Table for Journal of Interprofessional Care September 2010; 24(05): 1–11 – Summary of papers Author/location Almås & Barr Norway Year 2008 Journal UK Participants Norway: common care curricula for undergraduate health and social care students Outcomes/objectives/goals Increase collaborative skills Gain an understanding of the characteristics of other health workers’ roles Consider the user’s perspective as a professional ideal Comments Amundson et al USA 2008 JIC Medical, clinical lab sci, PT, OT, nutrition, social work, psychology, radiology tech students To gain an understanding and appreciation of what each discipline brings to solving health care issues for their patients and how their professions would interact Learning through student internships on American Indian reservations Anderson et al UK 2006 JIC Pre-registration healthcare students from 8 different professions. To enable learners to appreciate how teams work together in acute hospitals to benefit patient care. Who are teams members and what are their unique roles Identification of opportunities and barriers to IP working and how these might be solved Analysis of when and why professionals become key workers Assess central role of patient and family in IP working Explore implications for multi-disc working across acute/community interface Barriers to effective team working on ward Anderson et al UK 2008 JIC Students from 10 professions Understand and explain your professional identity Describe the history of health and social care professionals and their unique roles and responsibilities in the modern day care arenas Develop an awareness of professional perspectives Consider the central role of patients/service users Identify similarities and differences within and across professions Consider the positive aspects of team working such as self enjoyment Table for paper to be published in the Journal of Interprofessional Care by Thistlethwaite and Moran Questionnaire used for self reporting of meeting outcomes Table for Journal of Interprofessional Care September 2010; 24(05): 1–11 – Summary of papers Aveyard et al UK 2005 JIC Nursing, occupational therapy and physiotherapy teaching staff 7 core topics: those specifically interprofessional include: professional duty of care, codes of practice and accountability (concept of power within the health care team, accountability within a team, whistle blowing) Focus on ethics topics for IPE Bailey UK 2002 Social Work Education Approved social workers and drug workers To develop professional collaboration as one way of improving care for people with interrelated mental health and drugs and/or alcohol misuse needs. Evaluation of course through post intervention questionnaire but did not assess outcomes objectively. Other more topic specific outcomes such as treatment options and management Bandali et al Canada 2008 JIC Respiratory therapy, med lab science, nuclear med, radiation therapy + other courses Communicate clearly and effectively between faculty, staff, students and stakeholders Work and collaborate effectively in teams across all disciplines Banks & Janke Canada 1998 Journal of Allied Health 437 students from 8 professions Use human resources effectively by developing an awareness of the expertise, roles and values of other professions Develop skills and strategies for working together effectively with colleagues in order to deal with common problems and issues Barber et al USA 1997 Gerontology & Geriatrics 9 professions – nursing, medicine, PT, dentistry, social work, hosp admin, pastoral care, audiology, speech pathology UG Select geriatric health care situations where interdisciplinary teams are appropriate Participate as an effective member of an i-d team Explain the dynamics of a successful i-d geriatric team Use community resources in planning care/services within a i-d team Identify learning needs for future development as a leader and participant on team Communicate effectively Evaluation by questionnaire – knowledge test – pre and post Attitudes question, Voluntary Barnes et al UK 2006 Health & Social Care in the Community Post-qualifying program in community mental health To improve understanding of, and skills in, interprofessional working; To increase awareness of the importance of working from a service user's perspective 5 year evaluation (1998-2003) Table for paper to be published in the Journal of Interprofessional Care by Thistlethwaite and Moran Table for Journal of Interprofessional Care September 2010; 24(05): 1–11 – Summary of papers Barrett et al UK 2003 JIC 1,000 students to 10 pre-qualifying professional programs Work collaboratively and co-operatively States that interprofessional learning outcomes are incorporated into programme but does not specify more than this Boyle & Kochinda USA 2004 J of Nursing Administration Nurses and doctors in ICU 1. Clarify and amplify leadership roles of the ICU nurse and physician managers. 2. Improve the leadership team’s ability to exercise shared leadership in promotion of collaborative relationships among all nurses and physicians in the ICU. 3. Enhance or modify individual and team collaborative communication behaviors and processes, including open, timely, and accurate communication; enhanced team coordination; improved interdisciplinary problem solving; improved conflict management; and enhanced teamoriented culture. 