Dep. + 8.3 + 3.2 -1.95
4
0
19
33
88
11
81
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
4
9
5
46
49
50
66
1
72
6
9
9
30
38
44
34
34
40
1
50
4
0
0
0
2
7
22
5
3
0
0
1
0
16
10
12
0
0
3
14
16
18
168
24
323
-167
24
161
1
35
8
14
12
12
4
12
17
1
66
58
35
33
44
34
47
55
50
62
61
47.8
51
41
66
69
68
67
68
79
44
82
78
83
85
80
74
68
88
93
80
80
78
38
39
47
43
46
38
37
38
42
47
54
55
45
49
81
51
82
87
52
53
71
81
51
45
41
47
41
78.0 45.3
* Degree day calculations differ slightly from NCDC George H. Taylor
estimates, which would total:
Oregon Climate Service
HDD:
163
CDD:
22
Oregon State University
** Departures from 1961-90 normals
48
Table 14.
Weather Observations at Hyslop Exp. Station,
Corvallis, Oregon, June, 1992.
Air Temp. (F)
Degree days * Growing Wind Surface
42 inch Precip (Base 65°F) Deg. Days Run Temp (F)
Day Max Min (in.) Heating Cooling (at 50°F) (miles) Max
1
89
50
0
5
20
43
92
2
80
45
3
0
13
74
85
3
78
50
1
0
14
82
93
4
83
41
3
12
0
88
52
77
46
5
4
0
12
71
82
6
79
44
4
0
12
83
55
7
82
45
_
2
0
14
44
86
77
8
43
5
0
10
82
37
9
79
52
T
0
1
16
84
50
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
72
75
63
69
65
69
69
68
72
83
84
87
43
56
49
49
50
8
.05
.64
0
9
6
46
8
8
51
5
52
48
49
49
60
69
5
22
97
23
102
56
24
97
55
25
96
53
26
84
52
27
87
55
28
84
59
29
72
56
30
72
57
Total
Mean 79.7 51.0
Dep. + 6.6 + 2.4
5
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
10
24
33
29
26
25
3
18
31
100
89
21
40
44
34
46
92
87
78
77
461
55.4
84.0
50.4
134
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
2
9
18
14
11
1.18
74
-.05
-78
63
1
1
51
43
56
48
48
50
46
49
52
48
48
48
59
67
55
54
53
52
55
59
56
56
1
6
7
0
0
85
.47
.02
Min
49
44
49
39
46
43
45
43
8
16
6
9
8
8
10
10
10
16
17
22
14
15
53
45
26
52
37
36
37
47
89
77
81
66
75
69
74
73
72
76
87
88
51
51
102
91
142
87
104
41
101
52
99
* Degree day calculations differ slightly from NCDC
George H. Taylor
estimates, which would total:
Oregon Climate Service
HDD:
70
CDD:
81
Oregon State University
** Departures from 1961-90 normals
49
Table 15.
Weather Observations at Hyslop Exp. Station,
Corvallis, Oregon, July, 1992.
Air Temp. (F)
Day
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
Degree days * Growing Wind Surface
42 inch Precip (Base 65°F) Deg. Days Run Temp (F)
Max Min (in.) Heating Cooling (at 50°F) (miles) Max
74
50
.21
3
12
0
36
78
76
50
2
0
13
36
81
80
53
0
2
17
40
84
82
58
.48
0
5
20
59
86
72
54
T
2
0
13
39
76
76
76
77
79
82
78
54
52
57
52
52
52
52
71
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
85
51
80
78
86
98
95
92
50
53
58
64
65
20
90
21
78
73
69
69
78
92
88
89
89
92
99
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
.49
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
2
0
3
0
1
T
0
T
T
0
1
0
0
0
3
4
0
0
13
14
17
15
31
38
85
50
54
52
81
81
83
56
57
60
52
38
42
22
71
90
31
84
39
100
30
22
23
19
16
13
11
8
12
1.18
18
116
22
23
27
563
.66
-40
44
78
1
16
7
22 .
5
20
6
7
21
88
50
52
58
54
74
80
16
17
15
18
15
16
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
55
54
54
Total
Mean 82.0 54.3
Dep. + 1.8 + 3.3
0
0
2
0
7
16
15
7
8
4
51
55
60
59
56
53
53
52
52
52
3
Min
49
87
82
89
84
82
47
42
99
97
94
41
83
39
50
55
74
60
74
65
77
53
37
78
74
73
82
96
92
93
93
96
103
51
51
51
50
49
52
58
63
64
50
55
60
53
56
53
53
52
52
52
51
54
53
55
* Degree day calculations differ slightly from NCDC
George H. Taylor
estimates, which would total:
Oregon Climate Service
HDD:
16
CDD:
111
Oregon State University
** Departures from 1961-90 normals
50
Table 16.
Weather Observations at Hyslop Exp. Station,
Corvallis, Oregon, August, 1992.
