2002 Pennsylvania Family Survey
Table 1: Sample Characteristics of 2002 Pennsylvania Families Table 2: Comparing the Family Sample Population with Pennsylvania Census Data Table 3: Characteristics of the Sample Population by Geographic Area Table 4a: Number of Children in Each Major Type of Arrangement Table 4b: Percent of Children in Each Type of Program/Center Care Arrangement Table 5: Characteristics of Relative Care Usage Table 6a: Family Characteristics and Type of Care and Education Arrangements Table 6b: Family Characteristics and the Use of Different Types of Programs/Centers Table 7: Parents’ Report of Early Childhood Arrangement Quality Table 8: Opinions Regarding Early Childhood Activities Table 9: Medication and Health Information Table 10: Average Cost of Care/Education Arrangement per Month for Families who Pay Table 11: Average Proportion of Annual Income Spent on Care/Education Arrangement Table 12: Subsidy Eligibility and Utilization Table 13: Family Educational Activities Table 14a: Parents’ Concerns about Child Development by Geographic Location Table 14b: Parents’ Concerns about Child Development by Household Income Table 14c: Parents’ Concerns about Child Development by Ethnicity Table 14d: Parents’ Concerns about Child Development by Respondent’s Education Table 15: Time Spent in Arrangement and Arrangement Type by Household Employment Status Table 16: Parents’ Work Hours and Children’s Care/Education Arrangements Table 17: Non-Traditional Hours in Different Care/Education Arrangements Table 18: Percentage of Parents Reporting Special Needs and Behavior Problems Table 19: Services Used by Parents Who Report Their Children Have Behavior Problems 47

2002 Pennsylvania Family Survey
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Table 1: Sample Characteristics of 2002 Pennsylvania Families Characteristics Number of Respondents Percent of Respondents Total Sample 1005
100%
Child’s Gender
Male Female 509 496 51% 49%
Child’s Age
Under 1 year 1 to 2 year 2 to 3 year 3 to 5 year
a
5 to 6 year 183 175 173 324 150 18% 17% 17% 32% 15%
Child’s Ethnicity
African-American Caucasian Asian/Pacific Islander American Indian/Alaskan Indian Bi-racial/Multi-racial Latino/Hispanic Other Refused Respondent’s Relationship with Child Mother Father Step-mother Step-father Grandmother Grandfather Other 149 736 7 4 45 42 17 5 731 175 1 5 55 6 32 15% 73% < 1% < 1% 5% 4% 2% < 1% 73% 17% < 1% < 1% 6% < 1% 3%
Geographic Location
Metropolitan Area Small Cities Rural 520 360 118 52% 36% 12%
Notes:
a: As preschool-aged children, the 3- and 4-year-olds were combined in what is called the “3 to 5 year” age group. An increase in percentages for this group only indicates that this age category has double the amount of children than that of the other age groups.

2002 Pennsylvania Family Survey
Table 1 (cont’d) Characteristics Number of Respondents Percent of Respondents Household Income
Under 25,000 25,001 to 50,000 50,001 to 100,000 100,001+ Refused to answer Don’t know
Low Income Indices b
Poor Not Poor 184 285 256 69 81 123 102 692 18% 28% 26% 7% 8% 12% 13% 87%
Partner Status
Two-parent (married or living with partner) One-parent (single, separated, divorced, or widowed) 782 223 78% 22%
Family Employment Status
Dual earner One earner, two-parent family One earner, one-parent family Non-earner, two parent Non-earner, one parent 397 360 146 73 21 40% 36% 15% 7% 2%
Family Size
Average (range) 4.0 (2 to 12) n/a
Respondent’s Education
Some high school High school graduate/GED Some college/vocational/2-year degree College graduate Post graduate/2 years Post graduate/doctoral/ professional Other Refused 57 311 257 232 112 24 7 5 6% 31% 26% 23% 11% 2% < 1% < 1% Notes: b: “Poor” is defined as a family whose annual household income is less than 100% of the Federal Poverty Income Guideline (FPIG). 49

2002 Pennsylvania Family Survey
Table 2: Comparing the Family Sample Population with Pennsylvania Census Data Characteristics Survey
(Percent/number of respondents)
Pennsylvania
(Percent of individuals in PA)
Total Sample Geographic Location
Metropolitan Area Small Cities Rural
Child’s Age
Under 1 year 1 to 2 year 2 to 3 year 3 to 5 year
a
5 to 6 year
Family Size 1005
53% 36% 12% 18% 17% 17% 32% 15%
884,030
52% 38% 10% 16% (141,431) 16% (143,368) 16% (143,475) 34% (299,530) 18% (156,226) 50
Child’s Ethnicity
African-American Caucasian Asian/Pacific Islander American Indian/Alaskan Indian Bi-racial/Multi-racial Latino/Hispanic Other 15% 73% < 1% < 1% 5% 4% 2% 13% (116,304) 79% (695,223) 2% (18,836) < 1% (1,473) 3% (26,892) 6% (51,685) 3% (25,018)
Note:
a: As preschool-aged children, the 3- and 4-year-olds were combined in what is called the “3 to 5 year” age group. An increase in percentages for this group only indicates that this age category has double the amount of children than that of the other age groups.