4. Increase the team’s collaborative communication process skills to improve the quality of patient and organizational outcomes. Dimensions of nurse– physician collaborative communication, which were leadership, communication, coordination, problem solving/conflict management, and team-oriented culture Small numbers External evaluation of program Pre and post program test of student confidence (also says knowledge but not sure if this really tested) All 12 (100%) felt confident about their role on an interdisciplinary team. Both Carpenter papers are same initiative and same outcomes Browne et al USA 2002 Gerontologist Geriatric social work Masters students and qualified social workers Interdisciplinary Practice: Students will demonstrate a working knowledge of interdisciplinary team functions and roles and demonstrate an understanding of social workers' roles on teams (e.g., client advocacy, facilitation of team process). (Lists a number of standardized learning competencies of which this is one) Carpenter UK 1995 Medical Education Medicine & nursing UG To examine the similarities and differences in the attitudes and skills of members of the other profession To acquire a knowledge of their respective roles and duties with respect to the topic under consideration To explore methods of working together cooperatively and effectively in the best interests of patients Carpenter & Hewstone UK 1996 Br J Social Work Social work and nursing UG Examine similarities and difference in attitudes and skills of members of the other profession Acquire a knowledge of their respective roles and duties with respect to the topic under consideration Explore methods of working together co-operatively and effectively in the best interests of patients/clients Table for paper to be published in the Journal of Interprofessional Care by Thistlethwaite and Moran Assessed by knowledge test and survey Evaluation through writing and attitudes scale (non validated) – met objectives Table for Journal of Interprofessional Care September 2010; 24(05): 1–11 – Summary of papers Carr et al UK 2003 Learning in Health & Social Care Pain Steering Group (IPSG). Clinical nurse specialists, clinical psychologist, physiotherapist & pharmacist. 5 professions UG To allow participants to understand their roles and find new ways of working together that might improve patient care Charles et al rural Canada 2006 JIC Clark USA 2006 JIC Conceptual paper To be able to see the world through the eyes of other health professionals, be able to frame the patient’s problem and the potential solutions to it in terms of understanding of other kinds of health care providers To understand both the cognitive and normative bases of one’s own and other professions Coleman et al USA 2008 JIC Nurse practitioners, family medicine residents, social work students Topics including outcomes –managed care, teamwork, overcoming turf battles, conflict management Learners had knowledge and attitudinal tests Cooke et al UK 2003 Learning in Health and Social Care Medicine & nursing UG No specific IP outcomes given but implied: To investigate their professional roles and determine the boundaries between them. Challenge misconceptions about the other profession To ask questions and clarify their ideas about the professions and their philosophies of care The aim of this interprofessional study was to enable medical and nursing students to experience breaking bad news as part of an interactive programme with roles for both ‘doctor’ and ‘nurse’. Cooper et al UK 2001 J Advanced Nursing Type of systematic reviews To develop an understanding of the roles of members of the IP team, including such areas as professional boundaries, areas of collaboration and teams and team interactions; Share individual and profession-specific learning with each other; Provide and seek peer support in their learning experiences Identifying and exploring issues of common professional interest to their student team Identified themes from 30 articles – those relating to learning included: Understanding or professional roles and professional socialization Alteration of stereotypical images Teamworking Table for paper to be published in the Journal of Interprofessional Care by Thistlethwaite and Moran Table for Journal of Interprofessional Care September 2010; 24(05): 1–11 – Summary of papers Cooper & Spencer-Dawe UK 2006 JIC Cooper et al UK 2005 JIC Crutcher et al Canada 2004 Medical Teacher Fallsberg & Hammar Sweden 2000 JIC Fallsberg & Wijma Sweden 1999 Med Teacher Farrell et al UK 2001 Freeth & Reeves UK 2004 J of Advanced Nursing JIC Freeth & Chaput de Saintonge UK 2000 Medical Teacher st 500 students: 1 year UG: physio medicine, OT, nursing, social work. Medicine, nursing, physio, OT Nursing and pharmacy students Family medicine residents Medical, nursing, OT, physio, lab tech – UG training ward These 2 papers are about the same initiative and are very similar Nurses and doctors working in paediatric settings Theoretical paper but draws on literature to define collaborative competencies Medical (UG) and nursing (junior) Enable students from different professional groups to learn with and from each other. Raise awareness of collaborative practice and links to improving effectiveness of care delivery. Identify the benefits of an IP approach as a common foundation for practice Recall some of the specific roles and responsibilities of other health and social care professionals Appreciate the influences of stereotyping and attitudes held about others on the effectiveness of team working and ultimately on the quality of care offered Reflect on the value of taking part in IP group work as a taster for understanding the benefits of team Outcomes mainly related to diabetes but included aspects of shared responsibility To provide training in teamwork, with problems involving care, nursing & rehabilitation To enable students to gain an insight into the skills of different professions To recognize the patient’s needs of care, nursing and rehabilitation To enable students to develop their own professional role To appreciate their respective collaborative roles when disclosing bad news, and consider how their roles might impact upon the effectiveness of the therapeutic encounter. Describing one’s own roles and responsibilities to other professions Recognising and respecting the roles, responsibilities and competence of other professions Coping with uncertainty and ambiguity Facilitating IP case conferences and meetings Handling conflict with other professionals Working with others to assess, plan and provide care. To clarify: roles and responsibilities The degree of professional overlap Particular contributions of different professions Aspects of practical ward and patient management Table for paper to be published in the Journal of Interprofessional Care by Thistlethwaite and Moran Pilot RIPL used Evaluation Self report of meeting objectives Examined the effect of uniprofessional versus multiprofessional small groups on learning outcomes Qual eval of prog – students’ thoughts on prog, no formal assessment ‘Desired outcome of integration not clear to all students’ Qualitative evaluation indicated that the value of teamwork was a learning outcome Eval of course only No assessment Did include clarification of roles and responsibilities on self report Table for Journal of Interprofessional Care September 2010; 24(05): 1–11 – Summary of papers Freeth & Nichol UK 1998 Nurse Education Today Final year medical students Newly qualified nurses Fronek et al Australia 2009 JIC Doctors, nurses, allied health, social workers, psychologists Geller et al USA 2002 Learning in Health & Social Care 5 UG professions Jacobsen et al Denmark 2009 JIC OT, physio, medical and nursing students Jones & Salmon UK 2001 JIC Post graduate interprofessonal course of study on Social Policy. Students included nursing, midwifery, social work, youth and community work To practise and receive feedback on skills that were immediately relevant (clinical skills), and to set these skills into the context of holistic care in a multidisciplinary environment. 15 learning objectives in detail including (in summary): Professional boundary issues Ethical issues in work-based teams Laws, codes and policies in range of professional groups Relationships – managing boundaries and multiple relationships Community and rural issues The advancement of the team concept, fostering respect among team members, consideration of social, behavioural and population issues and student development of casemanagement competencies Interprofessional teamwork Understanding and strengthening of individual professional roles Learn about working in an organization in which different professions work closely together Knowledge of social systems and social policy influencing/impacting/limiting scope of practice of professionals working within interprofessional service delivery settings Table for paper to be published in the Journal of Interprofessional Care by Thistlethwaite and Moran No summative assessment of outcomes Questionnaire evaluation of learning 10 year evaluation paper Evaluation - 87.5% response to post program survey. Mixed methods used. Post participation data only Positive responses from participants on process of learning together about social policy. Table for Journal of Interprofessional Care September 2010; 24(05): 1–11 – Summary of papers Johnson et al USA 2004 J Clin Psych Theoretical paper looking at need for IP collaboration in psychology and defines competencies from those already developed within combined and integrated degrees: (psychologists, doctors, etc) Family centred practice Integrated services Collaboration/group process Leadership Communication Social policy Kalet et al. USA 2007 Acad Med 8 core competencies including: interdisciplinary collaboration – roles and practice parameter of education staff and health professionals, Kennard UK 2002 Med Teacher Kilminster et al UK 2004 Med Ed From point of view of medical students but in schoolbased health centres, including nursing students and paed residents Nursing, midwifery, health visiting, occupational therapy, radiography, pharmacy and teachers in healthrelated subjects Nursing, medicine, pharmacy – senior students Kyrkjebo et al Norway 2006 JIC