Pike and San Isabel National Forest’s, Cimarron and Comanche
National Grassland’s
FIRE MANAGEMENT PLAN
2010
Reviewed by:
Shane Greer
Fire Management Officer
Pike & San Isabel NF’s, Comanche & Cimarron NG’s
Date
PSICC Fire Management Plan
Interagency federal fire policy requires that every area with burnable vegetation must have a Fire
Management Plan (FMP). This FMP provides information about the fire management planning process
for the Pike and San Isabel National Forest’s, Cimarron and Comanche National Grassland’s (PSICC) and
compiles guidance from existing sources such as but not limited to, the PSICC Land and Resource
Management Plan (LRMP), national policy, and national and regional directives.
The potential consequences to firefighter and public safety and welfare, natural and cultural resources,
and values to be protected help determine the management response during a fire. Firefighter and public
safety are the first consideration and are always the priority during every response.
The following chapters discuss broad forest and specific Fire Management Unit (FMU) characteristics
and guidance.
Chapter 1 introduces the area covered by the FMP, includes a map of the PSICC, addresses the agencies
involved, and states why the forest is developing the FMP.
Chapter 2 establishes the link between higher-level planning documents, legislation, and policies and the
actions described in FMP.
Chapter 3 articulates specific goals, objectives, standards, guidelines, and/or desired future conditions(s),
as established in the forest’s LRMP, which apply to all the forest’s FMUs and those that are unique to the
forest’s individual FMUs.
2
PSICC Fire Management Plan
Contents
Chapter 1. Introduction ................................................................................................................................ 5
Chapter 2. Policy, Land Management Planning, and Partnerships .............................................................. 6
2.1. National and Regional Fire Management Policy ............................................................................... 6
2.2. Land and Resource Management Plan ............................................................................................... 6
2.3. Partnerships ........................................................................................................................................ 6
Chapter 3. Fire Management Unit Descriptions .......................................................................................... 7
3.1 Fire Management Considerations Applicable to All Forest Fire Management Units ......................... 7
3.1.1. Land and Resource Management Plan Guidance ........................................................................ 9
3.1.2. Physical Characteristics that Apply to All Fire Management Units ......................................... 15
3.2 Fire Management Considerations for Specific Fire Response Units ................................................ 16
3.2 [A] Pike / Front Range (FMU1) ........................................................................................................ 16
3.2.1 [A] FMU 1 Snap Shot ................................................................................................................ 16
3.2.2 [A] FMU 1 Guidance ................................................................................................................. 17
3.2.3 [A] FMU 1 Characteristics ......................................................................................................... 18
3.2.3.1 [A] Safety ........................................................................................................................... 18
3.2.3.2 [A] Physical ....................................................................................................................... 18
3.2.3.3 [A] Biological .................................................................................................................... 18
3.2.3.4 [A] Resources..................................................................................................................... 19
3.2.4 [A] FMU 1 Fire Environment .................................................................................................... 20
3.2.4.1 [A] Fire History and Behavior ........................................................................................... 20
3.2.4.2 [A] Weather ....................................................................................................................... 22
3.2 [B] Mountain Zone (FMU2) ............................................................................................................. 23
3.2.1 [B] FMU 2 Snap Shot ................................................................................................................ 23
3.2.2 [B] FMU Guidance .................................................................................................................... 24
3.2.3 [B] FMU 2 Characteristics ......................................................................................................... 25
3.2.3.1 [B] Safety ........................................................................................................................... 25
3.2.3.2 [B] Physical........................................................................................................................ 25
3.2.3.3 [B] Biological..................................................................................................................... 26
3.2.3.4 [B] Resources ..................................................................................................................... 26
3.2.4 [B] FMU 2 Fire Environment .................................................................................................... 27
3
PSICC Fire Management Plan
3.2.4.1 [B] Fire History and Behavior ........................................................................................... 27
3.2.4.2 [B] Weather........................................................................................................................ 29
3.2 [C] San Carlos (FMU3)..................................................................................................................... 30
3.2.1 [C] FMU 3 Snap Shot ................................................................................................................ 30
3.2.2 [C] FMU Guidance .................................................................................................................... 31
3.2.3 [C] FMU Characteristics ............................................................................................................ 32
3.2.3.1 [C] Safety ........................................................................................................................... 32
3.2.3.2 [C] Physical........................................................................................................................ 32
3.2.3.3 [C] Biological..................................................................................................................... 34
3.2.3.4 [C] Resources ..................................................................................................................... 34
3.2.4 [C] FMU 3 Fire Environment .................................................................................................... 36
3.2.4.1 [C] Fire History and Behavior ........................................................................................... 36
3.2.4.2 [C] Weather........................................................................................................................ 39
3.2 [D] Grassland Zone (FMU4)............................................................................................................. 40
3.2.1 [D] FMU 4 Snap Shot ................................................................................................................ 40
3.2.2 [D] FMU Guidance .................................................................................................................... 41
3.2.3 [D] FMU 4 Characteristics ......................................................................................................... 42
3.2.3.1 [D] Safety ........................................................................................................................... 42
3.2.3.2 [D] Physical ....................................................................................................................... 42
3.2.3.3 [D] Biological .................................................................................................................... 43
3.2.3.4 [D] Resources..................................................................................................................... 44
3.2.4 [D] FMU Fire Environment ....................................................................................................... 45
3.2.4.1 [D] Fire History and Behavior ........................................................................................... 45
3.2.4.2 [D] Weather ....................................................................................................................... 46
4
PSICC Fire Management Plan
Chapter 1. Introduction
The PSICC developed this FMP as a decision support tool to help fire personnel and decision makers
determine the response to an unplanned ignition.
This plan only covers NFS lands within the administrative boundary of the PSICC. Furthermore, the plan
will evolve and be revised as conditions change on the ground and as modifications are made to the unit’s
LRMP.
PSICC Administrative Boundary and Fire Management Unit Map
5
PSICC Fire Management Plan
Chapter 2. Policy, Land Management Planning, and
Partnerships
The regulations and policy in the following documents guide the fire management as outlined in this
FMP.
2.1. National and Regional Fire Management Policy
Forest Service policy and direction that are relevant to this FMP include:
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
1995 Federal Wildland Fire Management Policy and Program Review
2009 Federal Fire Policy Implementation Guidance
National Fire Plan
Forest Service Manual 5100 (Fire Management)
Forest Service Manual 2320 (Wilderness Management)
Forest Service Handbook 5109 (Fire Management)
Interagency Prescribed Fire Planning and Implementation Procedures Reference Guide
(September 2006)
Review and Update of the 1995 Federal Wildland Fire Management Policy (January 2001)
Land and Resource Management Plan (LRMP) for the PSICC as Amended
Managing Impacts of Wildfires on Communities and the Environment and Protecting People and
Sustaining Resources in Fire Adapted Ecosystems – A Cohesive Strategy (October 2000)
The Thirty mile Hazard Abatement Plan (2002)
Collaborative Approach for Reducing Wildland Fire Risks to Communities and the Environment:
10-Year Comprehensive Strategy Implementation Plan (August 2001)
Western National Forests – A Cohesive Strategy is needed to Address Catastrophic Wildlife
Threats (April 1999)
Managing Impacts of Wildfires on Communities and the Environment – A Report to the President
in Response to the Wildfires of 2000 (September 2000)
2.2. Land and Resource Management Plan
Forest-wide management goals, objectives, standards and desired conditions relevant to fire management
planning are located in the PSICC Land and Resource Management Plan of 1985, amendment of 1987,
and more recently amendment number 32, June of 2008.
2.3. Partnerships
The PSICC area has a highly intermixed landownership profile which requires close working
relationships with a myriad of Federal, state and local fire management cooperators. Jurisdictional
responsibilities are defined by law and differ between the counties of Colorado and Kansas, which in turn
makes county/local responsibilities different from state to state.
Responsibilities, suppression coordination and reimbursement process is contained in various Cooperative
Agreements and their associated Annual Operating Plans (AOP). All units (including cooperators) retain
hardcopy versions of agreements at unit sites. The master repository for copies of cooperator agreements
6
PSICC Fire Management Plan
is located with the zoned Grants and Agreements Coordinator for the PSICC, located in the Supervisor’s
Office in Pueblo, Colorado. For copies contact Rick Maestas at 719-553-1443.
The PSICC fire managers and dispatchers coordinate closely with the Bureau of Land Management,
Colorado State Forestry Service, National Fish and Wildlife Service, National Park Service, Kansas State
Forest Service, Bureau of Indian Affairs, twenty-one county emergency management centers in
Colorado, two in Kansas, over two hundred rural and city fire departments, as well as coordinating with
adjoining dispatch zones at Fort Collins, Durango, and Montrose, and adjoining National Forests –
Arapahoe and Roosevelt, Rio Grande, Grand Mesa, Uncompahgre, Gunnison and White River.
The Pueblo Interagency Fire Advisory Board was created in response to a need for cooperation between
fire management entities. This council includes representatives from all agencies in the PIDC zone. The
council plays a major role in coordinating fire prevention activities, fire suppression, prescribed fire, fire
training/certification procedures, and wildland/urban interface issues.
The Pueblo Interagency Fire Advisory Board is comprised of voting representatives from agencies
contributing to PIDC. It serves as a body to exchange ideas concerning wildland and other fire related
activities among the various wildland fire management cooperators in the PIDC zone. In addition, it
serves as an advisory group, representing various rural and city Volunteer Fire Departments, to the State
Division of Resource Conservation and Forestry, BLM, PSICC and the Park Service in all matters related
to wildland fire management. The PSICC Forest FMO sits on this board as a member.
Chapter 3. Fire Management Unit Descriptions
The primary purpose of developing FMUs in fire management planning is to assist in organizing
information in complex landscapes. FMUs divide the landscape into smaller geographic areas to easily
describe safety considerations, physical, biological, social characteristics and to frame associated planning
guidance based on these characteristics.
The following information, including the summaries of fuels conditions, weather and burning patterns,
and other conditions in specific FMUs, helps determine the response to an unplanned ignition and
provides a quick reference to the strategic goals in the Forest’s LRMP.
3.1 Fire Management Considerations Applicable to All Forest Fire Management
Units
The potential consequences to firefighter and public safety and welfare, natural and cultural resources,
and values to be protected help determine the response during a fire. Firefighter and public safety are the
first consideration and are always the priority during every response.
The following considerations apply to each FMU.
Safety
Firefighter and public safety is the first priority in all fire and resource management activities on the
PSICC.
Fire Management and Ecosystem Sustainability
The full range of fire management activities are used on the Forest to help achieve ecosystem
sustainability, including its interrelated ecological, economic, and social components.
7
PSICC Fire Management Plan
Response to Wildland Fire
Fire, as a critical natural process, has been integrated into the Land and Resource Management Plan and
activities on a landscape scale. Response to wildland fire is based on ecological, social, and legal
consequences of the fire. The circumstances under which a fire occurs, and the likely consequences on
firefighter and public safety and welfare, natural and cultural resources, and values to be protected dictate
the response to the fire as identified in the LRMP.
Use of Wildland Fire
Wildland and management ignited fire will be used to protect, maintain, and enhance resources and, as
nearly as possible, be allowed to function in its natural ecological role. Use of fire will be based on
LRMP and associated fire management plans and will follow specific prescriptions contained in
operational plans.
Rehabilitation and Restoration
Rehabilitation and restoration efforts will be undertaken to protect and sustain ecosystems, public health,
and safety, and to help communities protect infrastructure.
Protection Priorities
The protection of human life is the single, overriding priority. Setting priorities among protecting human
communities and community infrastructure, other property and improvements, and natural and cultural
resources is based on the values to be protected, human health and safety, and the costs of protection.
Once people have been committed to an incident, these human resources become the highest value to be
protected.
Wildland Urban Interface
The operational roles of federal agencies as partners in the wildland-urban interface are wildland
firefighting, hazardous fuels reduction, cooperative prevention and education, and technical assistance.
Structural fire suppression is the responsibility of state, or local governments. The PSICC assists with
exterior structural protection activities under formal Annual Operating Plans that specify the mutual
responsibilities of the partners, including funding. The Forest does not have structural fire suppression
responsibilities for Federal facilities on PSICC system lands and has not entered into formal agreements
to assist State and local governments with full structural protection. The Forest relies on local structural
fire departments for structural fire suppression services on system lands.
Suppression
Suppression efforts on the forest are implemented at the minimum cost, considering firefighter and public
safety, benefits, and values to be protected, consistent with resource objectives.