Air Temp. (F)
Degree days * Growing Wind Surface
42 inch Precip (Base 65°F) Deg. Days Run Temp (F)
Day Max Min (in.) Heating Cooling (at 50°F) (miles) Max
87
50
T
0
4
19
43
92
2
80
47
2
0
14
22
85
3
84
48
0
1
16
47
88
4
84
48
0
1
16
44
88
5
75
46
5
0
11
22
80
6
85
53
4
0
19
24
89
7
74
58
.10
0
1
16
36
77
8
74
44
6
0
9
35
78
9
79
44
4
0
12
42
84
10
86
55
0
6
21
82
90
11
97
66
0
32
17
107
100
32
24
75
105
Min
50
45
47
48
45
52
57
43
43
55
64
60
15
93
57
26
24
45
102
90
59
53
98
94
93
98
94
94
90
53
53
48
53
1
12
13
14
15
103
61
90
98
94
16
17
18
19
89
89
94
58
54
53
48
54
52
53
44
44
48
50
57
56
50
52
50
49
48
54
20
90
90
21
85
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
71
31
69
78
84
90
91
90
83
85
81
Total
Mean 85.5 51.4
Dep. + 4.4 + 0.2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
.01
6
6
17
9
11
9
4
7
8
7
2
0
0
0
19
22
23
22
17
15
10
10
18
3
16
17
18
0.44
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
27
134
572
-.43
-20
52
70
.33
3
5
5
7
5
1
2
20
20
22
20
31
71
49
52
45
39
117
138
114
63
54
80
45
33
75
72
82
88
93
95
94
86
89
86
51
53
43
43
47
52
56
54
47
51
48
47
47
53
* Degree day calculations differ slightly from NCDC
George H. Taylor
estimates, which would total:
Oregon Climate Service
HDD:
24
CDD:
128
Oregon State University
** Departures from 1961-90 normals
51
Table 17.
Weather Observations at Hyslop Exp. Station,
Corvallis, Oregon, September, 1992.
Air Temp. (F)
Day
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
Degree days * Growing Wind Surface
42 inch Precip (Base 65°F) Deg. Days Run Temp (F)
Max Min (in.) Heating Cooling (at 50°F) (miles) Max
73
58
.08
0
1
16
25
77
82
54
0
3
18
54
86
85
48
0
2
17
64
88
82
58
T
0
5
20
80
87
70
51
T
5
11
0
72
73
70
38
11
0
4
45
75
70
42
9
0
6
49
76
72
49
T
5
0
11
46
75
72
52
3
0
12
87
76
81
54
0
3
18
135
83
85
54
0
5
20
50
89
73
44
7
0
9
39
79
67
42
11
0
5
37
71
68
43
10
0
6
68
73
67
48
.04
8
0
8
71
72
64
51
.07
8
0
8
66
67
74
52
2
0
13
90
78
75
45
5
0
10
92
78
80
52
T
0
1
16
43
82
80
47
2
0
14
32
83
82
52
0
2
17
76
86
83
86
70
65
68
73
69
79
82
27
28
29
30
Total
Mean 74.9
Dep. -0.5
53
58
53
48
47
.05
0
0
4
9
T
8
.31
46
6
39
11
41
5
45
2
125
.55
48.8
+ 1.0
-.96
-5
Min
58
53
47
59
51
58
41
47
51
56
53
43
41
43
48
51
52
44
50
46
54
3
18
101
85
51
7
22
50
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
30
12
100
7
59
32
84
47
90
72
67
72
78
57
52
47
46
4
8
10
4
10
14
16
16
73
82
85
60.9
78.6
45
39
41
41
356
48.8
6
* Degree day calculations differ slightly from NCDC
George H. Taylor
estimates, which would total:
Oregon Climate Service
HDD:
118
CDD:
28
Oregon State University
** Departures from 1961-90 normals
52
Table 18.
Weather Observations at Hyslop Exp. Station,
Corvallis, Oregon, October. 1992.
Air Temp. (F)
Degree days * Growing Wind Surface
42 inch Precip (Base 65°F) Deg. Days Run Temp (F)
Day Max Min (in.) Heating Cooling (at 50°F) (miles) Max
Min
1
78
53
T
1
0
16
33
80
53
2
66
49
.01
8
0
8
23
69
49
3
58
50
.28
11
0
4
28
59
50
4
65
44
.01
11
0
5
27
43
69
5
64
40
13
0
2
93
66
39
6
67
43
10
0
5
83
43
69
7
74
38
9
0
6
111
77
36
8
73
39
9
0
6
23
37
77
9
68
41
11
0
5
52
40
73
10
69
43
9
0
6
42
85
72
11
76
37
9
0
7
36
79
36
12
76
38
8
0
7
29
79
38
13
75
41
7
0
8
44
79
42
14
65
28
19
0
0
50
28
69
15
60
32
19
0
0
72
32
64
16
57
38
18
0
0
43
60
37
17
58
43
.01
15
1
0
34
43
59
18
67
50
7
0
9
32
48
69
19
64
52
.04
7
0
8
27
65
52
20
74
53
T
2
0
14
38
77
53
21
59
53
.53
9
0
6
17
59
52
22
63
48
.43
10
0
6
27
64
48
23
72
45
7
0
9
19
73
45
24
75
47
T
4
0
II
11
78
47
25
69
52
5
0
11
85
52
70
26
63
46
11
0
5
32
43
67
27
62
38
15
0
0
39
65
36
28
58
41
.02
16
0
0
18
61
39
29
58
48
.51
12
0
3
45
60
48
30
57
48
1.00
3
13
0
113
59
48
31
53
49
.68
14
0
1
85
55
49
Total
3.52
311
1
166
Mean 65.9 44.1
45.6
68.5
43.5
Dep. 1.6 + 2.4 .41
-57
1
16
* Degree day calculations differ slightly from NCDC
George 1-1. Taylor
estimates, which would total:
Oregon Climate Service
HDD:
303
CDD:
0
Oregon State University
** Departures from 1961-90 normals
53
Table 19.