Medical, nursing, intensive nursing UG Ladden et al USA 2006 JIC 5 health professions Post-qualification Describes the educational initiative without explicitly specifying the learning objectives though these are implied as teamwork, fostering communication, co-operation and leadership, and would also add improving patient safety To increase learners’ competence in quality, safety and systems improvement, to provide opportunity for them to work together and learn about collaborative teamwork, to improve quality and safety in hospital The problems and practicalities of collaboration, professional roles and the various goals of shared learning. Qualitative evaluation, no summative assessment Better understand other professionals and their roles and work effectively in multiprofessional teams; Communicate effectively with other health care professionals, patients and relatives, Students asked it they felt they st had met outcomes – 1 2 met Table for paper to be published in the Journal of Interprofessional Care by Thistlethwaite and Moran Related to safety and systems improvement Table for Journal of Interprofessional Care September 2010; 24(05): 1–11 – Summary of papers Lia-Hoagberg et al USA 1997 J of School Health School health clinic staff: nurse practitioners, social workers, school nurses, clinic managers, nutritionists, health educators, medical assistants, and receptionists. Work based CPD Mann et al Canada 1996 McNair et al Rural/Australia 2001 J Continuing Education in Health Sciences Aust J Rural Health Mohr et al Australia 2002 Australasian Psychiatry Intellectual disability (ID) and mental health (MH) professionals Morey et al USA 2002 Health Service Research Emergency dept staff Morison et al UK 2003 Learning in Health & Social Care Medicine and nursing Classroom and clinical site UG Students in rural settings – nursing & medical Interdisciplinary team building: assessing team effectiveness, team development, shared mission and goals, group norms, effective communication, and problems-solving skills. Evaluation by questionnaire - no assessment Increase understanding amongst health professionals of the roles and contributions of various team members in community based cardiac rehab setting Pre and post evaluation questionnaires included exploration of team referral patterns Mutual understanding of the roles and an ability to work across the boundaries of traditionally defined professional roles Understanding and recognition of difference and commonality between professionals Recognition that the expertise brought by each member of the team is equally valid and important with active promotion of equal status of members within the team Encourage commitment to future collaboration between ID and MH service providers Increase knowledge of DD (dual disability) Increase confidence in working with people with DD Facilitate changes in work practices in professionals providing services to people with DD. An educational intervention for practice: 48 concrete teamwork behaviors. This behavioral orientation focuses on the processes of teamwork, the specific coordinating actions that caregivers must take with one another to work as an effective team. Each profession's own learning outcomes remained unchanged, but additionally, students were expected to learn about the relationship between their own and other professional roles and responsibilities and to reflect critically on how this knowledge would impact upon their ability to work as members of a team Table for paper to be published in the Journal of Interprofessional Care by Thistlethwaite and Moran Defines the principles from the literature: project objectives Evaluation not assessment Qualitative assessment of team behaviours Students demonstrated their acquisition of team working skills and knowledge by means of a collaborative, oral presentation based on a clinical case studied together on the ward Table for Journal of Interprofessional Care September 2010; 24(05): 1–11 – Summary of papers ‘Interdisciplinary competencies’: Many are very specific to this topic; includes: Assume the roles and responsibilities of team leader and team member in managing combative behaviours in simulated situations Morton USA 2002 J for Nurses in Staff Development Nurses & doctors Mu et al USA 2004 J Allied Health Allied health professional students including OT, physio & pharmacy Mularski et al USA 2001 Critical Care Medicine Primary care The competencies are very specific to the topic but others providers, are generic: physicians, nurses, Definition and role of multidisciplinary team members social workers, mental health providers, clerics, pharmacists, dieticians, therapists Core competencies and content of end-of-life care for interdisciplinary curricula Nash & Hoy UK 1993 Palliative Medicine Communication Awareness of roles, strengths and weaknesses Ability to conduct joint counseling Self report evaluation by participants was positive Nisbet et al Australia 2008 JIC GP and district nurse from same practice attend weekend workshop in pairs Medical, nursing, allied health students Evaluation of course and attitudes, analysis of written case scenarios to show understanding O’Mahoney et al USA 2007 J Gen Internal Med Explain