Prevention
The PSICC works closely with partners and other affected groups and individuals to prevent unauthorized
ignition of wildland fires through several interagency fire prevention committees within the chartered
Pueblo Interagency Dispatch Center (PIDC).
Interagency Cooperation and Coordination
Fire management planning, preparedness, prevention, suppression, restoration and rehabilitation,
monitoring, research, and education are conducted on an interagency basis with the involvement of
cooperators and partners. All cooperators participate in chartered interagency boards, collectively fund a
common dispatch center and utilize all suppression resources under cooperative agreements.
8
PSICC Fire Management Plan
Communication and Education
The PSICC actively works to enhance knowledge and understanding of wildland fire management
policies and practices through internal and external communication and education programs. These
programs are continuously improved through the timely and effective exchange of information among all
affected agencies and organizations.
Agency Administrators and Employee Roles
Agency administrators ensure that their employees are trained, certified, and made available to participate
in the wildland fire program locally, regionally, and nationally as the situation demands. Employees with
operational, administrative, or other skills are encouraged to support the wildland fire program as
necessary. Agency administrators are responsible for and held accountable for making employees
available and every attempt is made to integrate the entire workforce into the Interagency Fire Program
while still meeting the forest’s many other resource management commitments.
3.1.1. Land and Resource Management Plan Guidance
The PSICC is blessed with a diverse array of plants and animals. During the past century of forest
management, the influence of disturbance, particularly fire, has diminished. As a desired condition
overall, the PSICC will be managed so that disturbances (including insects and diseases, fire, animals and
human activities) do not obstruct expected uses, values, commodities, ecosystem functioning or the
normal patterns of change. The susceptibility of vegetation to catastrophic fire and outbreaks of insect
and disease pests will be reduced, where appropriate, through proactive vegetation and fire and fuels
management practices that promote vigorous, productive, resilient and diverse ecosystems. A
combination of suppression, prevention and fuel treatment activities will be used to restore fire to an
ecological role in maintaining the PSICC as a biologically diverse and sustainable ecosystem.
Forest-Wide General Direction Statements Related to Fire (LRMP 1985, amended 1987)
•
•
•
Wilderness Area Management:
16 – Maintain fire-dependent ecosystems using prescribed fires ignited naturally. Reclaim
areas disturbed as part of fire control activities to meet the visual quality objective of
retention.
Fire Planning and Suppression:
01 – Provide a level of protection from wildfire that is cost efficient and that will meet
management objectives for the area considering the following:
o The values of the resources that are threatened by fire.
o The probability of fire occurrence.
o The fuel bed that fires will probably occur in.
o The weather conditions that will probably influence fires that occur.
o The costs of fire protection programs.
o The social, economic, political, cultural, environmental, life and property concerns;
and Management objectives for the area.
Escaped-Fire Suppression:
01 - Take suppression action on all escaped fires considering the following:
o Public safety
o Firefighter safety
o The values of the resources threatened by the fire (both positive and negative).
o Management objectives for the threatened area(s).
o The fuel beds the fire may burn in.
9
PSICC Fire Management Plan
The current and projected weather conditions that will influence fire behavior.
Natural barriers and fuel breaks
Social, economic, political, cultural, and environmental concerns.
Costs of alternative suppression strategies. Use the Wildland Fire Decision Support
System in making this determination.
Fuel Treatment:
01 – Maintain fuel conditions, which permit fire suppression forces to meet fire protection
objectives for the area.
Vegetation Treated by Burning:
01 – Use prescribed fire to accomplish resource management objectives, such as reducing
fuel load buildup, wildlife habitat improvement, etc.
02 – Limit use of prescribed fires on areas adjacent to riparian areas to protect riparian and
aquatic values.
03 – Use unplanned ignition on areas identified in this Plan to achieve management
objectives.
Air Resource Management:
01 – Comply with State and Federal air quality standards. (see FSM 2120)
o
o
o
o
•
•
•
Forest-Wide Standards and Guidelines Related To Fire
•
Fuel Treatment:
Standard – reduce OR otherwise treat all fuels so the potential fireline intensity of an area
will not exceed 400 BTU’s/sec/ft (BI – 68) on 90% of the days during the regular fire season.
OR Break up continuous fuel concentrations exceeding the above standard into manageable
units with fuel breaks or fire lanes. OR Provide additional protection for areas exceeding the
above standard when such protection will not be required for more than five years.
Management Area (MA) Direction
•
The following is a summary table that displays management areas identified in the Forest
LRMP and the appropriate suppression response that is allowed within each of those
management areas, as well as significant management restrictions.
Fire Management Direction Summary Table
Appropriate Suppression Response
MA Name
Alpha
Nume
ric
Developed
Recreation
Sites
1A
Winter Sports
Sites
1B-1
Primary
Resource
Emphasis
Emphasis is for
developed
recreation in
existing and
proposed facilities.
Provide for
existing winter
Confine
Contain
Con
trol
Restricti
ons
No
No
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Appropriate Fire
Management
Activity
Planned
Natural
Least
costs plus
loss
No
No
Least
Yes
No
10
PSICC Fire Management Plan
Potential
Winter Sports
Development
Sites
1B-2
Admin Sites
1C
Utility
Corridors
1D
MA Name
Alpha
Nume
ric
Semi primitive
Motorized
Recreation
Opportunity
2A
Rural and
RoadedNatural
Recreation
Opportunity
Semi primitive
Nonmotorized
Recreation
Opportunity
Wildlife
Habitat for
Management
Indicator
Species
sports, downhill
skiing, cross
country skiing and
dispersed
recreation rest of
the year
Emphasis is on
maintenance of
selected sites for
downhill skiing
Provide for
administrative
sites
Emphasis is for
major oil and gas
pipelines,
electrical,
telephone lines and
water lines.
Primary
Resource
Emphasis
Emphasis is for
motorized
recreation
opportunities, such
as snowmobiling,
four wheeling,
motorcycling
costs plus
loss
No
Yes
Yes
No
No
Yes
No
No
Confine
Least
costs plus
loss
Yes
No
Least
costs plus
loss
No
No
Yes
Least
costs plus
loss
No
No
Contain
Con
trol
Restricti
ons
Planned
Natural
Yes
Yes
Yes
Least
costs plus
loss
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Least
costs plus
loss
Yes
No
Yes
No
Yes
No
2B
Motorized and
nonmotorized
recreation
activities.
3A
Recreation in both
roaded and
unroaded areas.
Yes
Yes
Yes
Least
costs plus
loss
4B
Habitat needs of
one or more
management
indicator species
Yes
Yes
Yes
Least
costs plus
loss
11
PSICC Fire Management Plan
Aspen
Management
4D
Big Game
Winter Range
5B
Maintaining and
improving aspen
sites
Improve and
maintain forage
and cover on
winter ranges
Yes
Yes
Yes
Least
costs plus
loss
Yes
Yes
Yes
Least
costs plus
loss
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Least
costs plus
loss
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Least
costs plus
loss
Yes
No
Yes
commo
with
range
staff
Yes
commun
icating
with
timber
staff
Yes
No
6B
Emphasis on
improving and
maintaining range
conditions
Wood-Fiber
Production and
Utilization
(saw logs)
7A
Emphasis on
wood-fiber
production and
utilization of saw
timber
Wood-Fiber
Production and
Utilization for
Products other
than Saw
timber
7D
Emphasis on Small
diameter timber
utilization
Yes
Yes
Yes
Least
costs plus
loss
Yes
No
MA Name
Alpha
Nume
ric
Primary
Resource
Emphasis
Confine
Contain
Con
trol
Restricti
ons
Planned
Natural
8B
Emphasis is to
provide protection
and perpetuation
of natural biophysical
conditions
No
No
Yes
No
Livestock
Grazing
Primitive
Wilderness
Opportunities
Semi primitive
Wilderness
Opportunities
8C
Riparian Area
Management
(Unmapped)
9A
Riparian Area
Management
(Mapped)
9A
Emphasis is to
provide protection
and perpetuation
of natural biophysical
conditions
Management of all
the component
ecosystems of
riparian areas.
Management of all
the component
ecosystems of
MIMT
suppressi
on tactics
when
needed
light
hand on
the land
MIMT
suppressi
on tactics
when
appropria
te
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Least
costs plus
loss
Yes
No
No
Yes
Yes
Least
costs plus
loss
Yes
No
12
PSICC Fire Management Plan
Increased
Water Yield
9B
Research
Natural Areas
10A
Experimental
Forest
10B
Special
Interest Areas
Municipal
Watershed/
Municipal
Water Supply
Watersheds
riparian areas.
Increase water
yield and improve
flow through
manipulation of
forest vegetation
Research, study,
observations,
monitoring as is
non-destructive
and maintains
unmodified
conditions
Provide for
experiments, tests
and other activities
to protect, manage
and utilize forest
resources.
Yes
Yes
Yes
Least
costs plus
loss
Yes
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Allow to
burn
unless
wildfire
endanger
s RNA
Yes
Yes
Yes
Least
costs plus
loss
10C
Protection of areas
Yes
Yes
Yes
10E
Protect and
improve the
quality and
quantity of water
Yes
Yes
Yes
Least
costs plus
loss,
aggressiv
ely
suppress
fires that
endanger
areas
Least
cost +
loss
suppress
fires that
endanger
watershe
d
Total Acres = 2,751,736
13
PSICC Fire Management Plan
Standards and Guidelines
In Management Areas 8B – Primitive Wilderness Opportunities and 8C - Semi-Primitive Non-Motorized
Recreation Opportunities, the Standards and Guidelines will include:
•
Maximize minimum impact suppression tactics in the wilderness when appropriate. Fire and
Fuels – protect life, property and resource values from wildfire at a minimum cost consistent
with land and resource management objectives and fire management direction. Fire
management will be guided by the concept of appropriate management response. The PSICC
will use the practice of evaluating, planning and treating wildland fuels to reduce
flammability and to reduce its resistance to control through mechanical, biological or manual
means, including prescribed fire in support of land management objectives.
In all other Management Areas, the Standards and Guidelines will include:
•
Protect life, property and resource values from wildfire at a minimum cost consistent with
land and resource management objectives and fire management direction. Fire management
will be guided by the concept of appropriate management response. The PSICC will use the
practice of evaluating, planning and treating wildland fuels to reduce flammability and to
reduce its resistance to control through mechanical, biological or manual means, including
prescribed fire in support of land management objectives.
LRMP Amendment Number 32, dated June 20, 2008
This amendment of the 1984 Plan changes:
1. Add to Management Activities, Chapter III – 82, Amendment Number 6:
a. Vegetation Treated by Burning
2. Add to General Direction, Chapter III – 82, Amendment Number 6:
a. Use unplanned ignitions on areas identified in this Plan to achieve management objectives.
3. Add to Standards and Guidelines, Chapter III – 82, Amendment Number 6:
a. Naturally-ignited wildland fires may be used in predetermined areas under specified conditions
to achieve the following management objectives:
- Reduce the occurrence and/or adverse impacts of potential catastrophic wildfires over
the long-term.
- Maintain or restore the ecological composition, structure and functioning of firedependent ecosystems.
b. Naturally-ignited wildland fires may be used to achieve management objectives under
conditions specified in an approved fire management plan, in
the following areas:
- All Wilderness Areas within the Pike and San Isabel National Forests.
- All National Forest lands in the Wet Mountains, along the east slope of the Sangre de
Cristo Range, and in the Spanish Peaks.
14
PSICC Fire Management Plan
Management
Activity
Vegetation
Treated by
Burning
General Direction
Use unplanned
ignitions on areas
identified in this
plan to achieve
management
objectives
Standards and Guidelines
a. Naturally-ignited wildland fires may be used in
predetermined areas under specified conditions
to achieve the following management objectives:
- Reduce the occurrence and/or adverse impacts of
potential catastrophic wildfires over the long-term.
- Maintain or restore the ecological composition,
structure and functioning of fire-dependent ecosystems.
b. Naturally-ignited wildland fires may be used to achieve
management objectives under conditions specified in an
approved fire management plan, in
the following areas:
- All Wilderness Areas within the Pike and San Isabel
National Forests.
- All National Forest lands in the Wet Mountains, along the
east slope of the Sangre de Cristo Range, and in the Spanish
Peaks
3.1.2. Physical Characteristics that Apply to All Fire Management Units
The Pike and San Isabel National Forest, Cimarron and Comanche National Grasslands have a diverse
array of plants and animals. Elements from the Rocky Mountain Coniferous Forests and Great Plains are
all represented.
