Understanding
Our Craft
Wanted: A Defmition of
Intelligence
Michael Warner
develop ambi
of intelligence
all attempts to
.
tious theories
have failed.
business
a
as
old
Laqueur
recorded
as
would expect to
history,
find a sophisticated understand
one
ing of just what that business is,
does, and how it works.
Without
a
clear idea of
what
inteffigence is,
how can we develop a
theory to explain how
our
intelligence
understand
hope of advancing
In the
discussions of this topic, I have
collected some of the concise
intelligence that I
distinguished either
their
source
or by their clar
by
After
explaining what they
ity.2
definitions of
deem
he
to
what it
do and do
If the business is
offer up my own sacrificial defi
nition to the tender mercies of
however,
we
intelligence,
search in vain. As
historian Walter Laqueur
so far no one has
not
tell us, I shall
future critics.
warned us,
succeeded in
of
crafting
intelligence.
a
theory
Official Solutions
it works?
The
I have to wonder if the diffi
,,
of
theory
a
and increase
ing.
Walter
In
devise
cult)
doing so resides
slipperiness of the
in
in the
than
more
tools
the poor skills of the
craftsmen or the complexity of
the
of
resources
topic. Indeed, even today,
no accepted definition
The
intelligence.
defined
by
anew
each author
who addresses it, and these def
initions
another
refer
rarely
or
ligence
can we
The
the
not
In
intelligence
develop a the
to
way you
the heart of
manner:
term
eign pet~ons.3
Here is
Study
commissions
appointed
survey the Intelligence Com
munity have long used similar
to
an
opportu
of
compelling definition
intelligence might help us to
nity:
in this
the
are
some
getting
matter.
its
means
If you cannot define a term of
art, then you need to rethink
are
National
1947 with
foreign intelligence
infbrnzation relating to
the capabilities, intentions, or
activities offo reign govern
inents or elements thereof
foreign organizations, or for
a
how it works?
explain
something.
Act of
many amendmentsdefines
kind of intelligence that we
clear idea of what
ory to
agen
build off what has
been written before. Without
is, how
servicesthe
seeking
to one
intelligence
cies, deserve the first word. The
basic charter of Americas intel
Security
term is
who write the laws
of
in
have
we
people
that govern intelligence, and
administer the budgets and
a
2
I credit Nicholas
Dojmovic,
Directorate of
and his fine compilation of in
qootations for many of the defi
intelligence,
Dr. Michael Warner
the CIA
History Staff.
serves on
I
Walter
Laqueur.
A World of Secrets
Uses and Limits of
NY. Basic
intelligence
Books. 1985), p
8.
(New
The
York,
telligence
nitions
recorded here
so Usc 401a,
15
Definitions
Many definitions
stress
the informational
language.
aspects of inteffigence
The Clark Task Force
more
of the Hoover Commission in
facets
organizational
1955 decided that:
an
Private
Attempts
than its
ironic twist.
Authors
writing about intelli
gence for commercial
might
cation
Intelligence deals ui/tb all the
things which should be known
in aduance a/initiating a
1
course a/action
tle
seem
freedom and
more
publi
enjoy
to
a
lit
flexibility
than the drafters of official gov
ernment statements.
None
theless,
many outside authori
ties also say that intelligence is
influential report from the
mid-1990s (produced by the
An
Commission)
Brown-Aspin
basically
2.
pro
about
vicles this definition:
The Commission believes
itpref
define intelligence
simply and broad/p as infor,na
tion about things foi-eign
people, places, things. rind
era
ble
for the
functions.
inent
hp the Govern
conduct
of
both
as
ers
employers
intelligence,
of
deserve
est
a
so
doubtable senior
finally,
gence
under
man
following
in
sentence
qualify
simplest lernis,
is
intelligence knowledge and
forekiioivledge of the world
around usthe
prelude to deci
they
sion and action
by US
policymakerc.~
All of these definitions stress the
informational
as:
i7e product
resulting /~oni
the collection, processing, bite
gration, analysis, evaluation
and inteipretation of available
b zfoi-nicition
concern
eign countries
Con~niis~ion
big for
given
facetsan
a
cler the
congiess
Ieadercliip
Cormiiissn
in on
prepared hy a team
of Gen Mark clark.
the Roles and
ot the United States
on
capa Iiilities
Intelligence
cotnirnini
ty, Prepanng for the 2/si Cc;iiu ci An A/i
pmiscl/ of US i~ztdligc;ice the Bro.vn
Aspin Report] (Washington, Dc:
ment lrintug
Office, 1996), p~ 5
16
Govern
Missions, that
detailed
in/b rination, not
in the public
domain, relating to the
strength, resources, capabilities
and intentions a/a fbreign
country that can affect oil r lives
and the safety ofourpeople.~
is
always available
well.