Weather Observations at Hyslop Exp. Station,
Corvallis, Oregon, November, 1992.
Air Temp. (F)
Day
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
Total
Mean
Dep.
Degree days * Growing Wind Surface
42 inch Precip (Base 65°F) Deg. Days Run Temp (F)
Max Min (in.) Heating Cooling (at 50°F) (miles) Max
Min
59
50
.42
11
0
5
59
59
50
59
48
.02
12
4
0
47
59
48
63
44
12
0
4
55
43
65
56
47
.27
14
0
2
45
47
58
57
45
14
0
1
51
45
59
52
47
16
0
0
30
45
55
62
48
.08
10
0
72
5
65
47
60
45
.12
13
0
3
44
59
62
54
38
.09
19
0
0
48
56
36
52
33
.01
23
0
0
22
56
33
44
33
T
27
0
0
45
34
48
49
39
.36
21
0
0
35
40
50
55
41
17
0
0
42
56
56
50
44
18
0
0
51
44
33
47
42
T
21
0
0
16
48
42
49
43
19
0
0
27
52
34
49
44
.06
19
0
0
19
44
50
57
39
.07
17
0
0
33
59
40
52
40
.29
19
0
0
64
41
54
49
39
.24
21
0
44
0
50
38
49
41
.87
20
0
0
51
41
86
52
43
1.07
18
0
0
113
52
42
51
33
.01
23
0
0
40
51
34
47
29
27
0
0
82
49
28
46
30
27
0
0
67
47
30
48
35
24
0
0
91
49
34
46
38
.20
23
0
0
39
37
48
54
32
.11
22
0
0
51
32
56
49
32
25
0
0
36
52
32
44
35
.70
26
0
0
28
44
35
4.99
571
0
22
52.0 39.9
49.8
53.7
39.4
-0.2 + 1.9 -1.83
-25
0
6
* Degree day calculations differ slightly from NCDC
George H. Taylor
estimates, which would total:
Oregon Climate Service
FIDD:
564
CDD:
0
Oregon State University
** Departures from 1961-90 normals
54
Table 20.
Weather Observations at Hyslop Exp. Station,
Corvallis, Oregon, December, 1992.
Air Temp. (F)
Day
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
Total
Mean
Dep.
Degree days * Growing Wind Surface
42 inch Precip. Snowfall (Base 65°F) Deg. Days Run Temp (F)
Max Min
(in.)
(in.) Heating Cooling (at 50°F) (miles) Max Min
48
39
.21
22
0
76
0
48
39
41
37
1.20
26
0
0
122
37
41
45
33
26
0
0
139
45
32
44
32
27
0
121
0
45
31
43
22
33
0
21
0
83
44
35
25
.19
35
0
0
51
26
37
37
30
.17
1.5
32
0
71
0
38
30
43
30
.20
29
0
32
0
57
44
49
35
.38
23
0
0
64
49
35
48
37
1.68
23
0
0
67
46
37
48
31
.11
26
0
61
0
49
31
47
35
T
24
0
19
0
49
33
49
34
24
0
0
9
51
33
47
38
23
0
28
0
48
38
49
30
.08
26
0
0
19
28
49
47
31
.01
26
0
0
8
30
49
42
31
.64
29
0
0
32
93
41
37
28
.33
33
0
0
38
36
28
38
28
.07
32
0
0
15
38
28
46
37
.34
24
0
0
114
45
36
48
40
.35
21
0
0
71
48
39
49
41
.06
20
0
0
41
49
39
47
35
.05
24
0
0
46
48
34
43
38
.01
25
0
0
26
45
37
49
34
24
0
0
53
50
35
41
35
.01
27
0
0
46
42
35
47
34
.54
25
0
0
27
48
39
45
38
.32
24
0
0
81
46
39
47
36
.06
24
0
0
81
46
36
42
30
. 17
29
0
0
27
29
44
41
29
.20
2.0
30
0
0
29
80
42
7.38
3.5
808
0
0
44.6 33.3
59.2 45.2 33.2
-1.0 -0.6 -.34
1.6
30
-4
0
* Degree day calculations differ slightly from NCDC
estimates, which would total:
IDD:
776
CDD:
0
** Departures from 1961-90 normals
George H. Taylor
Oregon Climate Service
Oregon State University
55
Appendix H.
Table 21.
Total monthly precipitation at Hyslop Exp. Station,
Corvallis, Oregon, 1961 to 1990.