During the past century of forest management, the influence of disturbance, particularly fire, has
diminished. As a result ecosystem components dependent upon disturbance have declined. Standreplacing fire and insect epidemics, although inevitable to some degree, are not desirable in an intensely
managed and highly populated area like most of the PSICC. However, early succession elements
associated with disturbance will be essential for diversity, requiring active management in the
contemporary forest. Management in the form of mechanical fuel treatments, prescribed burning, and
other non-commercial treatments will be necessary to conserve diversity while still meeting societal
expectations.
The Forest’s susceptibility to stand-replacing, high-intensity wildfire and insect epidemics will be reduced
through a proactive approach to fire and fuels management. A combination of suppression, prevention
and fuel treatment activities will be used to reduce the extent and intensity of fire and insect outbreaks
while maintaining the forest as a biologically diverse and sustainable ecosystem.
15
PSICC Fire Management Plan
3.2 Fire Management Considerations for Specific Fire Response Units
Fire management considerations are discussed in each FMU below.
3.2 [A] Pike / Front Range (FMU1)
3.2.1 [A] FMU 1 Snap Shot
Radio Frequencies:
See References
General Risk Category:
High
Fire Behavior Indicator:
Burning Index
NFDRS Weather Station (Primary):
Cheeseman
Station ID 053102
Bailey
Station ID 052001
Lake George
Station ID 053002
Nearest Weather Station:
Cheeseman / Lake George / Bailey
Acres/Agency:
1,272,485 acres / USFS
Predominant Vegetation Types:
Ponderosa pine is the most frequently observed tree species. Douglas fir, spruce, aspen, mountain
mahogany and gamble oak are present.
Unit(s):
South Platte RD / South Park RD / Pikes Peak RD
IA assets assigned to this FMU:
Stationed at Buffalo Creek Engine 6 11 1 & Engine 6 11 2, Fuels Squad 11 1 (five person)
Stationed at Lake George Engine 6 10 1, Fuels Squad 10 1 (five person)
Stationed at Woodland Park Engine 3 9 1 & Engine 9 6 2, Fuels Squad 9 1 (five person)
Monument Fire Center Resources:
Type III Helicopter and crew. Shared by all FMUs
Duty Officer:
Pikes Peak RD FMO
South Park RD FMO
South Platte RD FMO
16
PSICC Fire Management Plan
IA Dispatch Office:
Pueblo Interagency Dispatch Center
Communities adjacent or within FMU:
Denver Metro Area
Colorado Springs Metro Area
Monument
Palmer Lake
Larkspur
Castle Rock
Woodland Park
Divide
Florissant
Cripple Creek
Morrison
Bailey
Buffalo Creek
Lake George
Fairplay
LMP Options available:
Naturally-ignited wildland fires may be used in predetermined areas under specified conditions to
achieve the management objectives to reduce the occurrence and/or adverse impacts of potential
catastrophic wildfires over the long-term. Maintain or restore the ecological composition structure
and functioning of fire-dependent ecosystems.
Special safety considerations:
The issues facing fire management, both for suppression and fuels management, are the high
complexities of the wildland-urban interface/intermix, large amount of jurisdictions and fire
departments, smoke management concerns, and socio-economic/political issues of being located in
and adjacent to large populations.
3.2.2 [A] FMU 1 Guidance
Wildland fire management guidance for this fire management unit is established in the Pike and San
Isabel National Forest Land and Resource Management Plan and Amendment.
Desired Conditions:
See Section 3.1.1. Land and Resource Management Plan Guidance.
Goals:
See Section 3.1.1. Land and Resource Management Plan Guidance.
Objectives:
See Section 3.1.1. Land and Resource Management Plan Guidance.
Standards:
See Section 3.1.1. Land and Resource Management Plan Guidance.
17
PSICC Fire Management Plan
3.2.3 [A] FMU 1 Characteristics
3.2.3.1 [A] Safety
One of the biggest issues, similar to the entire Forest, is working with the variety of local
jurisdictions and fire departments in a safe and effective manner.
The PSICC is committed to safe operations in all activities regardless of the resource functional
area. Firefighter and public safety is the number one priority in all fire management activities.
Each employee has a responsibility for his/her personal safety and that of fellow employees.
The incident commander and all supervisors will put the safety of his/her personnel first. There is
no fire situation so serious that the life of anyone should be risked in order to get to the fire
sooner, get the fire out faster, or to keep the burned areas smaller.
Refer to the aviation hazard map for flight hazards.
3.2.3.2 [A] Physical
Elevation ranges from 6000 feet along the Front Range to over 14,000 feet.
This unit covers the northeastern portion of the Forest, & the entire Pike N.F. This includes all of
the South Platte and Pikes Peak Ranger Districts, as well as the South Park District (Lost Park,
Tarryall, Lake George, 39-Mile Mountain, and Black Mountain areas). It is located in Jefferson,
Douglas, El Paso, Teller and Park counties.
Road density outside Wilderness is high, except in the steep sides of the Rampart Range, Pikes
Peak massif, Puma Hills, south side of 39-Mile Mountain, and the west slope of the Tarryall
mountains.
There are just under 150,000 acres (or about 16% of the unit) of designated Wilderness in the
Lost Creek and the Pike NF portion of the Mt. Evans Wilderness.
The area is comprised of the rugged and steep Rampart Range and Pikes Peak massif on the east
(front) side. The center is bisected by the South Platte River and tributaries. The rugged
Continental Divide, Kenosha and Tarryall Mountains and Puma Hills make up the northwestern
end of the unit. The southeastern end is less rugged and steep, and includes 11-Mile Canyon, 39Mile Mountain, and Black Mountain.
3.2.3.3 [A] Biological
Vegetation types include foothills (grasslands/mountain shrubs/oak brush/savannah ponderosa),
montane (ponderosa pine/Douglas fir/limber pine/aspen/blue spruce), sub-alpine (lodgepole
pine/spruce-fir/bristlecone pine/aspen) and alpine tundra and rock. The predominate vegetation
type is montane. Montane and foothill types cover approximately two-thirds of the FMU. Large
areas of Gamble’s oak brush, or ponderosa pine/oak brush, cover the eastern face of the foothills
There are sensitive and TES species of flora and fauna in some locations, including Mexican
spotted owl, flammulated owl, Pawnee montane skipper, Uncompaghre Fritillary butterfly,
18
PSICC Fire Management Plan
Prebles meadow jumping mouse, Canada lynx, and greenback cutthroat trout. There are also
several rare plants, as well as other Forest Service sensitive species that occur in this FMU.
These include moonworts, rare species of Columbines, Fens, and others
There are several species of invasive plants and animals, such as toad flax, whirling disease and
New Zealand mud snails, that fire and fire suppression activities can influence. Water handling
resources, such as helicopter buckets and engines, can easily spread these air and waterborne
species from one watershed to another. All resources can easily take invasive plant species back
to home units.
3.2.3.4 [A] Resources
The eastern side of this FMU is directly adjacent to the Denver and Colorado Springs metro
areas, and numerous other towns, communities, subdivisions and other development along the
Front Range of Colorado. Approximately 2.5 million people are living within or adjacent to this
unit. Homes, structures, or other significant developments are located on 90 percent or more of
the private lands within the National Forest boundaries, or adjacent to them. No National Forest
lands are more than three miles from a structure, outside of designated Wilderness. Two of the
three major arteries in the mountains, US 285 and US 24, cross this FMU.
Wildland-urban interface is scattered throughout the area. At-risk-communities are listed above.
Recreation types include hiking, biking, horseback riding, cross country skiing, snowmobiling,
camping, fishing, and hunting.
The FMU also includes or is upwind of the Denver and Colorado Springs metro area air sheds.
Most of the Front Range counties are in non-attainment and/or maintenance status. This is for
carbon monoxide in the Colorado Springs metro area, and carbon monoxide, ozone, and PM 10 in
the Denver metro area.
This FMU includes much of the South Platte River drainage, including many critical water
storage impoundments which are the water supply for most of the Denver metro area. Past large
fires have caused extensive damage to this drainage and water impoundment and treatment
facilities. It also includes the city of Colorado Springs designated Watershed on Pikes Peak, as
well as that of many other small towns and communities.
Recreation use is very high over almost all of this FMU. Although that use occurs all week, the
heaviest use is concentrated from Friday afternoon to Sunday evenings, and through the entire
Holiday weekends. Recreation occurs year-round, but the period of highest use runs from late
April through late October.
All of these issues create a high interface and intermix fire environment. Even small fires
become complex due to the large number of jurisdictions and fire departments operating within
this FMU.
Historical structures and other cultural resources are common. To minimize the impacts of
wildfire suppression several activities can be considered such as having a cultural resource
specialist available to brief suppression crews and other field personnel.
19
PSICC Fire Management Plan
Consider the location of cultural resources in determining appropriate suppression responses
(including confinement, containment, or control strategy).
Restricting the use of heavy equipment in culturally sensitive areas. If heavy equipment must be
used, a fire-qualified archaeologist should be assigned to flag the sensitive areas and other
cultural features during suppression and rehabilitation.
For planned activities such as prescribed burns and mechanical fuels reduction efforts,
incorporation of the need to protect cultural resources into the planning of a prescribed burn will
be required to help mitigate adverse effects. Obtain on-site inspections and cultural resource
clearances of the proposed treatment area(s) to determine the likelihood of flammable cultural
resources.
3.2.4 [A] FMU 1 Fire Environment
3.2.4.1 [A] Fire History and Behavior
Historic Fire Occurrence
Historically this unit has averaged 63 fires per year, excluding non-Federal lands, over the last
thirty years. Over 162,000 acres (almost 18 percent of the FMU) of NF lands have been burned
during that same time period. Fire occurrence is slightly higher over the last ten years, but 97
percent of the thirty year acres burned have occurred in the last ten years. Sixty percent of the
fires are caused by lightning; however, 96% of the acres burned are human caused.
This zone includes the “Cheesman Lightning Belt” that includes some of the higher densities of
lightning occurrence in the US. This lightning occurrence combined with the montane vegetation
common in much of this FMU creates the highest fire occurrence on the Forest. Historical fire
regimes were primarily short return interval/high severity in the foothills zone, short to moderate
return interval/low to mixed severity in the montane zone, and long return interval/high severity
in the sub-alpine vegetation.
There was a temporary increase in fire activity associated with the presence of greater numbers of
people and their activities during the Settlement Period of the mid 1800’s to the early Twentieth
Century. However, increasingly effective fire suppression, combined with the impacts of cultural
activities, such as heavy grazing, resulted in decreased fire frequency since the early 1900’s.
This area emerged in the mid 1990’s from a 20 to 25 year wet cycle. This coincided with a large
increase in population and development and worsening fuel conditions, which has created the
potential for more large scale destructive fires occurring within the urban interface/mix.
Currently, this FMU is the focus of the Forest’s hazardous fuels treatment program.
Fire Behavior and Fuels
Low live foliar fuel moistures, typical in the spring and fall contribute greatly to the potential for
torching and active crown fire.
Most of the Montane vegetation types have low down/dead fuel loadings, except in areas of
insect/disease outbreak. So, drought or extended dry periods which lower the duff fuel moistures
20
PSICC Fire Management Plan
are critical. Low duff fuel moistures add significantly to the available fuel loading and often
make the difference between torching and extensive active crown fire.
Normal needle cast in the ponderosa pine occurs in late August and September, and will create a
higher potential for crown fire, until moisture, wind, etc knock those dead needles off the trees.
Mortality from insect/disease outbreaks creates additional hazardous fuel conditions. Fire danger
is temporarily increased as the crowns die, but the greatest danger is as the dead trees fall to the
ground. Ponderosa pine usually starts falling down within five years, while Douglas fir may
remain standing 25 or more years. Dead aspen snags are especially hazardous to firefighters.
Sustained crown fire runs are possible at anytime in the PSICC, even after sunset. This is due to
lower atmospheric instability, which can cause fire behavior exhibiting high rates of spread,
extensive spotting, and prolific crowning. Observed or forecasted Haines indices of 5 or 6, when
coupled with low fuel moistures, are very good indicators for these sustained crown fire runs.
When ERCs are below 42, large fire growth is rare. The exception would be accelerated growth
rates caused by strong winds. When ERCs are at or above 42, there is a greater likelihood for
large fire activity. An analysis completed in 1999 demonstrated approximately 73% of all large
fires that occurred from 1970-1999 took place at or above an ERC of 42.
