Saurashtra University
Re – Accredited Grade ‘B’ by NAAC
(CGPA 2.93)
Mehta, Hemangi D., 2011, “A Comparative study of undergraduate students on
role of education on women empowerment”, thesis PhD, Saurashtra University
http://etheses.saurashtrauniversity.edu/id/eprint/719
Copyright and moral rights for this thesis are retained by the author
A copy can be downloaded for personal non-commercial research or study,
without prior permission or charge.
This thesis cannot be reproduced or quoted extensively from without first
obtaining permission in writing from the Author.
The content must not be changed in any way or sold commercially in any
format or medium without the formal permission of the Author
When referring to this work, full bibliographic details including the author, title,
awarding institution and date of the thesis must be given.
Saurashtra University Theses Service
http://etheses.saurashtrauniversity.edu
repository@sauuni.ernet.in
© The Author
Re.no.3911
A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF
UNDERGRADUATE STUDENTS ON ROLE OF
EDUCATION ON WOMEN EMPOWERMENT
A
THESIS
SUBMITTED
TO
SAURASHTRA UNIVERSITY
RAJKOT
FOR THE DEGREE OF
DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY
IN GENERAL HOME SCIENCE
UNDER THE FACULTY OF HOME SCIENCE
SUBMITTED BY
MEHTA HEMANGI D.
UNDER THE GUIDENCE OF
DR. DAXABEN N. MEHTA
PRINCIPAL,
SMT.S.C.U.SHAH HOME SCIENCE,
AND C.U. SHAH ARTS & COMMERCE,
MAHILA COLLEGE. WADHWANCITY.
MARCH, 2011
STATEMENT UNDER UNIVERSITY Ph. D. RULES ORDI. PH.10
I hereby declare that the research work incorporated in the present
thesis is original and has not been submitted either partially or wholly to any
University/Institution for the award of any degree or diploma.
I further declare that the content and the result presented in the thesis
is in view of the advancement of the knowledge in Home Science in general
and in the area of women empowerment.
Date:28/03/2011
Place: Rajkot
Hemangi D. Mehta
M.Sc. (Gen.Home.Sci.)
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Research is a team work. It is very difficult to do research in any
field. One Successful research in whole is due to the co operation and
help of many people. I am very thankful to every person, who helped me
in making my work successful.
It is a matter of immense pleasure for me to express my heartiest
gratitude to all those personalities who have helped me in each and every
ways.
I am at a loss of fine & polite words to express my feelings &
humble in debts to my dedicated & Knowledgeable guide “ Dr. Daxaben N. Mehta” – Principal, Smt. Sadguna C.U.Shah Home
science and C.U.Shah Arts & Commerce Mahila College, Wadhwan city,
Surendranagar. I am really very thankful from bottom of my heart.
No words will be too high to express my sincere thanks to my
parents, my family members & teachers. Their constant inspiration &
warm attitude help me a lot.
Last but not the least, my Friends who stand with me from
beginning till end of my research, their support help me to boost my spirit
in every difficult times.
Finally, thanks to all those people who helped me directly or
indirectly.
Date:28/03/2011
Mehta Hemangi D.
INDEX
TITLE PAGE
CERTIFICATE BY THE GUIDE
CANDIDATE’S STATEMENT
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
CHAPTER
PARTICULARS
No.
PAGE
NO.
CHAPTER-1 INTRODUCTION
1.1
INTRODUCTION
01
1.11
INDIAN WOMEN’S EMPOWERMENT:AN OVERVIEW
01
1.12
STATUS OF WOMEN IN 21ST CENTURY IN INDIA
05
1.13
EDUCATION IS AN AGENT OF WOMEN EMPOWERMENT
11
1.14
CURRENT STATUS OF WOMEN IN HIGHER EDUCATION
13
1.2
STATEMENT OF PROBLEM
15
1.3
IMPORTANCE OF THE STUDY
15
1.4
OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY
16
1.5
JUSTIFICATION OF THE SAMPLE
16
1.6
HYPOTHESIS OF THE STUDY
17
1.7
TERMS OF TITLE
26
1.8
CHAPTERIZATION
27
CHAPTER-2 REVIEW OF PAST LITERATURE
2.1
INTRODUCTION
28
2.2
IMPORTANC OF REVIEW OF LITERATURE
28
2.3
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
28
2.31
STUDIES ON WOMEN EMPOWERMENT
28
2.32
BENEFITS OF EDUCATION FOR WOMEN
30
2.33
EDUCATION AND DEVELOPMENT OF WOMEN
31
2.34
NEED FOR EMPOWERMENT OF FEMALE
38
2.35
40
2.36
EMPOWERMENT OF WOMEN ON GOING
APPROACHES & STRATEGIES
STUDIES ON POLITICAL EMPOWERMENT OF WOMEN
2.37
STUDIES ON SOCIAL EMPOWERMENT OF WOMEN
43
2.38
STUDIES ON ECONOMIC EMPOWERMENT OF WOMEN
47
2.39
STUDIES ON LEGAL EMPOWERMENT OF WOMEN
54
2.40
STUDIES ON CULTURAL EMPOWERMENT OF WOMEN
56
41
2.41
STUDIES ON PSYCHOLOGICAL EMPOWERMENT
OF WOMEN
57
CHAPTER-3 RESEARCH DESIGN
3.1
INTRODUCTION
60
3.2
POPULATION AND SAMPLING
60
3.3
DEVELOPING TOOLS
62
3.31
COVERING LETTER
62
3.32
BACKGROUND INFORMATION
62
3.33
SUBJECT WISE SECTIONS
63
3.4
PILOT STUDY
63
3.5
VALIDATION OF TOOL
63
3.6
CATEGORIZATION OF VARIABLES
64
3.7
COLLECTION OF DATA
65
3.8
DATA GATHERING INSTRUMENT
65
3.9
PROCEDURE OF COLLECTION OF DATA
66
3.10
STATISTICAL ANALYSIS
66
CHAPTER-4 RESULTS
4.1
INTRODUCTION
67
4.2
STATISTICAL ANALYSIS
67
4.3
OVERALL SCORES OF ROLE OF EDUCATION ON WOMEN
EMPOWERMENT
SCORES OF ROLE OF EDUCATION ON
POLITICAL
EMPOWERMENT
SCORES OF ROLE OF EDUCATION ON SOCIAL
EMPOWERMENT
SCORES OF ROLE OF EDUCATION ON
ECONOMIC
EMPOWERMENT
SCORES OF ROLE OF EDUCATION ON
CULTURAL
EMPOWERMENT
SCORES OF ROLE OF EDUCATION ON PSYCHOLOGICAL
EMPOWERMENT
SCORES OF ROLE OF EDUCATION ON JAMNAGAR CITY
RESPONDENTS
SCORES OF ROLE OF EDUCATION ON MORBI CITY
RESPONDENTS
SCORES OF ROLE OF EDUCATION ON RAJKOT CITY
RESPONDENTS
SCORES OF ROLE OF EDUCATION ON SURENDRANAGAR
CITY RESPONDENTS
68
4.4
4.5
4.6
4.7
4.8
4.9
4.10
4.11
4.12
96
124
149
175
201
228
272
312
351
CHAPTER-5 SUMMARY & DISCUSSION
5.1
SUMMARY
390
5.11
PROBLEM
390
5.12
POPULATION & SAMPLE
390
5.13
OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY
390
5.14
RESEARCH DESIGN
391
5.15
STATISTICAL ANALYSIS
391
5.2
DISCUSSION
391
5.3
CONCLUSION
406
5.4
SUGGESTIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
411
BIBLIOGRAPHY
APPENDIX
1
QUESTIONNAIRE FOR ENGLISH VERSION
2
PHOTOGRAPHS
3
PERMISSION LETTER
LIST OF TABLES
NO
NAME OF TABLES
PAGE
NO.
3.1
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4
4.5
4.6
4.7
4.8
4.9
4.10
4.11
4.12
4.13
4.14
4.15
4.16
4.17
4.18
4.19
4.20
4.21
4.22
4.23
Showing the information regarding name of the college type and
number of students
Showing Scores Obtained By Urban and Rural Respondents
61
Showing Scores Obtained By Nuclear and Joint family
Respondents
Showing Scores Obtained By Home science, Arts and Commerce
Respondents
Showing Scores Obtained By Home science Respondents of
Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar city
Showing Scores Obtained by Arts Respondents of Jamnagar,
Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar City
Showing Scores Obtained by Commerce Respondents of
Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar City
Showing Scores Obtained by Urban Respondents of Jamnagar,
Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar City
Showing Scores Obtained by Rural Respondents of Jamnagar,
Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar City
Showing Scores Obtained by Nuclear Family Respondents of
Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar City
Showing Scores Obtained by Joint Family Respondents of
Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar City.
Showing Scores Obtained By Urban and Rural Respondents
regarding political empowerment.
Showing Scores obtained by nuclear and joint family respondents
regarding political empowerment.
Showing Scores Obtained by home science, arts and commerce
respondents regarding political empowerment.
Showing Scores Obtained by home science respondents of
Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar city regarding political
empowerment.
Showing Scores Obtained by arts respondents of Jamnagar, Morbi,
Rajkot and Surendranagar city regarding political empowerment.
Showing Scores Obtained by commerce respondents of Jamnagar,
Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar city regarding political
empowerment.
Showing Scores Obtained by urban respondents of Jamnagar,
Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar city regarding political
empowerment.
Showing Scores Obtained by rural respondents of Jamnagar,
Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar city regarding political
empowerment.
Showing Scores Obtained by nuclear family respondents of
Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar city regarding political
empowerment.
Showing Scores Obtained by joint family respondents of Jamnagar,
Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar city regarding political
empowerment.
Showing Scores Obtained by urban and rural respondents
regarding social empowerment.
Showing Scores obtained by nuclear and joint family respondents
regarding social empowerment.
Showing Scores Obtained by home science, arts and commerce
respondents regarding social empowerment.
70
63
72
75
78
81
84
87
90
93
96
98
100
103
106
109
112
115
118
121
126
126
128
4.24
4.25
4.26
4.27
4.28
4.29
4.30
4.31
4.32
4.33
4.34
4.35
4.36
4.37
4.38
4.39
4.40
4.41
4.42
4.43
4.44
4.45
4.46
Showing Scores Obtained by home science respondents of
Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar city regarding social
empowerment.
Showing Scores Obtained by arts respondents of Jamnagar, Morbi,
Rajkot and Surendranagar city regarding social empowerment.
Showing Scores Obtained by commerce respondents of Jamnagar,
Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar city regarding social
empowerment.
Showing Scores Obtained by urban respondents of Jamnagar,
Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar city regarding social
empowerment.
Showing Scores Obtained by rural respondents of Jamnagar,
Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar city regarding social
empowerment.
Showing Scores Obtained by nuclear family respondents of
Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar city regarding social
empowerment.
Showing Scores Obtained by joint family respondents of Jamnagar,
Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar city regarding social
empowerment.
Showing Scores Obtained by urban and rural respondents
regarding economic empowerment.
Showing Scores obtained by nuclear and joint family respondents
regarding economic empowerment.
Showing Scores Obtained by home science, arts and
commerce respondents regarding economic empowerment.
Showing Scores Obtained by home science respondents of
Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar city regarding
economic empowerment.
Showing Scores Obtained by arts respondents of Jamnagar, Morbi,
Rajkot and Surendranagar city regarding economic empowerment.
Showing Scores Obtained by commerce respondents of Jamnagar,
Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar city regarding economic
empowerment.
Showing Scores Obtained by urban respondents of Jamnagar,
Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar city regarding economic
empowerment.
Showing Scores Obtained by rural respondents of Jamnagar,
Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar city regarding economic
empowerment.
Showing Scores Obtained by nuclear family respondents of
Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar city regarding
economic empowerment.
Showing Scores Obtained by joint family respondents of Jamnagar,
Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar city regarding economic
empowerment.
Showing Scores Obtained by urban and rural respondents
regarding cultural empowerment.
Showing Scores obtained by nuclear and joint family respondents
regarding cultural empowerment.
Showing Scores Obtained by home science, arts and commerce
respondents regarding cultural empowerment.
Showing Scores Obtained by home science respondents of
Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar city regarding cultural
empowerment.
Showing Scores Obtained by arts respondents of Jamnagar, Morbi,
Rajkot and Surendranagar city regarding cultural empowerment.
Showing Scores Obtained by commerce respondents of Jamnagar,
Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar city regarding cultural
130
133
136
138
141
143
146
149
151
153
155
158
161
163
166
169
172
175
177
179
181
184
187
4.47
4.48
4.49
4.50
4.51
4.52
4.53
4.54
4.55
4.56
4.57
4.58
4.59
4.60
4.61
4.62
4.63
4.64
4.65
4.66
4.67
4.68
4.69
4.70
empowerment.
Showing Scores Obtained by urban respondents of Jamnagar,
Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar city regarding cultural
empowerment.
Showing Scores Obtained by rural respondents of Jamnagar,
Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar city regarding cultural
empowerment.
Showing Scores Obtained by nuclear family respondents of
Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar city regarding cultural
empowerment.
Showing Scores Obtained by joint family respondents of Jamnagar,
Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar city regarding cultural
empowerment.
Showing Scores Obtained by urban and rural respondents
regarding psychological empowerment.
Showing Scores obtained by nuclear and joint family respondents
regarding psychological empowerment.
Showing Scores Obtained by home science, arts and commerce
respondents regarding psychological empowerment.
Showing Scores Obtained by home science respondents of
Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar city regarding
psychological empowerment.
Showing Scores Obtained by arts respondents of Jamnagar, Morbi,
Rajkot and Surendranagar city regarding psychological
empowerment.
Showing Scores Obtained by commerce respondents of Jamnagar,
Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar city regarding psychological
empowerment.
Showing Scores Obtained by urban respondents of Jamnagar,
Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar city regarding psychological
empowerment.
Showing Scores Obtained by rural respondents of Jamnagar,
Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar city regarding psychological
empowerment.
Showing Scores Obtained by nuclear family respondents of
Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar city regarding
psychological empowerment.
Showing Scores Obtained by joint family respondents of Jamnagar,
Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar city regarding psychological
empowerment.
Showing Scores Obtained by urban and rural respondents of
Jamnagar regarding women empowerment.
