Journal of Basrah Researches ((Sciences)) Vol. 36, No.6, A. 15 December ((2010))
Toxic Effect of "Lambada-Cyhalothrin" to Fresh Water Clam Corbicula
fluminea (Muller, 1778).
ISSN 1817 ‫ ــ‬2695
Jasim Mohammed Salman
Biology Dept./Coll. of Science/ Babylon University-IRAQ
E-mail: jassim_ hilla @ Yahoo.com
((Received 18/7/2010, Accepted 24/11/2010))
Abstract:
Organisms in polluted aquatic ecosystems are often exposed to different toxic agents. The
present study deals with the effect of pyrethroid insecticide on Lamba-cyhalothrin of fresh water clam
" Corbicula fluminea" three different concentration (0.1, 0.5 and 1) mg/L were used median lethal Tim
(LT50) was obtained for different time intervals (24, 48, 72, 96, 120, 144 and 168 hr.) and the toxicity
curves were drawn using these values to determine the incipient lethal time (LT50) values. Results
showed a linear relationships between the LT50 values the exposure time, The highest value of LT50 in
all treatments concentration was (177.8, 257, and 398) hr. respectively. The high value of mortality
percentage was recorded after 144 h of exposure in all treatment concentration (26.6, 40, and 33.3)%
respectively.
The results showed that the C. fluminea was affected by low concentrations of
pesticides discharged into aquatic environment.
Key words: toxicity ; pyrethroid insecticide ; pesticide ;water pollution; clam Corbicula flumineae
Introduction
essential in bioassays where it is necessary to
prevent or reduce changes in the concentration
of the tested toxicant due to complication,
volatilization, degradation, and bioaccumulation
or adsorption of the toxicant [4].
The use of bivalves for evaluating
bioaccumulation of contaminants in sediments
and aquatic systems was investigated and
employed in dredged material evaluation,
monitoring storm water run off and release and
risk assessment for remediation [5].
The fresh water clam Corbicula fluminea is a
non-native, filter-feeding clam found in
abundance throughout most fresh water systems
in Iraq. The clam is native arthropods to China,
Korea, and Southeastern Russia , and these
organisms are widely spread distributed and
abundance
in many aquatic habitats, sedentary traits,
hardness and ability to bioaccumulate
xenobiotics from water and sediments [6].
The density of the clam varies greatly from area
to another and overtime, many factors affecting
Water pollution by pesticides necessitates the
establishment of water quality criteria and the
estimation of safe concentration for the aquatic
organisms [1].
In the environment, pesticides typically occur in
mixtures that can negatively affect the health of
a single species. But, in reality, no system has
only one organism living in it, if one organism is
affected, then the pesticide mixture likely affects
other species in that system as well, either
directly or indirectly. Few studies were
conducted on how individual and mixed
pesticides influence more complex systems that
involve multiple interacting species, especially
in fresh water environments [2].
Bioassay , in its widest sense is the measurement
of the potency of any stimulus physical,
chemical, biological and physiological by means
of the reactions that produces in living matter
[3]. In recent years, static and continuous flow
through bioassays are the two important
types of toxicity experiments used largely by
toxicologists. The use of these two types is
52
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Journal of Basrah Researches ((Sciences)) Vol. 36, No.6, A. 15 December ((2010))
density may include food availability, sediment
and water quality, stream bed stability, time of
year, length of time the species have been
present in the system and pollutants such as
pesticides and heavy metals [7].Bivalves have
been recognized as useful indicators of different
pollutants in aquatic systems [8].
Agricultural field run off pesticides has been
implicated as potential cause of aquatic biota
toxicity . Pyrethroids are synthetic derivatives of
pyrethrins, which are natural insecticides that
are produced by certain species of
chrysanthemum. The pyrethroids pesticides of
greatest interest to water quality include
bifenthrin,
cyfluthrin,
cypermethrin,
deltamethrin, permethrin and lamba-cyhalothrin.
These insecticides are applied in urban area for
pest control, in agricultural area and are used in
the home in pest sprays and shampoos [9].
Sublethal biological responses include altered
behavior, reduced growth, immune system
effects,
reproductive/endocrine
effects,
histopathological effects as well as biochemical
responses, and sublethal toxic effects can have
far-reaching consequences in the aquatic
environment,
especially
where organisms are exposed to many different
stressors [10]. Organisms in contaminated
aquatic ecosystems are often exposed to
toxicants
for
their
entire lifetime,
consequently, chronic
experiments will give a bitter reflection of the
field situation than acute experiments [11].
In the present study, the pyrethroid insecticide
Lamba-Cyhalothrin was selected to determine
the toxicity to the fresh water clam Corbicula
fluminea and an attempt was also made to find
out the safe concentration of these pesticide to
the aquatic organism.