Dormant oak brush, especially with the dead leaves still attached, can exhibit rapid rates of spread
with moderate intensities. Frost damaged oak brush, or low live fuel moistures, can cause
extremely rapid rates of spread, high intensities, and extensive spotting. Oak brush, when live
fuel moistures are near the trigger point of canopy fire, is very dangerous. Small changes in
weather or terrain can be the difference between crown fire and a creeping under-story fire.
Most of the montane vegetation types have low down/dead fuel loadings, except in areas of
insect/disease outbreak. So, drought or extended dry periods which lower the duff fuel moistures
are critical. Low duff fuel moistures add significantly to the available fuel loading and often
make the difference between torching and extensive active crown fire.
Normal needle cast in the ponderosa pine occurs in late August and September, and will create a
higher potential for crown fire, until moisture, wind, etc., knocks the dead needles off the trees.
Mortality from insect/disease outbreaks creates additional hazardous fuel conditions. Fire danger
is temporarily increased as the crowns die, but the greatest danger is as the dead trees fall to the
ground. Ponderosa pine usually starts falling down within five years, while Douglas fir may
remain standing 25 or more years. Dead aspen snags are especially hazardous to firefighters.
Areas of decadent spruce-fir or lodgepole pine, falling apart and blowing down, create heavy fuel
loads in the subalpine vegetation.
Fire Regime Alteration
The foothills area is outside the normal range of variation. Fewer fires have resulted in greater
areas of oak brush and abnormal fuels accumulation.
The montane is outside its normal range of variation over most of its range in this FMU. Past fire
suppression, logging, grazing, and other activities have created a denser, more homogenous
forested vegetation type with greater amounts of Douglas fir and regeneration than existed
historically, and fewer openings. Crown closures over much of the area are currently greater than
30 percent, which will readily support active crown fires.
21
PSICC Fire Management Plan
The subalpine vegetation, with exception of areas of heavy logging debris, is more than likely
still within its normal range of variation. Long fire return intervals have mostly negated the
human impacts of the last 100 years or so. A few larger fires may have been missed due to fire
suppression. However, increased burning for mineral exploration and timber exploitation, as well
as increased human ignitions around the turn of the century, may have actually burned more acres
than typical.
Control problems and dominant topographic features
The terrain here, although up and down, overall drops in elevation to the east and south. Typical
daytime heating will want to reinforce uphill runs, however, strong down-sloping and Chinook
winds have often overcome slope, and driven large fires down terrain.
Areas of rough, steep, inaccessible terrain, although not extremely “deep”, create significant
access and support issues in certain locations. Helicopter support and/or initial size-up and attack
from the air can be critical.
Decomposed granite soils, damaged by high intensity fires, are highly susceptible to heavy
erosion and create serious post fire hazards and rehab needs.
3.2.4.2 [A] Weather
Weather in FMU 1 is characterized by distinct seasons and significant variation in moisture and
temperature by elevation. Most significant moisture events are the result of “upslope” conditions
where moist air from the east is lifted orographically to create precipitation, especially snow.
Winter brings cold weather and snow to the higher elevations of the Rampart Range and
elevations above 9000 feet. Snow can occur at the lower elevations of the FMU (5500 to 7000
feet), but usually comes and goes. Fires have occurred in cured fuels year round.
Fire seasons are a typical southwest US monsoon split season. ERC’s typically peak in late June
and early July ahead of the monsoon. Large numbers of fires may occur from lightning during
the wet monsoon period, but are usually very limited in size. A large portion of the annual
precipitation results from these almost daily thunderstorms.
High elevation sub-alpine vegetation rarely experiences significant fire due to the limited time
period between snow melt and monsoons. Drought, early snowmelt, and/or diminished
monsoons are needed to create large fire potential.
Significant fire potential can occur during the spring, before green-up and live fuel moistures rise,
under low relative humidity and high wind conditions. Down-sloping “Chinook” winds occur in
the spring and fall which bring very high winds and low relative humidities to much of this FMU
and can create extreme fire danger.
The typical highest fire dangers are created by periods of subsidence drying during late spring
and early summer, followed by the passage or “breakdown” of 500 MB deep troughs which can
bring warm weather with single digit humidities and very high winds. Most acreage in this FMU
has burned under these conditions.
22
PSICC Fire Management Plan
Monsoons typically end in late August to early September. Often, a dry period follows for 4-6
weeks. Cured herbaceous fuels and dormant live fuels combined with high winds associated with
fronts and down-sloping winds and low relative humidities can create very high fire danger.
Fire season determination
This FMU, like most of the Forest, is characterized by three potential fire seasons in a typical
year, although fires can and do occur 12 months a year.
The average beginning of fire season usually occurs in early to mid April. Live fuel moistures are
low from over-winter dormancy, herbaceous fuels are cured, daytime temperatures and day length
are increasing, and low humidity and wind events are common. Many of the large fires on the
FMU have occurred in the spring time before green-up.
The next typical peak in ERC’s occurs in June to early July ahead of the monsoon season. Live
fuel moistures are generally higher, and herbaceous fuels are generally starting their decline
ahead of the monsoon moisture. However, days are at their longest and temperatures are high.
High wind events still are common through June. Lightning occurrence usually becomes
significant during this time period. May and June are also the time of greatest fire danger and
most potential in years of dry springs, especially after dry winters. Greenup doesn’t occur, live
fuel moistures do not recover, and heavy fuels continue to dry.
The monsoons normally arrive in mid to late July. This is the wettest period of the year for most
of this FMU. Most years, this is the time of the most starts, due to the high almost daily
monsoonal thunderstorms. Little or no spread occurs due to the relatively humid conditions.
The monsoons usually end by late August or early September. September and October are often
very dry. Persistent subsiding high pressure often develops over the area. Drying down-sloping
and/or Chinook winds begin to occur. ERC’s are not as high as summer, but the potential for
large fires is there as herbaceous fuels are cured, conifer live foliar fuel moistures drop, aspen
loose their leaves, and low RH days are common.
3.2 [B] Mountain Zone (FMU2)
3.2.1 [B] FMU 2 Snap Shot
Radio Frequencies:
See References
General Risk Category:
High
Fire Behavior Indicator:
Burning Index
NFDRS Weather Station (Primary):
Red Deer - Station ID 054001
Nearest Weather Station:
Red Deer
23
PSICC Fire Management Plan
Acres/Agency:
808,559 acres / USFS
Predominant Vegetation Types:
Ponderosa pine is the most frequently observed tree species with Douglas fir, spruce, aspen, mountain
mahogany, and PJ present.
Unit:
Salida RD / Leadville RD
IA assets assigned to this FMU:
Stationed at Poncha Springs Engine 6 2 1 & Fuels Squad 2 1 (five person)
Duty Officer:
Mountain Zone FMO
IA Dispatch Office:
Pueblo Interagency Dispatch Center
Communities adjacent or within FMU:
Salida
Leadville
LMP Options available:
Naturally-ignited wildland fires may be used in predetermined areas under specified conditions to
achieve the management objectives to reduce the occurrence and/or adverse impacts of potential
catastrophic wildfires over the long-term. Maintain or restore the ecological composition structure
and functioning of fire-dependent ecosystems.
Special safety considerations:
West and north of Leadville are old military training sites containing areas of confirmed UXO
(unexploded ordinance), high potential of UXO, and low potential for UXO. There are significant
safety hazards and constraints on suppression in the confirmed and high potential UXO. Slow fire
response will be the rule.
3.2.2 [B] FMU Guidance
Wildland fire management guidance for this fire response zone is established in the Pike and San
Isabel National Forest Land and Resource Management Plan and Amendments.
Desired Conditions:
See Section 3.1.1. Land and Resource Management Plan Guidance.
Goals:
See Section 3.1.1. Land and Resource Management Plan Guidance.
Objectives:
See Section 3.1.1. Land and Resource Management Plan Guidance.
24
PSICC Fire Management Plan
Guidelines:
See Section 3.1.1. Land and Resource Management Plan Guidance.
3.2.3 [B] FMU 2 Characteristics
3.2.3.1 [B] Safety
One of the biggest issues, similar to the entire Forest, is working with the variety of local
jurisdictions and fire departments in a safe and effective manner.
The PSICC is committed to safe operations in all activities regardless of the resource functional
area. Firefighter and public safety is the number one priority in all fire management activities.
Each employee has a responsibility for his/her personal safety and that of fellow employees.
The incident commander and all supervisors will put the safety of his/her personnel first. There is
no fire situation so serious that the life of anyone should be risked in order to get to the fire
sooner, get the fire out faster, or to keep the burned areas smaller.
3.2.3.2 [B] Physical
The elevation ranges from 7000-1400 feet.
This unit covers the northwestern portion of the PSICC, and takes in portions of the San Isabel
N.F. All of the Leadville R.D., as well as the Salida R.D. (system lands contained in Fremont
County) are in this FMU. It is located in Lake and Chaffee counties.
This FMU is located in the headwaters of the Arkansas River. The Arkansas River portion of the
FMU covers about two-thirds of the acres. The towns of Leadville, Buena Vista, and Salida are
within the FMU. 25,000 people reside in Lake and Chaffee Counties. Summit County lies just
north of Leadville. The mineralized belt above Leadville has created numerous in-holdings
through patented mining claims. There is also a large area of private land in-holding in the
Cameron Mountain area of the Salida RD.
Homes, subdivisions, and other developments are mostly located adjacent to the National Forest
along the Arkansas River Valley. There are also significant amounts of BLM lands, mostly along
the valley, located within this FMU.
US Highways 285, 24, and 50, three of the major arteries to the mountains from the Front Range,
run through this FMU.
There are just under 159,000 acres (or about 19% of the unit) of designated Wilderness. It
includes the San Isabel portions of the Holy Cross and Collegiate Peaks Wildernesses, and the
Mt. Massive and Buffalo Peaks Wildernesses. It has the greatest acres of Wilderness of any
FMU, but not the highest percentage.
Road density outside Wilderness is variable. Much of the terrain above the Arkansas Valley is
too steep for roads, except up major drainages. It is especially true of the west side of the valley,
25
PSICC Fire Management Plan
where the Collegiate Peaks Range rises abruptly from the valley floor. Other areas are heavily
roaded, such as most of the 4-Mile area, and the Salida District south of Trout Creek Pass.
The Arkansas Valley is relatively flat, along the valley floor, and runs from 10,000 feet at
Leadville to 7000 at Salida. The entire west side of the valley is walled by 14,000 foot peaks, and
the east by peaks ranging from 9500 to 14,000 feet. There is a limited amount of rolling foothills
on the west side of the valley, before the Collegiate Peaks rise straight up out of the valley. The
Buffalo Peaks and Mosquito Range rise abruptly on the northeastern end of the valley.
The country east of the valley and south of US 285 is much more variable. There are areas of
rolling mountainous terrain, but also areas of steep rugged canyons.
3.2.3.3 [B] Biological
Most of the vegetation types in the southern end of the FMU are located higher in elevation than
typical due to the “blocking effect” of the high Collegiate Range. The vegetation is mostly subalpine consisting of englemann spruce, lodgepole pine, bristlecone pine, limber pine, and aspen.
The fir component is limited due to the drier moisture regime of the east side of the Divide.
There are no large areas of pure lodgepole pine typical of the west slope either. The lower
elevations around Buffalo Peaks are Douglas-fir, blue spruce, and ponderosa pine.
The Arkansas Valley is highly variable and due to the steep terrain, vegetation zones change
quickly over short distances. The upper (northern) end of the valley down to approximately five
miles north of Buena Vista is primarily sub-alpine vegetation, mostly lodgepole pine, spruce-fir,
and aspen combined with sagebrush flats along the valley bottom. The southern end of the valley
is characterized by pinyon-juniper forests and sagebrush at the lower elevations.
Montane forests of ponderosa pine, Douglas-fir, and aspen dominate the toe of the Collegiate
Range, the upper end of the Trout Creek Pass area and country south of US 285. The higher
elevations are typically lodgepole pine, spruce-fir, and aspen. Oak brush and ponderosa pine-oak
brush are common at the lower elevations outside Salida and on down the east side of the Sangre
De Cristo Mountains.
There are sensitive and TES species of flora and fauna in some locations. There are also
several rare plants, as well as other Forest Service sensitive species that occur in this
FMU.
