General pathology
Lecture - 1 –
Dr. Ali Zeki
Introduction :
Pathology is a Greek word composed of two parts, " pathos" mean
suffering , and " logos" mean study, so the pathology is the science that
study structural and functional changes occur in cells, tissues, and organ
that are expressed as diseases.
Pathology includes the following branches :
1- Anatomical surgical pathology:
2- Clinical pathology:
A- Hematology:
B- Chemical pathology:
C- Immunology:
D- Microbiology:
E- Genetics :
Studying of pathology can be divided into two main parts:
1- general pathology:
this part focus on the mechanisms of the principal types of disease
process. (inflammation , degeneration, tumors).
2- systemic pathology:
this part examines the effects of specific diseases on specialized
organs.(appendicitis, lung cancer,..).
Disease:
It’s the clinical manifestation, through signs and symptoms, of
underlying abnormality. The abnormality may be structural or functional
or both.
The characteristics of disease:
1- etiology:
2- pathogenesis:
3- manifestations:.
4- complications:
5- prognosis:
6- epidemiology:
Homeostasis:
Normal steady state of the cell in which the cell handle normal
physiological demands.
Cell adaptation:
It’s a new altered steady state in which cell preserve viability, but
modulate its morphology and function in response to physical stress or
pathological stimuli.
Types of adaptive responses of the cell:
1- Cell atrophy:
Causes of cell atrophy:
 Immobilization " fracture".
 Loose of innervation " poliomyelitis".
 Diminished blood supply " ischemia".
 Inadequate nutrition "starvation".
 Lose of endocrine stimuli " uterus after menopause".
 Aging " brain atrophy"
2- Cell Hypertrophy:
Increase in the size of the cells and consequently an increase in the
size of an organ, this increase is due to increase synthesis of structural
proteins and organelles.
Types of hypertrophy:
A- Physiological hypertrophy :
B- Pathological hypertrophy
3- Cell Hyperplasia:
Increase in number of cells.
Types of hypertrophy:
A- Physiological hyperplasia :
B- Pathological hyperplasia:
4- Cell Metaplasia:
Its reversible change in which a type of epithelial or mesenchymal cell
is replaced by another adult cell type, so it’s a cellular adaptation
where by cell sensitive to a particular stress are replaced by other cell
type able to withstand the adverse environment.
Usual site for Metaplasia are: