“S f and
“Safe
d Hi
High
hQ
Quality
lit S
Supply
l Ch
Chains
i and
dN
Networks
t
k ffor th
the Cit
Citrus IIndustry
d t
between Mediterranean Partner Countries and Europe”
Citriculture in Egypt
By
Prof. Salama Eid
Prof. Latif Guindy
October, 2008
Presented Topics
ƒGeneral Situation of the Citrus Sector
ƒThe Main Citrus Production Areas in Egypt
ƒTotal Area and Production
ƒCitrus Improvement Program
ƒ Rootstocks
ƒConsumption
ƒDistribution
Distribution Channels
ƒTrends of Total Exports and Their Percents (2000-2006)
ƒProcedures Issued to Facilitate the Exporters’ Mission
ƒOrganizations Contributing to Policy and Standards
ƒResearch Organizations
ƒTraining Programs
ƒ Problems of Concern and
ƒMajor
jo Co
Constraints
s
s oof thee Sec
Sector
o
ƒConclusion
General Situation of the Citrus Sector
Citriculture in Egypt enjoys many advantages:
•
•
•
•
•
Availability of high quality irrigation water (River Nile)
Suitable environmental conditions ((soil and favourable
climate leading to outstanding yield and fruit quality)
Relative low labour cost
E l ripening
Early
i
i
Strategic geographical location
The Main Citrus Production Areas in Egypt
Total Area and Production
¾ Total area p
planted to citrus in 1997 was 143,039 ha,
whereas it reached 165,776 ha in 2007.
¾ The main citrus species are oranges, mandarins and limes
which represent more than 98.8 % of the total area
planted to citrus.
¾ The total area of oranges increased from 90,837 ha in
1997 to 104,426 ha in 2007.
¾ 70.8
70 8 % off citrus
it
plantations
l t ti
exist
i t in
i the
th Nile
Nil Delta
D lt and
d the
th
Valley, whereas 29.2% are located in the new reclaimed
desert areas.
areas
Distribution of the Main Citrus Species Inside
and
dO
Outside
id **the
h Nil
Nile D
Delta
l and
d the
h V
Valley
ll
Inside the Nile Delta
and the Valley (%)
Outside the Nile Delta
and the Valley (%)
Navel oranges
87.7
12.3
Valencia oranges
48.7
51.3
Balady orange
96 8
96.8
32
3.2
Mandarins
53.0
47.0
Limes
75.8
24.2
Citrus species
**The newly reclaimed desert areas
Main Citrus Varieties Grown in Egypt (2007)
Other
0.5%
Lime
10.3%
Navel
35.0%
%
Mandarin
26.4%
Succari
2.4%
Balady
7.0%
Valencia
18 4%
18.4%
Cit
Citrus
IImprovementt P
Program
• The start of the Egyptian-German citrus improvement
program
p
g
in 1998, facilitatingg the propagation
p p g
of diseasefree, true-to-type budlings is considered as breakthrough
towards modernizing citrus activities.
• Introducing new improved cultivars from within and
outside Egypt in order to be competitive by introducing
early-and late-maturing varieties.
p
of certified budwood started in Bahteem
• Multiplication
center in order to disseminate and produce registered
budwood to some certified p
participating
p
g nurseries in the
program, who would then propagate material for growers.
Yearly Changes in Hectarage and Production of Citrus Fruits in Egypt
165,776
T t l area (hectare)
Total
(h t ) off citrus
it
grown in Egypt
(1997-2007)
143,039
1997
145,479
2002
+ 16 %
2007
3,134,174
2,770,275
2,243,178
Total production (Mt) of citrus
ggrown in Egypt
gyp
(1997-2007)
+ 40 %
1997
2002
2007
Trends in Citrus Yield (Mt / ha)
1997-2007
20.36
21 66
21.66
17.16
+ 26 %
1997
2002
2007
Yield (Mt) / Hectare for the Main Citrus Species
(1997 2007)
(1997-2007)
30
1997
2002
2007
Balady
orange
Mandarin
Yield (M
Mt / ha)
25
20
15
10
5
0
Navel
Valencia
Lime
Oranges
Mandarin
Lime
Yearly Changes in Hectarage of the
Main Citrus Species Grown in Egypt
(1997-2007)
(1997
2007)
Area (Ha)
A
120,000
100,000
80,000
60,000
40,000
20,000
0
1997
Oranges
2002
Mandarin
2007
Lime
Yearly Changes in Production (Mt) of the
Main Citrus Species Grown in Egypt
(1997-2007)
Production
n (Mt)
2500
2000
1500
1000
500
0
1997
2002
2007
The Major Citrus Varieties Along the Main Supply Season in Egypt
Varieties
Navel orange
Valencia orange
Balady orange
Succari orange
Blood orange
M d i
Mandarin
Lime
Lemon
Grapefruit
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
Apr.
May
June
July
Aug.
Sept.
Oct.
Nov.
Dec.
Rootstocks
¾ Sour orange is the main
rootstock used in the Nile Delta
and the Valley for budding
oranges, mandarins, grapefruit
and lime.