3.2.3.4 [B] Resources
Recreation use is high through much of the FMU. Significant amounts of recreation use include
visitors from the Front Range metro areas traveling up for weekends. Use is not as heavy as
FMU 1 however, because of the further driving distance from Denver or Colorado Springs to the
Arkansas Valley.
Recreation types include hiking, horseback riding, biking, cross country skiing, camping,
snowmobiling, and hunting.
26
PSICC Fire Management Plan
There are significant attractions in this area, such as the highest concentration of 14,000 foot
peaks in the state, and heaviest rafting use in the Nation on the Arkansas River. There are also
extensive trail systems providing numerous OHV, mountain biking, hiking, hunting, fishing, and
equestrian opportunities. These type of attractions bring both Front Range and out of state users.
Recreation use in this FMU tends to be more balanced, with a higher percentage of weekday use
than the other FMUs. Seasons run from early April through November. Early and late seasons
are confined to the lower elevations of the Arkansas Valley. This FMU does not have the same
level of population and interface that FMU 1 does, but does have areas of interface and intermix.
Smoke management concerns can be an issue here, but are not of the significance of the areas
closer to the large populations of the Front Range. Canon City is the nearest non-attainment
(maintenance for PM10) air-shed. Historical structures and other cultural resources are common.
Historical structures and other cultural resources are common. To minimize the impacts of
wildfire suppression several activities can be considered such as having a cultural resource
specialist available to brief suppression crews and other field personnel.
Consider the location of cultural resources in determining appropriate suppression responses
(including confinement, containment, or control strategy).
Restricting the use of heavy equipment in culturally sensitive areas. If heavy equipment must be
used, a fire-qualified archaeologist should be assigned to flag the sensitive areas and other
cultural features during suppression and rehabilitation.
For planned activities such as prescribed burns and mechanical fuels reduction efforts,
incorporation of the need to protect cultural resources into the planning of a prescribed burn will
be required to help mitigate adverse effects. Obtain on-site inspections and cultural resource
clearances of the proposed treatment area(s) to determine the likelihood of flammable cultural
resources.
3.2.4 [B] FMU 2 Fire Environment
3.2.4.1 [B] Fire History and Behavior
Historic Fire Occurrence
This unit has averaged 14 fires per year, excluding non-Federal lands, over the last 35 years.
Only 1,119 acres of NF lands have burned during that time. 64 percent of the fires and 82 percent
of the acres are human caused. This FMU has the lowest rate of lightning caused fires of the
mountain FMU’s.
There was a temporary increase in fire activity associated with the presence of greater numbers of
people and their activities during the Settlement Period of the mid 1800’s to the early Twentieth
Century. However, increasingly effective fire suppression, combined with the impacts of cultural
activities, such as heavy grazing, resulted in decreased fire frequency since the early 1900’s.
27
PSICC Fire Management Plan
Fire Behavior and Fuels
Low live foliar fuel moistures, typical in the spring (early summer for high elevations), and fall
contribute greatly to the potential for torching and active crown fire.
Where the vegetation is mostly sub-alpine consisting of englemann spruce, lodgepole pine,
bristlecone pine, limber pine, and aspen, stand replacing crown fires are possible with the right
conditions.
Dormant oak brush, especially with the dead leaves still attached, can exhibit rapid rates of spread
with moderate intensities. Frost damaged oak brush, or low live fuel moistures, can cause
extremely rapid rates of spread, high intensities, and extensive spotting. Oak brush, when live
fuel moistures are near the trigger point of canopy fire, is very dangerous. Small changes in
weather or terrain can be the difference between crown fire and a creeping under-story fire.
Dense stands of pinyon-juniper have the potential for high intensity runs on steep slopes or with
winds of ten to twelve or more.
Most of the montane vegetation types have low down and dead fuel loadings, except in areas of
insect/disease outbreak. Droughts, or extended dry periods, which lower the duff fuel moistures,
are critical. Low duff fuel moistures add significantly to the available fuel loading and often
make the difference between torching and active crown fire.
Normal needle cast in the ponderosa pine occurs in late August and September, and will create a
higher potential for crown fire, until moisture, wind, etc knock those dead needles off the trees.
Mortality from insect or disease outbreaks creates additional hazardous fuel conditions. The
ponderosa pine in the southern end of the Arkansas Valley has been hard hit by mountain pine
beetle over the last 10 years. There are approximately 40,000 acres of ponderosa pine with
extensive pine beetle mortality. This epidemic has spread to five thousand or more acres of
ponderosa pine on the east side of the Buffalo Peaks on the South Park RD. Ponderosa pine
mortality is already starting to fall down.
Fire Regime Alteration
The lower elevations, at the southern end of the FMU, and the montane vegetation on the east
side of Buffalo Peaks in South Park, are outside the normal range of variation.
Pinyon-juniper has no doubt encroached on sage/shrub types on the better soils. Oak brush has
probably increased in density and area over the Sangre foothills.
Past fire suppression, logging, grazing, and other activities have created a denser, more
homogenous forested vegetation type with greater amounts of Douglas fir and regeneration than
existed historically in montane forests.
The sub-alpine vegetation, with exception of areas of heavy logging debris, is more than likely
still within its normal range of variation. Long fire return intervals have mostly negated the
human impacts of the last 100 years or so. A few larger fires may have been missed due to fire
suppression. However, increased burning for mineral exploration and timber exploitation, as well
as increased human caused ignitions, during the turn of the century may have actually burned
28
PSICC Fire Management Plan
more acres than typical. Pinyon-juniper on the rocky, harsher sites is still within its range of
variation.
Areas of decadent spruce-fir or lodgepole pine, falling apart and blowing down, create heavy fuel
loads in the subalpine vegetation. Historical logging, with poor utilization, has created extremely
heavy fuel loads in limited pockets.
Control problems and dominant topographic features
Most of the steep terrain on the west side of the Arkansas Valley blocks much of the higher
winds. Winds are more typically funneled up and down the valley by the terrain or are typical
valley diurnal winds. Most of the terrain on the west side of the valley is aligned opposite the
winds. So, larger fires here have mostly responded to terrain and run uphill. Old burn patterns,
on the Collegiate and Sangre mountain ranges, are almost entirely uphill runs on the steep and
south east to south spur ridges.
The opposite side of the Arkansas Valley has terrain that is more aligned with the southwest
winds. There are also canyons and drainages located here that are aligned.
Most of the terrain on the South Park side is also aligned opposite the wind, with a few
exceptions. Extremely strong winds here could drive fires downhill and cross slope. Old fire
scars show cross slope runs. The only large fires, during the record period for South Park, ran
uphill with terrain. Very rapid rates of spread could occur on extremely steep faces. Areas of
rough, steep, inaccessible terrain, although not extremely “deep”, create significant access and
support issues in many locations. Helicopter support and/or initial size-up and attack from the air
can be critical.
Much of the Collegiate Peaks “front” involves extremely difficult access and working conditions
for hand crews. The steep terrain of the Arkansas Valley also creates communication problems.
The potential for uphill runs, from the low on the slope, to enter a Wilderness is high. A large
portion of the higher terrain is within designated Wilderness areas. Most of this FMU is above
9000 feet and would severely impact the capacity of helicopters. Some of the soil types on the
steep terrain are highly susceptible to heavy erosion and could create serious post fire hazards and
rehab needs.
3.2.4.2 [B] Weather
Typical fire occurrence within the FMU is affected by subsidence inversions, resulting in
multiple-days of above-normal temps and low humidity values. This coupled with low overnight
humidity recoveries, results in receptive fuels, typically across all aspects. As the high-pressure
area begins to move to the east, the prefrontal conditions of higher surface windspeeds (and
single-digit humidity values) occur. Any new or existing fire will spread rapidly during these
conditions.
During the fall and spring, strong Chinook conditions (a foehn wind), may set-up. This condition
can be the cause of rapid wind-driven fire behavior. The Chinook conditions typically indicate a
changed weather pattern, with the winds subsiding within a day or two. Conditions following the
event are typically cooler and moister, acting as a fire-stopping event.
29
PSICC Fire Management Plan
The biggest weather patterns affecting fire behavior here include high wind events, very low RH,
high Haines Index days, and dry, strong southwest flows. Extremely high winds are common in
the Arkansas Valley and South Park during the spring and fall. There have been very few fires
over 10 acres during the time period of record, however. Lightning occurrence, although still
high, is significantly lower than over the Front Range Mountains.
Fire season determination
This FMU, like most of the Forest, is characterized by three potential fire seasons in a typical
year, although fires can and do occur 12 months a year at the lower elevations.
The average beginning of fire season usually occurs in early to mid April. This early season is
only for the southern end of the Arkansas Valley. Live fuel moistures are low from over-winter
dormancy, herbaceous fuels are cured, daytime temperatures and day length are increasing, and
low humidity’s and wind events are common. Ignitions are rare and are almost all human caused.
The next typical peak in ERC’s occurs in June to early July ahead of the monsoon season. Live
fuel moistures are generally higher, and herbaceous fuels are generally starting their decline
ahead of the monsoon moisture. However, days are at their longest and temperatures are high.
High wind events still are common in June. Lightning occurrence usually becomes significant
during this time period. Almost all of the few large fires, within this FMU, occurred during this
time period.
May and June are also the time of the greatest fire danger and most potential in years of dry
springs, especially after dry winters. Greenup doesn’t occur, live fuel moistures do not recover,
and heavy fuels continue to dry.
The monsoons normally arrive in mid to late July. This is the wettest period of the year. Many
years, this is the time of the most starts, due to almost daily monsoonal thunderstorms. However,
typically, little or no spread occurs.
The monsoons usually end by late August or early September. September and October are often
very dry. Persistent subsiding high pressure often develops over the area. ERC’s are not as high
as summer, but the potential for larger fires is there. Herbaceous fuels are cured, conifer live
foliar fuel moistures drop, aspen lose their leaves, and low RH days are common.
3.2 [C] San Carlos (FMU3)
3.2.1 [C] FMU 3 Snap Shot
Radio Frequencies:
See References
General Risk Category:
High
Fire Behavior Indicator:
Burning Index
30
PSICC Fire Management Plan
NFDRS Weather Station:
Willis Creek
Station ID 054801
Cooper Gulch
Station ID 053904
Bosque
Station ID 053904
Nearest Weather Station:
Willis Creek
Acres/Agency:
421,988 acres / USFS
Predominant Vegetation Types:
Mixed conifer / spruce fir / PJ / mountain shrub
Unit:
San Carlos RD
IA assets assigned to this FMU:
Stationed at Canon City Engine 6 3 1 & Fuels Squad 3 1 (five person)
Duty Officer:
Interagency FMO
IA Dispatch Office:
Pueblo Interagency Dispatch Center
Communities adjacent or within the FMU:
Canon City
Florence
Wetmore
Westcliffe
La Veta
Cuchara
Gardner
Rye
San Isabel
LMP Options available:
Naturally-ignited wildland fires may be used in predetermined areas under specified conditions to
achieve the management objectives to reduce the occurrence and/or adverse impacts of potential
catastrophic wildfires over the long-term. Maintain or restore the ecological composition structure
and functioning of fire-dependent ecosystems.
Special safety considerations:
One of the biggest issues, similar to the entire Forest, is working with the variety of local jurisdictions
and fire departments in a safe and effective manner.
3.2.2 [C] FMU Guidance
31
PSICC Fire Management Plan
Wildland fire management guidance for this fire response zone is established in the Pike and San
Isabel National Forest Land and Resource Management Plan and Amendments.
Desired Condition:
See Section 3.1.1. Land and Resource Management Plan Guidance.
Goals:
See Section 3.1.1. Land and Resource Management Plan Guidance.
Objectives:
See Section 3.1.1. Land and Resource Management Plan Guidance.
Guidelines:
See Section 3.1.1. Land and Resource Management Plan Guidance.
3.2.3 [C] FMU Characteristics
3.2.3.1 [C] Safety
One of the biggest issues, similar to the entire Forest, is working with the variety of local
jurisdictions and fire departments in a safe and effective manner.
The PSICC is committed to safe operations in all activities regardless of the resource functional
area. Firefighter and public safety is the number one priority in all fire management activities.
Each employee has a responsibility for his/her personal safety and that of fellow employees.
The incident commander and all supervisors will put the safety of his/her personnel first. There is
no fire situation so serious that the life of anyone should be risked in order to get to the fire
sooner, get the fire out faster, or to keep the burned areas smaller.
Refer to the aviation hazard map for flight hazards.