Another
comn)issjoni. Intelligence Activi
Jrine 1955, p 26 This was an interim
to
more
Intelligence
come
Branch oft he Government (the
report
to
definition:
Hoover
ties,
have
the national
career, Silent
from organizations that pro
duce and use intelligence, and
as
itwi: If! 1st
Deputy Director of Cen
Intelligence Vernon Walters
published a chatty memoir of
his long and eventful public
might he
expected to wax poetic on the
procedural aspects of the term
of the Fxec
Slier-
tral
ironic twist
that all of them
analyst,
Former
which thereby
or areas.
Organization
on
more
zational
re
we/fare.
offers
aspects of intel
than its organi
CIAs
Kent:
safeguard
its
to
field,
Intelligence, as I an: writing of
it, is the knowledge which our
highly placed civilians and in/I
the Central Intelli
Agency has weighed
with the
ligence
olive
or
Here
examples, beginning
of the earliest theo
one
ita i-p
Associated Terms defines intelli
1
with
its
consum
information.
some
analysis,
standing. 6
Dictionary a/Military and
gence
are
rists in the
And
well. Their lat
as
say
and
adversary obtained
c/n
Reduced
The Joint Chiefs of Staff
knowledge
and
through observation, iiuestiga
tion,
to
eventsneeded
Information
high-ranking
CIA
officer, Lyman Kirkpatrick,
Joint
chiefs of
and Assoc ta/cd
,se hid I, ii iar~ ofAD/tie
12 April
Te,,,js, Joint Puhlicaiion 102,
2001, p 208,
c~nn~d tntelligence Agency (Office of
~4
ILil)lid
Princeton
Affairs). A cons,noc,-:c Guide loin
Jell ,,qeuce.
gence
i
was
staff, Drftifl#ne,ii 0/Dc
\Vastnngton,
Agency, 1999). p
oc
\n
centr:il Intelli
Slier
man
siraieg,c ii ite/figence /hr
Policy (Princeton, NJ
tjniversity Press, 1949~, p, ii.
Kent
.
nw/ice??
Vernon
city, Nfl
Fo,enn
Walters, Site,,; Alission.c (C :irden
Dooliled:iv, 1978). p 621,
Definitions
The
equation
inteffigence
=
information
tine
a
student of die business
while he senecl
to
in the
Agency
enjoyed a second career as
a respected commentator on
intelligence topics. He contrib
utes the following:
provide
in
and
inlelligence isi the knowledgc~
and, ideally, fi.reknowledgt~sought by nations in response to
external tl,reats and to protect
is too vague
real guidance
our] work.
it is far
Foreign Rela
on
noted:
handly
there is
no
need
ligence
any
=
to
define intel
further.
not
at least in
pail
on
inside the government.
~
field, mere data is not
intelligence, thus these defini
tions are incomplete. Think of
names
of those
names
seeks. It
is
are
in the
Wrong
anyone
what
people
ever
do with
data and information that gives
them the
casually
special quality that
intelligence.
tion
per
se.
informa
Policymakers
do their
entitled
to
jobs,
and they
tions let in far
screen
and
policy
commanders need information
to
out.
more
After all,
are
cull that information
they
foreign
clecisionniakers all need
a
they get it
From many sources. Is each
source of information, and each
Factual
tidbit, to he considered
intelligence2 Obviously not,
because that would
Kirkpatrick. Jr
than
information, and
anything they like. Indeed, for
policyniaker or a commander,
Lvm:in B
that
InteHigence,
mean
i concern n
an
ig
an
enemy or an
agency
engaged
meg such information.
important matter. The
dictionarythe O.~ford English
Dictionam~~defines intelli
an
gence
as
follows:
we
definitions above, those clefini
is wrong with
us
Of course, one should hardly
consult just any dictionary on
7a.
call
scholars who drafted the
and
Information?
Nothing
tells
possible
also,
in oh/a em
such
and how few
leg
islators, commanders, officials,
with
area,
or
in the
With all due respect to the
What Is
ii zfoimaiio
is too
vague to provide real guidance
in their woik. To professionals
such
information, that has been pre
pared for p0/ic ymakers or other
acto,~
found in many go~
offices ( Webster~i Ninth
collegiate)
intelligence is:
eiiein~
telephone hook,
information
Intelligence
pub//cl) ava i/able. or analysis
based
one
ernnient
Neiv
information
how many
is
obviously
more.