¾ Volkamer lemon is the principal
rootstock in the newlyy reclaimed
desert areas. In recent years,
this rootstock has been used for
budding Valencia orange, lime
and lemon.
Consumption
¾ Per capita
p decreased from 22 kgg
in 2000 to 17 kg in 2006
¾ Citrus fruits are the main fruit
available in Egypt during winter.
¾ About 75.2 % of citrus fruit is
locally consumed.
¾ Approximately 24.8
24 8 % of the
total production of Egypt’s citrus
crop is exported
exported.
¾ About 4.5 % of citrus production
is processed for juice.
juice
Distribution Channels
Marketing of fresh citrus fruit in domestic and international markets
is handled completely by the private sector
Orange juice is only consumed in domestic markets.
Major local marketing channels are:
1. Wholesale markets.
2. Kelala selling ( premature Bulk sale)
3 Selling at farm to Roving Salers.
3.
Salers
4. Contracting for exportation and processing
Trends of Total Exports
p
and Their Percents
(2000-2006)
900
Exports (10
000 Mt)
800
700
24.8
600
500
18.7
400
300
13.8
200
100
0
1998
10.1
2000
2002
2004
2006
2008
Major Importing Countries of Egyptian Citrus Fruits
(2006)
Sudan
4%
O ther
6%
Iran
8%
S.Arabia
39%
Ukraine
Uk
i
12%
EU C
Countries
t i
15%
Russia
16%
Procedures Issued to Facilitate the Exporters’ Mission and
Encourage the Expansion of Exports
ƒ
ƒ
ƒ
ƒ
Cancelling the application forms
which acted as a heavy burden for
the exporters.
Allowing charters to transport the
commodities, which are easy to rot,
and decreasing the cost of air
shipping from about 96 cent/ kg to
73 cent/ kg.
g
Decreasing the cost of importing
vans and tractors especially
refrigerators needed to transport
agricultural crops.
Reduction of custom duties on
imported inputs of production.
Organizations Contributing to Policy and Standards
Concerning Quality and Safety
¾
The Central Administration for Agricultural Extension
Services
¾
¾
¾
¾
¾
The Central Administration for Horticulture
The Central Administration for Pest Control
The Central Administration for Quarantine
The Central Lab for Expert System
The Egyptian Export Promotion Centre
Research Organizations
¾
¾
¾
¾
¾
¾
Horticulture Research Institute (HRI)
National Research Centre (NRC)
Plant Pathology Institute (PPI)
Plant Protection Research Institute (PPRI)
The Central Lab for Organic Agriculture (CLOA)
Faculties of Agriculture
g
(14)
( )
Trainingg Programmes
g
The followingg research institutions organize
g
trainingg
programmes in production, postharvest and marketing
of citrus:
¾Horticulture Research institute (HRI)
¾The Central Administration of Horticulture
¾The Central Lab for Expert Systems
¾The Central Lab for Organic Agriculture
¾Faculties of Agriculture
Problems of Concern and
Major Constraints of the Sector
1. Unavailability of enough certified plant material
2. Limited rootstocks tolerant to adverse soil conditions and virus
diseases
2. Low productivity of orchards because:
* Majority of existing orchards are too old
* High degree of infestation with diseases particularly phytophthora,
psorosis and stubborn
* Outbreaks of Med Fly
3. Inadequate horticultural practices which negatively affect fruit
quality
q
y and p
productivity
y far below their p
potential.
4. High water consumption, spreading of fungal diseases lead to
deterioration of yield and fruit quality.
Problems of Concern and
M j Constraints
Major
C t i t off the
th Sector
S t (continued)
55. Salinity of soil or saline water of wells
6. Few farms in Egypt implementing quality and safety standards.
7. Inadequate
q
harvest and p
post-harvest p
practises
8. Insufficient extension services offered to citrus growers
9. Problems related to exportation :
a. Poor marketing services
b. Low storage capacity of airports and ports.
c. Low shipping capacity.
d. High cost of shipping.
e. Complicated export regulations.
f. Lack of data and information base.
g. Poor marketing skills possessed by the marketing staff.
To Conclude
Many issues still represent obstacles need to be
overcome for achieving better stand of citrus
potentiality
p
y:
¾
¾
¾
¾
Increasing production of healthy plant materials
Cultivar structure need to be diversified
Improving fruit quality and safety
Surface irrigation should be gradually replaced by pressurized
irrigation
¾ Active biological control programs in order to reduce pesticide use
¾ Increasing the transit from conventional to organic citriculture
¾ Improve traceability facilities and incentive polices
To conclude (continued)
¾Develop training courses to implement food safety systems
¾Adopting standard procedures to secure quality to fresh citrus
during postharvest operations
¾Encouragement of more cooperative work between institutions
and extension services
¾More active cooperation between Research and Industry
Overall
The development
Th
d l
t off the
th E
Egyptian
ti citrus
it
industry will depend on:
* Advances in science and technology
* Its capability to occupy the market
* The increase in growing of specialty
cvs with improved fruit quality and
cvs.
environmental protection.
Thank you for your attention