2002 Pennsylvania Family Survey
51
Table 3: Characteristics of the Sample Population by Geographic Area Percent of Total Sample Household Income (n=792)
under 25,000 25,001 to 50,000 50,001 to 100,000 100,001+
Partner Status (n=998)
Two-parent (married or living with partner) One-parent (single, separated, divorced, or widowed) Family Employment Status (n=992) Dual earner One earner, two-parent family One earner, one-parent family Non-earner
Family Size (n=1005) Rural
52% (520) 36% (360) 12% (118) n=403 n=289 n=100 23% (93) 31% (124) 35% (140) 11% (46) 20% (59) 43% (124) 30% (88) 6% (18) 32% (32) 37% (37) 26% (26) 5% (5) n=520 n=360 n=118 74% (384) 26% (136) 82% (294) 18% (66) 84% (99) 16% (19) n=517 n=357 n=118 38% (197) 34% (174) 16% (85) 12% (61) 41% (145) 40% (142) 13% (45) 7% (25) 45% (53) 36% (43) 13% (15) 6% (7)
Child’s Ethnicity (n=998)
African-American Caucasian Latino/Hispanic Other
Respondent’s Education (n=990)
Some high school High school graduate/GED Some college/vocational/2-year degree College graduate Post graduate n=520 n=360 n=118 24% (123) 63% (327) 5% (26) 9% (44) 6% (22) 83% (298) 4% (14) 7% (26) 2% (2) 91% (107) 1% (1) 7% (8) n=517 n=355 n=118 5% (26) 28% (143) 27% (137) 24% (126) 16% (85) 7% (25) 34% (120) 26% (91) 23% (82) 10% (37) 5% (6) 39% (46) 25% (29) 20% (24) 11% (13)

2002 Pennsylvania Family Survey
Table 4a: Number of Children in Each Major Type of Arrangement Type of Arrangement
No nonparental care Nonparental in-home care Out-of-home family child care Program/Center care Parent as family care provider
Frequency
315 131 234 283 42
Percent of Total Sample
32% 13% 23% 28% 4% Note: These figures represent only the arrangement in which the child spent the most time (i.e., “Major Arrangement”). Supplemental types of arrangements are not represented and are excluded from this count.
Table 4b: Percent of Children in Each Type of Program/Center Care Arrangement Type of Arrangement
Child care center a Preschool b Head Start c Kindergarten d
Number of Children
162 54 21 46
Percent
57% 19% 7% 16%
Percent of Total Sample
16% 5% 2% 5% Notes: a: includes Centers and Preschool for over 5 hours b: includes Preschool for 5 hours or less c: includes Early Head Start and Head Start d: includes Pre-Kindergarten and Kindergarten 52

2002 Pennsylvania Family Survey
Table 5: Characteristics of Relative Care Usage Characteristics
No nonparental care Relative care Non-relative care
Percent of Total Sample
36% (353) 24% (240) 40% (401)
Geographic Location
Metropolitan Area Small Cities Rural
Household Income
under 25,000 25,001 to 50,000 50,001 to 100,000 100,001+
Low Income Indices
Poor Not Poor
Child’s Age
under 1 year 1 to 2 year 2 to 3 year 3 to 5 year 5 to 6 year
Partner Status
Two-parent (married or living with partner) One-parent (single, separated, divorced, or widowed)
Family Employment Status
Dual earner One earner, two-parent family One earner, one-parent family Non-earner
Family Size
Two Three Four Five Six Seven or more 35% (181) 36% (130) 36% (42) 37% (68) 38% (108) 29% (75) 28% (19) 42% (108) 34% (249) 53% (97) 41% (71) 33% (57) 30% (97) 23% (35) 40% (308) 22% (49) 20% (78) 59% (213) 10% (15) 51% (47) 20% (19) 33% (91) 34% (121) 43% (74) 51% (30) 55% (22) 21% (108) 29% (103) 25% (29) 31% (57) 30% (86) 19% (49) 6% (4) 29% (74) 23% (168) 27% (49) 25% (44) 32% (55) 22% (70) 16% (24) 22% (169) 33% (73) 27% (108) 16% (56) 37% (53) 26% (24) 36% (34) 26% (72) 23% (84) 20% (34) 17% (10) 20% (8) 44% (229) 35% (125) 40% (47) 31% (57) 32% (92) 52% (131) 67% (46) 30% (76) 44% (326) 20% (37) 34% (59) 35% (61) 48% (154) 61% (91) 39% (303) 45% (99) 53% (209) 25% (91) 53% (77) 24% (22) 44% (42) 41% (111) 43% (155) 38% (65) 32% (19) 25% (10)
Ethnicity
African-American Caucasian Latino/Hispanic Other 29% (43) 38% (281) 24% (10) 30% (23) 28% (42) 22% (163) 48% (20) 22% (17) 43% (63) 39% (289) 29% (12) 49% (38)
Respondent’s Education
Some high school High school graduate/GED Some college/vocational/2-year degree College graduate 42% (24) 38% (119) 32% (83) 35% (81) 35% (20) 31% (97) 27% (70) 15% (35) 23% (13) 30% (94) 40% (103) 50% (114) Post graduate 34% (46) 12% (16) 54% (74) Note: “Poor” is defined as a family whose annual household income is less than 200% of the Federal Poverty Income Guideline (FPIG), which is used to determine child care subsidy eligibility.
53

2002 Pennsylvania Family Survey
Table 6a: Family Characteristics and Type of Care and Education Arrangements Type of Arrangement Characteristics Percent of Total Sample Child’s Age
under 1 year 1 to 2 year 2 to 3 year 3 to 5 year 5 to 6 year
Geographic Location
Metropolitan Area Small Cities Rural
Household Income
under 25,000 25,001 to 50,000 50,001 to 100,000 100,000+
Low Income Indices
No nonparental care 31% (315) 46% (85) 38% (66) 31% (54) 25% (82) 19% (28) 31% (162) 31% (112) 31% (37) 28% (53) 33% (93) 27% (70) 26% (18) Nonparental in-home care 13% (131) 17% (31) 14% (24) 12% (21) 13% (42) 9% (13) 14% (74) 13% (45) 10% (12) 15% (27) 15% (44) 9% (24) 13% (9) Out-of-home family child care 23% (234) 21% (38) 29% (50) 31% (54) 21% (67) 17% (25) 18% (91) 29% (104) 31% (37) 23% (44) 27% (76) 25% (63) 15% (10) Program/Center care 28% (283) 9% (17) 17% (30) 24% (41) 36% (118) 51% (77) 34% (174) 23% (81) 23% (27) 25% (45) 20% (57) 37% (94) 45% (31) Parent as family care provider 4% (42) 7% (12) 3% (5) 2% (3) 5% (15) 5% (7) 4% (19) 5% (18) 4% (5) 8% (15) 5% (15) 2% (5) 1% (1) Poor Not Poor
Partner Status
Two-parent (married or living with partner) One-parent (single, separated, divorced, or widowed) 34% (87) 31% (228) 36% (277) 17% (38) 14% (37) 13% (94) 12% (93) 17% (38) 22% (56) 24% (178) 22% (173) 27% (61) 23% (59) 30% (224) 27% (208) 34% (75) 8% (21) 3% (21) 4% (31) 5% (11) Note: “Poor” is defined as a family whose annual household income is less than 200% of the Federal Poverty Income Guideline (FPIG), which is used to determine child care subsidy eligibility.
54