Let us begin again. The place
for definitions isa dictionary. A
producers of intelligence,
however, the equation intelli
not
1996
tions in
involves
For
least, a study
of the American intelligence
establishment conimissioned by
the Council
what makes the
information, yes, hut
gence
And last but
or
information needed in the First
place. Intelligence
their vital interests,
especially
the well-being of/heir oii~i
people.
don,
that
newspapers and radio broad
Knott/edge
as to
events.
communicated
by or obtained
front one another, irformna
tion, neet.s, tidings, spec.
information of enili/ar). va/lie...
b. A
piece of information
or
The
obtaining of
the
eon,
imeJbimnal
agency for
obtaining secret information,
the staff ofpersons so employed,
secret service,,, d. A depart
mement of a state occanization or
of a military or naval senilce
uhose object is to obtain
information (esp. bj means of
neus,.
c.
secret service
officers
ora sys
-
entelson and llioriias
Bruce \\
in
C
casts
Paterson, eds E?IC)CIOpVthU of U5 Foreign
Relations. Volume 2 (New York t)x~brd
university
Council
Ha
a
s~,
Press, 1997). p 365
Foreign Relations Richard N.
documents,
and
and
geographers
are
that
are
intelligence
journalists
intelli
tent
0/spies,)
Sherman Kent
expressed
some
on
piotec
ci ireuor], jIIak, ig Jr tie/li
ge; ice Sn Icr/er Rcpo 1
7asi, Force New ibrk,
egn
and atlases
of c,ii
N\
Relations. 1996), P
8
1?
icic~t?iilnt
Council
on
Foi
gence officers. The notion that
intelligence is information does
not
say who needs the informa
thing
similar in
a
1946 article
on
the contemporary direction of
intelligence
reform.
17
Definitions
In the
rcunistances, it/s
c
pr/sing that there
is not
sin
moie
Inteffigence is several
things: It is information,
process, and activity,
and it is performed by
lawful
general agreement and less
confusion about the nieainng
of the basic terms The via/n
difficulty seems to lie in the
word intelligence itself which
has
come to mean
people
they
cruciaL intel
is
is both aprocess ant/an
ligence
endproduct.
age
12
almost
National
Intelligence
where,
this
some
hardly concise.
something punchy. At
but it is
We need
the
point,
Council
officer Mark Lowenthal reminds
us
that
intelligence
is
same
some
broader than information
thing
and its processing for
he getting
seems to
policy-
commanders,
when that information is
how confidential
His useful
or
primer
even
some
clandestine.
on
a
coherent
theory of intelligence uncannily
proved his own point by ren
dering Kents point in a
that contains
sentence
insight
no
but economizes
new
on
words:
intelligenceJ
refers to an organization col
lecting niformnation and on the
On
one
of hem to
hand,
the
has been
it
gathered.~~
intelligence
both information and
nized system for
an
is
orga
collecting
Iris both
exploiting
ity and a product
it.
Intelligence is the process hj
which specific types of informna
tion
important
an
and
activ
of that
definition, and
ries, hut he has made them too
broad. In addition, his defini
tion is
partly tautological
saying that intelligence
protected by
counterintelligence.
Nonetheless,
one senses
to national
clause
out
at
the end:
of operations.
the
activities, and the carry/Jig out
of operations as requested hi
have beenand
on
to
he still has
loaded
on
activity.
national
authori
nation-states. But
much
Freight
his definition. Infor
mation that is
very often still
associated with
areintimately
important
security could
to
include
dence
might
have occurred
because the agent and the oper
ative
were
the
man.
same
many cases, the
the information
are
one
Secrets to
nal
sional
I.aqiiciir.
18
p.
I 2
i\lark 111~
Lowenthal, Intelligence From
Po/iq (Washington, DC: Congres
Quarterly
uonl), p.
8
and the
product of espionage
could only be known to its
same; the
collector (for fear of compro
the source) and thus the
Sherman cn.