JAN FEB
1961 4.80 9.91
1962 1.21 3.82
1963 1.64 5.23
1964 11.68 0.79
1965 11.45
1966 10.21
1967 9.50
1968 7.14
1969 9.35
1970 15.51
1971 10.71
1972 10.10
1973 5.56
1974 11.59
1975 4.66
1976 6.59
1977 0.96
1978 7.34
1979 2.57
1980 6.69
1981 2.27
1982 7.21
1983 6.91
1984 3.26
1985 0.25
1986 6.53
1987 8.22
1988 7.12
1989 4.18
1990 9.50
AVE 6.82
MAX 15.51
MIN 0.25
SD
3.75
MAR
7.46
6.37
6.30
4.33
1.56 0.59
APR MAY JUN
2.23 2.05 0.41
2.90 2.31 0.39
4.64 3.94 0.96
1.61 0.55 0.88
2.00 1.08 0.52
1.78 7.21 0.95 0.49 0.76
1.78 4.23 1.60 0.85 0.77
7.11 3.91 1.51 3.45 0.79
4.27 1.81 1.94 1.64 2.46
5.97 2.29 2.66 1.12 0.53
5.35 6.16 4.38 2.33 2.48
5.13 6.46 4.27 2.36 1.01
1.65 3.63 1.75 0.85 1.38
7.52 8.87 2.39 1.46 0.61
5.48 4.64 2.40 2.07 1.14
6.71 4.45 1.98 1.14 0.47
2.97 5.09 1.02 3.43 1.13
4.28 2.15 4.94 3.61 0.94
8.35 2.89 2.93 2.11 0.38
3.88 4.02 3.63 1.46 1.75
4.44 3.00 2.37 2.99 2.58
7.12 3.54 4.57 0.49 1.51
10.31 8.78 3.01 1.51 1.39
6.92 3.82 3.41 3.67 4.34
3.65 4.94 1.05 0.94 2.22
9.90 3.04 1.84 2.50 0.31
4.50 3.70 1.56 1.40 0.29
1.70 3.90 3.33 3.84 1.83
3.21 6.80 1.42 1.46 1.14
5.79 2.21 2.38 1.43 1.53
5.04 4.55 2.56 1.95 1.23
10.31 8.87 4.94 3.94 4.34
0.79 0.59 0.95 0.49 0.29
2.61 2.05 1.15 1.07 .89
JUL AUG
0.59 0.33
T 0.57
0.52 0.65
0.57 0.23
0.39 0.98
0.49 0.27
0.00
T
0.34 5.24
SEP OCT
1.18 3.84
1.60 4.62
0.94 2.77
0.31
0.04
1.71
0.84
1.99
0.05
T 3.62
0.12
T 1.07
0.02 0.48 3.10
0.08 0.24 2.28
0.02 0.70 2.52
1.81 0.00 0.07
0.62 1.68 0.00
0.90 2.08 1.27
0.12 1.89 3.58
0.29 2.34 3.40
0.43 2.67 2.15
0.24 0.01 0.96
0.10 0.01 3.09
0.43 0.28 1.89
2.55 2.21 0.53
0.20
T 0.74
0.54 0.48 0.78
1.15 0.00 3.56
2.23 0.17 0.05
0.09
T 0.73
0.33 0.87 0.60
0.45 1.72 0.83
0.52 0.87 1.51
2.55 5.24 3.62
0.00 0.00 0.00
.64 1.17 1.17
1.25
2.12
3.18
6.19
6.32
3.91
NOV
5.79
7.89
7.04
9.23
8.70
5.27
3.46
6.52
2.86
7.30
4.04
2.80 9.21
0.88 4.92
2.70 18.28
1.41 6.88
4.30 5.51
1.25
1.42
2.58 8.11
0.98 3.14
7.21
1.87
5.52
3.64
1.05
4.11
6.29
6.73
5.51
9.93
13.55
4.65
3.89 4.69
2.80 8.62
0.27 3.90
0.14 10.87
2.66 3.90
4.56 4.87
3.11 6.82
7.21 18.28
0.14 1.42
1.83
DEC ANN
5.58 44.17
2.90 34.58
3.91 38.54
13.27 44.70
7.69 37.12
7.67 39.99
6.32 35.54
14.42 58.74
11.59 43.50
12.47 53.08
10.13 57.15
9.33 47.06
12.40 51.44
8.15 50.76
6.47 38.97
1.47 29.73
11.03 41.91
4.23 37.64
6.26 42.06
11.33 42.13
13.98 47.08
10.56 46.75
7.35 55.53
4.01 48.57
3.72 27.15
3.50 43.75
11.42
3.97
3.07
3.54
7.72
14.42
1.47
3.41 3.85
37.71
37.52
29.64
38.81
42.71
58.74
27.15
7.96
56
Appendix HI.
Table 22. Herbicide evaluation on December 12, 1991
Soap Creek
35th Avenue
Control
Injury
Control
Grass Species
Clover
Vegetation
Seedmatic-Fertilized
Glyphosate
75
85
51
Paraquat
33
33
63
0
0
0
Glyphosate
78
83
44
Paraquat
35
34
64
0
0
0
Glyphosate
81
85
26
Paraquat
43
38
65
0
0
0
Glyphosate
74
84
33
Paraquat
39
26
75
0
0
0
Glyphosate
88
76
63
Paraquat
44
35
79
0
0
0
No Herbicide
Tye-Fertilized
No Herbicide
Broadcast/Harrow-Ferilized
No Herbicide
Unseeded/Fertilized
No Herbicide
Unseeded- Unfertilized
No Herbicide
57
Appendix IV.
Visual Evaluation of Species Composition on June 4, 1992.
Table 23.
Visual evaluation of species composition
at the 35th avenue site on June 4, 1992.
, ,o =
E z:2
y
=
Cl)
a)
= tb -cs n ....0=
a cx
E.w
$-.
t,b
c zs
I.T.
as
1
cu
V
E
4 c24.L.,
-i
L)
$c-:-.)
s'
CC. .,
Otf
%...
a.)
v,
0
L.) ,..,y -z;
> ....
01 a)
0.)
C.)