2002 Pennsylvania Family Survey
Table 6a (cont’d) Characteristics Percent of Total Sample Family Employment Status
Dual earner One earner, two-parent family One earner, one-parent family Non-earner
Family Size
Two Three Four Five Six Seven or more
Child’s Ethnicity
African-American Caucasian Latino/Hispanic Other
Respondent’s Education
Some high school High school graduate/GED Some college/vocational/2-year degree College graduate Post graduate No nonparental care 31% (315) 17% (68) 54% (195) 7% (10) 42% (39) 17% (16) 30% (83) 29% (106) 36% (62) 51% (30) 45% (18) 23% (34) 35% (255) 24% (10) 21% (16) 39% (22) 34% (107) 26% (66) 31% (72) 32% (44) Nonparental in-home care 13% (131) 15% (61) 8% (29) 20% (29) 13% (12)
Type of Arrangement
Out-of-home family child care 23% (234) 32% (126) 13% (45) 30% (44) 18% (17) Program/Center care 28% (283) 33% (132) 20% (73) 40% (58) 19% (18) Parent as family care provider 4% (42) 3% (10) 5% (18) 3% (5) 9% (8) 17% (16) 11% (30) 15% (53) 12% (20) 12% (7) 13% (5) 34% (33) 27% (73) 23% (82) 18% (31) 15% (9) 15% (6) 29% (28) 30% (81) 29% (105) 28% (49) 22% (13) 18% (7) 3% (3) 3% (8) 4% (15) 7% (12) 0% (0) 10% (4) 15% (23) 13% (92) 29% (12) 5% (4) 23% (13) 13% (41) 13% (33) 12% (28) 11% (15) 20% (30) 23% (172) 26% (11) 27% (21) 18% (10) 27% (84) 29% (74) 17% (39) 17% (23) 36% (53) 26% (191) 21% (9) 39% (30) 18% (10) 22% (67) 26% (67) 36% (84) 38% (52) 6% (9) 4% (26) 0% (0) 9% (7) 4% (2) 4% (12) 7% (17) 4% (9) 2% (2) 55

2002 Pennsylvania Family Survey
Table 6b: Family Characteristics and the Use of Different Types of Programs/Centers
57
Characteristics
Child care center
Type of Program/Center Arrangement
Preschool Head Start Kindergarten
Percent of Total Sample Child’s Age Geographic Location
under 1 year 1 to 2 year 2 to 3 year 3 to 5 year 5 to 6 year Metropolitan Area Small Cities Rural
Household Income
under 25,000 25,001 to 50,000 50,001 to 100,000 100,000+ 57% (162) 19% (54) 7% (21) 16% (46) n=162 n=54 n=21 n=46 71% (12) 90% (27) 83% (34) 53% (63) 34% (26) 18% (3) 0% (0) 10% (4) 23% (27) 26% (20) 6% (1) 7% (2) 5% (2) 9% (10) 8% (6) 6% (1) 3% (1) 2% (1) 15% (18) 33% (25) n=162 n=54 n=20 n=46 62% (107) 54% (44) 41% (11) 15% (26) 25% (20) 30% (8) 5% (8) 11% (9) 11% (3) 19% (33) 10% (8) 19% (5) n=130 n=43 n=14 n=40 69% (31) 54% (31) 52% (49) 61% (19) 4% (2) 19% (11) 26% (24) 19% (6) 11% (4) 5% (3) 6% (6) 0% (0) 16% (7) 21% (12) 16% (15) 19% (6)
Low Income Indices
Poor Not Poor n=162 n=54 n=21 n=46 59% (35) 57% (127) 12% (7) 21% (47) 12% (7) 6% (14) 17% (10) 16% (36)
Partner Status
n=162 n=54 n=21 n=46 Two-parent (married or living with partner) One-parent (single, separated, divorced, or 53% (110) 69% (52) 24% (50) 5% (4) 6% (12) 12% (9) 17% (36) 13% (10) widowed) Note: “Poor” is defined as a family whose annual household income is less than 200% of the Federal Poverty Income Guideline (FPIG), which is used to determine child care subsidy eligibility.