3.2.3.2 [C] Physical
The elevation ranges from 6000 to 14000 feet.
This unit covers the southern portion of the San Isabel National Forest. The FMU contains
approximately 470,615 acres of National Forest land and includes all of the San Carlos Ranger
District and the Sangre de Cristo portion of the Salida Ranger District. The total acreage of this
FMU is 927,660 acres. It is located in Chaffee, Costilla, Custer, Fremont, Huerfano, Las Animas
and Pueblo counties.
The Lower Arkansas FMU is geographically defined as US Highway 50 and the Arkansas River
on the north boundary, State Highway 285 and the entire east slope of the Sangre De Cristo range
on the west extending as far south as the Cullebra Range just north of the Colorado/New Mexico
State line. The eastern boundary is best defined as the Spanish Peaks and extending north to the
Wet Mountains and on to US Highway 50.
32
PSICC Fire Management Plan
The San Isabel National Forest lands are found on three very distinct geographic formations
which include the Sangre De Cristo Mountain Range, east slope, the Wet Mountains, the Spanish
Peaks and to a lesser extent the Culebra Range located at the southern end of the Spanish Peaks.
These geographic features span a distance of approximately 120 miles running north to south and
60 miles running east to west.
The Sangre De Cristo Range makes up the western boarder of this FMU and rises abruptly from
the Wet Mountain and Huerfano Valley floors rising from approximately 6000 to 14443 feet in
elevation at the highest point and has nine of Colorado’s fourteeners or fourteen thousand foot
peaks.
The Wet Mountain valley is situated between the Sangre De Cristo Range on the west and south
and the Wet Mountains on the east. Both ranges are generally oriented north to south. Upper and
mid-elevations of the mountains are steep and slopes and canyons where fires can make
significant runs. The communities of Westcliffe and Silvercliffe are found there.
The Wet Mountains while rugged vary from the Sangre’s not only in elevation ranges 6000 to
12,347, but topography as well. They are located south of Canon City and extend as far south as
Gardner. The Greenhorn Wilderness and Greenhorn Mountain lie on the southern most point of
the Wet Mountains, and Greenhorn Mountain is the highest point on the mountain range. The
topography can best be described as broken and rugged with some rolling foothills found
primarily in the Black Mountain/Devil’s Hole area on the southwest end of the mountains.
There are significant amounts of BLM, public lands within the Lower Arkansas FMU. The
majority of these acres is found on the northern border of the FMU along the Arkansas River
corridor and are scattered throughout the unit to the south.
The eastern side of this FMU is adjacent to the larger cities of Canon City and Pueblo and
smaller, less populated communities and numerous other towns such as Florence,
Wetmore/Greenwood, Colorado City/Rye, Beulah on the north and east ends and La Veta,
Gardner, and Walsenburg on the southern end of the FMU.
Colorado State Highways 12, 67, 69, 96 and 165 as well as US Highways 50 and 160 are the
main arteries to the mountains from the Front Range and other states.
Sangre de Cristo Wilderness area encompasses 226,455 acres in the Sangre de Cristo mountain
range with 94, 687 acres in this FMU. This range is located along the western side of the FMU
and borders the Rio Grande National Forest and Great San Dunes National Park and Preserve.
The Wet Mountain Valley borders this wilderness area to the east and the San Luis Valley
borders it to the west. The towns of Salida (north), La Veta (south), Westcliffe (east), Saguache
(west) and Crestone (west), all border this mountain range. Greenhorn Wilderness area
comprises some 23,098 acres in the southern Wet Mountains, enacted through Congress in 1993.
Spanish Peaks Wilderness is a 19,093 acre area in the southern part of the FMU, enacted by
Congress in 2000. The Spanish Peaks are recognized as a National Natural Landmark. There are
136,879 acres (or about 15 % of the FMU) of designated Wilderness in the Lower Arkansas
FMU.
This FMU is located in five major watersheds (4rth level): the Middle Arkansas, Huerfano,
Purgatory, Apishapa, and St. Charles.
33
PSICC Fire Management Plan
3.2.3.3 [C] Biological
Elevations in this FMU will range from 5860 feet to over 14,433 feet. The major vegetation type
in this FMU is montane. Montane and foothill types cover approximately two-thirds of the FMU.
Large areas of Gambel oak brush, or ponderosa pine/oak brush, cover the eastern face of the
foothills.
Dominant Vegetation types in this FMU include Piñon and Juniper communities characterized by
dry mountains and foothills found in southern Colorado east of the Continental Divide. Piñon
pine (Pinus edulis) or One seed juniper (Juniperus monosperma) dominate the tree canopy.
Understory layers are variable and may be dominated by shrubs such as mountain mahogany,
Gambel oak and grasslands/mountain shrubs/oak brush/savannah with scattered ponderosa pine.
Acres per vegetation type include, Piñon and Juniper 17,537 acres and related shrublands 33,060
acres.
The montane zone (5500-9500 ft.) is dominated by ponderosa pine (historically <30% canopy
cover), more dense stands of Douglas-fir on the north-facing slopes. In the upper montane zone,
ponderosa pine cover type occurs both as relatively pure stands, with a grassy understory of
predominantly bunchgrasses, and with significant components of Douglas-fir. Ponderosa pine
and Gamble oak (Quercus gambelii) occurs primarily from 6500-8500 feet in elevation. For this
type there is an overstory canopy of ponderosa pine with a tall shrub Gambel oak understory. At
the later seral stages ponderosa pine often becomes less dominant as the more shade tolerant
species including white fir (which is most dominant) and Douglas-fir become more abundant and
fill in openings in the canopy. Acres per vegetation type include Ponderosa Pine 30,121 acres,
Douglas Fir 105, 501 acres and shrublands 33,060 acres.
Spruce-fir types are found in the FMU from about 9500 to11, 000 feet. (lodgepole pine/sprucefir/bristlecone pine/aspen) and alpine tundra and rock. The overstory is typically dominated by
Engelmann spruce and /or sub alpine fir. Other tree species include lodgepole pine, aspen, limber
pine, bristlecone pine, and Douglas-fir. Cork bark fir can occur in the southern part of the FMU.
Acres per vegetation type include Spruce/Fir 89,845 acres, Lodgepole Pine 13,729 acres, Limber
Pine 10,410 acres and White Fir 123 acres.
In this FMU there are threatened and endangered plants and animals. The primary species to be
concerned with when dealing with fire management activities would include the Mexican spotted
owl (Strix occidentalis lucida), Bald eagle (Haliaeetus leucocephalus), North American Lynx
(Felis lynx canadensis), and Greenback Cutthroat Trout (Onchorhynchus clarki). There are
several sensitive plant species but many of them would need to be surveyed for prior to
implementing fuels management or prescribed fire activities.
3.2.3.4 [C] Resources
There are many attractions located within or adjacent to the Lower Arkansas FMU that
contributes to visitation and use of this FMU. Some of these attractions include Lake Isabel, the
Spanish Peaks, Arkansas Headwaters, numerous hiking trails, three wilderness areas, Huerfano
Wildlife area, Cuchara Recreation area, 12 Campgrounds, and numerous high mountain lakes to
name a few.
34
PSICC Fire Management Plan
There is a broad diversity of recreation available in the FMU including both developed and
dispersed. Recreation demand continues to grow. This rise is linked to an increasing local and
regional population as well as higher numbers of visitors from throughout the country and the
world. Recreation use occurs year round within this FMU, but is the highest during the summer
from April until November depending on weather. There is a large demand for developed
campgrounds in the area so the heaviest use is normally at developed sites and is concentrated
from Friday afternoon to Sunday evenings and through the entire Holiday weekends. The two
most recreation impacting uses on this FMU are dispersed camping and party sites or
“unmanaged” recreation which has implications for increased wildfire starts in the FMU.
Recreation use is probably the main factor in defining the Pike and San Isabel National Forests
and as such the result is a high interface and intermix fire environment. Even small fires may
become complex due to the large number of jurisdictions and fire departments operating within
this FMU.
Travel is an integral part of virtually every activity that occurs in this FMU. Travel is necessary
for outdoor recreation, wildland fire management, and management/monitoring of the forest in
general. Road density outside Wilderness is high, except in the steeper terrain, however, much of
this FMU is on steep slopes and in many instances, initial response forces cannot readily drive to
the fires, and aerial resources may be important for locating and aiding in the containment of such
fires. All forms of recreation travel have increased in the FMU and user created motorized trails
has expanded across isolated portions of the FMU.
The Lower Arkansas FMU is considered to be an “Urban” FMU because of the close proximity to
large metropolitan areas. The largest communities have historically been Pueblo and Canon City,
but this FMU has numerous subdivisions and other development along the boundaries and also
private in-holdings that have experienced tremendous growth over the last decade.
Approximately 2.5 million people are living within 1 to 2 hours driving time of this unit.
Homes, structures, or other significant developments are located on much of the private lands
within the National Forest boundaries, or adjacent to them.
Recreation activities include hiking, horseback riding, biking, cross country skiing, rock
climbing, camping, fishing, and hunting.
The FMU is upwind of the Pueblo/Canon City/Colorado Springs metro area air-shed, which is the
nearest non-attainment/maintenance (PM10) air-shed. Air quality is reasonably good in the FMU
and fire management activities such as prescribed burning and wildland fire use require an
approved smoke permit form the Colorado State Department of Health and Environment-Air
Pollution Control Division and smoke management plans to address how smoke impacts will be
mitigated to avoid public health and visibility impacts. Smoke management strategies for
prescribed burning consist largely of conducting fire under specified fuel loadings, fuel moisture
regimes, and meteorological conditions, and specifying ignition techniques and shut-down times
that maintain the smoke’s environmental impacts within acceptable limits.
Historical structures and other cultural resources are common. To minimize the impacts of
wildfire suppression several activities can be considered such as having a cultural resource
specialist available to brief suppression crews and other field personnel.
35
PSICC Fire Management Plan
Consider the location of cultural resources in determining appropriate suppression responses
(including confinement, containment, or control strategy).
Restricting the use of heavy equipment in culturally sensitive areas. If heavy equipment must be
used, a fire-qualified archaeologist should be assigned to flag the sensitive areas and other
cultural features during suppression and rehabilitation.
For planned activities such as prescribed burns and mechanical fuels reduction efforts,
incorporation of the need to protect cultural resources into the planning of a prescribed burn will
be required to help mitigate adverse effects. Obtain on-site inspections and cultural resource
clearances of the proposed treatment area(s) to determine the likelihood of flammable cultural
resources.
At-risk-communities are listed above.
3.2.4 [C] FMU 3 Fire Environment
3.2.4.1 [C] Fire History and Behavior
Historic Fire Occurrence
This fire management unit includes some of the highest densities of fuels, as well as some of the
wettest areas on the forest. This creates a fuels complex that does not typically burn in vast
amounts. However, recent decreases in the yearly moisture pattern have increased fuels
availability. Fire occurrence remains low as compared to other FMU’s, but resistance to control
has increased.
This unit has averaged 11 fires per year over the last 25 years. Over 14,000 acres of NF lands
have been burned in this unit in the last 25 years, 11,357 acres on one fire in 2005. 96 percent of
the fires are caused by lightning, with these fires contributing to 67% of the acres burned. 85
percent of the ignitions occur in the montane zone.
Cultural activities, such as timber harvesting, grazing, mining, development, etc temporarily
increased the fire frequency from the mid-1800’s through the early twentieth century. However,
increasingly effective fire suppression resulted in decreased fire frequency since the early 1900’s.
Historical analysis has determined that wildland fires can occur any time of the year, but the
majority of starts occur between July and August. Since 1970, the forest has averaged 125
wildfires annually burning an average of 7285 acres each year. Seventy six percent were
lightning caused with 63% being class A fires, 34% class B, and 3% larger.
Fire Behavior and Fuels
Low live foliar fuel moistures, typical in the spring and fall contribute greatly to the potential for
torching and active crown fire.
Most of the Montane vegetation types have low down/dead fuel loadings, except in areas of
insect/disease outbreak. So, drought or extended dry periods which lower the duff fuel moistures
36
PSICC Fire Management Plan
are critical. Low duff fuel moistures add significantly to the available fuel loading and often
make the difference between torching and extensive active crown fire.
Normal needle cast in the ponderosa pine occurs in late August and September, and will create a
higher potential for crown fire, until moisture, wind, etc knock those dead needles off the trees.