Showing Scores obtained by nuclear and joint family respondents
of Jamnagar regarding women empowerment.
Showing Scores Obtained by home science, arts and commerce
respondents of Jamnagar regarding women empowerment.
Showing Scores Obtained by home science, arts and commerce
respondents of Jamnagar regarding political empowerment.
Showing Scores Obtained by home science, arts and commerce
respondents of Jamnagar regarding social empowerment
Showing Scores Obtained by home science, arts and commerce
respondents of Jamnagar regarding economic empowerment.
Showing Scores Obtained by home science, arts and commerce
respondents of Jamnagar regarding cultural empowerment.
Showing Scores Obtained by home science, arts and commerce
respondents of Jamnagar regarding psychological empowerment.
Showing Scores Obtained by urban and rural respondents of
Jamnagar regarding political empowerment.
Showing Scores Obtained by urban and rural respondents of
191
192
195
198
201
203
205
207
210
213
216
219
222
225
228
231
133
237
240
243
246
249
252
254
4.71
4.72
4.73
4.74
4.75
4.76
4.77
4.78
4.79
4.80
4.81
4.82
4.83
4.84
4.85
4.86
4.87
4.88
4.89
4.90
4.91
4.92
4.93
4.94
4.95
4.96
4.97
4.98
Jamnagar regarding social empowerment.
Showing Scores Obtained by urban and rural respondents of
Jamnagar regarding economic empowerment.
Showing Scores Obtained by urban and rural respondents of
Jamnagar regarding cultural empowerment.
Showing Scores Obtained by urban and rural respondents of
Jamnagar regarding psychological empowerment.
Showing Scores obtained by nuclear and joint family respondents
of Jamnagar regarding political empowerment.
Showing Scores obtained by nuclear and joint family respondents
of Jamnagar regarding social empowerment.
Showing Scores obtained by nuclear and joint family respondents
of Jamnagar regarding economic empowerment.
Showing Scores obtained by nuclear and joint family respondents
of Jamnagar regarding cultural empowerment.
Showing Scores obtained by nuclear and joint family respondents
of Jamnagar regarding psychological empowerment.
Showing Scores Obtained by urban and rural respondents of Morbi
regarding women empowerment.
Showing Scores obtained by nuclear and joint family respondents
of Morbi regarding women empowerment.
Showing Scores Obtained by home science, arts and commerce
respondents of Morbi regarding women empowerment.
Showing Scores Obtained by home science, arts and commerce
respondents of Morbi regarding political empowerment.
Showing Scores Obtained by home science, arts and commerce
respondents of Morbi regarding social empowerment.
Showing Scores Obtained by home science, arts and commerce
respondents of Morbi regarding economic empowerment.
Showing Scores Obtained by home science, arts and commerce
respondents of Morbi regarding cultural empowerment.
Showing Scores Obtained by home science, arts and commerce
respondents of Morbi regarding psychological empowerment.
Showing Scores Obtained by urban and rural respondents of Morbi
regarding political empowerment.
Showing Scores Obtained by urban and rural respondents of Morbi
regarding social empowerment.
Showing Scores Obtained by urban and rural respondents of Morbi
regarding economic empowerment.
Showing Scores Obtained by urban and rural respondents of Morbi
regarding cultural empowerment.
Showing Scores Obtained by urban and rural respondents of Morbi
regarding psychological empowerment.
Showing Scores obtained by nuclear and joint family respondents
of Morbi regarding political empowerment.
Showing Scores obtained by nuclear and joint family respondents
of Morbi regarding social empowerment.
Showing Scores obtained by nuclear and joint family respondents
of Morbi regarding economic empowerment.
Showing Scores obtained by nuclear and joint family respondents
of Morbi regarding cultural empowerment.
Showing Scores obtained by nuclear and joint family respondents
of Morbi regarding psychological empowerment.
Showing Scores Obtained by urban and rural respondents of
Rajkot regarding women empowerment.
Showing Scores obtained by nuclear and joint family respondents
of Rajkot regarding women empowerment.
256
258
260
262
264
266
268
270
272
275
277
280
282
285
287
290
292
294
296
298
300
302
304
306
308
310
312
314
4.99
4.100
4.101
4.102
4.103
4.104
4.105
4.106
4.107
4.108
4.109
4.110
4.111
4.112
4.113
4.114
4.115
4.116
4.117
4.118
4.119
4.120
4.121
4.122
4.123
4.124
4.125
4.126
4.127
Showing Scores Obtained by home science, arts and commerce
respondents of Rajkot regarding women empowerment.
Showing Scores Obtained by home science, arts and commerce
respondents of Rajkot regarding political empowerment.
Showing Scores Obtained by home science, arts and commerce
respondents of Rajkot regarding social empowerment.
Showing Scores Obtained by home science, arts and commerce
respondents of Rajkot regarding economic empowerment.
Showing Scores Obtained by home science, arts and commerce
respondents of Rajkot regarding cultural empowerment.
Showing Scores Obtained by home science, arts and commerce
respondents of Rajkot regarding psychological empowerment.
Showing Scores Obtained by urban and rural respondents of
Rajkot regarding political empowerment.
Showing Scores Obtained by urban and rural respondents of
Rajkot regarding social empowerment.
Showing Scores Obtained by urban and rural respondents of
Rajkot regarding economic empowerment.
Showing Scores Obtained by urban and rural respondents of
Rajkot regarding cultural empowerment.
Showing Scores Obtained by urban and rural respondents of
Rajkot regarding psychological empowerment.
Showing Scores obtained by nuclear and joint family respondents
of Rajkot regarding political empowerment.
Showing Scores obtained by nuclear and joint family respondents
of Rajkot regarding social empowerment.
Showing Scores obtained by nuclear and joint family respondents
of Rajkot regarding economic empowerment.
Showing Scores obtained by nuclear and joint family respondents
of Rajkot regarding cultural empowerment.
Showing Scores obtained by nuclear and joint family respondents
of Rajkot regarding psychological empowerment.
Showing Scores Obtained by urban and rural respondents of
Surendranagar regarding women empowerment.
Showing Scores obtained by nuclear and joint family respondents
of Surendranagar regarding women empowerment.
Showing Scores Obtained by home science, arts and commerce
respondents of Surendranagar regarding women empowerment.
Showing Scores Obtained by home science, arts and commerce
respondents of Surendranagar regarding political empowerment.
Showing Scores Obtained by home science, arts and commerce
respondents of Surendranagar regarding social empowerment.
Showing Scores Obtained by home science, arts and commerce
respondents of Surendranagar regarding economic empowerment.
Showing Scores Obtained by home science, arts and commerce
respondents of Surendranagar regarding cultural empowerment.
Showing Scores Obtained by home science, arts and commerce
respondents
of
Surendranagar
regarding
psychological
empowerment.
Showing Scores Obtained by urban and rural respondents of
Surendranagar regarding political empowerment.
Showing Scores Obtained by urban and rural respondents of
Surendranagar regarding social empowerment.
Showing Scores Obtained by urban and rural respondents of
Surendranagar regarding economic empowerment.
Showing Scores Obtained by urban and rural respondents of
Surendranagar regarding cultural empowerment.
Showing Scores Obtained by urban and rural respondents of
Surendranagar regarding psychological empowerment.
316
319
321
324
326
329
331
333
335
337
339
341
343
345
347
349
351
353
355
358
358
363
365
368
370
372
374
376
378
4.128
4.129
4.130
4.131
4.132
Showing Scores obtained by nuclear and joint family respondents
of Surendranagar regarding political empowerment.
Showing Scores obtained by nuclear and joint family respondents
of Surendranagar regarding social empowerment.
Showing Scores obtained by nuclear and joint family respondents
of Surendranagar regarding economic empowerment.
Showing Scores obtained by nuclear and joint family respondents
of Surendranagar regarding cultural empowerment.
Showing Scores obtained by nuclear and joint family respondents
of Surendranagar regarding psychological empowerment.
380
382
384
386
388
LIST OF FIGURE
NO
NAME OF FIGURE
PAGE
NO.
2.1
Showing Type of Work
49
2.2
Showing Field of Work
50
3.1
Showing Distribution of Sample
62
3.2
Showing Categorization of variables
64
4.1
Showing Scores Obtained By Urban and Rural Respondents
69
4.2
Showing Scores Obtained By Nuclear and Joint family
Respondents
Showing Scores Obtained By Home science, Arts and Commerce
Respondents
Showing Scores Obtained By Home science Respondents of
Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar city
Showing Scores Obtained by Arts Respondents of Jamnagar,
Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar City
Showing Scores Obtained by Commerce Respondents of
Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar City
Showing Scores Obtained by Urban Respondents of Jamnagar,
Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar City
Showing Scores Obtained by Rural Respondents of Jamnagar,
Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar City
Showing Scores Obtained by Nuclear Family Respondents of
Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar City
Showing Scores Obtained by Joint Family Respondents of
Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar City.
Showing Scores Obtained By Urban and Rural Respondents
regarding political empowerment.
Showing Scores obtained by nuclear and joint family respondents
regarding political empowerment.
Showing Scores Obtained by home science, arts and commerce
respondents regarding political empowerment.
Showing Scores Obtained by home science respondents of
Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar city regarding political
empowerment.
Showing Scores Obtained by arts respondents of Jamnagar, Morbi,
Rajkot and Surendranagar city regarding political empowerment.
Showing Scores Obtained by commerce respondents of Jamnagar,
Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar city regarding political
empowerment.
Showing Scores Obtained by urban respondents of Jamnagar,
Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar city regarding political
empowerment.
Showing Scores Obtained by rural respondents of Jamnagar,
Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar city regarding political
empowerment.
Showing Scores Obtained by nuclear family respondents of
Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar city regarding political
empowerment.
Showing Scores Obtained by joint family respondents of Jamnagar,
Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar city regarding political
empowerment.
Showing Scores Obtained by urban and rural respondents
regarding social empowerment.
71
4.3
4.4
4.5
4.6
4.7
4.8
4.9
4.10
4.11
4.12
4.13
4.14
4.15
4.16
4.17
4.18
4.19
4.20
4.21
74
74
80
83
86
89
92
95
97
99
102
102
108
111
114
114
120
120
125
4.22
4.23
4.24
4.25
4.26
4.27
4.28
4.29
4.30
4.31
4.32
4.33
4.34
4.35
4.36
4.37
4.38
4.39
4.40
4.41
4.42
4.43
4.44
Showing Scores obtained by nuclear and joint family respondents
regarding social empowerment.
Showing Scores Obtained by home science, arts and commerce
respondents regarding social empowerment.
Showing Scores Obtained by home science respondents of
Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar city regarding social
empowerment.
Showing Scores Obtained by arts respondents of Jamnagar, Morbi,
Rajkot and Surendranagar city regarding social empowerment.
Showing Scores Obtained by commerce respondents of Jamnagar,
Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar city regarding social
empowerment.
Showing Scores Obtained by urban respondents of Jamnagar,
Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar city regarding social
empowerment.
Showing Scores Obtained by rural respondents of Jamnagar,
Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar city regarding social
empowerment.
Showing Scores Obtained by nuclear family respondents of
Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar city regarding social
empowerment.
Showing Scores Obtained by joint family respondents of Jamnagar,
Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar city regarding social
empowerment.
Showing Scores Obtained by urban and rural respondents
regarding economic empowerment.
Showing Scores obtained by nuclear and joint family respondents
regarding economic empowerment.
Showing Scores Obtained by home science, arts and
commerce respondents regarding economic empowerment.
Showing Scores Obtained by home science respondents of
Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar city regarding
economic empowerment.
Showing Scores Obtained by arts respondents of Jamnagar, Morbi,
Rajkot and Surendranagar city regarding economic empowerment.
Showing Scores Obtained by commerce respondents of Jamnagar,
Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar city regarding economic
empowerment.
Showing Scores Obtained by urban respondents of Jamnagar,
Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar city regarding economic
empowerment.
Showing Scores Obtained by rural respondents of Jamnagar,
Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar city regarding economic
empowerment.
Showing Scores Obtained by nuclear family respondents of
Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar city regarding
economic empowerment.
Showing Scores Obtained by joint family respondents of Jamnagar,
Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar city regarding economic
empowerment.
Showing Scores Obtained by urban and rural respondents
regarding cultural empowerment.
Showing Scores obtained by nuclear and joint family respondents
regarding cultural empowerment.
Showing Scores Obtained by home science, arts and commerce
respondents regarding cultural empowerment.
Showing Scores Obtained by home science respondents of
Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar city regarding cultural
empowerment.
127
127
132
135
135
140
140
145
148
150
152
152
157
160
160
165
168
168
174
176
178
178
183
4.45
4.46
4.47
4.48
4.49
4.50
4.51
4.52
4.53
4.54
4.55
4.56
4.57
4.58
4.59
4.60
4.61
4.62
4.63
4.64
4.65
4.66
4.67
Showing Scores Obtained by arts respondents of Jamnagar, Morbi,
Rajkot and Surendranagar city regarding cultural empowerment.
Showing Scores Obtained by commerce respondents of Jamnagar,
Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar city regarding cultural
empowerment.
Showing Scores Obtained by urban respondents of Jamnagar,
Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar city regarding cultural
empowerment.
Showing Scores Obtained by rural respondents of Jamnagar,
Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar city regarding cultural
empowerment.
Showing Scores Obtained by nuclear family respondents of
Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar city regarding cultural
empowerment.
Showing Scores Obtained by joint family respondents of Jamnagar,
Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar city regarding cultural
empowerment.
Showing Scores Obtained by urban and rural respondents
regarding psychological empowerment.
Showing Scores obtained by nuclear and joint family respondents
regarding psychological empowerment.
Showing Scores Obtained by home science, arts and commerce
respondents regarding psychological empowerment.
Showing Scores Obtained by home science respondents of
Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar city regarding
psychological empowerment.
Showing Scores Obtained by arts respondents of Jamnagar, Morbi,
Rajkot and Surendranagar city regarding psychological
empowerment.
Showing Scores Obtained by commerce respondents of Jamnagar,
Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar city regarding psychological
empowerment.
Showing Scores Obtained by urban respondents of Jamnagar,
Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar city regarding psychological
empowerment.
Showing Scores Obtained by rural respondents of Jamnagar,
Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar city regarding psychological
empowerment.