Materials & Methods
Adults of
Corbicula
fluminea
were
collected from Hilla river a branch of Euphrates
river in Al-Hindia barrage, during Sep. 2009Jan. 2010, samples was transported to
laboratory. The organisms were left to
acclimatized for 7 days before they exposed to
different
concentrations
of
pyresthroid
insecticide. Before prior initiation, tested clams
were acclimated in synthetic water obtained
from the river under the laboratory conditions
for at least one weak. The water was airequilibrated by bubbling, with an artificial
photoperiod (12 h light and 12 h dark). Twentyfive clams were hatched per tank (aquaria
measuring 25×20×23 cm3 ) containing 5 L of
water. The tested clams were continuously fed
by a pump during the acclimation period with
the aquatic plant Ceratophyllum demersum. No
mortality was observed during acclimation.
Organisms were not fed during the exposure
experiment [12]. Control and each test
concentration were conducted in three replicate
aquaria.
Three pyrethroid concentrations(0.1,0.5, 1 mg/l)
were prepared , mortality percent. was recoded
at 24, 48, 72, 96, 120, 144 and 168 hours and
dead organisms were determined when both
valves showed gaping after a mechanical
disturbance. The aquaria were checked everyday
for dead mussels, which were removed. [11]..
The
experimental
design
and
calculations for the chronic toxicity were based
on well-known procedures given by Finney
[3]and Sparks[13].
LT50 (values the time it takes to kill 50%
of the clams) were calculated ,and curves of
toxicity were drawn also. The result wase tested
successively using analysis of variance
(ANOVA). [5].
Results & Discussion
Table (1) and figure (1-6) showed the LT50
for C. fluminea in different pesticide
concentrations through selected time intervals of
24, 48, 72, 96, 120, 144 and 168 hours, LT50
values for C.fluminea exposed to insecticide
Lamba-cyhalothrine.
The results showed linear relationship between
the mortality percentage and exposure time (0.1,
0.5 and 1 mg/L). These study showed high
percentage of mortality from C.fluminea, as
(26.6%, 40%, 33.3%) in concentrations used in
this study respectively after (144) hour from
exposure time.
High mortality rate of clam, occurred the highest
after 144 hours from the application of 0.5mg/l
of pyrethroid insecticide. The significant
mortality to the clams could occurred to the
interference of the synthetic pyrethroids with the
nerve cells functions causing paralysis of the
poisoned
organisms[14] , or due to the
53
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Journal of Basrah Researches ((Sciences)) Vol. 36, No.6, A. 15 December ((2010))
of the toxicity data collected in the present study
with those of other results may not be
meaningful because of the major factors
influencing bioassays like temperature, species
susceptibility and variability in bioassay
techniques adopted [1].
According to statistical analysis there is
significant variation between exposure times in
all treatments at (P<0.05), LSD=12.476, but
non-significant variation between concentrations
.
The result showed
that there was no
mortality in control treatment may be due to
resistance of clam to different environmental
conditions such as temperature, dissolved
oxygen and available of food [4],and the clam
under study was affected by low concentrations
of pesticides causes the mortality of individual
in different time exposure, pesticide in aquatic
system may become problematic and degrade
the health of local aquatic habitats if they are
sufficiently
retained,
bioavailable
and
bioaccumulated by biota to toxic levels [17].
lipophilic nature of pyrethroids, biological
membranes and tissues readily take up
prethroids [15].
This study show the value of LT50 increased
with the increase of concentration (Fig. 4-6).
The high value of LT50 as 398 h after exposure
to 1 mg/L of insecticide under study and low
value of LT50 as 177.8 h after exposure to 0.1
mg/L from these pesticide.
The results refer to the high tolerance of aquatic
organism under study and resistance to different
concentrations of a pesticide. The pyrethroids
are the generally of very low water solubility
and high lipophilicity, and therefore are rapidly
and strongly adsorbed to particulate material and
other surfaces [9], and the sublethal toxic effects
can have far-reaching consequences in the
aquatic
environment,
especially
where
organisms are exposed to many different
stressors [11].
The results of thise study disagree with many
studies as [16] show the most pyrethroid 96 h.