2002 Pennsylvania Family Survey
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Table 6b (cont’d) Type of Program/Center Arrangement Characteristics Percent of Sub-Sample Family Employment Status
Dual earner One earner, two-parent family One earner, one-parent family Non-earner
Family Size
Two Three Four Five Six Seven or more
Child’s Ethnicity
African-American Caucasian Latino/Hispanic Other
Respondent’s Education
Some high school High school graduate/GED Some college/vocational/2-year degree College graduate Post graduate Child care center Preschool Head Start Kindergarten 57% (162) 19% (54) 7% (21) 16% (46) n=161 n=54 n=20 n=46 69% (91) 26% (19) 76% (44) 39% (7) 11% (15) 48% (35) 5% (3) 6% (1) 4% (5) 8% (6) 3% (2) 39% (7) 16% (21) 18% (13) 16% (9) 17% (3) n=162 n=54 n=21 n=46 79% (22) 72% (58) 51% (54) 43% (21) 39% (5) 29% (2) 4% (1) 7% (6) 23% (24) 31% (15) 31% (4) 57% (4) 7% (2) 6% (5) 10% (10) 4% (2) 8% (1) 14% (1) 11% (3) 15% (12) 16% (17) 22% (11) 23% (3) 0% (0) n=162 n=54 n=21 n=46 70% (37) 54% (103) 56% (5) 57% (17) 8% (4) 24% (46) 0% (0) 13% (4) 9% (5) 5% (9) 22% (2) 17% (5) 13% (7) 17% (33) 22% (2) 13% (4) n=160 n=54 n=20 n=46 50% (5) 61% (41) 58% (39) 45% (38) 71% (37) 10% (1) 8% (5) 19% (13) 32% (27) 15% (8) 10% (1) 13% (9) 10% (7) 2% (2) 2% (1) 30% (3) 18% (12) 12% (8) 20% (17) 12% (6)

2002 Pennsylvania Family Survey
Table 7: Parents’ Report of Early Childhood Arrangement Quality Enhancing Child’s Development
Nonparental in-home care Out-of-home family child care
Type of Arrangement
Child care center
Percent of Total Sample Social Development
Excellent Reasonably good Not very good Very bad Cognitive Development Excellent Reasonably good Not very good Very bad 63% 36% 1% 0% 52% 42% 6% 0% 69% (135) 29% (57) < 1% (1) 1% (2) 62% (120) 34% (65) 3% (6) 1% (2) 68% (107) 29% (45) 4% (6) 0% (0) 73% (114) 26% (41) < 1% (1) <1% (1) 73% (38) 27% (14) 0% (0) 0% (0) 71% (37) 27% (14) 2% (1) 0% (0) 55% (11) 35% (7) 5% (1) 5% (1) 65% (13) 30% (6) 5% (1) 0% (0) 73% (33) 24% (11) 2% (1) 0% (0) 89% (40) 11% (5) 0% (0) 0% (0) 60

2002 Pennsylvania Family Survey
Opinions Current Arrangement
Would recommend it Strongly recommended Recommended Have some doubts Don’t recommend
General Opinions
Look at or read picture books More often than is happening now About the same amount Less often than is happening now Sing songs or play games More often than is happening now About the same amount Less often than is happening now Story-time, reading books in group More often than is happening now About the same amount Less often than is happening now Games with letters of the alphabet More often than is happening now About the same amount Less often than is happening now Encourage toy sharing/getting along More often than is happening now About the same amount Less often than is happening now
Table 8: Parents’ Opinions Regarding Early Childhood Activities Type of Arrangement
No nonparental care Nonparental in-home care Out-of-home family child care Program/Center care Parent as family care provider n=52 n=126 n=229 n=277 n=39 52% (27) 37% (19) 2% (1) 10% (5) 67% (35) 33% (17) 0% (0) 61% (31) 39% (20) 0% (0) 57% (27) 43% (20) 0% (0) 65% (31) 33% (16) 2% (1) 54% (26) 46% (22) 0% (0) 52% (65) 33% (41) 5% (6) 11% (14) 68% (88) 32% (42) 0% (0) 64% (83) 33% (43) 2% (3) 63% (65) 35% (36) 3% (3) 68% (71) 31% (32) 2% (2) 61% (63) 39% (41) 0% (0) 60% (138) 26% (59) 4% (10) 10% (22) 58% (133) 40% (93) 2% (5) 57% (131) 44% (101) 0% (0) 60% (119) 39% (78) 1% (2) 58% (116) 42% (84) < 1% (1) 58% (117) 42% (84) 0% (0) 72% (198) 21% (58) 4% (12) 3% (9) 41% (115) 59% (166) < 1% (2) 33% (93) 67% (189) < 1% (1) 39% (107) 60% (165) 1% (2) 41% (112) 58% (160) 1% (2) 39% (107) 61% (166) < 1% (1) 64% (25) 26% (10) 0% (0) 10% (4) 69% (29) 31% (13) 0% (0) 67% (28) 33% (14) 0% (0) 65% (20) 36% (11) 0 (0) 72% (23) 28% (9) 0% (0) 56% (18) 44% (14) 0% (0) 61 Note: Parents of children younger than 12 months of age were not asked the General Opinion questions.

2002 Pennsylvania Family Survey
Table 9: Medication and Health Information Survey Questions
Administer medicine? Provider trained in administrating medicine? (of those that administer medicine) Provide health care information? Provide health insurance information?
Type of Arrangement
Out-of-home family child care 24% (56) 59% (31) 15% (34) 11% (25) Program/Center care 14% (46) 88% (37) 23% (71) 19% (59) Note: These questions were only asked of those families in these two types of arrangements. 62

2002 Pennsylvania Family Survey
Table 10: Average Cost of Care/Education Arrangement per Month for Families who Pay Type of Arrangement
Non-parental in-home care (relative) Non-parental in-home care (non-relative) Out-of-home family child care (relative) Out-of-home family child care (non-relative) Program/Center care
Average Cost Per Month Geographic Location
Metropolitan Area (n=220) Small Cities (n=140) Rural (n=43)
Household Income
Under 25,000 (n=65) 25,001 to 50,000 (n=101) 50,001 to 100,000 (n=127) 100,000+ (n=43) $273 $238 $188 $200 $246 $312 $195 $139 $70 $352 $352 $755 $463 $546 $364 $265 $317 $405 $221 $286 $331 $228 $381 n/a $306 $378 $260 $255 $231 $276 $347 $349 $353 $409 $287 $193 $259 $331 $374 $455
Total $336
$404 $264 $221
$275 $289 $361 $457
63