Showing Scores Obtained by nuclear family respondents of
Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar city regarding
psychological empowerment.
Showing Scores Obtained by joint family respondents of Jamnagar,
Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar city regarding psychological
empowerment.
Showing Scores Obtained by urban and rural respondents of
Jamnagar regarding women empowerment.
Showing Scores obtained by nuclear and joint family respondents
of Jamnagar regarding women empowerment.
Showing Scores Obtained by home science, arts and commerce
respondents of Jamnagar regarding women empowerment.
Showing Scores Obtained by home science, arts and commerce
respondents of Jamnagar regarding political empowerment.
Showing Scores Obtained by home science, arts and commerce
respondents of Jamnagar regarding social empowerment
Showing Scores Obtained by home science, arts and commerce
respondents of Jamnagar regarding economic empowerment.
Showing Scores Obtained by home science, arts and commerce
respondents of Jamnagar regarding cultural empowerment.
186
189
189
194
197
200
202
204
204
209
212
215
218
221
224
227
230
230
236
239
242
245
248
4.68
4.69
4.70
4.71
4.72
4.73
4.74
4.75
4.76
4.77
4.78
4.79
4.80
4.81
4.82
4.83
4.84
4.85
4.86
4.87
4.88
4.89
4.90
4.91
4.92
4.93
4.94
4.95
4.96
Showing Scores Obtained by home science, arts and commerce
respondents of Jamnagar regarding psychological empowerment.
Showing Scores Obtained by urban and rural respondents of
Jamnagar regarding political empowerment.
Showing Scores Obtained by urban and rural respondents of
Jamnagar regarding social empowerment.
Showing Scores Obtained by urban and rural respondents of
Jamnagar regarding economic empowerment.
Showing Scores Obtained by urban and rural respondents of
Jamnagar regarding cultural empowerment.
Showing Scores Obtained by urban and rural respondents of
Jamnagar regarding psychological empowerment.
Showing Scores obtained by nuclear and joint family respondents
of Jamnagar regarding political empowerment.
Showing Scores obtained by nuclear and joint family respondents
of Jamnagar regarding social empowerment.
Showing Scores obtained by nuclear and joint family respondents
of Jamnagar regarding economic empowerment.
Showing Scores obtained by nuclear and joint family respondents
of Jamnagar regarding cultural empowerment.
Showing Scores obtained by nuclear and joint family respondents
of Jamnagar regarding psychological empowerment.
Showing Scores Obtained by urban and rural respondents of Morbi
regarding women empowerment.
Showing Scores obtained by nuclear and joint family respondents
of Morbi regarding women empowerment.
Showing Scores Obtained by home science, arts and commerce
respondents of Morbi regarding women empowerment.
Showing Scores Obtained by home science, arts and commerce
respondents of Morbi regarding political empowerment.
Showing Scores Obtained by home science, arts and commerce
respondents of Morbi regarding social empowerment.
Showing Scores Obtained by home science, arts and commerce
respondents of Morbi regarding economic empowerment.
Showing Scores Obtained by home science, arts and commerce
respondents of Morbi regarding cultural empowerment.
Showing Scores Obtained by home science, arts and commerce
respondents of Morbi regarding psychological empowerment.
Showing Scores Obtained by urban and rural respondents of Morbi
regarding political empowerment.
Showing Scores Obtained by urban and rural respondents of Morbi
regarding social empowerment.
Showing Scores Obtained by urban and rural respondents of Morbi
regarding economic empowerment.
Showing Scores Obtained by urban and rural respondents of Morbi
regarding cultural empowerment.
Showing Scores Obtained by urban and rural respondents of Morbi
regarding psychological empowerment.
Showing Scores obtained by nuclear and joint family respondents
of Morbi regarding political empowerment.
Showing Scores obtained by nuclear and joint family respondents
of Morbi regarding social empowerment.
Showing Scores obtained by nuclear and joint family respondents
of Morbi regarding economic empowerment.
Showing Scores obtained by nuclear and joint family respondents
of Morbi regarding cultural empowerment.
Showing Scores obtained by nuclear and joint family respondents
of Morbi regarding psychological empowerment.
251
253
255
257
259
261
263
265
267
269
271
274
274
279
279
284
284
289
289
293
295
297
299
301
303
305
307
309
311
4.97
4.98
4.99
4.100
4.101
4.102
4.103
4.104
4.105
4.106
4.107
4.108
4.109
4.110
4.111
4.112
4.113
4.114
4.115
4.116
4.117
4.118
4.119
4.120
4.121
4.122
4.123
4.124
4.125
Showing Scores Obtained by urban and rural respondents of
Rajkot regarding women empowerment.
Showing Scores obtained by nuclear and joint family respondents
of Rajkot regarding women empowerment.
Showing Scores Obtained by home science, arts and commerce
respondents of Rajkot regarding women empowerment.
Showing Scores Obtained by home science, arts and commerce
respondents of Rajkot regarding political empowerment.
Showing Scores Obtained by home science, arts and commerce
respondents of Rajkot regarding social empowerment.
Showing Scores Obtained by home science, arts and commerce
respondents of Rajkot regarding economic empowerment.
Showing Scores Obtained by home science, arts and commerce
respondents of Rajkot regarding cultural empowerment.
Showing Scores Obtained by home science, arts and commerce
respondents of Rajkot regarding psychological empowerment.
Showing Scores Obtained by urban and rural respondents of
Rajkot regarding political empowerment.
Showing Scores Obtained by urban and rural respondents of
Rajkot regarding social empowerment.
Showing Scores Obtained by urban and rural respondents of
Rajkot regarding economic empowerment.
Showing Scores Obtained by urban and rural respondents of
Rajkot regarding cultural empowerment.
Showing Scores Obtained by urban and rural respondents of
Rajkot regarding psychological empowerment.
Showing Scores obtained by nuclear and joint family respondents
of Rajkot regarding political empowerment.
Showing Scores obtained by nuclear and joint family respondents
of Rajkot regarding social empowerment.
Showing Scores obtained by nuclear and joint family respondents
of Rajkot regarding economic empowerment.
Showing Scores obtained by nuclear and joint family respondents
of Rajkot regarding cultural empowerment.
Showing Scores obtained by nuclear and joint family respondents
of Rajkot regarding psychological empowerment.
Showing Scores Obtained by urban and rural respondents of
Surendranagar regarding women empowerment.
Showing Scores obtained by nuclear and joint family respondents
of Surendranagar regarding women empowerment.
Showing Scores Obtained by home science, arts and commerce
respondents of Surendranagar regarding women empowerment.
Showing Scores Obtained by home science, arts and commerce
respondents of Surendranagar regarding political empowerment.
Showing Scores Obtained by home science, arts and commerce
respondents of Surendranagar regarding social empowerment.
Showing Scores Obtained by home science, arts and commerce
respondents of Surendranagar regarding economic empowerment.
Showing Scores Obtained by home science, arts and commerce
respondents of Surendranagar regarding cultural empowerment.
Showing Scores Obtained by home science, arts and commerce
respondents
of
Surendranagar
regarding
psychological
empowerment.
Showing Scores Obtained by urban and rural respondents of
Surendranagar regarding political empowerment.
Showing Scores Obtained by urban and rural respondents of
Surendranagar regarding social empowerment.
Showing Scores Obtained by urban and rural respondents of
Surendranagar regarding economic empowerment.
313
315
318
318
323
323
328
328
332
334
336
338
340
342
344
346
348
350
352
354
357
357
362
362
367
367
371
373
375
4.126
4.127
4.128
4.129
4.130
4.131
4.132
Showing Scores Obtained by urban and rural respondents of
Surendranagar regarding cultural empowerment.
Showing Scores Obtained by urban and rural respondents of
Surendranagar regarding psychological empowerment.
Showing Scores obtained by nuclear and joint family respondents
of Surendranagar regarding political empowerment.
Showing Scores obtained by nuclear and joint family respondents
of Surendranagar regarding social empowerment.
Showing Scores obtained by nuclear and joint family respondents
of Surendranagar regarding economic empowerment.
Showing Scores obtained by nuclear and joint family respondents
of Surendranagar regarding cultural empowerment.
Showing Scores obtained by nuclear and joint family respondents
of Surendranagar regarding psychological empowerment.
377
379
381
383
385
387
389
CHAPTER: 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1
1.11
INTRODUCTION
INDIAN WOMEN’S EMPOWERMENT: AN OVERVIEW
1.12
STATUS OF WOMEN IN 21ST CENTURY IN INDIA
1.13
EDUCATION IS AN AGENT OF WOMEN EMPOWERMENT
1.14
CURRENT STATUS OF WOMEN IN HIGHER EDUCATION
1.2
STATEMENT OF PROBLEM
1.3
IMPORTANCE OF THE STUDY
1.4
OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY
1.5
JUSTIFICATION OF THE SAMPLE
1.6
HYPOTHESIS OF THE STUDY
1.7
TERMS OF TITLE
1.8
CHAPTERIZATION
CHAPTER – 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1
INTRODUCTION
You can tell the condition of a nation by looking at the status of its
women.
Jawaharlal Nehru
Education has been of central significance to the development of
human society. It can be the beginning, not only of individual knowledge
information and awareness, but also of a holistic strategy for development and
change. Late Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru rightly remarked “Some people
seem to think that education is not as important as putting up a factory. I May
sacrifice any number of factories, but I will not sacrifice human beings and
their education because it is the human beings who set up factories and
produce the things we want.” Education helps an individual to develop his
potential to the full, to increase his productivity and to become a useful and
productive member of the society. Education is holistic in concept and is multi
dimensional.
The importance of education can be interpreted from the reply to the
question asked from Aristotle. The question asked was “How much better
educated men were than those who were uneducated.” The reply was, “As
much as the livings are than the dead.”
1.11 Indian women’s Empowerment: An Overview
Vedic era has witnessed equal rights for women in the field of
education, religion, politics, property and inheritance. During the medieval
period society had become patriarchal and men- women difference was
evident. Men-women role was decided on the basis of sex. Women were
consigned inside the tour venue of home. It was considered to be the worst
period in the history. During the morden period a number of social reformers
felt the need to emancipate women and tried to establish a justified place for
them in the family and society. The thinkers and social reformers realized that
unless the condition of 50% of Indian population is improved Indian society
cannot progress.
Parmita Shastri in “Outlook India 1998” says; ‘I was told that Indian
women don’t think like that about equality. But I would like to argue that it they
don’t think like that they should be given a real opportunity to think like that.”
The persistence of hunger and abject poverty in India is due to large
measure to the subjugation and marginalization and disempowerment of
women. Women suffer from hunger and poverty in greater numbers and to
great degree than men. At the same time, it is women who bear the primary
responsibility for actions needed to end hunger, education, nutrition, health
and family income.
Women’s empowerment has five Components:
• Women’s sense of self-worth;
• Women’s right to have and to determine choices:
• Women’s right to have access to opportunities and resources;
• Women’s right to have the power to control their own lives, both within
and outside the home; and
• Women’s ability to influence the direction of social change to create a
more just social and economic orders, nationally and internationally.
Looking through the lens of hunger and poverty, there are seven major
areas of discrimination against women is India.
1. Malnutrition: India has exceptionally high rate of child malnutrition,
because tradition in India requires that women eat last and least
throughout their lives, even when pregnant and lactating. Malnourished
women give birth to malnourished children, perpetuating the cycle. This
point is made in the article, “The Asian Enigma” published by UNICEF
in 2004 that, malnutrition is worse in south Asia have less voice and
freedom of movement, Judgment and self expression and
independence largely denied. Millions of women in South Asia have
neither the knowledge nor the means nor the freedom to act in their
own.
2. Women are in poor Health: females receive less health care than
males. Many women die in childbirth of easily prevented complications.
Working conditions and environmental pollution further impairs
women’s health. The practice of breast feeding female children for
shorter period of time, deliberately try to become pregnant again after
the birth of male child in order to give maximum attention to the new
son , are some of the traits reflect the neglect of girl child.
•
Maternal mortality: India’s maternal mortality rates in rural
areas are among the highest in the world: A factor that
contributes to seek medical care for pregnancy. Evidence
reluctance to seek medical care for pregnancy. Evidence from
the state of Bihar, Rajasthan, Orissa, Uttar Pradesh,
Maharashtra and Gujarat find registration for maternal and child
health services to be as low as 5.22 percent in urban areas.
•
Contraception Use: Women’s health is harmed by lack of
access to and the poor quality of reproductive services. About
24.6 million couples, representing roughly 18 percent of all
married women want no more children but are not using
contraception. A study in Tamil Nadu suggest that women’s lack
of decision making power in the family ,opportunity costs
involved in seeking contraceptive services all play an important
role.
•
Job Impact on maternal Health: Working conditions of
women result in premature and still births. The task performed
by women is usually those that require them to be in one
position for long period of time, which can adversely affect their
reproductive health.
•
Impact of Pollution on Women: In Environment,
Development and the Gender Gap, Sandhya Venkateswaran,
asserts that the high incidence of malnutrition present amongst
women and their low metabolism and other health problems
affect their capacity to deal with chemical stress, The smoke
from household biomass (made up of wood, dung and drop
residues) stoves within a three hour period is equivalent to
smoking 20 packs of cigarettes. One study quoted by WHO in
2005 found that pregnant women cooking over open biomass
stoves had almost 50 % higher chances of stillbirths.
3. Women are Uneducated: families are far less likely to educate girls
than boys and for more likely to pull them out of school, either to help
out at home or from fear of violence. India has the largest population of
non-school-going working girls. India’s constitution guarantees free
primary school education for both boys and girls up to age of 14. The
literacy rate for women is 39 percent versus 64 percent for men. Sonal
de Desai in ‘Gender inequalities and Demographic Behaviors’ asserts
that ‘Parents’ reluctance to educate daughters has its roots in the
situation of women. Parents and that their future roles, being mainly
reproductive and perhaps including agricultural labour, require no
formal education. Another reason being to deliver a chaste daughter to
her husband family.
4. Women are Overworked: Women work longer hours and their work is
more arduous then man’s yet their work is unrecognized. Women work
roughly, twice as many hours’ men. The extent of women’s contribution
is aptly highlighted by a micro study conducted in the Indian Himalayas
which found that on a one hectare farm, a pair of bullocks works 1,064
hours a man 1,212 hours and woman 3,485 hours in a year.