LT50 for fish, aquatic insects and crustaceans are
well below (1) ppb (µ/L).However, comparison
Table (1):The effect of different concentrations of the pyrethroid and the time of exposure and the rate of
mortality and LT50 of C. fluminea. *
Concentration
(ml/L)
0.1
0.5
1
Exposure time
(hour )
Mortality %
24
48
72
96
120
144
168
24
48
72
96
120
144
168
24
48
72
96
120
144
168
LT50 (hour)
4
4.16
13
10
16.6
26.6
18.18
4
12.5
9.5
5.26
16.6
40
33.3
20
15
22
21.4
18.18
33.3
50
177.8
257
398
* L.S.D.(exposure time)(p<0.05)= 2.476
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Journal of Basrah Researches ((Sciences)) Vol. 36, No.6, A. 15 December ((2010))
Percent of mortality(%)
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
percen t o f m o rtality(% )
Exposour tim e(hour)
Fig.(1): m ortality percentage of Corbi cul a flumi nae exposed
to pesticide in concentration (0.1) m g\l
50
40
30
20
10
0
0
50
100
150
200
Exposour tim e(hour)
Fig.(2):mortality percentage of Corbicula flumineae
after exposur to pesticide in concentration(0.5)mg\l
60
percentage of
mortality(%)
50
40
30
20
10
0
0
50
100
150
200
Exposouyr tim e(hour)
Fig.(3):Mortality percentage of Corbicula flumineae after exposure
to pesticide in concentration (1)mg\l
55
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Journal of Basrah Researches ((Sciences)) Vol. 36, No.6, A. 15 December ((2010))
6
y = 1.1936x + 1.6176
R2 = 0.8269
Probet of % mortality
5
4
3
2
1
0
0 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 1 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 2 2. 2. 2. 2. 2. 2. 2. 2. 2.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Log of Time
Fig.(4):
Fig.(1):Toxicity line for the pyrethroid insecticide in cocentration(0.1)mg/l to
C.fluminea.
6
y = 1.4968x + 1.2488
2
R = 0.813
Probet of % mortality
5
4
3
2
1
0
0
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9
1
1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9
2
2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 2.9
Log of Time
Fig.(5)
Fig.(2): Toxicity line for the pyrethroid insecticide in cincentration (0.5) to C.fluminea .
:
6
y = 0.6248x + 3.0901
R 2 = 0.1893
Probet of % mortality
5
4
3
2
1
0
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9
2
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5
2.6
2.7
2.8
2.9
Log of Time
Fig.(6):
Fig.(3):Toxicity line for the pyrethroid insecticide in cocentration( 1) mg/l to C.fluminea
56
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References:
1-Rajendran, N.; Rajendran, R.; Matsuda, O.
& Venugopalan, V.K. (1989). Acute
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2-Griggs, J.L. (2006). Effects of Atrazine and
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trematode parasites. M.Sc. Thesis Faculty of
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university, Blacksburg, V.A.
3-Finney, D.J. (1978). Statistical method in
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university press, p. 508.
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Ebner, D.B.; Clarke, J.; Ray, G. & Stevens,
J.A. (2009). Corbicula fluminea as a
bioaccumulation indicator species: A case study
at the Columbia and Willamette rivers. Engineer
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McMahon, R.F. (1989). Variation in size
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8-Conners, D.E. (2004). Biomarkers of
oxidative stress in freshwater clams (Corbicula
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The university of Georgia, Georgia
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sacramento-San Joaquin Delta and central
valley. White paper for Interagency Ecological
program. SFEI contribution 415, SanFrancisco
Estuary Institute, Oakland, CA.
10-USEPA (2005). EFED Risk Assessment for
the reregistration Eligibility Decision (RED)
on cypermethrin.
11-Kraak, M.H.S.; Wink, Y.A.; Stuijfzand,
S.C.; Jong, M.C.B.; Groot, C.J. & Admiraal,
W. (1994). Chronic ecotoxicity of Zn and Pb to
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12-Liao, C.; Jau, S.; Chen, W.; Lin, C.; Jou,
L.; Liu, C.; Liao, V. & Chang, F. (2008).
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Environmental Toxicology, 3: 702-711.
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Ecotoxicology. New York: Wiley, 320 pp.
14-Shefer, T.J.; Meyer, D.A. (2004). Effects of
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303-318.