.L7)
Cr-1
%
Seed matic-Fertilized
Glyphosate
33
43
Paraquat
31
44
No Herbicide 56
29
Tye-Fertilized
Glyphosate
38
43
43
Paraquat
30
No Herbicide 39
38
Broadcast/Harrow-Ferilized
Glyphosate
65
19
43
Paraquat
38
No Herbicide 51
21
Un seeded/Fertili zed
Glyphosate
15
63
10
Paraquat
74
No Herbicide 20
44
Un seeded- Unfertilized
Glyphosate
11
48
Paraquat
11
58
No Herbicide 26
40
0
0
10
0
0
0
5
5
5
0
0
8
0
1
0
1
11
4
0
0
4
0
0
0
4
6
1
0
0
10
0
1
0
4
5
0
0
0
0
0
4
4
0
3
0
0
4
13
4
8
8
3
0
8
0
0
3
0
11
4
0
0
5
0
0
0
0
4
4
0
0
3
1
0
0
0
15
5
3
0
0
9
0
0
6
5
3
0
0
8
0
5
0
0
20
3
0
0
0
6
0
0
0
0
6
5
0
0
0
0
18
0
10
6
0
0
0
8
11
1
16
3
0
0
5
0
0
0
0
0
14
13
3
5
1
58
Table 24.
Visual evaluation of species composition
at the Soap Creek site on June 4, 1992.
0.)
0.1 g
ct
:7t ,/
=
czzi
o=
A, rz4
Seedmatic-Fertilized
Glyphosate
6
0
Paraquat
10
14
No Herbicide 15
0
Tye-Fertilized
Glyphosate
5
4
Paraquat
0
1
No Herbicide 9
5
Broadcast/Harrow-Ferilized
Glyphosate
0
0
Paraquat
6
9
No Herbicide
8
0
Unseeded/Fertilized
Glyphosate
3
1
Paraquat
9
0
No Herbicide 5
5
Unseeded- Unfertilized
Glyphosate
5
0
Paraquat
3
0
No Herbicide 3
0
a)
II-
H LI.
W
c,:$
u.
0.)
.a,
,...
E1.-0:1
.,-
,2
.7.;
.c"-
02
P4
C) P4
.,
L.)
35
25
11
0
11
11
25
21
3
0
13
6
30
29
3
0
18
4
26
26
4
0
13
13
6
11
9
0
0
18
14
26
29
28
13
6
0
0
0
3
0
0
0
0
0
10
0
0
0
9
18
0
0
0
9
0
25
31
1
0
19
15
0
0
14
0
10
23
14
0
10
15
10
0
29
35
6
9
3
0
0
3
0
26
25
6
31
5
6
0
18
23
3
0
0
28
15
0
8
0
19
34
5
0
14
11
0
1
0
0
0
34
31
5
0
10
14
20
26
29
19
0
25
5
31
10
1
15
9
0
0
9
0
5
1
59
Appendix V.
Table 25.
Species composition on November 9, 1992
at the 35th avenue site.
--rt
lt,
cn
cn
';'
c,
Z y...
a. a4
,
C 7:
u.,
Seedmatic-Fertilized
Glyphosate
47
26
Paraquat
47
37
No Herbicide
28
32
Tye-Fertilized
Glyphosate
38
41
Paraquat
17
59
No Herbicide
9
62
Broadcast/Harrow-Fertilized
Glyphosate
74
8
Paraquat
46
29
24
No Herbicide
39
Unseeded-Fertilized
Glyphosate
33
31
Paraquat
2
59
No Herbicide
28
44
Un seeded Unfertilized
Glyphosate
9
35
Paraquat
3
43
No Herbicide
6
44
CU
3v
H
4T
ci-
cn
En
I
ct
$
-x
s
v
cn
cu
c.e)
ct
OLD
P:1
ccs
CU
G-6
13:1
15
0
10
11
3
7
v
2
0
0
0
0
6
25
1
0
1
2
1
6
0
7
3
2
3
22
24
0
0
0
0
0
1
2
2
2
0
8
1
1
1
7
14
0
0
7
1
0
3
22
1
11
1
1
1
10
1
0
11
0
0
0
32
19
1
1
2
6
0
4
3
8
0
8
9
0
8
41
0
2
1
12
4
9
5
27
1
1
0
24
14
*Velvetgrass, Cheat and Ripgut Brome
60
Appendix VI. Analysis of variance tables-Type III Sums of Squares
Table 26. Analysis of variance for dry matter yield on March 10, 1992 at the 35th
avenue site.
Source of variation Sum of Squares
MAIN EFFECTS
A: YLD351.RepNum
305583.7
B:YLD351.SeedMeth 1849340.5
C:YLD351.Herbicid 6322687.0
INTERACTIONS
AB
453296.18
AC
112382.43
BC
298646.93
ABC
892486.44
RESIDUAL
TOTAL
00000E0000
10234423
d.f. Mean square
3
4
2
12
6
8
24
101861.2
62335.1
3161343.5
37774.682
18730.405
37330.866
37186.935
F-ratio
Sig. level
2.697(0)
12.239(0)
94.381(1)
.0928
.0003
.0000
1.114(1)
.3816
0 .00000E0000
59
0 missing values have been excluded.
F-ratios are based on the following mean squares: (0)AB (1)AC +ABC.
Table 27. Analysis of variance for dry matter yield on April 2, 1992 at the 35th
avenue site.