Prospects For the Nation
Intelligence Service, }ate Rei ~eii;, 36
(Autumn 1946), p 1 i7 Emphaaes in origi
In
operation and
collector becomes the
12
secret
In ancient times that coinci
mising
al
He
something
lawful
too
sees.
knows that information agen
cies using secret information
agencies that conduct
operations.
important. Intelligence is sev
eral things: tt is information,
process, and activity, and it is
performed by
tiesi.e..
by
did he
operations with infor
mation processing? My guess is
that is he is a good observer
who draws what he
~
carrying
Why
safeguarding
oftheseprocesses and this infor
mnation by counterintelligence
authorities
we
Lowenthal adds that interesting
that process the
are
that
road.
right
associate
laitful
in
is that
which is
requested, col
lected. analyzed, amid provided
to policymnakers; the products of
security
Lowenthal is
ProFessors Kent and Laqueur
recognized
can
many things diplomatic fit as
well. He has the right catego
have found the
that
information
that
anything military
intelli
gence contains this definition:
Walter
Laqueur who complained above
about the lack of
bear arms, the weather
to
he subsumed under Dr.
makers and
This
but also
right,
conditions in Asia, and the age
of a politburo member. Indeed,
Lowenthals
up with. To get this
straight
all
many other things, such as the
number of American males of
both it/jut
in the trade do and what
come
matter
authorities.
intelligence,
This is how the KGB
and
no
one
Press. 2002 second cdi
KGB lacked
can
analyst.
worked,
say that the
sophistication
in
Definitions
Secrecy is essential
inteffigence is
part of the ongoing
because
the
intelligence business. Other
analysis and oper
ations and placed them in
separate offices, sometimes with
director.
mon
offices
monly described
are
cratic reasons,
is used
work of
and
to
committees
groups? Of
signals collectors and spies?
do
Why
so
action
many countries
Western and
cratic and
Eastern, demo
despotictend
intelligence
to
their
organize
offices in certain patterns
around their civilian leaders and
good observer,
Abram
of the
intelligence business.
Looking at this wide variety of
intelligence
laments,
them
picks
it
activities, he
seems
common
together.
up the
But
scent
all, however, have
obtaining
tion.
or
difficult
thread
to
tying
soon
he
again: They
to
denying
do with
informa
Furthermore, Shulsky
explains,
these activities
by organizations,
organizations have
something in common: they
have
the
niorefuzidamental quØs
tionfrom a theoretical, as ire/I
as a practical, viewpointof
a
hunian enemy
whether
hack.15
considered
as one
of their
a
should be
pail of intelli
16
need for secrecy in intelligence
activities and organizations.
Indeed, he comes close to call
ing secrecy a constitutive
element of intelligence work,
saying the connection between
intelligence and secrecy is cen
to most
of what distin
intellectual activities,
he
retreats
with the
other
problem of explaining
covert
action
(clandestine
activity performed
to influence foreign countries in
unattributable ways) ahvays
seems to be assigned to intelli
gence agencies, rather than to
militaiv services or diplomatic
corps. Why did it happen in the
United States, for example, that
covert action
niission
tends
toward
gravitation
pull intelligence
one
that
offices
another has been
observed
by others as well. In
1958 a CIA operations officer
noticed the same tendency that
puzzled Shulsky. Rather than
setting it aside, however, he
attempted to explain it. Writing
journal Studies in Intelligence,
he suggested that intelligence,
by definition, always has some
thing secret about it:
Intelligence
is the
official,
collection and processing
iizfornzation
secret
of
foreign
formulating
impleine~iting foreign pol
on
countries to aid in
and
icy, and the conduct
of coven
tojiczlitate the
implementation offoreign
policy.
was
activities abroad
the Central Intelli
assigned
gence Agency despite the
to
to
under the pen-name R. A. Ran
dom in the CIAs then-classified
But then
when confronted
how it is that
The institutional
most nota
~
ble characteristics., the secrecy
with which their activities must
be conducted.
cocci? action
Shulsky thus emphasizes the
the
and those
bureau
intelligence
gence would remain.
are
conducted
notices
orgaizizal fans are give,, 1/ac
responsibility for cocci? actio,z,
but the
guishes intelligence from
Shulsky, has noticed this aspect
a
is
commanders?
Another
find
tri.ith,
struggle with a
who is fighting
tral
military
is
quest for that truth involves
describe the
analytical
covert
intelligence
part of the ongoing struggle
between nations. The goal of
is it that the word intelli
if forpiactical
Eveii
essential because
doing
as
Missing Ingredient
gence
Secre
com
intelligence
Why
impulse
give
State Department or the
tary of Defense? Shulsky
it to either the
the pattern, but wonders
whether it means anything:
com
intelligence.