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andTraichaiyapom (2008).The use of
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57
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‫))‪Journal of Basrah Researches ((Sciences)) Vol. 36, No.6, A. 15 December ((2010‬‬
‫ﺍﻝﺘﺎﺜﻴﺭ ﺍﻝﺴﻤﻲ ﻝﻠﻤﺒﻴﺩ "‪"Lambada-Cyhalothrin‬ﻓﻲ ﻤﺤﺎﺭ ﺍﻝﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻝﻌﺫﺒﺔ‬
‫)‪.Corbicula fluminea (Muller, 1778‬‬
‫ﺍﻝﺨﻼﺼﺔ‪:‬‬
‫ﺘﻨﺎﻭل ﺍﻝﺒﺤﺙ ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﺍﻝﺴﻤﻲ ﻷﺤﺩ ﺍﻝﻤﺒﻴﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻝﺒﺎﻴﺭﺜﺭﻭﻴﺩﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺼﻨﻌﺔ ﻭﺍﻝﺫﻱ ﻗﺩ ﻴﻁﺭﺡ ﺍﻝﻰ ﺍﻝﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﺒﻔﻌل ﺍﺴﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝﺔ ﺍﻝﻭﺍﺴﻊ‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﻤﻜﺎﻓﺤﺔ ﺍﻵﻓﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺤﺸﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺯﺭﺍﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻝﻤﻨﺯﻝﻴﺔ ﺍﻭﻗﺩ ﻴﻁﺭﺡ ﻜﻔﻀﻼﺕ ﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻭ ﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺘﺴﺭﺒﻪ ﻤﻥ ﺃﻤﺎﻜﻥ ﺍﻝﺨﺯﻥ ﻭﺍﻝﺘﺩﺍﻭل ﻭﻫـﻭ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻤﺒﻴﺩ‪Lambda-cyhlothrin‬‬
‫ﻭﺘﻨﺎﻭل ﺫﻝﻙ ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺘﺎﺜﻴﺭ ﺍﻝﻤﺒﻴﺩ ﺍﻝﻤﺫﻜﻭﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺤﻴﺎﺘﻴﺔ ﻤﺤﺎﺭ ﺍﻝﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻝﻌﺫﺒﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺒﻘﺎﺌﻪ‪Corbicula fluminea‬‬
‫ﺒﺎﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩ ﺜﻼﺜﺔ ﺘﺭﺍﻜﻴﺯ ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻤﻨﻪ ﻭﻫﻲ ) ‪1,0.5,0.1‬‬
‫ﻤﻠﻐﻡ‪/‬ﻝﺘﺭﻭ ﻋﺭﻀﺕ ﺍﻷﺤﻴﺎﺀ ﻝﻬﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺍﻜﻴﺯ ﻝﻤﺩﺓ ﺴﺒﻌﺔ ﺍﻴﺎﻡ)‪24‬ﺴﺎﻋﺔ ﻭﻝﻐﺎﻴﺔ ‪ 168‬ﺴﺎﻋﺔ( ﻭﺨﻼل ﺫﻝﻙ ﺤﺴﺒﺕ ﺍﻷﻓﺭﺍﺩ ﺍﻝﻤﻴﺘﺔ ﻴﻭﻤﻴـﺎ‬
‫ﻭﺍﺴﺘﺨﺭﺠﺕ ﺍﻝﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺌﻭﻴﺔ ﻝﻠﻘﺘل ﻭﺍﺴﺘﺨﺭﺠﺕ ﻗﻴﻡ ﺍﻝﺯﻤﻥ ﻨﺼﻑ ﺍﻝﻘﺎﺘل ﻝﻜل ﺘﺭﻜﻴﺯ ﺨﻼل ﻓﺘﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﻌﺭﻴﺽ ﻭ ﺭﺴﻤﺕ ﺨﻁﻭﻁ ﺍﻝـﺴﻤﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺒﺎﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺘﻠﻙ ﺍﻝﻘﻴﻡ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﺸﺎﺭﺕ ﺍﻝﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﺒﺎﻥ ﻗﻴﻡ ﺍﻝﺯﻤﻥ ﻨﺼﻑ ﺍﻝﻘﺎﺘل ﺘﺯﺩﺍﺩ ﺒﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﻭﻗﺕ ﺍﻝﺘﻌﺭﺽ ﻝﺘﺭﺍﻜﻴﺯ ﺍﻝﻤﺒﻴﺩ ﺍﻝﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‪ .‬ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﻴﻡ ﺍﻝﺯﻤﻥ ﻨﺼﻑ ﺍﻝﻘﺎﺘل‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﺘﺭﺍﻜﻴﺯ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺎﻤﻠﺔ ﻫﻲ ‪ 398, 257, 177.8‬ﺴﺎﻋﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﺘﻭﺍﻝﻲ ﻭﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻝﻠﻬﻼﻜﺎﺕ ﺴﺠﻠﺕ ﺒﻌﺩ ﻤﺭﻭﺭ ‪ 144‬ﺴﺎﻋﺔ ﻫﻲ‬
‫‪ 33.3 ,40 ,26.6‬ﻓﻲ ﺘﺭﺍﻜﻴﺯ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺎﻤﻠﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﺘﻭﺍﻝﻲ‬
‫ﻴﺘﻀﺢ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﺍﻥ ﺍﻓﺭﺍﺩ ﺍﻝﻤﺤﺎﺭ ﻤﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﻥ ﺘﺘﺄﺜﺭ ﺒﺎﻝﻤﺒﻴﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻝﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﺤﺘﻰ ﻭﻝﻭ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺒﺘﺭﺍﻜﻴﺯ ﻭﺍﻁﺌﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺍﻝﻤﺎﺌﻲ‬
‫‪58‬‬
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