Source of variation Sum of Squares
MAIN EFFECTS
A:YLD352.RepNum
305120.2
B:YLD352.SeedMeth 826847.4
C:YLD352.Herbicid 1108249.2
INTERACTIONS
AB
98163.23
AC
81776.29
BC
250901.17
ABC
180804.82
RESIDUAL
TOTAL
00000E0000
2851862.3
d.f. Mean square
3
4
2
12
6
8
24
101706.74
206711.84
554124.58
8180.269
13629.382
31362.647
7533.534
F-ratio
Sig. level
12.433(0)
25.270(0)
63.309(1)
.0005
.0000
.0000
3.583(1)
.0050
0 .00000E0000
59
0 missing values have been excluded.
F-ratios are based on the following mean squares: (0)AB (1)AC+ABC.
61
Table 28. Analysis of variance for dry matter yield on April 28, 1992 at the 35th
avenue site.
Source of variation Sum of Squares
MAIN EFFECTS
A:YLD353.RepNum 453476.31
B:YLD353.SeedMeth 90426.97
C:YLD353.Herbicid 452966.09
INTERACTIONS
AB
82014.94
AC
124455.28
BC
87814.92
ABC
304968.76
RESIDUAL
TOTAL
00000E0000
1596123.3
d.f. Mean square
3
4
2
12
6
8
24
151158.77
22606.74
226483.05
6834.578
20742.547
10976.865
12707.032
F-ratio
Sig. level
22.117(0)
3.308(0)
15.822(1)
.0000
.0480
.0000
.767(1)
.6341
0 .00000E0000
59
0 missing values have been excluded.
F-ratios are based on the following mean squares:
(0)AB (1)AC+ABC.
Table 29. Analysis of variance for dry matter yield on May 22, 1992 at the 35th
avenue site.
Source of variation Sum of Squares
----MAIN EFFECTS
A:YLD354.RepNum 437122.58
B:YLD354.SeedMeth 93286.46
C:YLD354.Herbicid 1015503.97
INTERACTIONS
AB
23120.54
AC
25213.22
BC
41619.87
RESIDUAL
TOTAL
d.f. Mean square
3
4
2
145707.53
23321.62
507751.99
12
1926.71
6
8
4202.20
5202.48
121577.87
23
5285.99
1820229.33
58
1 missing value has been excluded.
F-ratios are based on the following mean squares:
F-ratio
75.63(0)*
12.10(0)*
53.51(1)*
0.55(1)
*-Significance at P=.05
(0)AB (1)AC+Residual.
62
Table 30. Analysis of variance for dry matter yield on July 5, 1992 at the 35th
avenue site.
Source of variation Sum of Squares
d.f. Mean square
----MAIN EFFECTS
A:YLD355.RepNum
76139.63
B:YLD355.SeedMeth 150530.42
C:YLD355.Herbicid 432233.63
INTERACTIONS
AB
63957.20
AC
46284.21
BC
135906.84
ABC
140474.17
24
5329.767
7714.034
16988.355
5853.090
RESIDUAL
3.01195E-009
-1
-3.01195E-009
1377505.1
58
TOTAL
25379.88
37632.60
216116.81
3
4
2
12
6
8
1 missing value has been excluded.
F-ratios are based on the following mean squares:
F-ratio
Sig. level
4.762(0)
7.061(0)
34.716(1)
.0207
.0037
.0000
2.729(1)
.0218
(0)AB (1)AC +ABC.
Table 31. Analysis of variance for dry matter yield on December 5, 1992 at the 35th
avenue site.
Source of variation Sum of Squares
----MAIN EFFECTS
A:YLD35F.RepNum 114668.48
B:YLD35F.SeedMeth 855812.06
C:YLD35F.Herbicid 126558.88
INTERACTIONS
AB
83278.90
AC
16130.85
BC
197087.20
ABC
182628.71
RESIDUAL
TOTAL
.00000E0000
1576165.1
d.f. Mean square
3
4
2
12
6
8
24
38222.83
213953.01
63279.44
6939.908
2688.475
24635.900
7609.529
F-ratio
Sig. level
5.508(0)
30.829(0)
9.551(1)
.0130
.0000
.0006
3.718(1)
.0040
0 .00000E0000
59
0 missing values have been excluded.
F-ratios are based on the following mean squares:
(0)AB (1)AC+ABC.
63
Table 32. Analysis of variance for dry matter yield for Spring 92 harvests at the
35th avenue site.
Source of variation Sum of Squares
----MAIN EFFECTS
A:YLD35A.RepNum 1335486.54
B:YLD35A.SeedMeth 832421.10
C:YLD35A.Herbicid 2899271.21
D:YLD35A.YDate 12395817.90
INTERACTIONS
AB
215714.08
AC
195376.61
BC
240066.02
ABC
454920.52
AD
347016.33
BD
2167180.38
ABD
539174.36
CD
6516711.91
ACD
220916.78
BCD
569562.15
RESIDUAL
TOTAL
d.f. Mean square
3
4
2
4
445162.18
208105.28
1449635.60
3098954.48
24
32
17976.17
32562.77
30008.25
18955.02
28918.03
135448.77
11232.80
814588.99
9204.87
17798.82
1183834.42
94
12593.98
30592384.27
297
12
6
8
24
12
16
48
8
2 missing value has been excluded.