roles of other health care workers Value and respect the contribution of other health professionals Show positive attitudes to patient centred collaborative care Effectively communicate and collaborate within an interprofessional team Team focuses on: Quality and core measure compliance Advancement of care System barrier recognition and removal Clarification of diagnoses Coding accuracy and optimization Drug dosing and safety Exchange of essential clinical information Hospital residents (medical) on multidisciplinary ward rounds – including dieticians, pharmacists and others Not stated explicitly but can be implied from text Collaboration and co-operation between health professionals Programme aimed to: influence students' perceptions of interprofessional health care service Table for paper to be published in the Journal of Interprofessional Care by Thistlethwaite and Moran In relation to patient violence Qualitative analysis and attitude surveys: students' perceptions of interprofessional practice were improved markedly after they participated in the training These ward rounds have had positive effects in terms of patient outcomes Table for Journal of Interprofessional Care September 2010; 24(05): 1–11 – Summary of papers Parsell & Bligh UK 1998 Medical Teacher Theoretical and practical paper relating to RIPLS Parsell et al UK 1998 Medical Education UG: 7 health care professions Ponzer et al Sweden 2004 Medical Education Nursing, medical, OT, physio – UG training ward Pullon & Fry New Zealand 2005 JIC Primary health care professionals To enhance understanding of others’ professional roles and responsibilities To help the development of skills needed for effective teamwork To increase knowledge of particular skills and topics Greater openness in communications Perspective of other professionals Increased knowledge of range of skills of others Self-questioning of personal prejudice and stereotyped views Need for sensitivity towards other’s professionals and their values Teamwork skills needed for patient problem solving Communications between professionals as a barrier to working together Which professions work more in teams than others Understanding roles and responsibilities Opportunities to meet others not normally part of clinical placements Awareness of areas of crossover and overlap in knowledge and skills Difference in professional language To provide opportunities to debate issues relating to working in the NHS to enable learners; To explore their attitudes and concerns towards each other as professional practitioners through appropriate activities; To relate more effectively to colleagues from other professions through an increased understanding and awareness of their roles and responsibilities; To recognize the involvement and priorities of other members of a multiprofessional team. Profession specific AND non-profession specific: To develop one's own professional role; To enhance their level of understanding of the other professions; To stress the importance of good communication for teamwork and for patient care; to enhance understanding of the role of the patient ('patient as a partner'), To become more aware of ethical aspects of health care. Writes of multiprofessional (shared)learning in this year Outcomes not explicitly stated but can be inferred to include: Increased understanding of own professional role Evaluated if these met by Q to participants but no formal assessment Table for paper to be published in the Journal of Interprofessional Care by Thistlethwaite and Moran Gives combination of objectives and what may arise from activities Evaluation showed: increased knowledge and understanding of other health care professions, developed more positive attitudes and demonstrated the importance of multiprofessional teamwork and communication. Students self-rated with Q Met to some extent – develop own professional role All learn more about other professions and improved communication Table for Journal of Interprofessional Care September 2010; 24(05): 1–11 – Summary of papers (theoretical component about professional role and identity) Increased understanding of another professional group’s skills and competencies Racher Canada 2002 Nurse Education Today UG nurses and PG rural health workers Develop shared language to improve understanding Share discipline specific knowledge Reeves UK 2000 Health & Social Care in the Community Medical, nursing and dental – UG in community The placement was not established explicitly as an interprofessional course (i.e. to promote interprofessional collaboration), one of its learning aims was to 'develop student skills in communication and teamwork' (placement handbook). No student specific outcomes stated Reeves & Freeth UK 2002 JIC Training ward Reeves et al UK 2002 Medical Education Training ward To develop skills and knowledge to enhance interprofessional collaboration; - 10 team learning objectives not listed in paper The training ward pilot had two central aims for student learning: to develop individual professional roles, and to promote interprofessional teamwork within a real clinical setting. Similar project to the paper above Roberts et al UK 2000 Medical Teacher Medical and nursing students