5. Women are Unskilled: Women have unequal access resources,
extension services tend to reach only men, which perpetuates the
existing division of labour in the agriculture sector, with women
continuing to perform unskilled task. A number of factors perpetuate
women’s Job skill. It training women for economic activities requires
them to leave theire even functional level of literacy. In terms of skill
development, women are impeded by their lack of mobility, low literacy
level and prejudiced attitude towards women.
6. Women are Mistreated: In recent years there has been an alarming
rise in atrocities against women in India. In terms of rapes, assaults
and dowary related murders. Fear of violence suppresses the
aspirations of all women infanticide and sex-selective abortions are
additional forms of violence that reflect the devaluing of females in
Indian society. The insecurity outside the household is today the
greatest obstacle in the path of women. Evidence shows that every 26
minutes- a woman is molested, every 34 minutes- a rape takes palce,
Every 42 minutes- a woman is kidnapped and every 93 minutes - a
woman is burnt to death over dowary.
7. Women are Powerless: While women are guaranteed equality under
the constitution, legal protection has little effect in the face of prevailing
patriarchal traditions. Women lack of power to decide who will they
marry, and are offen married off as children. Legal loopholes are used
to deny women inheritance rights.
Government has taken steps to empower women through Panchayat Raj
Institutions: ManiShankar Aiyer asserts that –“the highest national priority
must be the unleashing of woman power in governance. That is the single
most important source of societal energy that we have kept corked for half a
century.” The 73rd and 74th Constitutional Ammandment Acts, which
guarantee that all local elected bodies reserve one third of their seats for
women, have spearheaded an unprecedented social experiment which is
playing itself out in more than 5000 villages that are home to more than 600
million people.
National Policy for the empowerment of women: The goal of the National
policy for the empowerment of women is to bring about the advancement,
development and empowerment of women. Some of the specific objectives of
this policy are:
(a) Creating an environment through positive economic and social policies
for full development of women to enable them to realize their full
potential ,
(b) Equal access to health care, quality education at all levels, career and
vocational guidance etc,
(c) Elimination of discrimination and all forms of violence against women.
The policy also provides for economic empowerment through poverty
eradication, micro credit programmes, training of women to facilitate them
in playing efficient role in agriculture and industry. The social
empowerment of women is facilitated through effective provisions of
Education, Health, Nutrition, gender sensitization, Drinking water and
Sanitation etc. Elimination of all forms of violence against women,
including those arising from customs, traditions and accepted practices. A
National Resource Center for Women (NRCW) is being set up which will
provide relevant technical back up for the successful implementation of the
policy.
The Government has also committed the following provisions to
ensure women’s rights and women empowerment. Some of the
commitments are:
• Increase in the Investment in Education to 6% of the GDP
with major focus on Women.
• Universalisation of Mother and Child Care Programme to
reach out to every corner of the country
• Appointment of Commissioner for women’s Rights.
• National Level Machanism for Platform for Action.
According to Indian writer and activist Devika Jain “The positive
discrimination of Panchayat Raj Institution has initiated a momentum of
change. Women’s entry into local government in such large numbers, offen
more than the required 33.3% and their success in campaigning, including the
defeat of male in politics, and have no time to go to meetings or to undertake
all the other work that is reminds us of a central truth” Power is not something
people give away, it has to be negotiated, and sometimes wrested from the
powerful.
1.12
Status of Women in 21st century India
“Women are the builder and moulder of nations Destiny
Though delicate and soft as a lily,
She has a heart, far stronger and bolder than of men….
She is the supreme inspiration for man’s onward march….
She is, no doubt, her commanding Personality,
Nevertheless is grimly solemn”
-Rabindranath Tagore
The Indian woman for ages has played a silent, self effacing role to
sustain Indian civilization. However, her status has undergone significant
improvement. The woman of modern India is liberal, educated and suave.
She is no longer confined to the four walls. She has an opinion on each and
every matter; she has earnings for personal leisure and emotional support.
There is an enhancement in her self-esteem and confidence. She has started
exercising greater control over her own life. This has resulted in changed
power equations at her home, her workplace and the society. She wants to
enjoy her life to the fullest. She can afford to do so due to the upward mobility
in her income levels. And she is governed by rational motives.
Her need and desires are innumerable and they vary from
satisfying her physiological needs to aesthetics needs. At times she appears
decisive; at times she appears snobbish, at times very eager, at times
passionate, and at times unreasonable. Her lifestyle is changing drastically.
The woman is becoming alert and her alertness is showing in all walks of life.
She is an all-rounder. Multi-tasking has become a feature of this new
women’s life. She tackles numerous jobs at workplace and home effectively
and with ease. She has not left any domain which man can boast of saying it
is a male domain. She knows what she wants. She is the decision maker of
the house. From buying a pin to a house, a car, a washing machine, in
decorating the house, she has a say. The gender issue is becoming an
inevitable part of every day life. The technicalities of mechanical and
electronic gadgets are no more the man’s domain: the women have learnt it
all and are using them more gracefully than men.
The number of working women is rising day by day. The Indian
women have made significant progress in obtaining responsible positions in
organizations. The new age Indian women have come into her own. She
makes her presence felt in the workplace, makes informed economic choices,
can hold her own in any setting.
In the 21st century, women are leaders in industry, government and
organizations worldwide including India. With Air India clearing the way for
women cabin crew to become in –flight
supervisors , an important male
bastion has fallen with Lt Cdr Wahida Prizm becoming the first ever women
to command the parade of army.
However, it’s in the corporate world that women have shown true
grit and determination to break the glass ceiling. Naina lal Kidwai-Country
head, HSBC India, Lalita Gupte-CEO,ICICI, Sulajja Firodia Motwani-Joint
Managing Director, Kinetic Engineering, Akhila Srinivasan-Managing director,
Shriram Life Insurance Company Limited and Director of Executive Board,
Shriram Group, Dipti Neelakantan-Managing Director & Chief Executive
Officer, J M Morgan Stanley – these are few of the women who have taken on
the world. There are organizations which want only women in senior
managerial posts: Earlier, women were considered high maintenance, but
companies are more sensitive and determined, lead to gender diversity and
do phenomenally well, especially in Human Resources. Also women have an
advantage because they work with Emotional Quotient as Intelligence
Quotient, which is very different.
The initiative, creativity and determination of women can also been
seen through their entrepreneurship skill. Women entrepreneurship is recent
phenomenon in India which came into prominence in late 1970’s. Now-a-days
women not only lead and organize a business or industry but also provide
employment opportunities to other & earn revenue for the country. More &
more women are venturing as entrepreneurs in all kinds of business &
economic activities and service sector. Though at the initial stages women
entrepreneurship developed only at urban areas, lately it has extended its
wings to rural& semi -urban areas too. Agriculture, Horticulture, Sericulture,
Dairying & Animal Husbandry, Fisheries, Home based industries like
handicrafts, Beeding Industry, Agarbati making, Tailoring and Garment
Industry, Pottery & Black smithy Industry, Doll-Making, fancy items, Jewellery
Beauty parlor , Nursery & Baby Crèche centers, etc. are areas where women
entrepreneurs may be found ,thus, women entrepreneurs can take a lead in
both organized & unorganized sectors. India has a number of noted women
entrepreneurs who have made a mark on the national and international
scene, and made a name for themselves. Some of the well known women
entrepreneurs in India are Kiran Mazumdar Shaw- Managing Director, Biocon
India Limited, Shannaz Hussain-pioneer in the cosmetic & skin industry in
India as well as abroad.
The Media and Communication sector basically comprises the
non-traditional professions which women have opted for. Media is an
important sector where the percentages of women employees are raising
.Also media, being a liberal and equal profession, sees a huge increase in
woman employees. It offers better scope and facilities for women
professionals. Earlier women mainly preferred editorial work but now there are
many women reporters and correspondents as well in the Daily Press.
Newspapers have however evolved arrangements for informal and continuing
association with women journalists who write regular columns in Newspapers
as Music critics, Art critics, etc. There are many important women who are
well known for their feature writing in the English press. The names of Amita
Malik, santha Rungachary, Padmini sen Gupta, Kamala Chopra, Rammi
Chhabbra, Promilla Kalhan, Rita Thapar, Kobita Sarkar and Razia Ismail are
well known .Today there are very well known women journalists such as
Ms.Usha Rai of the Times of India, Anjali Mathur of the Sunday Observer
(Bombay), Smita Gupta of the Independent (Delhi), Kalpana Sharita rai of the
Indian Express (Bombay), Bacchi J. Karkaria and Dina Vakil of the Times of
India. Anita Pratap, Tavleen singh, Mrinal Pande, Seema Mustafa, Kalpana
Jain, etc. are distinguished journalists.
Another area where women have started making some headway is
Advertising and Public Relations. Women have an important role in creative
advertising media as copywriters, designers and interviewers. This field has
rapidly extended the avenues of employment for women professionals in
television and radio. Public relations however are a relatively new field for
women in India. Many women have reached important positions in this field in
the corporate sector.
Radio and Television offers better scope and facilities for women
professionals, from its very inception, News Readers, and feature and
document producers in Broad casting. A well known women professional in
broadcasting is Mehra Masani of the All India Radio. Women have also taken
initiative in specialized work like interviewing and discussions and were called
upon to participate in prestigious programmes. Television has opened up a
large arena for women not only as announcers, etc, but also as important
Programme producers, writers, editors, directors, etc. Ekta kapoor and Smiriti
Irani are the face of Indian television today. Media personalities like Nalini
Singh and Barkha Dutt have reported exclusive coverage from difficult
conditions, harsh terrains and dangerous situations.
An Indian woman has also made her presence felt in the Film
industry. Though the film industry is known for its glamour, women and
heroines, there are other aspects of this cinematographic medium, which
have given many women professionals a break in the creative worlds. There
are enterprising young women who have produced documentaries, short films
and advertisements, etc. This Profession has brought opportunities for women
in various activities, both in the commercial film industry, as well as on the
technical side. The film industry has not only produced great artists and stars
like Shabana Azmi and Ashwariya Rai who is the face of Indian cinema
worldwide but also women on the technical side of filming, editing etc. who
may not be always visible, but whose contribution to the media is beyond
doubt. In the recent years, women have become well known in the field of
Theatre. Ms.Anamika Haksar, Lillette Dubey and Usha Ganguli are some
women who have made their mark in the past few years.
India is witnessing the entry of women in different science
disciplines including engineering. The majority of women science degree
holders are in pure science or medicine, and their numbers in Engineering
and Technology and Computer Sciences and Information Technology is
increasing.
India has produced some outstanding women scientists like Dr.
Janaki Ammal, Prof.Ashima Chatterjee, Prof.Manju Sharma, and
Prof.Archana sharma, Prof.Indira Nath, Prof.Anandibai Joshi, Prof. Kasturi
Dutta, Prof.Sipra Guha Mukherjee and Dr.Sneh Bhargava to name a few.Dr.
Asima Chatterjee’s contribution on natural products, Dr. Mahtab S Bamji’s
study on problems related to human health, Dr.Indira Nath’s work on
Immunotherapy in Leprosy are the contribution of some women scientists
have not only served on the contribution of some women scientists in
promotion of scientific Knowledge. Several women scientists have been
honored with the prestigious Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Award. Women
scientists and technologists have made significant achievements in the field of
nuclear medicine, nuclear power, production and development of uranium
metal fuel required by the nuclear reactors, nuclear physic and solid state
physics, computer science and technology, agriculture and biotechnology,
image processing, computer vision etc. Women have been very active in the
field of agricultural science, medicine, food products, environmentalists such
as Dr.Kalpana Chawla, an Indian American, became the first Indian women to
go into space on a 16 days mission of NASA.
Women in India have come to the forefront in sports. Indian women
have shown great ability in the game of lawn tennis, hockey, badminton, table
tennis and athletics. Indian women’s cricket team has also taken long strides
in this popular game. Indian women have reached a stage where they
participate regularly in national and international sports meets. Not only have
they excelled in different sports events, but they have also made a mark on
the world scene.
Athletics has attracted Indian women since many years .Today
India has international icons such as P.T.Usha, Sunita Rani, Jyotimayee
Sikdar, Ashwini Nachappa, Kamaljeet Sandhu, Roja Kutty, Vandana Rao, and
Anju Bobby George. One of the most popular games with Indian girls is table
tennis. Recently Monalisa Barua, Niyati Shah and other have made a name in
this field. Badminton is another popular game with Indian women. Ameeta
Kulkarni, Radhika Bose, Aparna Popat and other have also earned a name for
themselves in this sport. Tennis another popular women’s game, has had its
followers for many years. Last year, Sania Mirza did the country proud by
winning the Hyderabad Open Tennis tital. She was adjudged the Most
Impressive Newcomer of 2005 on the WTA tour at the Stars for stars, the
official awards of professional tennis in March 2006. The most popular and
graceful of all sports, swimming has also produced its Indian stars. There
have since been great achievements by Anita sood, Bula Chaudhury,
Abhinaya Shetty, Aarti pradhan, M. Usha and other in international
competitions and long distance swimming. Indian women have conquered
Mount Everest the highest peak in the world. Bachendri Pal, Krishna Patil,
Santosh Yadav and Harshwanti Bisht are women mountaineers of great
repute. Indian women shooters like Anuja Jung, Tejaswini Sawant, Navneet
Kauf Sidhu, Saroja Kumar Jhuthu, and Sushma Rana & Anjali Bhagwat have
made a mark not only at the national level but also at international level. Also
Indians feel proud by winning many national & international events. In the
recently concluded Commonwealth Games at Melbourne 2006, Indian
Women have won 5 gold & 3 silver medals in shooting, 3 gold & 2 silver
medals in weightlifting, 2 medals in athletics & Women’s Hockey team won a
silver medal. Also, Indian badminton mixed team won a bronze medal.