The
initial
Funny, though,
analytical and the
that both the
operational
a
Truman administrations
to
nations.
differentiated
and sometimes without
between
struggle
nations, however, have
Abram N
ShLIIsky
by Gaiy
Uizclerctuuitiii,q
of IHieltzgence (\Vashingon, Dc
the WorM
Brasscys (US),
Secrecy
is
(revised
Schmiw, Site,,! lt~hr/i;e:
3, 171-176
2002
fthird dlionD, pp
1-
find
7
H
ence,
p
A.
Random, Intelligence
Si,thes
nz
as
a
Sci
Intelligence. Spring
1958.
76 Declassitiecl
19
Definitions
Inteffigence]
clandestine
that
getting somewhere. It
intelligence an activity and
are
This is
calls
a
cause
in confidential circumstances
operations
performed
to
argue that the difference is
certain effects in
agencies and
businesses have security offices;
secrecy.
lands.
foreign
product, says it is conducted
includes
on
also
mans
behalf of
that
policymakers can understand foreign
developments, and that it
states so
tain effects in
organizations
gence
quibble
to
all of those
not
thereby intelli
are
agencies. Security
investigative
against for
eign spies becomes counter
intelligence when it has to he
to
Random, but
the
addition of countenntelli
gencehints
that Bimfort has
clone secretly for fear of
things
needs, but without incorporat
ing much or anything that ii
missed
of the essential ele
ing the spies
does
activity that involves
secreCy. If Biinfort had grasped
with in Randoms
definition. It
includes many
not
that it
need.
Notwithstanding
Randoms
rejoinder
of
quality
definition, it drew
a
from
in
a
CIA
ing the
constituent pans of
intelligence.
Bimfort amended
Random:
definition:
intelligence
a
that point, he should have con
ceded that an activity that is
implies
keep it
subsidiiirv activities
secret.
agents which is needed b~
activitieswhether
protection
product. as
and
organiza
persons
collection,
well
perforniecl on behalf of a
nations foreign policy that
tions
as
with these,
concerned
against unauthorized disclo
sureis
not only ponderous,
would
well aspe~ons and organiza
tions concerned with these,
against unauthorized
action
he negated if their for
spotted the hand
eign subjects
of another country
differently
151 he
many government offices
This criticism of Bimforts
unple;neiitation of foreign
policy, and the protection of
both process and product, as
coven
as
a
acted
and
consequence)~
common to
the conduct
of nonattnhiitable
or
it
superfluous. It is. moreover.
unhelpful, because it reaches
beyond counterintelligence and
subsumes all sorts of ordinary
security functions
as
analysis,
both process and
private enterprises
activities abroad to facilitate the
intelligence,
Random hinted. Without
gence is that range of
of
govern men! Jar its foreign pol
iCY ciiid for national securitj~
a
to
intelligence.
Properly understood, intelli
to
Thus Bimforts
additionthe
Indeed, secrecy is the key
the definition of
secrets, it is not
ipso facto
secret
warn
their parent
or
service.
is
is
intelligence is the collecting and
processing of that ~/bimation
cibout foreign countnes 6iiid
their
of Randoms
its assertion that
official and
six months later in
Intelligence
counterintelligence officer
pen-named Martin T. Bimfort,
who complained that Random
had neglected the discipline of
counterintelligence in describ
Studies
ments
one
state
the
and
work
whistles
lands.
foreign
There is really little
perform investiga
(ive work. But
includes clandestine operations
that are performed to cause cer
of
Plenty
and
cri
tique brings us willy-nilly
something important. What
to
is
the difference betweed security
(and the law enforcement
aspects of
catching and prose
cuting security risks) and
coil izterintelligence? I would
lien
that
people
act
d ifferenil ~
familiar one to St 1cm I
scientists, who long ago dubbed it the
t-lawihorne Effect
The Western Electric
coinpinys Hiwtliorne Works in the I 920s
hosted a team of researchers interested in
the effects of hghting on factory workers
is
a
lie team, in sight of the employees, fid
tiled ~itli the illumination levels and
learned to its surprise that lxth brighter
antI di miller settings increased tail put 13 in
ployees worked harder even when they
mistakenly thought the lights had been ad
ustedl t)id they u at like the at tent ion, or
did they worry about the potential conse
quences of nut increasing their output? As
long as the workers knew they ~ver e being
ate
disclosurc*
notion
watched
lIed, the research
I cain
could
riot :i
th:tt quest ion~lr lea in which I gilt
levels workers liked best F J Roethlisberg
swei
This does
not seem
to
help.