Mortality from insect/disease outbreaks creates additional hazardous fuel conditions. Fire danger
is temporarily increased as the crowns die, but the greatest danger is as the dead trees fall to the
ground. Ponderosa pine usually starts falling down within five years, while Douglas fir may
remain standing 25 or more years. Dead aspen snags are especially hazardous to firefighters.
Low decomposition rates and fire exclusion in the Subalpine zone have lead to greater
accumulation of fuels and, therefore, more intensive crown fire. Extremely dry weather
conditions conducive to fire spread are also less common in higher and more mesic areas, leading
to longer times and greater fuel buildup between fires (Clagg 1975, Romme and Knight 1981).
Areas of decadent spruce-fir or lodgepole pine, falling apart and blowing down, create heavy fuel
loads in the Subalpine vegetation. Historical logging, with poor utilization, and a typical moist
regime, has combined to create extremely heavy fuel loads in areas on the Wet Mountains and the
Sangre De Cristo Range.
The fuels complex of the Wet Mountains consists of forbs, perennial grasses, oak brush,
Ponderosa, mixed conifer, with pinion and juniper at the lower elevations. Lodgepole pine,
bristle-cone and mixed conifer and aspen are found at the higher elevations. Most large fires are
wind driven and typically grow large do to the continuity of fuels in the area; alignment in the day
is also a contributing factor. The majority of the fire occurrence on the Lower Arkansas FMU
occurs on this mountain range.
In comparison with reference conditions, many ponderosa pine stands in the FMU are denser,
have fewer large trees and snags, and are more homogenous in tree age and size with much higher
fuel loads, greater ladder fuels, and more contiguous crown fuels so that the potential is much
greater for stand replacing fires (Veblen, Brown and Donnegan 2000).
Reduced diversity of stand structure at a landscape scale has increased the hazard of larger and
possibly more intense fires in ponderosa pine and Douglas-fir forests and has most likely
increased at least the extent, if not severity and timing of insect and pathogens outbreaks.
The primary fuel model is TL8 long-needle litter, with scattered GR2 low load, dry climate grass,
GS2 moderate load, dry climate grass-shrub, and TL5 high load conifer litter. These fuels models
will change over the next few years as trees killed by mountain pine beetles continue to
deteriorate and fuel continuity and arrangement is altered. Fire occurring in TL8 would exhibit
moderate spread rates and low flamelengths. In GR2 and GS2 spread rate would be high and
flamelengths moderate. TL5 would produce low spread rates and flamelengths.
Sustained crown fire runs are possible at anytime, even after sunset. This is due to lower
atmospheric instability, which can cause fire behavior exhibiting high rates of spread, extensive
spotting, and prolific crowning. Observed or forecasted Haines indices of 5 or 6, when coupled
with low fuel moistures, are very good indicators for these sustained crown fire runs. When
ERCs are below 42, large fire growth is rare. The exception would be accelerated growth rates
caused by strong winds. When ERCs are at or above 42, there is a greater likelihood for large fire
37
PSICC Fire Management Plan
activity. An analysis completed in 1999 demonstrated approximately 73% of all large fires that
occurred from 1970-1999 took place at or above an ERC of 42.
Fire Regime Alteration
The foothills and montane areas are generally outside the normal range of variation 1. Fewer
fires have probably resulted in greater increase of fuel loadings. These consist of dead-downed
woody debris as well as a heavy load of understory fuels.
Past fire suppression, logging, grazing, and other activities have created a denser, more
homogenous forested vegetation type with greater amounts of White fir, Douglas fir, and
Ponderosa regeneration than existed historically.
The effects of logging, grazing and fire suppression and transplanting have created several
changes in the Montane Ponderosa Pine/ Douglas-fir vegetation types. Logging has likely
reduced the amount of persistent old growth. Grazing probably reduced understory competition
and allowed the establishment of new seedlings, and the lack of fire allowed the seedlings to
survive. The result was a sharp increase in forest density, an expansion of the area having a
significant component of White-fir, oak brush, and the loss of openings that temporarily increased
during logging (Kaufmann et. al. 2001).
The Montane is outside its normal range of variation1 over most of its range in this FMU. Since
fire suppression stands have become denser across most of this zone. Encroachment of White-fir
and Douglas-fir is common on all aspects and has converted many ponderosa pine stands into
mixtures of the three species. Crown closures over much of the area are currently greater than
30% which is significant in that these conditions will readily support active and passive crown
fires.
A majority of the Subalpine vegetation, with exception of areas of heavy logging debris, is still
within its normal range of variation1. Long fire return intervals have mostly negated the human
impacts of the last 100 years or so. A few larger fires may have been missed due to fire
suppression. However, increased burning for mineral exploration and timber exploitation, as well
as increased accidental starts, around the turn of the century may have actually burned more acres
than typical.
Historical fire regimes 1 that occur within the FMU area consist of:
~ 10%, 0-30 year return interval, primarily in the Foothills zone (6,000-8000’)
~ 65%, 30-100 year return interval, primarily in the Montane zone (8000-9500’)
~ 25%, 100+ year return interval, primarily in the Subalpine zone (9500-11500’)
Of these fire regimes, the Fire Regime Condition Class 1 is:
~ 10% FRCC Class 1
~ 85% FRCC Class 2
~ 5% FRCC Class 3
Control problems and dominant topographic features
The overall terrain is represented by the Wet Mountains (all aspects), the Sangre De Cristo’s
(East aspect), and the La Veta area (generally east aspect). Typical daytime heating will want to
38
PSICC Fire Management Plan
reinforce uphill runs, however, strong down-sloping and Chinook winds have often overcome that
and driven large fires down terrain or cross slope depending upon the alignment. Areas of rough,
steep, inaccessible terrain, varying from extremely “deep” to rolling, create significant access and
support issues in certain locations. Helicopter support and/or initial size-up and attack from the
air can be critical.
Soils damaged by high intensity fires, are highly susceptible to heavy erosion and create serious
post fire hazards and rehab needs.
3.2.4.2 [C] Weather
Typical fire occurrence within the FMU is typically affected by subsidence inversions, resulting
in multiple-days of above-normal temps and low humidity values. This coupled with low
overnight humidity recoveries, results in receptive fuels, typically across all aspects. As the highpressure area begins to move to the east, the prefrontal conditions of higher surface windspeeds
(and single-digit humidity values) occur. Any new or existing fire will spread rapidly during
these conditions.
The biggest weather patterns affecting fire behavior here include high wind events, very low
relative humidity and high Haines Index days, and dry, strong southwest flows. Most of the large
fires here have run southwest to northeast. As recent fires have shown, however, extended dry
conditions result in fuel-driven fire behavior, susceptible to general and localized winds. Other
factors include typically very low nighttime relative humidity recovery, strong down-sloping or
Chinook type winds in the spring and fall, moderate lightning occurrence, and monsoon moisture.
This FMU, like most of the Forest, is characterized by three potential fire seasons in a typical
year, although fires can and do occur 12 months a year.
The predominate wind pattern of the FMU during the fire season is southwest except where
modified by topography. The climate ranges from high desert to alpine forest. Precipitation
generally increases with elevation.
During the fall and spring, strong Chinook conditions (a foehn wind), may set-up. This condition
can be the cause of rapid wind-driven fire behavior. The Chinook conditions typically indicate a
change weather pattern, with the winds subsiding within a day or two. Conditions following the
event are typically cooler and more moist, acting as a fire-stopping event.
A major difference in weather patterns in the area versus higher elevations is cold fronts that slide
south along the front range. These storm systems vary in strength, thus limiting (or enhancing)
the westward spread of moisture to the higher terrain. The average summer/fall system reaches
an altitude of about 8,500-9,500 feet, thus limiting the effects on higher elevation fires. The east
face of the front range is typically affected by these systems, and they tend to act as a fire
stopping event.
Fire season determination
The average beginning of fire season usually occurs in early to mid April. Live fuel moistures are
low from over-winter dormancy, herbaceous fuels are cured, daytime temperatures and day length
are increasing, and low humidity’s and wind events are common. Many of the large fires on the
FMU have occurred in the spring time before green-up.
39
PSICC Fire Management Plan
The next typical peak in ERC’s occurs in June to early July ahead of the monsoon season. Live
fuel moistures are generally higher, and herbaceous fuels are generally starting their decline
ahead of the monsoon moisture. However, the days are at their longest and temperatures are
high. High wind events still are common through June. Lightning occurrence usually becomes
significant during this time period.
May and June are also the time of the greatest fire danger and most potential in years of dry
springs, especially after dry winters. Greenup doesn’t occur, live fuel moistures do not recover,
and heavy fuels continue to dry.
The monsoons normally arrive in mid to late July. This is the wettest period of the year for most
of this FMU. Most years, this is the time of the most starts, due to the high almost daily
monsoonal thunderstorms. However, typically, little or no spread occurs.
The monsoons usually end by late August or early September. September and October are often
very dry. Persistent subsiding high pressure often develops over the area. Drying down-sloping
and/or Chinook winds begin to occur. ERC’s are not as high as summer, but the potential for
large fires is there as herbaceous fuels are cured, conifer live foliar fuel moistures drop, aspen
lose their leaves, and low RH days are common.
Most years, there is little fire danger at the higher elevations. Snow pack melt doesn’t typically
finish until mid June to early July, which doesn’t allow for sufficient drying before the onset of
the monsoon moisture. High fire danger in the high elevations occurs with low snow pack, late or
limited monsoons, or more often, both.
3.2 [D] Grassland Zone (FMU4)
3.2.1 [D] FMU 4 Snap Shot
Radio Frequencies:
See References
General Risk Category:
Moderate
Fire Behavior Indicator:
Burning Index
NFDRS Weather Station (Primary):
Pinon Canyon – 056202
Cimarron - 148601
Nearest Weather Station:
Pinon Canyon / Cimarron
Acres/Agency:
1,459,007 acres / USFS
40
PSICC Fire Management Plan
Predominant Vegetation Types:
Grass
Unit:
Cimarron RD
Comanche RD
IA assets assigned to this FMU:
Stationed at Springfield Engine 6 6 1
Stationed at Elkhart, Ks Engine 6 7 1
Duty Officer:
Grassland Zone FMO
IA Dispatch Office:
Pueblo Interagency Dispatch Center
Communities adjacent or within FMU:
La Junta
Kim
Pritchett
Springfield
Campo
Elkhart
Rolla
Wilburton
LMP Options available:
Naturally-ignited wildland fires may be used in predetermined areas under specified conditions to
achieve the management objectives to reduce the occurrence and/or adverse impacts of potential
catastrophic wildfires over the long-term. Maintain or restore the ecological composition structure
and functioning of fire-dependent ecosystems.
Special safety considerations:
Toxic gases in area of Gas and Oil development.
Lack of radio communication between federal and county resources.
Training / qualification inadequacies of Volunteer Fire Departments (VFD).
Broken land ownership (checkerboard effect).
3.2.2 [D] FMU Guidance
Wildland fire management guidance for this fire response zone is established in the Pike and San
Isabel National Forest Land and Resource Management Plan and Amendments or the Comanche and
Cimarron Grasslands, Land and Resource Management Plan.
41
PSICC Fire Management Plan
Desired Conditions:
See Section 3.1.1. Land and Resource Management Plan Guidance.
Objectives:
See Section 3.1.1. Land and Resource Management Plan Guidance.
Standards:
See Section 3.1.1. Land and Resource Management Plan Guidance.
Guidelines:
See Section 3.1.1. Land and Resource Management Plan Guidance.
3.2.3 [D] FMU 4 Characteristics
3.2.3.1 [D] Safety
One of the biggest issues, similar to the entire Forest, is working with the variety of local
jurisdictions and fire departments in a safe and effective manner.
The PSICC is committed to safe operations in all activities regardless of the resource functional
area. Firefighter and public safety is the number one priority in all fire management activities.
Each employee has a responsibility for his/her personal safety and that of fellow employees.
The incident commander and all supervisors will put the safety of his/her personnel first. There is
no fire situation so serious that the life of anyone should be risked in order to get to the fire
sooner, get the fire out faster, or to keep the burned areas smaller.
Refer to the aviation hazard map for flight hazards.
3.2.3.2 [D] Physical
Cimarron: Elevation ranges from 3150 feet to 3540 feet.
Comanche: Elevation ranges from 3600 feet to 5800 feet.