India is the largest democracy in the world where the women
constitute almost half the population. Women play a dual role in politics- as
voters and political Representatives. There can be no true democracy, no true
people’s participation in governance and development without equal
participation of women and men in all spheres of life and at all levels of
decision making. Women’s opportunities to exercise power are in many
contexts greater at the local than at national level. In India, policies to
increase women’s political participation in local elections lead to significant
increase in women’s presence in local office. The recent passage of 73rd
&74th Constitutional Amendments providing 33 percent reservation to women
in Panchayat & Nagarpalika Bodies has been hailed as landmark towards
women’s empowerment at the lower level. The studies on women’s
participation in village council, reports on the empowering effects on the
women themselves as well as the positive impact of women’s presence on
local politics. Women’s presence has made the councils more responsive to
community demands for infrastructure, housing, schools& health, helped
improve the implementation of various government programmes and
increased the likelihood that other women also feel empowered & take
advantage of state services & demand rights.
Increasingly, women have stood for elections and got elected as
members of State Legislative Assemblies and the Parliament. The number of
representatives has been steadily increasing .In the 1st Lok Sabha (19521957) out of 466 seats, 23 were won by women members making a 4.9
percent of the total. Out of these 2 were appointed as ministers out of the total
of 542 seats making it 8.6 percent of the total. Also the number of women
ministers in the Council of Ministers, Uma Bharti & Rabri Devi held Chief
Minister Ship of Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh and Bihar respectively.
Currently Jayalalitha, Sheila Dixit & Vasundhra Raje Scindia are the Chif
Ministers; women have proved themselves to be most successful.
Today young women are opting for the unconvenventional career
of police service. The employment of women in police establishments reflects
not only the socioeconomic advancement but also changes in the attitude
towards the role of women in society. The Indian Police service (IPS) has
been appointing women in the IPS cadre at par with men. These women are
expected to have the same qualifications and training as is expected of their
male counterparts. It is no longer a strange sight to see a group of police
women handling a riot situation, and performing other duties along with men.
Similarly, the other police based services such as the Border Security Force,
CRPF, CISE, NSG, Railway Protection Force and the Home Guards all recruit
women in various capacities. There have been women in police service of the
most important police officers is Ms.Kiran Bedi the first women IPS officer of
India. She has not only brought about great changes in the lives of the new
independent women of India. She was awarded the prestigious Magsaysay
Award for her active role in bringing about social change.
The fashion scene today in India is dominated by women
Designers like Ritu Beri, Rina Dhaka, Puja Nayyar & Ritu Kumar and models
like Ujwala Raut & others have made a name in this field not only in India but
internationally also.
Women today have proved their battle in every field. But their road
to success was not lined with roses. They’ve had to work doubly hard to prove
that not only are they as good, but also the best in their field. They also have
had to battle male resistance. Women make up only 6% of India’s workforce
and the numbers get more skewed as you go up the corporate ladder. There
are only 4% women at senior management levels and almost none in a
leadership role. Further, only 1 percent of the organizations have women
CEOs. Gender biases do crop up during recruitment process. Around 14
percent of the companies have policies which exclude women from certain
posts such as manufacturing, shop- floor, sales and marketing and top level
positions.
Though India has many women scientists, their proportion as
compared to men is still not very high. Most women scientists, doctors,
engineers, etc. have been fortunate to be born in families which encourage
education of women, and do not discriminate against women and girls. Also
women in India have long been deprived of participation in games and sports
by direct or indirect social inhibitions. Indian socity, still reels under social
handicaps of early marriage, inferior status of girl’s, inconvenient dress of
women, conservative and traditional parental attitudes. Sports were mainly a
male preserve, in which women have only recently started participating that
too in small number.
Women are making a little progress into politics & government, but
not yet enough to make a difference. It can be said that women’s involvement
in national & state politics has been a nonstarter. The number of women
members in the Lok Sabha in terms of percentage of total number of
members in the Lok Sabha never crossed 2 digits, in spite of the fact that
women constitute nearly 50 percent of the voters. It has taken more than 5
decades and 14 Lok Sabha for the percentage of women members in the
House to move up pattially from a mere 4.9 percent in 1952 to 8.6 percent
now, a figure that is far below the average of around 15 percent in countries
which have elected legislature. Though numerically the strength of women
members in the Lok Sabha has been increasing, their participation in the
decision-making positions is significantly smaller .Also till date from the 1st Lok
Sabha; very few women have reached the highest level of power & authority.
Since 1952 to till date there have been only 8 women who have held cabinet
Rank Ministership, 52 became Ministers of State, 20 were Deputy Ministers &
only 1 Prime minister. With regard to women holding ministership in India, the
successive governments, irrespective of whichever political party held power,
women are generally given the so called ‘soft’ portfolios, or in the areas
traditionally considered women’s concerns, such as health, welfare, culture,
education, women & child development. Women are generally excluded from
key ministries like commerce, defense, fiancé, justice etc. Indian women
leaders face discrimination & exclusion from positions of power. The Women’s
Reservation Bill in Parliament is yet to see the light of the day.
Women are active in a variety of economic area, which they often
combine ranging from wage labour & subsistence farming & fishing to the
informal sector. Women contribute to development not only through
remunerated work but also through a great deal of unremunerated work. On
the one hand, women participate in the production of goods & services for the
market & household consumption, in agriculture, food production or family
enterprises. On the other hand, women still also perform the great majority of
unremunerated domestic work & community work such as, caring for children
& older persons, preparing food for the family, protecting the environment &
providing voluntary assistance to vulnerable & disadvantaged terms & are not
valued in national accounts. Women’s contribution to development is seriously
under estimated, and thus its social recognition is limited.
The Constitution of the Republic of India ensures equality for
women & men in every sphere of life & activity. Women in India have been
given equality of opportunity in all matters relating to education, employment
& legal status and they can aspire to grace the highest office of the State.
However this is not truly indicative of the existing position of women in general
in the country as yet. Though legally & constitutionally, all women have equal
access to live under stress & strain of male domination that manifests itself in
the form of various kinds of hardships & indignities meted out to them. To
ensure equality of status of our women we still have miles to go.
1.13 EDUCATION IS
EMPOWERMENT
AN AGENT OF WOMAN
Since the beginning civilization there has been continual and eternal
flow of knowledge and wisdom in our country. Like Minervs, the Greek
Goddess of wisdom, in our country the female deity Goddess Sarswati is
considered as fountain of knowledge. For the materialistic and spiritual
development as well as for performing various kinds of duties, knowledge is
considered as main sources of light. This light shows to mankind not only the
proper direction to go ahead but to visualize the various fields with minute
observation.
“Knowledge is the third eye of men which gives sight in all affairs.”
Female education was not only confined to literacy knowledge but was
open to various branches like art and religious, dance and drama politics and
administration etc. An educated woman is a sure sign of education of coming
generation because literate women can never tolerate illiteracy in the house.
That is why Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru rightly point out:-
“If education is given to woman than it would lead to education of
home, society and world at large.”
Great social reformer has given foremost importance to female literacy
for the simple reason that the mother is the primary teacher of the child.
Healthy growth of the physical and mental capabilities of the children is in the
hands of the mother. Good citizens are assets to the country. So it goes
without saying that to awaken the people it is the women who should be
awakened first and they should be trained to play an effective role in all walks
of life, because women have played and important role in each and every
aspect of life. They have there contribution in the field of education, literature,
medicine, religious, economic activities, social activities, defence
forces,
journalism, mountaineering and rock climbing, printing, embroidery, textile
designing, film industry, hotel industry, architecture, administration and art,
apart from their contribution in domestic field.
•
WHAT IS EMPOWERMENT?
Empowerment is a very broad term encompassing all type of
empowerment such as education economic, social, political, legal
psychological and cultural empowerment of women. The world declaration in
world conference in 1990 laid emphasis on “education of all lays stress on
universalising access and promoting equity the two issues which are vital to
empowerment of women”.
The process of women empowerment is thus concerned with changing
the power relations between individuals and groups in the society and
involves awareness raising building of self confidence, expansion of choice,
involvement in decision making and increased access to and control over
resources unless they themselves become conscious of the oppression met
out to them and show initiative both to push forward. It can create an
opportunity to change their status much. Some of the empowerment could be
identified as follows* Literacy and higher education.
* Better health care for herself.
* Higher age of marriage.
* Greater work participation in modernized sector
* Necessary financial and service support for self employment.
* Opportunities for higher position of power.
* Complete knowledge of her rights and above all.
* Self-reliance, self respect and dignity of being women.
Empowerment is envisaged as an aid to help women to achieve
equality with men or, at least, to reduce gender gap considerably.
Empowerment would enable women to perform certain social roles which they
can not perform without it. This would mean helping women to their
constitutional and legal right of equality. Though men and women are
declared to be equal before the law and though discrimination on the basis of
sex is forbidden by the constitution. It is common knowledge that women are
still at disadvantage in many areas of life. Indeed, one could even say that the
position of women in India has not improved much since the enactment of the
constitution when it comes to the issue of gender justice.
•
A LOOK AT
WOMEN EDUCATION SCENARIO
If one analyses, the women’s education scenario, one would find that
women’s education is an area cluttered with contradictory complexes,
opposing theories and tremendous emotions in brief: 1. On the one hand, India has large mass of people either disinterested
in or the problem of higher education for women; on the other hand,
enlightened women alone express deep concern about the problem.
2. The area of higher education for women is at crossroads between
intellectual rationality and social conservatism. It is often emotional
and ends in negativism.
3. Some people believe that education can not be different for males and
females. Hence, men and women should have the same curriculum
content. But there is another school of thought who believes that there
are inherent difference between girls and boys. Therefore the content
of education should also be different. How ever, there is consensus of
the common general objectives of higher education, namely, character
formation, personality development, increasing employability
competence and inculcation of civic sense.
1.14
CURRENT STATUS OF WOMEN IN HIGHER
EDUCATION
The growth in number of women students in higher education since
independence has been phenomenal. While women constituted only 9.3
percent of all students in institutions of the higher education on the eve of
independence, the percentage of women students enrolled in all colleges and
universities was 34.1in 1995-96.
The pace of growth has been particularly faster in last two decades, of
so. The number of women enrolled per hundred men registered a four fold
increase during the period from 1950-51 to 1995-96.
Noteworthy factor of the general increase in the number of girls student
in higher education is uniformity in there enrolment at all levels of education.
Faculty wise Arts stream account for the highest, followed by commerce,
science, education, law, Engineering and Technology.
The number of women colleges in the country has recorded a
substantial increase. It increases from 780 in 1986-87 to 1146 in 1995-96. It is
significant that the university grant commission has a programme for
promoting women’s studies where in it gives assistance to universities for
setting up centres / cells for women studies. As on 31st march UGC had
provided assistance to 33 universities and colleges for setting up sport
centres/cells.
At the times of independence in 1947 we had only 20 universities and
500 colleges. The number of student and teacher in higher education system
was very small at the beginning of 1996-97 we have 209 universities and
there are tremendous increase in the number of colleges. i.e. from 500 to
9278 in which the number of Women College are 1146.
The latest annual report of the ministry of Human resources
Development proclaim that: women’s education has always been a priority
area and NEE envisages the entire education system to work for women’s
education and empowerment. It has been emphasized that gender concerns
must be built into all education process. Emphasis has been laid on enrolment
and retention of the girl child in formal and non formal schooling, recruitment
of rural women as teachers and removal of gender bias in the curriculum.
One aspect of unequal relations of society, the world over and in our
country, is the disadvantaged and marginalized position of women and girls in
education, fifty percent of the population; in higher education they from only
about 34 percent in graduate and post graduate studies and 26.6 per cent in
diploma and certificate courses.
The issue is even more of social justice and gender equality. One of
the main reasons of the majority of the girls not being able to take up higher
education is the week base, i. e. at the school stage, particularly in the rural
areas. Added to this are economic deprivation, lack of motivation and strong
patriarchal attitude against girl’s education.
The number of women universities in the country is five. Though a very
small number, still they could take a lead in this matter in association with the
UGC and the women study centres. They could specifically examine the issue
and recommend to the government and the corporate sector the needs of girl
students, desiring and deserving, and to at least render financial and
motivational assistance and to those who go in for higher education.
The NCW would eagerly look forward to the recommendations so that
we could also take up the issue in appropriate manner with concerned
authorities to augment the enrolment of girls’ students, retain them in the
stream for the full term and help them to opt for a career of their choice and
beneficial to the society.
Education is one of the sub themes of UN world bodies on women
paragraph 163 of forward looking strategies states that education is the bar is
for the full promotion and improvement of the status of the women. It is the
basic tool that should be given to women in order to fulfil their role as full
member of society. The world declaration on education for all was adopted in
1990 at joint in Thailand. It was recognized by all than education is the basic
right to every one. The 1995 world education report reveals that the major
anomaly which persists in both the developing and developed country is one
of the gender biases.
Though women stay in the longer in the academic in many of the
developed countries, they do not pursue science course equally with men. It is
a psychological and cultural bias which prevents women from pursuing
careers in science and industry.
The progress made by women is also encouraged by government by
providing facilities but access to these facilities is hindered due to cultural
conditioning. The most obvious progress has been made in the field of
education and literacy as more and more women are going into new
professions and literacy rates for women are also going up although they
remain lower the literacy rate for men. A UNESCO report published in
November 2006 says the gender disparity in access to schooling still exists in
54 countries but it also says that in many countries more girls were found at
secondary school level then boys. In India efforts at popularizing female
education started during the British period and since independence they have
been intensified and gradually women are breaking all men with ease. The
national education policy of 1986 stresses wider women’s access to
vocational, technical and professional at all levels and includes “education for
women’s equality”. It includes all the steps that have to be taken to make
women self confident and capable of thinking and deciding independently. It
also encourages women’s studies as a critical input to promote better
understanding of women‘s contribution to society. Women’s illiteracy is the
main reason for their lower status and their difference. Steps have to be taken
in removing the illiteracy. In the end, women alone can change their position
and power you must take it as a very true statement and its high time women
understood it. Women will have to use all methods and means available to
achieve the equality.
1.2 STATEMENT OF PROBLEM
Researcher decided to study on the role of education on women
empowerment for that some variables were selected. The problem was:
“A comparative study of under graduate student on role of education on
women empowerment”
1.3 IMPORTANCE OF THE STUDY
Every study has its own importance. The importance of this study
is as follows:
1. By this study, we will be able to know the role of education on women
empowerment of Arts, Commerce and Home science students.
2. Form this study, over all development of rural and urban women could be
known.
3. From this study, overall development of joint and nuclear family students
could be known.
4. From this study, the role of education on political, social, economic, cultural
and psychological empowerment could be known.