2002 Pennsylvania Family Survey
Table 11: Average Proportion of Annual Income Spent on Care/Education Arrangement Type of Arrangement
Non-parental in-home care (relative) Non-parental in-home care (non-relative) Out-of-home family child care (relative) Out-of-home family child care (non-relative) Program/Center care
Average Percent of Income Geographic Location
Metropolitan Area (n=173) Small Cities (n=118) Rural (n=38)
Household Income
Under 25,000 (n=114) 25,001 to 50,000 (n=117) 50,001 to 100,000 (n=180) 100,000+ (n=50) 11% 9% 6% 17% 7% 3% 1% 8% 8% 4% 5% 11% 5% 5% 10% 11% 12% 18% 7% 6% 3% 8% 7% 9% 12% 9% 7% 4% 9% 8% 5% 16% 10% 6% 4%
Total 9% 8% 7% 16% 9% 6% 4%
65

2002 Pennsylvania Family Survey
Table 12: Subsidy Eligibility and Utilization Characteristics Eligible and Receiving Eligible but not Receiving Total for Subsample Geographic Location
Metropolitan Area Small Cities Rural
Household Income
under 25,000 25,001 to 50,000 50,001 to 100,000 100,001+
Partner Status
Two-parent (married or living with partner) One-parent (single, separated, divorced, or widowed)
Child’s Ethnicity
African-American Caucasian Latino/Hispanic Other
Mother’s Education
Some high school High school graduate/GED Some college/vocational degree College graduate Post graduate 54% (19) 47% (9) 60% (6) 67% (4) 55% (17) 67% (2) n/a n/a 38% (3) 59% (16) 36% (4) 69% (9) 33% (1) 63% (5) 100% (1) 57% (10) 50% (7) 50% (1) 0% (0) 46% (16) 53% (10) 40% (4) 33% (2) 45% (14) 33% (1) n/a n/a 62% (5) 41% (11) 64% (7) 31% (4) 67% (2) 37% (3) 0% (0) 44% (8) 50% (7) 50% (1) 0% (0) 66 Note: Eligibility for subsidies is established by several criteria, only some of which this survey was able to capture. For this reason and because of the small size of the subsample, these data should be interpreted with caution. The subsample represented in this table was made up or dual-earner families in which both adults work 25 hours/week or more and single parent earner families in which the parent was working 25 hours/week or more. These families’ annual household income was at or below 200% of the Federal Poverty Income Guideline (FPIG). Finally, only families with a child in Family Care or Program/Center Care were asked about the use of subsidies.

2002 Pennsylvania Family Survey
Table 13: Family Educational Activities Characteristics Reading readiness activities in past 7 days
a (mean, (SD))
Community educational activities in last 30 days
b (mean, (SD))
Type of Arrangement
No nonparental care Nonparental in-home care Out-of-home family child care Program/Center care Parent as family care provider
Household Income
under 25,000 25,001 to 50,000 50,001 to 100,000 100,001+
Child’s Ethnicity
African-American Caucasian Latino/Hispanic Other
Respondent’s Education
Some high school High school graduate/GED Some college/vocational/2-year degree College graduate Post graduate n=999 n=995 2.7 (0.8) 2.7 (0.8) 2.7 (0.8) 2.7 (0.8) 2.9 (0.9) 1.2 (1.1) 1.5 (1.2) 1.2 (1.1) 1.8 (1.2) 1.5 (1.2) 67 n=798 n=793 2.7 (0.8) 2.6 (0.9) 2.7 (0.8) 2.8 (0.8) 1.4 (1.2) 1.4 (1.2) 1.5 (1.1) 1.8 (1.2) n=999 n=995 2.6 (0.8) 2.8 (0.8) 2.5 (0.8) 2.5 (0.9) 2.6 (0.8) 2.6 (0.8) 2.7 (0.8) 2.7 (0.8) 2.8 (0.9) 1.6 (1.3) 1.4 (1.1) 1.2 (1.0) 1.5 (1.2) n=988 n=983 1.1 (1.2) 1.2 (1.1) 1.4 (1.2) 1.6 (1.1) 1.8 (1.3)
Notes:
a: Values indicate average relative frequency the child engaged in reading readiness activities at home in last 7 days. Activities include: read a book; tell child a story; sing songs or play music with child. “0” - “not at all”, “1” - “once a week”, “2” - “two to six times a week”, “3” - “once a day”, “4” - “more often than once a day”. b: Values indicate average number of times the child participated in different community education activities within the last 30 days. Activities include: visited a library; gone to a play, concert, or other live show; visited a zoo, aquarium, or children’s museum; talked with child about his/her family history or ethnic heritage.

2002 Pennsylvania Family Survey
Table 14a: Parents’ Concerns about Child Development by Geographic Location Geographic Location Types of Concerns
Age appropriate behavior All the time Often Once in a while Not at all Setting limits or discipline All the time Often Once in a while Not at all Child’s health care All the time Often Once in a while Not at all Want more information to help child be reading ready All the time Often Once in a while Not at all Concerned about child not learning enough in child care All the time Often Once in a while Not at all
Metropolitan Area Small Cities Rural
39% (203) 24% (125) 22% (111) 15% (76) 31% (159) 24% (123) 24% (124) 22% (111) 26% (136) 12% (64) 19% (99) 43% (221) 41% (211) 29% (149) 16% (82) 14% (74) 14% (50) 12% (44) 21% (76) 53% (191) n=515 n=360 n=117 33% (117) 26% (92) 22% (79) 20% (72) 30% (107) 24% (87) 25% (88) 21% (77) 24% (85) 16% (56) 22% (80) 38% (138) 34% (40) 27% (32) 21% (24) 18% (21) 31% (37) 24% (28) 25% (30) 20% (23) 24% (28) 9% (10) 24% (28) 44% (52) 34% (121) 30% (106) 21% (73) 15% (54) 14% (35) 14% (36) 17% (42) 56% (142) 42% (50) 30% (35) 11% (13) 17% (20) 10% (8) 13% (11) 23% (19) 54% (45) 68