F-ratios are based on the following mean squares:
F-ratio
24.76(0)*
11.58(0)*
28.14(1)*
0.58(1)
*-Significance at P=.05
(0)AB (1)AC +ABC
64
Table 33. Analysis of variance for dry matter yield for Spring 92 harvests at the
Soap Creek site.
Source of variation Sum of Squares
MAIN EFFECTS
A:YLDSCA. RepNum 3817328.97
B:YLDSCA.SeedMeth6921979.46
C:YLDSCA.Herbicid 4481608.55
D:YLDSCA.YDate
1799126.02
INTERACTIONS
AB
880613.00
AC
757054.89
BC
710779.49
ABC
1193245.23
AD
204439.07
BD
1376769.39
ABD
544721.84
CD
1376769.39
ACD
229940.68
BCD
235321.26
RESIDUAL
TOTAL
d.f. Mean square
3
4
2
1
1272442.99
1730494.87
2240804.28
1799126.02
12
6
8
12
2
6
8
419460.73
24
17477.53
25708101.89
119
3
4
0 missing value has been excluded.
F-ratios are based on the following mean squares:
17.34(0)*
23.58(0)*
12.74(1)*
73384.42
126175.81
88847.44
49718.55
68146.36
533928.32
45393.49
688384.69
38323.45
29415.16
24
F-ratio
0.51(1)
*-Significance at P=.05
(0)AB (1)AC+ABC
65
Table 34. Analysis of variance for dry matter yield on April 14, 1992 at the Soap
Creek site.
Source of variation Sum of Squares
MAIN EFFECTS
A:YLDSC1.RepNum 1979264.2
B:YLDSC1.SeedMeth 8333381.2
C:YLDSC1.Herbicid 5397624.1
INTERACTIONS
AB
752935.7
AC
336376.0
BC
687643.5
ABC
1151660.9
RESIDUAL
.00000E0000
TOTAL
18638886
d.f. Mean square
3
4
2
12
6
8
24
659754.7
2083345.3
2698812.0
62744.640
56062.673
85955.433
47985.870
Sig. level
F-ratio
10.515(0)
33.204(0)
54.410(1)
.0000
.0000
1.733(1)
.1314
.0011
0 .00000E0000
59
0 missing values have been excluded.
F-ratios are based on the following mean squares:
(0)AB (1)AC+ABC.
Table 35. Analysis of variance for dry matter yield on May 12,1992 at the Soap
Creek site.
Source of variation Sum of Squares
d.f. Mean square
F-ratio
Sig. level
MAIN EFFECTS
A:YLDSC2.RepNum 2042525.0
724329.4
460746.6
3
672399.57
650621.50
258447.66
461048.68
12
B:YLDSC2.SeedMeth
C:YLDSC2.Herbicid
INTERACTIONS
AB
AC
BC
ABC
RESIDUAL
TOTAL
00000E0000
5270118.4
4
2
6
8
24
680841.66
181082.35
230373.32
56033.30
108436.92
32305.96
19210.36
12.151(0)
3.232(0)
6.217(1)
.0006
.0512
.0055
.872(1)
.5506
0 .00000E0000
59
0 missing values have been excluded.
F-ratios are based on the following mean squares:
(0)AB (1)AC+ABC.
66
Table 36. Analysis of variance for percent perennial ryegrass at the 35th avenue site
November 9, 1992.
Source of variation Sum of Squares
MAIN EFFECTS
A: YLD351.RepNum
.2389696
B:YLD351.SeedMeth 1.3820084
C:YLD351.Herbicid
.5148166
INTERACTIONS
AB
.0972863
AC
.1683341
BC
.5087524
ABC
.4806622
RESIDUAL
.00000E0000
3.3908297
TOTAL
d.f. Mean square
3
4
2
12
6
8
24
.0796565
.3455021
.2574083
.0081072
.0280557
.0635940
.0200276
F-ratio
Sig. level
9.825(0) 0.0015
42.617(0) 0.0000
11.899(1) 0.0002
2.940(1) 0.0150
0 .00000E0000
59
0 missing values have been excluded.
F-ratios are based on the following mean squares: (0)AB (1)AC+ABC.
Table 37. Analysis of variance for percent meadow foxtail at the 35th avenue site
November 9, 1992.
Source of variation Sum of Squares
MAIN EFFECTS
A:YLD351.RepNum
B:YLD351.SeedMeth
C:YLD351.Herbicid
INTERACTIONS
AB
AC
BC
ABC
RESIDUAL
TOTAL
d.f. Mean square
.3712051
.6017687
.3631549
3
.2286275
.2533861
.1297115
.8313993
12
6
8
00000E0000
2.7792530
4
2
24
.1237350
.1504422
.1815774
.0190523
.0422310
.0162139
.0346416
F-ratio
Sig. level
6.494(0) 0.0074
7.896(0) 0.0023
5.022(1) 0.0131
.448(1) 0.8818
0 .00000E0000
59
0 missing values have been excluded.
F-ratios are based on the following mean squares: (0)AB (1)AC+ABC.
67
Table 38. Analysis of variance for percent white clover at the 35th avenue site
November 9, 1992.
Source of variation Sum of Squares
MAIN EFFECTS
A:YLD351.RepNum
B:YLD351.SeedMeth
C:YLD351.Herbic id
INTERACTIONS
AB
AC
BC
ABC
RESIDUAL
TOTAL
d.f. Mean square
.0134386
.3475203
.0399965
3
.1375974
.0385818
.1728067
.2715927
12
.00000E0000
1.0215340
4
2
6
8
24
.0044795
.0868801
.0199983
.0114665
.0064303
.0216008
.0113164
F-ratio
Sig. level
.391(0) 0.7619
7.577(0) 0.0028
1.934(1) 0.1621
2.089(1) 0.0689
0 .00000E0000
59
0 missing values have been excluded.