5. Further studies can be done based on this study.
1.4 OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY
The aim of this study is to focus on role of education on under
graduate student on women empowerment. Objective of study are as under:
1. To evaluate the importance for empowerment of women.
2. To clarify the concept of empowerment of women. Its various
components and aspects such as political, Social, economic, cultural
and psychological empowerment.
3. Comparative study of respondents from joint and nuclear family.
4. Comparative study of respondents from urban & rural.
5. Comparative study of respondents from Home Science and Arts.
6. Comparative study of respondents from Home Science and
Commerce.
7. Comparative study of respondents from Arts and Commerce.
8. Comparative study of respondents from Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and
Surendranagar.
1.5 JUSTIFICATION OF THE STUDY
This study is an attempt to examine the concept of empowerment
of women in the wider context.
The study of women empowerment will definitely help us to
understand the importance of education in a life of a woman as a normal
human being. This study will strongly impact on the education about the under
graduate women for their own empowerment. It will help them to understand
the importance of empowerment and to find the reasons,
“why
they
need empowerment?”
As we know the women of Gujarat are not conscious about their
education. So, we can say that the empowerment of women assumes great
significance in Gujarat, particularly in Saurashtra. So, I choose the colleges
which are affiliated to Saurashtra University
Empowerment is envisaged as an aid to help women to achieve
equality with men or at least to reduce gender gap considerably.
Empowerment would enable women to perform certain social roles which they
can not perform without it. In the Indian situation, this would mean helping
women to enjoy their constitutional and legal rights to equality. Women
empowerment also increases the ratio of political equality, which includes not
only the equal rights to franchise but also the more important rights to gain
access to the formal institutionalized centres of power. It is offen strongly
argued that education is a powerful tool in the empowerment of women
Economic independence or self generated income is considered as the major
means of empowerment of women. Thus, the prevailing value system has put
so many hurdles on the path to women’s equality through economic
empowerment.
From the fore going description, it will be clear that empowerment
of women is a complicated and uphill task, to a large extent, women’s
empowerment will be at the expense of the power that larger sense, men will
gain and not loose by the sharing of power with women.
This study will help to achieve women’s equality and ensure
honorable co-existence of women with men in socity. A new movement in this
direction is the need of the hour.
As we know Empowerment is not a studded thing, it is the process,
by which a human being, particularly women, grows, develops and becomes
increasingly well adjusted in a changing society. Empowerment provides and
also increases the experiences of women that enable them from desirable
habits, broaden mental vision, deepen understanding, skills to face & solve
problems and higher level of mental strength and confidence.
“Empowerment is the only
instrument to achieve ideals!”
The four major colleges of Gujarat particularly of Saurashtra are
selected and under graduate students are selected as respondents for
analysis. The Home science, Arts & Commerce girl’s students of Jamnagar,
Morbi, Rajkot & Surendranagar were selected as respondents. The college
going girls are mostly around sixteen to twenty year which is the most
important period of life of a human being, particularly of women, during this
stage the foundation stones of one’s life and personality are laid thus this is
the right time to be empowered a woman.
1.6 HYPOTHESIS OF THE STUDY
In research hypothesis should be decided first. Hypothesis is the base
of the research. Following hypothesis were decided.
1)
There will be no significant difference between urban and rural
respondents regarding women empowerment.
2)
There will be no significant difference between nuclear and joint family
respondents regarding women empowerment.
3)
There will be no significant difference between home science, arts and
commerce respondents regarding women empowerment.
4)
There will be no significant difference between home science
respondents of Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar city
regarding women empowerment.
5)
There will be no significant difference between arts respondents of
Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar city regarding women
empowerment.
6)
There will be no significant difference between commerce respondents
of Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar city regarding women
empowerment.
7)
There will be no significant difference between urban respondents of
Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar city regarding women
empowerment.
8)
There will be no significant difference between rural respondents of
Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar city regarding women
empowerment.
9)
There will be no significant difference between nuclear family
respondents of Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar city
regarding women empowerment.
10)
There will be no significant difference between joint family respondents
of Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar city regarding women
empowerment.
11)
There will be no significant difference between urban and rural
respondents regarding political empowerment.
12)
There will be no significant difference between nuclear and joint family
respondents regarding political empowerment.
13)
There will be no significant difference between home science, arts and
commerce respondents regarding political empowerment.
14)
There will be no significant difference between home science
respondents of Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar city
regarding political empowerment.
15)
There will be no significant difference between arts respondents of
Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar city regarding political
empowerment.
16)
There will be no significant difference between commerce respondents
of Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar city regarding political
empowerment.
17)
There will be no significant difference between urban respondents of
Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar city regarding political
empowerment.
18)
There will be no significant difference between rural respondents of
Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar city regarding political
empowerment.
19)
There will be no significant difference between nuclear family
respondents of Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar city
regarding political empowerment.
20)
There will be no significant difference between joint family respondents
of Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar city regarding political
empowerment.
21)
There will be no significant difference between urban and rural
respondents regarding social empowerment.
22)
There will be no significant difference between nuclear and joint family
respondents regarding social empowerment.
23)
There will be no significant difference between home science, arts and
commerce respondents regarding social empowerment.
There will be no significant difference between home science
respondents of Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar city
regarding social empowerment.
24)
25)
There will be no significant difference between arts respondents of
Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar city regarding social
empowerment.
26)
There will be no significant difference between commerce respondents
of Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar city regarding social
empowerment.
27)
There will be no significant difference between urban respondents of
Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar city regarding social
empowerment.
28)
There will be no significant difference between rural respondents of
Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar city regarding social
empowerment.
29)
There will be no significant difference between nuclear family
respondents of Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar city
regarding social empowerment.
30)
There will be no significant difference between joint family respondents
of Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar city regarding social
empowerment.
31)
There will be no significant difference between urban and rural
respondents regarding economic empowerment.
32)
There will be no significant difference between nuclear and joint family
respondents regarding economic empowerment.
33)
There will be no significant difference between home science, arts and
commerce respondents regarding economic empowerment.
34)
There will be no significant difference between home science
respondents of Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar city
regarding economic empowerment.
35)
There will be no significant difference between arts respondents of
Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar city regarding economic
empowerment.
36)
There will be no significant difference between commerce respondents
of Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar city regarding
economic empowerment.
There will be no significant difference between urban respondents of
Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar city regarding economic
empowerment.
37)
38)
There will be no significant difference between rural respondents of
Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar city regarding economic
empowerment.
39)
There will be no significant difference between nuclear family
respondents of Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar city
regarding economic empowerment.
40)
There will be no significant difference between joint family respondents
of Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar city regarding
economic empowerment.
41)
There will be no significant difference between urban and rural
respondents regarding cultural empowerment.
42)
There will be no significant difference between nuclear and joint family
respondents regarding cultural empowerment.
43)
There will be no significant difference between home science, arts and
commerce respondents regarding cultural empowerment.
44)
There will be no significant difference between home science
respondents of Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar city
regarding cultural empowerment.
45)
There will be no significant difference between arts respondents of
Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar city regarding cultural
empowerment.
46)
There will be no significant difference between commerce respondents
of Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar city regarding cultural
empowerment.
47)
There will be no significant difference between urban respondents of
Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar city regarding cultural
empowerment.
48)
There will be no significant difference between rural respondents of
Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar city regarding cultural
empowerment.
49)
There will be no significant difference between nuclear family
respondents of Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar city
regarding cultural empowerment.
There will be no significant difference between joint family respondents
of Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar city regarding cultural
empowerment.
50)
51)
There will be no significant difference between urban and rural
respondents regarding psychological empowerment.
52)
There will be no significant difference between nuclear and joint family
respondents regarding psychological empowerment.
53)
There will be no significant difference between home science, arts and
commerce respondents regarding psychological empowerment.
54)
There will be no significant difference between home science
respondents of Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar city
regarding psychological empowerment.
55)
There will be no significant difference between arts respondents of
Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar city regarding
psychological empowerment.
56)
There will be no significant difference between commerce respondents
of Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar city regarding
psychological empowerment.
57)
There will be no significant difference between urban respondents of
Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar city regarding
psychological empowerment.
58)
There will be no significant difference between rural respondents of
Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar city regarding
psychological empowerment.
59)
There will be no significant difference between nuclear family
respondents of Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar city
regarding psychological empowerment.
60)
There will be no significant difference between joint family respondents
of Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar city regarding
psychological empowerment.
61)
There will be no significant difference between urban and rural
respondents of Jamnagar regarding women empowerment.
62)
There will be no significant difference between nuclear and joint family
respondents of Jamnagar regarding women empowerment.
63)
There will be no significant difference between home science, arts and
commerce respondents of Jamnagar regarding women empowerment.
64)
There will be no significant difference between home science, arts and
commerce respondents of Jamnagar regarding political empowerment.
65)
There will be no significant difference between home science, arts and
commerce respondents of Jamnagar regarding social empowerment.
66)
There will be no significant difference between home science, arts and
commerce
respondents
of
Jamnagar
regarding
economic
empowerment.
67)
There will be no significant difference between home science, arts and
commerce respondents of Jamnagar regarding cultural empowerment.
68)
There will be no significant difference between home science, arts and
commerce respondents of Jamnagar regarding psychological
empowerment.
69)
There will be no significant difference between urban and rural
respondents of Jamnagar regarding political empowerment.
70)
There will be no significant difference between urban and rural
respondents of Jamnagar regarding social empowerment.
71)
There will be no significant difference between urban and rural
respondents of Jamnagar regarding economic empowerment.
72)
There will be no significant difference between urban and rural
respondents of Jamnagar regarding cultural empowerment.
73)
There will be no significant difference between urban and rural
respondents of Jamnagar regarding psychological empowerment.
74)
There will be no significant difference between nuclear and joint family
respondents of Jamnagar regarding political empowerment.
75)
There will be no significant difference between nuclear and joint family
respondents of Jamnagar regarding social empowerment.
76)
There will be no significant difference between nuclear and joint family
respondents of Jamnagar regarding economic empowerment.
77)
There will be no significant difference between nuclear and joint family
respondents of Jamnagar regarding cultural empowerment.
78)
There will be no significant difference between nuclear and joint family
respondents of Jamnagar regarding psychological empowerment.
79)
There will be no significant difference between urban and rural
respondents of Morbi regarding women empowerment.
There will be no significant difference between nuclear and joint family
respondents of Morbi regarding women empowerment.
80)
81)
There will be no significant difference between home science, arts and
commerce respondents of Morbi regarding women empowerment.
82)
There will be no significant difference between home science, arts and
commerce respondents of Morbi regarding political empowerment.
83)
There will be no significant difference between home science, arts and
commerce respondents of Morbi regarding social empowerment.
84)
There will be no significant difference between home science, arts and
commerce respondents of Morbi regarding economic empowerment.
85)
There will be no significant difference between home science, arts and
commerce respondents of Morbi regarding cultural empowerment.
86)
There will be no significant difference between home science, arts and
commerce
respondents
of
Morbi
regarding
psychological
empowerment.
87)
There will be no significant difference between urban and rural
respondents of Morbi regarding political empowerment.
88)
There will be no significant difference between urban and rural
respondents of Morbi regarding social empowerment.
89)
There will be no significant difference between urban and rural
respondents of Morbi regarding economic empowerment.
90)
There will be no significant difference between urban and rural
respondents of Morbi regarding cultural empowerment.
91)
There will be no significant difference between urban and rural
respondents of Morbi regarding psychological empowerment.
92)
There will be no significant difference between nuclear and joint family
respondents of Morbi regarding political empowerment.
93)
There will be no significant difference between nuclear and joint family
respondents of Morbi regarding social empowerment.
94)
There will be no significant difference between nuclear and joint family
respondents of Morbi regarding economic empowerment.
95)
There will be no significant difference between nuclear and joint family
respondents of Morbi regarding cultural empowerment.
96)
There will be no significant difference between nuclear and joint family
respondents of Morbi regarding psychological empowerment.
97)
There will be no significant difference between urban and rural
respondents of Rajkot regarding women empowerment.
98)
There will be no significant difference between nuclear and joint family
respondents of Rajkot regarding women empowerment.
99)
There will be no significant difference between home science, arts and
commerce respondents of Rajkot regarding women empowerment.
100)
There will be no significant difference between home science, arts and
commerce respondents of Rajkot regarding political empowerment.
101)
There will be no significant difference between home science, arts and
commerce respondents of Rajkot regarding social empowerment.
102)
There will be no significant difference between home science, arts and
commerce respondents of Rajkot regarding economic empowerment.
103)
There will be no significant difference between home science, arts and
commerce respondents of Rajkot regarding cultural empowerment.
104)
There will be no significant difference between home science, arts and
commerce
respondents
of
Rajkot
regarding
psychological
empowerment.
105)
There will be no significant difference between urban and rural
respondents of Rajkot regarding political empowerment.
106)
There will be no significant difference between urban and rural
respondents of Rajkot regarding social empowerment.
107)
There will be no significant difference between urban and rural
respondents of Rajkot regarding economic empowerment.
108)
There will be no significant difference between urban and rural
respondents of Rajkot regarding cultural empowerment.
109)
There will be no significant difference between urban and rural
respondents of Rajkot regarding psychological empowerment.
110)
There will be no significant difference between nuclear and joint family
respondents of Rajkot regarding political empowerment.
111)
There will be no significant difference between nuclear and joint family
respondents of Rajkot regarding social empowerment.
112)
There will be no significant difference between nuclear and joint family
respondents of Rajkot regarding economic empowerment.
113)
There will be no significant difference between nuclear and joint family
respondents of Rajkot regarding cultural empowerment.
114)
There will be no significant difference between nuclear and joint family
respondents of Rajkot regarding psychological empowerment.
115)
There will be no significant difference between urban and rural
respondents of Surendranagar regarding women empowerment.
116)
There will be no significant difference between nuclear and joint family
respondents of Surendranagar regarding women empowerment.
117)
There will be no significant difference between home science, arts and
commerce respondents of Surendranagar regarding women
empowerment.
118)
There will be no significant difference between home science, arts and
commerce respondents of Surendranagar regarding political
empowerment.
119)
There will be no significant difference between home science, arts and
commerce respondents of Surendranagar regarding social
empowerment.
120)
There will be no significant difference between home science, arts and
commerce respondents of Surendranagar regarding economic
empowerment.