The Grasslands FMU consists of the Comanche National Grassland (Comanche) and the
Cimarron National Grassland (Cimarron). The Comanche is located in southeast Colorado (Baca,
Otero, and eastern Las Animas Counties) and is divided into two distinct units, namely Timpas
(north) and Carrizo (south). The Cimarron is located in southwest Kansas (Stevens and Morton
Counties) and is located along the Cimarron River corridor.
The Comanche consists of 443,765 NFS acres; whereas, Cimarron consists of 108,538 NFS acres.
Combined, the Grasslands FMU consists of 552,303 acres of NFS lands and approximately
339,818 acres of private and State lands within the Planning Area (Mutual Aid boundary).
Pinyon Canyon Maneuver Site (Department of Defense) is located adjacent to south and east
boundaries of the Timpas unit. Pinyon Canyon M.S. is characterized by pinyon-juniper savannas.
Over 95% of the entire FMU is accessible by 4WD vehicle. There are several hundred miles of
county roads located throughout the FMU, most, of which are laid-out in a grid pattern. Twotracks (jeep trails) are located throughout the Grasslands that generally lead to a windmill or oil
42
PSICC Fire Management Plan
well. Highways 287, 160, and 350 traverse Comanche. Highways 56 and 27 are located on
Cimarron. Roads serve well as control structures for wildland and prescribed fires.
Ingress and egress to the Purgatoire River (Picketwire Canyon) is limited to a single rough jeep
trail.
3.2.3.3 [D] Biological
The Draft Land Management Plan for the Cimarron and Comanche National Grasslands
(December 2005) identifies four unique ecosystems:
Canyon lands
Aquatic/Riparian
Sandsage Prairie
Shortgrass Prairie
These ecosystems have been delineated based on variation of soil types, topography, and
potential vegetation.
Canyon lands Ecosystem: Fire suppression has favored mature, dense stands of juniper and so
has put them at greater risk from catastrophic fire, and disease. One-seed juniper, the
community-dominant plant, covers the walls, rims and benches of this ecosystem and has
encroached onto the foot slopes and mesa tops of the shortgrass prairie near canyon slopes.
Previous overgrazing and farming in some canyon bottomlands has influenced the loss of native
plants and an increase of invasive plant species, such as cheat grass and tamarisk (> 10 feet tall).
Aquatic/Riparian Ecosystem: This ecosystem is made up of drainage ways, ponds, and playas
which are distributed as small patchy or linear components within the other Grasslands
ecosystems. Most are too small to be identified spatially on such a large scale within the FMU.
Exceptions to these small discontinuous riparian and aquatic areas are the Cimarron River, the
Purgatoire River, and Timpas Creek. In aggregate, this ecosystem makes up less than 10% of the
overall landscape, yet plays a disproportionately large role in grassland biodiversity because
water is a scarce commodity on the Grasslands. Tamarisk is the primary invasive species that has
affected this ecosystem; in that, tamarisk has displaced native cottonwoods and willows, and
altered the Fire Regime Condition Class (FRCC).
Sandsage Prairie Ecosystem: This ecosystem is dominated by sand sagebrush (< 5 feet tall) a
conspicuous and persistent native shrub. Throughout the Grasslands, sand sagebrush occurs on
deep eolian deposits, preferring well-drained sandy soils. Other native plants common to this
ecosystem are sand dropseed, sand lovegrass, big bluestem, little bluestem, blue grama, and
switchgrass. Sandsage provides habitat for lesser prairie chicken, a species-of-concern.
Integrated management of fire and appropriate livestock grazing systems can be used to produce
the structure necessary for lesser prairie chicken habitat.
Shortgrass Prairie Ecosystem: This ecosystem is closely linked to the distribution of loamy soils
of the Grasslands. Buffalo grass and blue grama are the two shortgrass species that typify this
ecosystem. Both of these native perennials are well adapted to drought, grazing, fire, and cold
temperatures and are important for wildlife and livestock. As key components of the varied
43
PSICC Fire Management Plan
shortgrass community types, buffalo grass and blue grama occur along with medium-height
native grasses such as galetta, purple threeawn, sand dropseed, and western wheatgrass.
Species-of-Concern; Species-of-Interest; Threatened and Endangered Species
Grasslands habitat helps ensure the sustainability of species-of-concern that include the Andean
prairie clover, Colorado Springs evening-primrose, Colorado frasera, Raven Ridge false
goldenweed, sandhill goosefoot, wheel milkweed, black-tailed prairie dog, lesser prairie chicken,
mountain plover and swift fox. Threatened species include the Arkansas River shiner, bald eagle,
and Mexican spotted owl. Endangered species include the black-footed ferret, interior least tern,
piping plover, and whooping crane. There are no listed threatened or endangered plant species
whose ranges include the Grasslands FMU. Species-of-Interest include tamarisk, elk, ferruginous
hawk, long-billed curlew, northern bobwhite, and pronghorn.
3.2.3.4 [D] Resources
The FMU is considered rural-intermix. Most private lands within mutual aid boundaries have
structures (residences, barns, outbuildings, etc.). The towns of Springfield, Elkhart, Kim,
Pritchett, Vilas, Rolla, Wilburton, and Walsh are located within range of fast moving wildfire that
may start on public land.
There are several powerlines, wells, tanks, and towers located on NFS land within the FMU. The
Cimarron has 436 active oil and gas facilities and monitoring wells. Comanche, on the other
hand, has only 54 active oil and gas facilities. Approximately 500 miles of buried oil and gas and
associated water pipelines traverse the Grasslands. Operators of these facilities are required to
protect all facilities from fire.
Recreation use has increased moderately over the past two decades. This trend is attributed to
population increase of surrounding areas and is expected to continue as Front Range populations
expand eastward. Uses include camping, fishing, hiking, horseback riding, bird watching,
hunting, and ATV off-roading, among others.
The Grasslands have the largest assemblage of dinosaur track ways in North America, namely,
the Picket Wire Canyon lands Dinosaur Track site, which carries international importance. The
Grasslands contain approximately 1,490 heritage resources that document about 10,000 years of
human history. There are 410 properties considered “significant” and so eligible for nomination
to the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP). Approximately 5,000 additional sites are
expected to be eligible for nomination to the NRHP in the future. In addition, a portion of the
Mountain Branch and Cimarron Route of the Santa Fe Trail is located within the FMU.
Historical structures and other cultural resources are common. To minimize the impacts of
wildfire suppression several activities can be considered such as having a cultural resource
specialist available to brief suppression crews and other field personnel.
Consider the location of cultural resources in determining appropriate suppression responses
(including confinement, containment, or control strategy).
Restricting the use of heavy equipment in culturally sensitive areas. If heavy equipment must be
used, a fire-qualified archaeologist should be assigned to flag the sensitive areas and other
cultural features during suppression and rehabilitation.
44
PSICC Fire Management Plan
For planned activities such as prescribed burns and mechanical fuels reduction efforts,
incorporation of the need to protect cultural resources into the planning of a prescribed burn will
be required to help mitigate adverse effects. Obtain on-site inspections and cultural resource
clearances of the proposed treatment area(s) to determine the likelihood of flammable cultural
resources.
The Cimarron is the largest area of public land and the only parcel managed by the Forest Service
in Kansas. Rock cliffs, cottonwood groves, grassy fields, yucca and sage brush are scattered
throughout the land. Elevation ranges from 3150 feet to 3540 feet. Seasonal variety is provided
by native grasses and riparian vegetation along the Cimarron River. The geology of the area is
sandstone, shale, limestone, sand and gravel. Climate is characterized by mild winters, hot dry
summers and cool evenings. Spring and fall seasons have moderate temperatures accompanied
by frequent windy days. Precipitation, usually less than 16 inches annually, is concentrated from
April to September; snowfall is limited and short-lived.
The Comanche is characterized by large tracts of shortgrass prairie; sand-sage; pinyon-juniper
savannas; and riparian zones with tamarisk, cottonwoods and cheatgrass. Steep rocky cliffs and
long narrow drainages are found throughout the Canyon lands. Elevation ranges from 3600 feet
to 5800 feet. Climate is characterized by mild winters and hot dry summers. Spring and fall are
characterized by warm windy days and cool calm evenings. Average annual precipitation ranges
from under 10 inches near La Junta (Timpas unit) to under 12 inches near Springfield (Carrizo
unit). Snowfall amounts vary greatly throughout the District due to elevation disparities.
Recreation activities include hiking, horseback riding, biking, camping, fishing, and hunting.
3.2.4 [D] FMU Fire Environment
3.2.4.1 [D] Fire History and Behavior
Historic Fire Occurrence
Due to inadequate reporting and reporting mechanisms, fire statistical fire occurrence data is
limited for this FMU. Prior to Hispanic and European settlement during the 1800s, Native
Americans burned large tracts (> 60,000 acres) of land on a regular basis to encourage bison and
other ungulates. However, increasingly effective fire suppression, overgrazing by livestock and
road construction have decrease fire size and frequency since the mid-1900s.
The FMU has averaged 30 wildland fires for approximately 8,000 acres burned during the past
five years.
Fire Behavior and Fuels
The FMU is characterized by high-intensity, high-return interval (3 -5 years) fires in all
ecosystems. Lightning accounts for approximately 70% of fires; however human-caused fires
account for approximately 60% of acres-burned during the past 20 years. Fires can range in size
from 0.1 acre to many thousands of acres depending on wind velocity, fuel continuity, and manmade or natural fuel breaks.
45
PSICC Fire Management Plan
Fire Regime Alteration
Canyon land Ecosystem:
Over the next 15 years, the proportion of the various seral communities will be shifted to increase
the representation of early and mid-seral stage to provide for a more open juniper canopy and a
more diverse mix of native perennial grass and forb understory while ensuring a functional
juniper woodland ecosystem.
Over the next 15 years, the proportion of the various seral communities will be shifted to increase
the representation of early and mid-seral stage to provide for a more open juniper canopy and a
more diverse mix of native perennial grass and forb understory while ensuring a functional
juniper woodland ecosystem.
Aquatic/Riparian Ecosystem:
Over the next 15 years, riparian scrublands and woodlands would be managed to increase the
representation of mid-seral stages and to decrease the percentages of early and late seral condition
habitat to provide for more diverse age classes and self-perpetuating stands of trees, shrubs, and
associated understory species. Herbaceous riparian areas would be managed to move a
percentage of these communities from early to mid and late seral stage, as shown by an increase
in wetland-dependent species, such as deep-rooted sedges and rushes.
Sandsage Prairie Ecosystem:
Over the next 15 years, the proportion of the various seral communities would be shifted to
increase variability in the composition and structure of native perennial grasses and forbs. A net
reduction of vegetation in the early seral stage would result in an overall increase in vegetative
cover, a corresponding improvement in watershed condition, a decrease in the size and number of
blowouts, and an improvement in rangeland condition.
Shortgrass Prairie Ecosystem:
Over the next 15 years, the proportion of the various seral communities would be shifted to
increase the representation of mid-seral stage to provide for a more diverse mix of native
perennial grasses and forbs while ensuring a functional shortgrass ecosystem and higher quality
livestock forage. A net reduction of the percentage of vegetation in the early seral stage would
result in an overall increase in vegetative cover, a corresponding improvement in watershed
condition, and an improvement in rangeland condition. An increase in mid-seral vegetation will
improve available forage quality and quantity for livestock and wildlife. An increase in late seral
vegetation would provide for improved overall density across the seral stages.
Control problems and dominant topographic feature
The FMU is characterized by flat treeless plains; however, the Canyon lands have several steep
rugged drainages. Due to the limited amount of Canyon lands, fires are generally not influenced
by topography. High winds will cause control problems in grass fuels.
3.2.4.2 [D] Weather
Weather patterns influencing fire behavior and historical weather analysis
46
PSICC Fire Management Plan
Wind is the most significant weather element that affects fire behavior. Typically, winds are
from the west to southwest and at times can gust to over 60 mph. However, most large fires (>
2000 acres) were during northwest winds associated with frontal passage and human-caused. Dry
fuels, low RH, and winds over 25 mph often result in explosive fire conditions.
Fire season determination
Typically, fire season occurs from September 1st through July 1st, assuming monsoon season
arrives in mid-July and continues through August. However, fires can and do occur twelve
months a year. Burning index (BI) is the best indicator of high fire danger. As a general rule,
anytime the cumulative BI for the Grasslands SIG is greater than 10 fires have a very high
resistance to control. BIs usually peak in March, prior to green-up. During the winter months,
while grasses and forbs are cure and dormant, fires have a very high resistance to control anytime
sufficient snow is lacking to stop fire spread.
47