2002 Pennsylvania Family Survey
Table 14b: Parents’ Concerns about Child Development by Household Income Household Income Types of Concerns
Age appropriate behavior All the time Often Once in a while Not at all Setting limits or discipline All the time Often Once in a while Not at all Child’s health care All the time Often Once in a while Not at all Want more information to help child be reading ready All the time Often Once in a while Not at all Concerned about child not learning enough in child care All the time Often Once in a while Not at all
up to 25,000 25,001 – 50,000 50,001 – 100,000 100,001+
n=189 n=285 n=254 n=68 47% (88) 27% (51) 15% (28) 12% (22) 44% (83) 17% (33) 20% (38) 19% (37) 37% (71) 13% (25) 17% (32) 33% (63) 49% (93) 28% (53) 12% (23) 11% (20) 17% (23) 20% (27) 18% (25) 45% (61) 35% (100) 27% (76) 22% (63) 16% (46) 28% (80) 26% (73) 27% (76) 19% (55) 26% (73) 15% (42) 23% (65) 37% (104) 40% (112) 29% (82) 17% (49) 14% (38) 18% (35) 12% (23) 17% (33) 54% (107) 31% (78) 24% (62) 26% (65) 19% (49) 27% (68) 27% (69) 25% (65) 21% (54) 21% (53) 13% (32) 20% (51) 47% (120) 31% (80) 32% (81) 20% (51) 17% (44) 11% (20) 11% (20) 25% (47) 54% (100) 35% (24) 16% (11) 34% (23) 15% (10) 22% (15) 23% (16) 38% (26) 17% (12) 10% (7) 6% (4) 28% (19) 57% (39) 32% (22) 32% (22) 25% (17) 10% (7) 2% (1) 6% (3) 25% (13) 68% (36) 69

2002 Pennsylvania Family Survey
Table 14c: Parents’ Concerns about Child Development by Ethnicity Child’s Ethnicity Types of Concerns
Age appropriate behavior All the time Often Once in a while Not at all Setting limits or discipline All the time Often Once in a while Not at all Child’s health care All the time Often Once in a while Not at all Want more information to help child be reading ready All the time Often Once in a while Not at all Concerned about child not learning enough in child care All the time Often Once in a while Not at all
African American Caucasian Latino/ Hispanic Other
n=146 n=733 n=42 n=77 53% (78) 17% (25) 16% (24) 13% (19) 39% (57) 23% (34) 16% (24) 22% (32) 36% (53) 16% (23) 16% (24) 32% (48) 55% (80) 24% (35) 10% (15) 11% (16) 25% (29) 13% (15) 15% (17) 47% (53) 33% (238) 26% (187) 24% (176) 18% (132) 27% (197) 25% (180) 27% (199) 22% (158) 20% (150) 12% (90) 22% (163) 45% (332) 33% (241) 31% (225) 19% (140) 17% (123) 10% (47) 12% (57) 21 (103) 58% (284) 41% (17) 31% (13) 10% (4) 19% (8) 52% (22) 21% (9) 10% (4) 17% (7) 45% (19) 21% (9) 10% (4) 24% (10) 64% (27) 21% (9) 7% (3) 7% (3) 30% (10) 27% (9) 15% (5) 27% (9) 38% (29) 33% (25) 16% (12) 14% (11) 38% (29) 22% (17) 20% (15) 21% (16) 37% (29) 12% (9) 22% (17) 30% (23) 47% (36) 31% (24) 13% (10) 9% (7) 13% (8) 16% (10) 19% (12) 52% (33) 70

2002 Pennsylvania Family Survey
Table 14d: Parents’ Concerns about Child Development by Respondent’s Education Respondent’s Education Some High School High School Some College College Graduate Post Graduate Types of Concerns
Age appropriate behavior All the time Often Once in a while Not at all Setting limits or discipline All the time Often Once in a while Not at all Child’s health care All the time Often Once in a while Not at all Want more information to help child be reading ready All the time Often Once in a while Not at all Concerned about child not learning enough in child care All the time Often Once in a while Not at all 46% (26) 21% (12) 11% (6) 23% (13) 44% (25) 21% (12) 14% (8) 21% (12) 37% (21) 18% (10) 19% (11) 26% (15) 52% (29) 21% (12) 11% (6) 16% (9) 29% (10) 12% (4) 18% (6) 41% (14) 40% (122) 30% (92) 15% (45) 16% (50) 34% (104) 26% (79) 18% (55) 23% (70) 31% (97) 13% (41) 19% (58) 37% (114) 46% (142) 30% (92) 13% (39) 11% (34) 21% (43) 18% (38) 14% (30) 47% (97) 40% (102) 24% (61) 22% (56) 15% (37) 34% (88) 23% (59) 24% (61) 19% (49) 28% (73) 12% (30) 21% (53) 39% (101) 42% (108) 29% (75) 17% (43) 12% (30) 14% (27) 12% (24) 21% (41) 53% (103) 29% (66) 24% (56) 31% (71) 16% (37) 23% (53) 22% (51) 34%(78) 21% (49) 17% (39) 14% (33) 22% (52) 47% (108) 31% (71) 29% (67) 21% (48) 18% (42) 6% (10) 11% (18) 22% (37) 61% (100) 31% (42) 20% (27) 26% (35) 23% (31) 22% (30) 26% (35) 28% (38) 24% (33) 14% (19) 10% (14) 23% (31) 53% (72) 22% (30) 33% (45) 22% (30) 23% (31) 2% (2) 5% (5) 25% (23) 67% (62) 71