121)
There will be no significant difference between home science, arts and
commerce respondents of Surendranagar regarding cultural
empowerment.
122)
There will be no significant difference between home science, arts and
commerce respondents of Surendranagar regarding psychological
empowerment.
123)
There will be no significant difference between urban and rural
respondents of Surendranagar regarding political empowerment.
124)
There will be no significant difference between urban and rural
respondents of Surendranagar regarding social empowerment.
125)
There will be no significant difference between urban and rural
respondents of Surendranagar regarding economic empowerment.
126)
There will be no significant difference between urban and rural
respondents of Surendranagar regarding cultural empowerment.
There will be no significant difference between urban and rural
respondents of Surendranagar regarding psychological empowerment.
127)
128)
There will be no significant difference between nuclear and joint family
respondents of Surendranagar regarding political empowerment.
129)
There will be no significant difference between nuclear and joint family
respondents of Surendranagar regarding social empowerment.
130)
There will be no significant difference between nuclear and joint family
respondents of Surendranagar regarding economic empowerment.
131)
There will be no significant difference between nuclear and joint family
respondents of Surendranagar regarding cultural empowerment.
132)
There will be no significant difference between nuclear and joint family
respondents of Surendranagar regarding psychological empowerment.
1.7 TERMS OF TITLE
Students: One who is enrolled or attends classes at a school, college or
university. In present study one who attends class of final year of arts,
commerce and home science degree courses are defined as students.
Education: Means the teaching or learning of skills, values and knowledge.
Here education in terms of arts, commerce and home science.
Under Graduate: A college or university students who has not yet received
a bachelor’s or similar degree. In present study students who have applied for
bachelor degree of arts. Commerce and Home science are defined as under
graduate.
Empowerment:
Means to make able to do the work. Here overall
development of the students which make them able to compete in this world
by all means.
Home Science respondents:
home science.
Students studying in third year of B. Sc.
Arts respondents: Students studying in third year of arts faculty
Commerce respondents: Students studying in third year of commerce
faculty.
Rural: Respondents living outside taluka or district area.
Urban: Respondents living in city or Taluka or District area.
Joint Family: Respondents who lives in joint family having grandparents.
Nuclear family: Respondents who lives in nuclear family with their own
Parents only.
1.8 CHAPTERIZATION
In this chapter the introduction of the study has been given. Objective
and hypothesis has been listed.
Chapter-2 Review of part literature:
In this chapter studies related to the role of education on women
empowerment has been given.
Chapter-3 Research design:
In this chapter how research work was done and the design of research work
has been given.
Chapter-4 Results:
In this chapter data collected, tabulation & test applied has been given. The
data has been interpreted.
Chapter-5 Summary and discussion:
In this chapter the observations and calculations was discussed. The
conclusion regarding significance & difference between variables has been
discussed. Suggestion for further studies was mentioned.
CHAPTER – 2
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
2.1
INTRODUCTION
2.2
IMPORTANTCE OF REVIEW OF LITERATURE
2.3
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
2.31
STUDIES ON WOMEN EMPOWERMENT
2.32
BENEFITS OF EDUCATION FOR WOMEN
2.33
EDUCATION AND DEVELOPMENT OF WOMEN
2.34
NEED FOR EMPOWERMENT OF FEMALE
2.35
EMPOWERMENT OF WOMEN ON GOING
APPROACHES & STRATEGIES
2.36
STUDIES ON POLITICAL EMPOWERMENT OF WOMEN
2.37
STUDIES ON SOCIAL EMPOWERMENT OF WOMEN
2.38
STUDIES ON ECONOMIC EMPOWERMENT OF WOMEN
2.39
STUDIES ON LEGAL EMPOWERMENT OF WOMEN
2.40
STUDIES ON CULTURAL EMPOWERMENT OF WOMEN
2.41
STUDIES ON PSYCHOLOGICAL EMPOWERMENT OF WOMEN
CHAPTER – 2
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
2.1
INTRODUCTION
‘There isn’t single country in the world-not one-where men and
women enjoy completely equal opportunity… that is why we must
change attitudes and policies. The aim must be to give each and every
human being greater freedom to make choices about their own lives....’
-Gro Harlem Brundtland
World Conference on Women, Beijing, 2006
When researcher select the topic, one should go through the studies
done in past. As such researches on the role of education on women
empowerment was not done before but there are few studies regarding
education & empowerment
2.2
IMPORTANTCE OF REVIEW OF LITERATURE
The study of referred literature on previously made studies or research
will give you correct direction to your study or research. The study helps in
planning your project.
As per Walter R. Brog.
“The literature in any field form a foundation upon which all the future
work will be built”
The study of referred literature provides scientific and logic support to
the study being undertaken. The study provides various bottleneck on the
subject on which the student can add and develops suitable means and
methodology and move further his work. The referred literature provides ideal
guidance to plan the study being carried out by the student.
2.3 REVIEW OF LITERATURE
2.31 Studies on women empowerment
The empowerment of women is one of the central issues in the process
of development of countries all over the world. The International Women’s
Day celebrated on 8th march every year has become a day of demonstration
for equal opportunity and solidarity. But the question arises how relevant is
celebration of Women’s Day in view of the fact that their position in the society
has not changed much. They are still treated as the ‘weaker sex’ who needs
to be protected entire life-be it by her father, husband or son. The ‘New Age
Women’ and the ‘Women of Substance’ in true terms are just words in books.
Women constitute about half of the total population of country but they
suffer from many disadvantages as compared to men in terms of literacy
rates, labour participation rates earnings. Social, economic and political
28
empowerment is the need of the day, as it is one only surest way of making
women “equal partners in development”. The process of women
empowerment is conceptualized in terms of personal assertions, self-esteem
and confidence, ability to protect themselves as women attaining sociopolitical participation and economic independence, ownership of productive
assets and provide leadership in women.
The Government has been implementing various schemes for the
socio-economic advancement and development of women in the country. The
‘National Policy for Empowerment of women’ was adopted in 2001 with the
objective of ensuring women their rightful place in society by empowering
them as agents of socio-economic change and development.
‘Empowerment of women’, is therefore, an important approach adopted
in the Tenth Five Year Plan (2002-2007) for development of women. Two
important schemes in the areas of education viz ‘Sarv- Shiksha Abhiyan’ and
‘Mahila Samakhya’ are being implemented by department of Elementary
Education and Literacy. A number of other schemes include Swyamsidhs,
Swashakti, Rashtriya Mahila Kosh, Swawalamban, and support to trainingcum-Employment Programme (STEP), Swadhar, and Hostel for working
women.
Women as a group of the human community their status, role and
problems have been an important issue of debates among the intellectuals
from pretty time.
Writers, thinkers, researchers and discoveries say that the first female
made the transition from an ape to a human erectus who stood on her ‘Two
Feet’ and they named her ‘Lucy’ and she is the first female. I understand
judeo, Christian and Islamic religions teach us that ‘Adam and Eve’ the first
from whom we all emerged. It is said that women is the indispensable for
human being as air and water are essential for living on this earth. Then why
throughout history and in many societies including India gender inequality is
part and parcel of an accepted male dominated culture.
Women and men are different in four manners. They think and act
differently in some given conditions. Men are egoist, arrogant, assertive and
dominate. Men and women have their specific areas of strengths and
weaknesses but understanding is the mandatory. If they understand each
other they can have better relationship. But from the long time, the women on
this earth were treated as a sort of thing. Her place in this society was not like
other human being. She has no rights even she cannot move nor does
anything at her will. In Hindu Shasta’s, she has been branded just like
animals. ‘Great poet of Hindi-“Tulsi Das” said in Ramayan ‘Dhol, Ganwar,
Shudra, Pashu, Naari-Ye Sab Tadan Ke Adhikari’, according to this
statement one can easily understand that what status has been granted to our
mothers. There is not only one example; we have many examples of this type.
Just see, another example of women’s status-Mahabharata
“Draupadi” was reduced to the status of a bitch, as she was the wife of
29
Five Pandwas. She was not only the wife of Five Pandwas, she put at
stake in gambling by none else than the so-called Dharmraj
Yudhishthar!
One more example-in Manusmriti women were treated as animals and
slave. Such was the placement earmarked to our daughters, sisters, wives,
mothers and grandmothers that the heads of humanity bend upon down with
shame. As Swami Vivekananda said, “There is no chance for the welfare of
the world unless the condition of women is improved. It is not possible for a
bird to fly on one wing”.
Our society has never been reluctant to accept female politicians at the
power centre. India has respected women leaders like-Sarojini Naidu, Indira
Gandhi.Mamta Banerji, Sheila Dikshit, Jayalalitha, Sushma Swaraj to
name a few. The year 2020 will no doubt see more women politicians at the
helm of affairs and our experts are confident that women will make a better
administrator, and she will clean up the mess created by men.
2.32 Benefits of education for women:
Education as a means to promote development in social &
economic condition
According to Dreze and Sen, education has five intrinsic values for
improving social and economic conditions in Third World countries, both
benefits for communities and societies, as well as individual social benefits.
First of all education gives personal benefits for the individual in terms
of self-confidence leading to motivation and interests in society. Social
interactions are easier when persons are capable of reading a newspaper
about social and political issues in the community and the rest of the World.
Secondly, education gives access to a wider range of job opportunities
and in general enables persons to take advantage of economic opportunities
and to participate in local politics.
Thirdly, a higher literacy rate facilitates public debates and demands for
health care, social security and other needs. Public discussions enable people
to hold politicians accountable for their promises of improvements in the social
service sector. Information on ones society provides better possibilities for
utilizing the service system.
Fourthly, education indirectly prevents child labour, to the extent that
implementation of legislation of basic education for all children, force parents
to send their children to school which again gives less time for labour.
Entering school broadens horizons for young people. This means that
meeting other children and young people could result in new ideas of different
opportunities in the future.
The fifth effect of education and literacy enables oppressed groups in a
society to become politically organized. Being a larger group makes it easier
30
to insist on ones rights and demands concerning social and politically issues.
An organized group achieves visibility in the society and is harder to oppress.
The ability to resist operation not only concerns disadvantaged groups in
society, but education does also have positive effects within families when
girls are being educated (Dreze & Sen. 2002).
Political and economic spheres has been gender-blind, but in the late
1970s this respective changed. In 1979 “Fertility and Education: What do we
really know?” was published by Cochrane. A large number of studies and
research concerning this subject followed, and concluded the existence of a
high correlation between women’s schooling level and a decline in infant
mortality and fertility rates. Women who had completed basic education were
able to make use of health facilities and service for their children and had a
higher interest in sending their children to school (Dighe 1998). 1990 was
proclaimed to be the international literacy year; by the UN. The focus on
education for women continued during the 1990s and results of different
researches showed that investment in this area gave the highest “output”
(compared to earlier development investments focusing primarily on
production and industrial growth) both at socio-economic, cultural and political
levels.
Before the mid 1970s people occupied with development issues has
paid little attributed from women (Fink 1992). Educating women also result in
economic benefits. In Africa, for example, 46% of the agricultural workforce is
female. Educating these women will increase productivity, enabling them to
contribute to the protection of the environment and preservation of water and
energy will increase economic growth markedly. Investment in education for
girls and women has, according to Shultz, been one of the factors why
Southeast Asia, East Asia and Latin America have a significant progress in
social and economic growth. Conversely, growth has for instance in Middle
East and North Africa been of limited scale which according to Schultz is one
of the consequences of a lacking investment in the education of girls and
women (Schultz 2001:2008) economic analysis on wage returns shows a
lower fertility rate and infant mortality and a higher GNP per capital and life
expectancy when a larger number of girls are enrolled in primary education.
Furthermore does a study of countries with equity of about 100% enrolment
rate at primary level, show higher GNP and lower fertility rates when more
girls are enrolled in secondary education. This indicates the necessity of
educating women at secondary level as well, since it not only gives a higher
personal freedom as Dreze and Sen Mention. But it also affects children, as
well as the rest of the society in a positive way.
2.33 Education and development of women
“In order to awaken the people, it is the women who have to be
awakened. Once she is on the move, the household moves, the village moves
and the country moves: and through the women, its children are brought into
the picture and given the opportunity of a healthier life and better training.
Thus, through the children of today we build the India tomorrow.”
31
-Pt. Nehru
Traditionally, women are more backward in every respect in our society
comparatively than men. Women’s education is an instrument for liberation
not only of women but of the Indian society as whole. During the last three
decades, planning of the socially, educationally and economically
disadvantaged groups has been accelerated in India. It is only in the last
decade beginning with the International Women’s Year in 1975 followed by
the attention of planners in India has been specially focused on women.
The history of mankind reveals that there was a time when it was not
essential for everyone to learn, or to read and write. The life was so simple
and the activities of a person were confined to his small village community
and that of women were limited to their respective families only. With the
passage of time, the complexity of life also increased. Now activity of the
people is no more confined to the boundaries of their communities/families but
has tremendously grown in the recent century. The scientific Knowledge and
technology have entered the sphere of our day-to-day life-and-culture. But in
this process women are backward. Very few of them are getting the minimum
fruits of present development of our country. But the major portion of the poor
section, both urban and rural areas, are completely deprived of it, more
particularly the women in rural areas, and though it is not denied that till now
our Indian society is completely male-dominated, women are exploited,
oppressed and deprived in every sphere of life whether socially, economically,
politically or culturally. But if we read the history of social change in India we
will observe that the position of women today is not as equal as with the
position of women in ancient period it was. Once it was time when the position
of women in our society was very high, especially in Vedic period the
educational status of women were almost equal to men. For example, we can
say about Gargi, Maitreyi, Lilavati, etc. Even if we go back little more we learn
that once it was time when women were the heads of the families. But in
course of time women became the prisoners of our walls in the little home
among their family members, especially to serve the men. But society cannot
stand for ever in a particular place. So again, women are coming out of their
small cottages to serve themselves for the greater interest of the society. Still
there are some obstacles regarding their coming out from home for the
society which prevents them to participate in Nation’s development.
1. Women and education
The lack of education is the main cause for which women are the
sufferer, more than men. The lack of education means the lack of selfreliance, self-confidence for which women are not able to come out of their
problems. So educating a woman means educating a family. That’s why our
great social scientist Swamiji said, “Educate your women first and leave them
to themselves, then they will tell you what reforms are necessary for them”.