F-ratios are based on the following mean squares: (0)AB (1)AC+ABC.
Table 39. Analysis of variance for percent protein December 5, 1992 at the 35th
avenue site.
Source of variation Sum of Squares
MAIN EFFECTS
A:QUAL.RepNum
B:QUAL.SeedMeth
C:QUAL.Herbicid
INTERACTIONS
AB
AC
BC
ABC
RESIDUAL
TOTAL
1.76714
17.63518
2.61565
6.78658
4.906706
7.29248
13.776663
.00000E0000
54.780399
d.f. Mean square
3
4
2
12
6
8
24
.58905
4.40880
1.30783
.56555
.81778
.91156
.57403
F-ratio
Sig. level
1.042(0)
7.796(0)
2.100(1)
.4094
.0025
.1401
1.464(1)
.2120
0 .00000E0000
59
0 missing values have been excluded.
F-ratios are based on the following mean squares:
(0)AB
(1)AC+ABC.
68
Table 40. Analysis of variance for percent acid detergent fiber (ADF) July 5, 1992
at the 35th avenue site.
Source of variation Sum of Squares
MAIN EFFECTS
A:QUAL.RepNum
B:QUAL.SeedMeth
C:QUAL.Herbicid
INTERACTIONS
1.10994
9.08445
d.f. Mean square
4
2
0.36998
2.27111
9.55776
9.06113
6.56949
2.96340
12
0.75509
6
8
1.09492
0.37043
RES [DUAL
7.62527
22
0.34660
TOTAL
5816423
57
AB
AC
BC
19.11551
3
2 missing values have been excluded.
F-ratios are based on the following mean squares:
F-ratio
0.49(0)
3.01(0)
6.63(1)*
0.26(1)
*-Significance at P=.05
(0)AB (1)AC +Residual.
Table 41. Analysis of variance for percent acid detergent fiber (ADF) December 5,
1992 at the 35th avenue site.
Source of variation Sum of Squares
MAIN EFFECTS
A:QUAL.RepNum
B:QUAL.SeedMeth
C:QUAL.Herbicid
INTERACTIONS
AB
AC
BC
ABC
RESIDUAL
TOTAL
d.f. Mean square
24.30386
19.41794
23.63745
3
15.76238
14.62012
10.91030
30.31518
12
1.31353
6
2.43669
1.36379
1.26313
.00000E0000
141.96722
4
2
8
24
8.10129
4.85448
13.31872
F-ratio
Sig. level
6.168(0) 0.0088
3.696(0) 0.0349
8.892(1) 0.0009
0.911(1) 0.5211
0 .00000E0000
59
0 missing values have been excluded.
F-ratios are based on the following mean squares: (0)AB (1)AC +ABC.
69
Table 42. Analysis of variance for percent protein for Spring 92 harvests at the 35th
avenue site.
Source of variation Sum of Squares
MAIN EFFECTS
A:YLDSCA.RepNum 17.00599
B:YLDSCA.SeedMeth 16.37192
C:YLDSCA.Herbicid 34.18526
D:YLDSCA.YDate 4529.92373
INTERACTIONS
AB
11.93512
AC
6.14085
BC
18.63694
ABC
14.28907
AD
49.55287
BD
30.33868
ABD
43.32760
CD
25.20735
ACD
20.82421
BCD
14.84776
RESIDUAL
TOTAL
d.f. Mean square
3
4
2
4
12
6
8
5.66866
4.09298
17.09263
1132.48093
24
32
66.40926
74
0.89742
5115.81958
276
12
16
47
8
23 missing values have been excluded.
F-ratios are based on the following mean squares:
5.70(0)*
4.12(0)*
10.56(1)*
0.99459
1.02348
2.32962
0.59538
4.12941
1.89617
0.92186
3.15092
0.86768
0.46399
24
F-ratio
1.44(1)
*-Significance at P=.05
(0)AB (1)AC+ABC
70
Table 43. Analysis of variance for percent acid detergent fiber (ADF) for Spring 92
harvests at the 35th avenue site.
Source of variation Sum of Squares
MAIN EFFECTS
A:YLDSCA.RepNum 12.50924
B:YLDSCA.SeedMeth 2.62077
C:YLDSCA.Herbicid
2.14341
D:YLDSCA.YDate 2906.92147
INTERACTIONS
AB
6.71967
AC
4.84517
BC
8.28545
ABC
10.76931
AD
204.23869
BD
19.97281
ABD
35.86727
CD
15.49237
ACD
13.43732
BCD
41.07361
RESIDUAL
TOTAL
d.f. Mean square
3
4
2
4
12
6
8
24
12
16
47
8
24
32
63.46760
74
3508.28182
276
23 missing values have been excluded.
F-ratios are based on the following mean squares:
4.16975
0.65519
1.07170
726.73037
0.55997
0.80753
1.03568
0.44872
17.01989
1.24830
0.76313
1.93655
0.55989
F-ratio
7.47(0)*
1.17(0)
0.85(1)
0.82(1)
1.28355
0.85767
*-Significance at P=.05
(0)AB (1)AC + ABC