2002 Pennsylvania Family Survey
Table 15: Time Spent in Arrangement and Arrangement Type by Household Employment Status
72
Employment Status Percent of Total Sample Type of Arrangement (n=903)
No nonparental care Nonparental in-home care Out-of-home family child care Program/Center care Parent as family care provider Two-parent dual earner 40% (397) 17% (68) 15% (61)
32% (126)
33% (132) 3% (10) Two-parent one earner 36% (360)
54% (195)
8% (29) 13% (45) 20% (73) 5% (18) One-parent one earner 15% (146) 7% (10) 20% (29) 30% (44)
40% (58)
3% (5)
Time in Care
No time in care up to 9 hours 10 to 19 hours 20 to 34 hours 35 to 49 hours 50+ hours
Percent of Total Sample Type of Arrangement
Nonparental in-home care Out-of-home family child care Program/Center care Parent as family care provider
Employment Status
Two-parent, dual earner Two-parent, one earner One-parent, one earner Two-parent, non-earner One parent, non-earner
Household Income
under 25,000 25,001 to 50,000 50,001 to 100,000 100,001+ 31% (315) n/a n/a n/a n/a 17% (68) 54% (195) 7% (10) 57% (12) 37% (27) 15% (148) 33% (43) 15% (36) 22% (63) 14% (6) 14% (56) 20% (74) 6% (8) 10% (2) 10% (7) 11% (107) 17% (175) 21% (206) 21% (27) 15% (36) 13% (36) 19% (8) 16% (21) 31% (73) 25% (71) 24% (10) 24% (31) 29% (68) 35% (99) 19% (8) 5% (54) 6% (9) 10% (21) 5% (14) 24% (10) 13% (52) 10% (36) 8% (12) 0% (0) 10% (7) 24% (94) 9% (31) 20% (31) 5% (1) 24% (18) 29% (114) 4% (13) 43% (62) 20% (4) 12% (9) 3% (13) 3% (11) 16% (23) 10% (2) 7% (5) 29% (53) 33% (93) 27% (70) 26% (18) 9% (17) 17% (47) 16% (41) 17% (12) 10% (18) 9% (29) 15% (37) 10% (7) 20% (36) 19% (53) 18% (47) 15% (10) 24% (44) 17% (49) 20% (51) 28% (19) 8% (16) 5% (14) 4% (10) 4% (3) Note: Time in Arrangement did not vary as a function of child’s age.

2002 Pennsylvania Family Survey
Table 16: Parents’ Work Hours and Children’s Care/Education Arrangements
Work Characteristics
No nonparental care
Type of Arrangement
Nonparental in-home care Out-of-home family child care Program/Center care
Percent of Total Sample Respondent (n=607) 10% (105) 10% (97) 18% (183) 21% (206)
73 Parent as family care provider
16% (16)
Works more than one job Average number of hours per week 0 to 9 hours 10 to 29 hours 30 to 35 hours 36 to 49 hours 50+ hours 11% (7) 42% (10) 16% (16) 18% (12) 14% (43) 22% (21) 14% (9) 4% (1) 24% (24) 19% (13) 14% (44) 15% (14) 44% (29) 33% (8) 27% (27) 29% (19) 33% (102) 28% (27) 27% (18) 21% (5) 31% (31) 31% (21) 37% (114) 31% (29) 5% (3) 0% (0) 3% (3) 3% (2) 2% (7) 4% (4)
Table 17: Non-Traditional Hours in Different Care/Education Arrangements Time of Day in Care Type of Arrangement
Nonparental in-home care Out-of-home family child care Program/Center care Evenings (7 p.m. to 11 p.m.) Nights (after 11 p.m.) n=75 n=25 40% (30) 53% (40) 7% (5) 24% (6) 72% (18) 4% (1)

2002 Pennsylvania Family Survey
Table 18: Percentage of Parents Reporting Special Needs and Behavior Problems Special Needs Percent
Physical Problems (n=178, 18% of total sample) Asthma Allergy Physical disability Hearing Visual Other 8% (75) 5% (51) 2% (17) <1% (3) <1% (8) 5% (49) Behavior Problems (n=25, 3% of total sample) Developmental problems -language delay -learning problems -mental retardation Externalizing problems -temper tantrums -hyperactivity -harming others Internalizing problems -severe anxiety or fear -excessively shy -hurts self 1% (11) 1% (12) < 1% (1) Other < 1% (3) Note: Values in above categories are not mutually exclusive. 74

2002 Pennsylvania Family Survey
Table 19: Services Used by Parents Who Report Behavior Problems
75
Percent Percent of Total Sample Behavior Problems
Received medical diagnosis Been offered or received early intervention services from county or state
3% (25)
36% (9) 36% (9) Have an ISFP or IEP Sought help from -Physician -Religious counselor or leader -Psychologist/Psychotherapist -Classroom teacher -Special education teacher -Friend or family member -County mental health/mental retardation office -Nurse/Nurse practitioner -Other Amount of improvement -A lot -Somewhat -Not too much -Not at all Pay out of pocket for service (last 12 months) Number of sessions (last 12 months) Average cost for out of pocket service (last 12 months) Type of care provided -Care providers themselves -Someone brought in -Child taken elsewhere -Nothing is provided -Refused -Don’t know 20% (5) 36% (9) 32% (8) 24% (6) 8% (2) 4% (1) 4% (1) 3% (7) 0% (0) 0% (0) 36% (9) 20% (5) 12% (3) 20% (5) 4% (1) 0 $150 48% (12) 36% (9) 4% (1) 0% (0) 0% (0) 12% (3)