Understanding of the roles of different team members Qualitative evaluation Salavatori et al Canada 2007 Learning in Health & Social Care Foster collaborative practice by providing shared learning experiences for students in various health professions to enhance their understanding of the expertise that each health discipline brings to solving health problems. No change in student perceptions of IP collaboration pre and post test. Poor results. Shia & Clarke UK 2008 JIC 2006 Clinical Nurse Specialist Understand different professionals’ codes of practice in governing care delivery Analyse the value base practice Increase knowledge about the interprofessional network At the end of the project, the group members concurred that they had acquired a deepened respect for the process of quality improvement and outcome measurement. Through Short report - pre and post questionnaire Sievers & Wolf USA 136 students from 9 different universities and 4 community colleges. Medicine, Nursing, OT, PT. All volunteers. OT, physio, community nursing and social work students Nurses & doctors Table for paper to be published in the Journal of Interprofessional Care by Thistlethwaite and Moran Post program self report from graduates positive about their experience of studying together and report that they had established networks. Table for Journal of Interprofessional Care September 2010; 24(05): 1–11 – Summary of papers Taylor et al Australia 2001 Thompson & Roda UK 1999 Van der Horst et al Canada 1995 Verma et al Canada 2006 Walton & Elliot Australia 2006 Australian Jour Rural Health Dimen Crit Care Nursing Medical, nursing and AH students in rural primary care Health professionals working in critical care Health & Social Care in the Community J Allied Health Health and social science students MJA Theoretical paper around patient safety Amalgamates core competencies of different professions into one table based on competencies drawn from profession specific documents in Canada this process, a better understanding of the similarities and differences in roles, contributions, and strengths of each profession was gained Learn about roles Communicate effectively with patients, identifying oneself to patient Understand change theory and integrate it into role Maintain patient-focused principles in all patient/family interactions (these are generic) Learn together to decrease number of staff needing to care for each patient – blurring of roles? Team dynamics; role issues and professional values; collaboration and conflict; communication, leadership and power; client-centred goal-oriented care; and consumerism issues. Communication; consultation; cooperation; coordination; collaboration; collaborative practice The role of the multidisciplinary team in improving quality and continuity of care. Table for paper to be published in the Journal of Interprofessional Care by Thistlethwaite and Moran Mixed results across sites but greater referral rate noted ‘A multi-disciplinary education program designed to ensure staff members’ competencies in these new roles is essential (for) quality patient outcomes’. Table for Journal of Interprofessional Care September 2010; 24(05): 1–11 – Summary of papers Way et al USA 2002 Psychiatric Rehab Journal New York State Office of Mental Health's core curriculum training program. The 3day program to all in-patient staff Recipient recovery principles, team training, cultural competence, clinical issues, and safety Over 3500 staff completed exit evaluation of their experience. Staff anticipated that the training would have a substantial effect on "communication among team members"' (58%) and "staff participation" (57%) Welch et al USA 2008 JIC Social work, nursing, education Examine own personal and professional perspectives as well as those of professionals in other disciplines Understand the unique perspective of parents of at-risk children Appreciate the critical importance of cultural considerations Gain transdisciplinary skills Labelled as a transdisciplinary course rather than interprofessional Wilhelmsson et al Sweden 2009 JIC Knowing roles and capabilities of other professions Cooperation with other professions Awareness of skills and competencies of other professions Professional identity The Linköping curriculum Wright & Lindquist UK 2008 UK Medicine, nursing, occupational therapy, physiotherapy, medical biology, speech and language pathology OT, physio, medicine Identify key principles that facilitate effective interprofessional teamworking Understand why improvements in interprofessional practice are important to patient care Describe their own role as a healthcare professional as part of a multiprofessional team Learn about the role of other healthcare professional and how they should collaborate to provide the best patient care Begin to understand the benefits and constraints on interprofessional teamworking Assessed by assignment based on case scenario Table for paper to be published in the Journal of Interprofessional Care by Thistlethwaite and Moran Table for Journal of Interprofessional Care September 2010; 24(05): 1–11 – Summary of papers Table for paper to be published in the Journal of Interprofessional Care by Thistlethwaite and Moran