Bimfort has added hells and
20
Martin T
Bimlk
in.
A
Definition of intel
I ge nec, Sin rties ii i / rcl/tge; ter.
p 78 DeclassifierL
Fall i 958,
er
and William I
(i//il the worLcr
i)ickson, jSIr / / /a,i4cn/e/
(c: mbt
idge,
i~ IA
University Press, 1956 119391),
pp
Ha
/1
na
li-iS
rd
Definitions
is secret,
Inteffigence
activity
state
understand
Toward
to
influence
or
Solution
a
in
entities.
foreign
comprehensive
intelligenceone
A
all
sorts
that
now
stereotype is silly; intelligence is
of
a
something
far
cated than
a
have
cartoon.
can
sev
say
intelligence
is that
but I cannot
is
upon confidential
and methods for full
my definition,
Intelligence
1W to ,,,zc/erstcuicl
And yet
foreign
is secret, state actfn
or
ln/lueizce
entities.
volves
information,
civilian
slates
and
military
Conclusion
an
the
on
nature
of
domestic citizens, then the
might be expected. the father
replies in utterly conventional
a
branch of
either law enforcement
opinion
terms, and
or
soon
and the young
governance).
on
the
topic.
to
their the
orizing, which takes off
Linked
to
the
production
and
dissemination of information.
several directions in
Toward
eign
influencing
entities
by
unattributable
means
to
for
that
are
the acting
his students
in
turn
the end of the
Repub
Socrates has led
lic, however,
Involved in
As
leaves Socrates
men
to
an
Why does this
enough for
begins. Socrates addresses the
distinguished father of one of
his young admirers, seeking (lie
elders
wisdom for
a
matter? Various
understand
ing of justice that looks
remarkably like what the old
you
~vitliout
ing definition
One
can
along
add.
a
suitableforfram
of
intelligence.
moi.eover, that
providing them with
thing is hardly likely
such
to
definition I just proposed could
assist the growing number of
scholars who study the field
and might ultimately help the
Intelligence Community in sev
eral respects. It could provide a
firmer institutional
covert
been
footing
a
step-child
in
CIAin
small part because
often
Agency
the province of diplo
niacy; if they utilize uniformed
holds
not
makers downtown have
lightly
set
aside.
members of the armed
they
belong
Randoms
the closest
rating
can
to
(lie
forces,
military).
definition has
to
date to
come
incorpo
all of these elements. I
make him
more
elegant,
Perhaps something similar has
happened with our definition of
intelligence. The typica Ameri
can,
asked
to
define intelli
gence, is likely to evoke an
image of some shadowy figure
for
action, which has long
in the
wisdoni that is
a
revolu
tionize their work. And yet, the
gentleman had offered
beginning. Convention
a
well
many years, thank
government (if the activities
are open and declared, they
are
us
well.
agencies have gotten
on foreignersusu
ally other states, hut often
foreign subjects, corporations,
or groups (if its objects are
activity becomes
about
more
extended
Socrates and
As their discussion
justice.
Focused
is
vention holds
as
his students
leaders).
producers of
too. For
it
in
yes, hut it is
secrecy than information. Con
Platos Republic is
dialogue between
receive direction from the
certain
intelligence. Intelligence
secrecy,
Performed by officers of the
state purposes (this
that those officers
a
wisdom, for it intu its that
intelligence,
for
sophisti
Spy
the popular
v.
secrecy isa vital elementper
haps the key elementof
Dependent
effectiveness.
him. Here
supplant
We
more
Spy
caricature possesses
sources
implies
alley.
officers know that
things
which is:
state
dark
that says
that it is norwould
eral elements. We
trenchcoat
and
definition of
what it is. without also
including
fedora
a
skulking in
intelligence
leaders and
regarded
it
gence
all, but
at
as
not
no
some
policy-
really
rather
intelli
some
thing that the White 1-louse
happened to tack on to the
Agencys
list of missions.
A
bet
definition of
intelligence
might also guide declassifica
tion policy by clarifying just
ter
21
Definitions
what
are
sources
and
are
not
and methods
the
that the
obliged by statute to pro
finally, a stress on
the defining charac
as
secrecy
teristic of intelligence should
help future oversight staffs and
study commissions to sort the
DCI is
tect.
22
And
various
the
activities
performed
in
Intelligence Community
with
ing
an eye toward husband
that which they and they
alone
can
remainder
doand
to
be
leaving the
performed by
other parts of the government.