2002 Pennsylvania Family Survey
76
Figure 1: Primary Arrangements for Children under 3 Years of Age Figure 2: Hours per Week that Children Spend in their Care/Education Arrangement Figure 3: Age Differences in the Use of Different Care/Education Arrangements Figure 4: Type of Care/Education Arrangement by Geographic Location Figure 5: Type of Care/Education Arrangement by Family Income Figure 6: Type of Care/Education Arrangement by Parental Employment Status Figure 7: Type of Care/Education Arrangement by Respondent’s Education Figure 8: Percent of 3 and 4 Year Olds in Different Educational Programs Figure 9: Parent Ratings of their Child’s Care/Education Arrangement Figure 10: Percent of Parents Who Are Concerned about Issues Related to their Child’s Development “often” or “all the time” Figure 11: Sources of Support Parents Have Used in Past 12 Months Figure 12: How Much of a Role Should Government Play in Helping Children to Become Reading Ready? Figure 13: Benefits Offered by Respondents’ Employers and their Utilization of Benefits

2002 Pennsylvania Family Survey
50 40
30 20 39% 18% 31% 12% 10 4% 0 No Non- Parental Care In Home Care Family Care Child Care Centers Educational Programming 1
Note: 1 Educational Programming includes preschool/nursery school, pre-kindergarten, kindergarten, Head Start or Early Head Start 77

2002 Pennsylvania Family Survey
Figure 2: Hours per Week that Children Spend in their Care/Education Arrangement
10 - 19 hours (11%) 20 - 34 hours (17%) 1 - 9 hours (15%) 78 35 - 49 hours (21%) Not in care (31%) 50+ hours (5%)

2002 Pennsylvania Family Survey
Figure 3: Age Differences in the Use of Different Care/Education Arrangements Child’s age
under 1 1 to 2 yrs 2 to 3 yrs 3 to 5 yrs 5 to 6 years 60
Percent of Total Sample
50 40 30 20 10 0 No Nonparental In-Home Care Nonparental In-Home Care
Type of Arrangement
Out-of-Home Family Child Care Program/Center Care 79

2002 Pennsylvania Family Survey
Figure 4: Type of Care/Education Arrangement by Geographic Location
Metropolitan Area Small Cities Rural
14% 18% 34% 31% 4% 13% 29% 23% 31% 5% 10% 31% 23% 31% 4%
No Nonparental Care Nonparental In-Home Care Out-of-Home Family Child Care Program/Center Care Parent as Family Care Provider 80

2002 Pennsylvania Family Survey
Figure 5: Type of Care/Education Arrangement by Family Income 15%
under $25,000
25% 25% 28% 8%
No Nonparental Care Nonparental In-Home Care Out-of-Home Family Child Care Program/Center Care Parent as Family Care Provider
9%
$50,001 to $100,000
25% 37% 27% 2%
$25,001 to $50,000
15% 27% 33% 5% 20% 13%
$100,001+
15% 45% 26% 1%
81

2002 Pennsylvania Family Survey
Figure 6: Type of Care/Education Arrangement by Parental Employment Status
One-earner, One-parent
8% 13% 30% 32% 15% 17% 33% 54% 20% 5% 20% 7% 40% 3% 3%
No Nonparental Care Nonparental In-Home Care Out-of-Home Family Child Care Program/Center Care Parent as Family Care Provider 82

2002 Pennsylvania Family Survey
Figure 7: Type of Care/Education Arrangement by Respondent’s Education
Some High School/ High School Graduate Some College College Graduate/ Post-Graduate
22% 29% 18% 20% 13% 26% 12% 17% 37% 37% 26% 7% 32% 4% 3%
No Nonparental Care Nonparental In-Home Care Out-of-Home Family Child Care Program/Center Care Parent as Family Care Provider 83

2002 Pennsylvania Family Survey
60
44% 40 Center Care (12%) 20 25% 17% 25% Head Start & Early HS (5%) Pre-kindergarten & Kindergarten (8%) Preschool/Nursery school (19%) 0 No Non- Parental Care In-Home Care Family Care Educational Programming
84

2002 Pennsylvania Family Survey
Figure 9a: Parent Ratings of their Child’s Care/Education Arrangement - Social Development
Nonparental In-Home Care Out-of-Home Family Child Care Child Care Center
36% 29% 63% 1% 69% <1% 1% 68% 29% 4%
85
73% 27% 35% 5% 5% 55% excellent reasonably good not very good very bad 73% 24% 2%

2002 Pennsylvania Family Survey
Figure 9b: Parent Ratings of their Child’s Care/Education Arrangement - Cognitive Development
Nonparental In-Home Care Out-of-Home Family Child Care Child Care Center
42% 34% 26% 6% 3% 1% 52% 62% 73% <1% <1%
86
71% 27% 2% 65% 30% 5% excellent reasonably good not very good very bad 89% 11%

2002 Pennsylvania Family Survey
87
Figure 10: Percent of Parents Who Are Concerned about Issues Related to their Child’s Development “often” or “all the time”
100 Families Below 200% of FPIG Families Above 200% of FPIG 80
60 40 20 0 Age Appropriate Behavior Discipline/ Limit Setting Child’s Health Being Reading Ready Learning Enough in Care or Education Setting

2002 Pennsylvania Family Survey
80
Figure 11: Sources of Support Parents Have Used in Past 12 Months
60
Percentages (%)
40 20 0 Books/ Magazines Family Member s Health Provider Childcare Provider Internet Religiou s Groups Parenting Support Group Other
Type of Support
88

2002 Pennsylvania Family Survey
Figure 12: How Much of a Role Should Government Play in Helping Children to Become Reading Ready?
A lot of responsibility (16%) Some responsibility (56%) Don't know (3%) Refused (0.1%) 89 No role/ responsibility (22%) A little responsibility (2%)

2002 Pennsylvania Family Survey
Figure 13: Benefits Offered by Respondents’ Employers and their Utilization of Benefits
60 Benefits offered Ever used service? 50
Percent of Respondents
40 30 20 10 0 Referral service Flexible work hours Taken child to work in last 30 days
Types of Services
90