As per one estimate, about 850 million people in the world are
illiterates. Out of these, about 50 percent are in India alone. But if we take
illiteracy rate among women the situation becomes more alarming. Four out of
five women in this country are illiterates that mean they are denied the
32
benefits of modern knowledge, improvement of functional skills and
behavioral changes towards modernization. No doubt that there has been a
tendency towards literacy in post- Independence era, but women to a large
extent have been ignored. Consequently, a considerable majority of the
women particularly from rural areas continue to be either illiterate or semiliterate. It means women are not given due opportunities in order to enable
them to take the benefit of the modern technology.
2. Women and law
Illiteracy creates a barrier to the realization of constitutional goals of
social justice and equality of status of opportunity between men and women.
After Independence various laws were enacted to ensure equality, social
justice and fraternity, enshrined in the preamble of the Constitution. Under
Indian Constitution every citizen enjoys safeguard against exploitation and
various measures have been taken to ensure the protection and equal
opportunity to women. But the noble ideals enshrined in the Constitution are
hardly followed in practice.
They are not aware about the various programmes of social-welfare
and development which is actually meant for their improvement. Policies to
extend educational opportunities (both formal and non-formal) to women have
failed to bridge the knowledge gap between men and women which was
emphasized as the main task by the National Committee on Women’s
Education in 1958. So it is recognized that without education women cannot
make themselves liberated out of their problems and unless women are
developed in a country the nation cannot develop as a whole with men alone.
Different Development Programme for Women:
After Independence major emphasis was placed on different
development projects for rural and urban areas including special programmes
for women. So, many programmes for women have been planned and also
implemented such as ‘Functional literacy for women’. In ‘Integrated child
development services programmes were lamented with the aims and
objectives to educate women as follows:
(1)
Making women more conscious of the right and responsibilities, the
implications of the laws governing women’s status in society and developing
and understanding about the various manifest and concealed ways which
cause women’s oppression:
(2)
Assisting women to achieve economic viability through acquisition of
literacy and other necessary skills and resources:
(3)
Providing women access to knowledge in areas like health, child care,
nutrition and family planning:
(4)
Assisting women to form their own groups for learning and productive
activity, and strengthening their participation in the developmental process.
To reach these aims and objectives, sufficient preparations have been
made such as human resource (who will work for them?) planning and
33
management (how will work?) need based curriculum (what kind of content
areas should be covered?), sufficient teaching, and learning materials,
appropriate methodology, proper training, monitoring and evaluation etc.
Well, all the ideas above-mentioned are very good. But what do the
result says after implementing those programmes up to this? What do the
statistics say? – Not absolutely, but a very few number of participants are
getting the benefits of development and the rest major portion is out of it. Now
the question simply arises that- What are the obstacles in the way of women’s
lives to get education for coming out of their problems? Various factors are
responsible for the low education development of women. These factors can
be grouped under the categories namely, economic, social and others.
3. Economic factors
Studies have revealed that “Women carry two-thirds of the total work
load in the country and receive not more than 10% of the total wages, out of
which they probably do not get even 1% for their own use. An important
reason for the low participation of girls in education among the disadvantaged
sections of the population is that girls from a very early age begin to take care
of their younger siblings and to house-hold work to relieve their parents to go
out for work. Such girls indirectly generate income.
Again, although no school fees may be charged, certain items like
books, stationary and uniform entail costs which poor family would be
unwilling to incur for sending their daughters to school. If the girls can directly
earn some income, for example, as a domestic servant, the income forgone
by her, if she is sent to school, is an additional cost which the family may not
be prepared to meet. Further, when resources are limited and education has
to compete for resources with various other sectors of the economy, women’s
education will find it even more difficult to get adequate resources and
attention from planners who are generally men with not very favorable attitude
forwards women’s education.
Social factors: This plays an important role in inhibiting the
participation of women in education. Early marriage, frequent pregnancy,
affects the enrolment rates of girls in education. Most important, however, is
the attitude towards girls which is widely prevalent, especially among the poor
and in rural areas. The role of girls is restricted and considered to be useful
both by the parents and the community (amongst whom education has not
made much progress) and hence, the low participation of girls in education.
On the other hand, as boys are regarded as belonging to the world of work,
their education is encouraged. Again women are regarded to be passive and
pliant units in social system which confers on them a subordinate status
(unfortunately, women themselves accept such an attitude as being culturally
conditioned for it) and their education is feared as it may make the women
question such a system: hence, the negative attitude towards education of
women.
Due to our cultural and social heritage parents are often reluctant to
send their daughters to boys’ schools, especially for girls (though the
34
percentage of such institutions is very few in numbers) inhibit their
participation in education. The lack of women teacher and instructress
similarly hinders the progress and do not suit girls in rural areas as they are
required for work either at home or in rural areas as they required for work
higher at home or in fields at the same time: hence, their low participation in
school education. The unattractive school environment, especially in mixed
schools, lack of physical facilities for sitting in class and the discriminating
attitudes of teachers towards girls, etc., also adversely affect the participation
of girls in education. Where schools are located at a distance from the home,
especially also inhibits the participation of girls in education. There are some
more other factors for which women are not able to participate in education .If
we list, it would be a long history, but I do not want to go far, the abovementioned are enough. Any how these are the barriers for which most of the
women are not getting proper education and to their ignorance till now, after
40 years of Independence women are not independent. They are not free
from male domination. They are sufferers of social evils and prejudices like
cruel dowry system, caste system, etc. They have no economic
independence, - working a lot for the family (especially household work) and
getting nothing. Here it is also said that among poor unorganized sector
women are economically exploited more than men. In rural areas in the fields
for the same works female workers get fewer wages than male workers. Also
politically women are exploited. The equal right and protection for both men
and women already mentioned in our Constitution are not applicable in
practical life. And culturally, how they are not oppressed? There is only one
answer according to Paulo Freire, - “The culture of silence”- to have patience
to tolerate all the exploitations done by the others.
What should be the remedial measures to promote women’s education
to come out of their problems: Suggestions for educational improvement of
women: The measures to promote women’s education will have to take into
consideration the factors which inhibit the participation of women in the formal
education system. Many of these measures have already been adopted in
certain places, but in most cases partially have less impact. The measures
need to be adopted uniformly and in a big way. The measures being
suggested are as follows:
•
•
•
Education for girls up to the secondary stage should be made
free in all parts of the country. Besides, incentives like free
supply of books, stationery, uniforms, mid-day meals,
attendance- scholarships and stipends should be provided at
least to the 50% (instead of the mere 20% at present) of the girls
who hail from the poorer sections of society. Such measures
would reduce the economic constraints which stand in the way
of greater participation of girls in education.
Separate schools for girls should be established wherever there
is a demand for them. However, the same standards and
courses should be made available in such schools as in mixed
schools.
More women teachers should be employed and special facilities
should be provided to attract them especially to the rural areas,
35
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
for instance, they could be given free accommodation, special
allowance, etc. where women teachers are still not available, at
least school matrons should be appointed to look after the girls
students.
The school environment should be made more attractive so that
girls’ participation in the educational system is greater than at
present. Adequate physical facilities like proper seats in the
class, separate toilets, and suitable extra-curricular activities and
games should be made available, in the school for girls and
especially in mixed schools
The time schedule of the schools should be made flexible so
that girls can attend classes when they are free from domestic
chores.
The common and relevant curriculum for boys and girls should
be introduced to have equal educational opportunity and later
equal job opportunity.
Child care centers of Balwadis as part of the elementary
education system are necessary to keep the siblings (for whom
the girls are able to attend classes in the schools).
Schools for girls should be set up at easy walking distance from
their homes. Where this is not possible, adequate arrangements
for free or cheap hostel facilities for girls should be provided.
Special campaigns should be launched to change people’s
attitude in favor of girl’s education. Such attitudinal changes are
more likely if the benefits of education for girls are obvious, for
instance, schools can provide education which is relevant to
their homes better in later life or would help them to enhance
their income for women will have to be generated which is by no
means an easy task.
Impart vocational or employment related knowledge and skills.
Considering the inadequacy of the educational needs of women
the importance of non-formal programmes cannot be overemphasized. However, the non-formal programmes available at
present tend to be as ineffectively utilized by women as the
formal education opportunities and the socio-economic factors
acting as barriers in both the cases are the same. Social
constraints affect women as covertly as school-age girls and the
whole value complex attached to the norm of house-bound
women limit women’s access to non-formal programmes. For
example, while women may work the whole day in the field, an
agricultural extension programmes would be directed only to
male farmers. Again, economic constraints loom large where
expenditure is involved or where paid leave facilities are not
provided to working women. Women with family responsibilities
are left with little time after the endless drudgery of household
chores to participate in educational programmes. Besides, there
are no infrastructural facilities like child care services and
domestic assistance to facilitate their participation.
While devising non-formal education programmes for women
care needs to be taken that these:
36
•
•
•
Enhance awareness:
Include literacy and numeracy as learning tools:
Offer general education related to knowledge and skill base
required for improving the quality of life:
And
For girls less than 15 years of age, essential general
education leading to the level reached after the completion of first cycle of the
formal system is required. They also need to be encouraged a great deal to
enter the formal education system. The content of education for such girls will
have to be derived directly from their real life situation and work activities so
that it is not divorced from reality as otherwise the non-formal system would
prove to be as ineffective as the unrealistic formal system.
For the age-group above 15 years, continuing education programmes
outside the formal system (e.g., literacy programmes, part-time secondary
and tertiary education, open universities, distance education through mass
media leading to certification and may offer an opportunity to reenter the
formal education system)need to be provided according to the educational
level already attained by them. Such women could complete their education
and to enter suitable occupations, or if already working, to advance in their
careers. The latter would also necessitate vocational training programmes,
those relating to health, family-life, nutrition, child care, home-management,
women’s rights, civil responsibilities, generation of awareness of the role of
women, whether working or not.
Mention may be made of the factors which would help in effective
utilization of various non-formal programmes. Many of them are common to
the formal education system.
There are:
•
•
•
•
•
•
Access to greater number of non-formal programmes with multiple
alternatives for learners to choose from, and provisions of or
subsidized programmes:
Provision of more employment opportunities.
Motivation schemes like paid leave and facilities as child care centers
to enable women to participate in the programmes:
Time and labor saving devices to simplify household work:
Support within the home including the concept of shared
responsibilities:
Maximum utilization of existing infrastructure, e.g., formal school
buildings for providing non-formal education. Some of these factors
have far-reaching implications and are by no means easy to ensure. In
all non-formal education programmes special attention should be given
to the needs of rural women who are the most disadvantaged, both
socially and economically.
There is an urgent need to give top priority to women’s education in the
coming years to ensure development with social justice in the country .The
problem of women’s development, therefore, calls for sincere, dedicated allout efforts from the whole of society, from planners, administrators,
37
philanthropists and social and educational workers. A movement for women’s
education in India will have to strike the very root of the parasitic system of
social inequalities in the country.
2.34 Need for empowerment of female
Of late the incidence of female headed households is on the increase.
In many developing countries vast changes are taking place at the elementary
level of ‘family’ mainly because of economic hardship suffered. The causes for
the rising incidence of female headship are varied. While marital breakdown
and preference for the status of unmarried mother are the major reasons as
far as advanced countries are concerned, in the case of developing countries
widowhood and desertion are found to be the major reasons, the latter
especially among the low income group. Migration of men to urban areas in
search of wage employment is another important contributory phenomenon.
In the recent past autonomous movement of women in search of employment
is on the increase which causes female headship in urban areas. Based on
two different but complementary research perspectives viz. system oriented
perspective and the actor oriented perspective it is believed that increasing
number of women headed households is associated with economic
marginality.
The causes for concern on female headedness are many. Most female
heads live with severe financial constraints. Their work is often low paid and
menial. Most of them have no marketable skills because of poor education
and lack of training. They cannot be choosy in their employment but should
take up what they can procure which makes them vulnerable to exploitation
by their employers. The growing inequality between male headed and female
headed households is another cause for concern. The children who grow up
in such households suffer poverty from childhood which is unacceptable.
Hence the need for identification and empowerment of female heads of
households.
In order to remove the hardships suffered by the female heads the
government should come out with some realistic programmes. First of all
efforts should be made to identify female headed households. Once they are
identified the really deserving should be assisted with income generating
activities. Once again the sons of the female heads should not be offered jobs
since there is no guarantee that the widowed mothers will be taken care of
NGOs are already doing a good deal of service to the deserted women. But
the magnitude of the problem is so vast and so severe especially at the
destitute’ level that NGO activity alone will not suffice. Among the female
heads whoever are hale and healthy should be imparted some skill so as to
enable them to make a living out of it. But all above are easily said than done.
The financial requirements are quite heavy. But now the time has come for
identification of such female headed households in view of their increasing
number and the growing inequality between female and male headed
households. At least a bread through should be made by including some
relevant questions in the existing census/NSS schedules. One round of NSS
should be completely devoted to the identification of female headed
38
households which may help policy planners devise appropriate alleviation
measures.
At the community level one important strategy of empowerment of
female heads is promotion of ‘self help group’. Due to scarce resources and
the problem of identification of female heads the government may not be very
effective and in such a context the concerned target group should take care of
itself. In the intervention strategies of the voluntary sector ‘self help’ has
emerged as a new paradigm. Two important elements of this approach are
building upon what the rural poor have rather than what they lack and
facilitating and promoting their organizations. The underlying assumption
behind self help promotion is by ‘being reached the position of the poor is
weakened and not strengthened’ by merely ‘being reached’ the poor tend to
become dependent on development agencies and they are being forced to
accept the development process which is not of their own making. It does not
mean that the development agencies have no role to play. Instead of playing
a ‘supportive role’ they can play a ‘directive role’. ‘Self help’ implies
development of the bargaining power of the poor to the extent that outside
agencies cannot unilaterally impose their conditions and regulations upon the
rural poor as passive recipients. Thus either the NGOs can mobilize the poor
female heads and promote group employment schemes and collective action
for their social economic needs or the female heads themselves to organize
plan and execute programmes for their welfare. Such self help promotion
strategies are likely to be more effective and realistic than the programmes
passed on by outside development agencies. Such self-help organizations
could also bring pressure on the government to identify appreciates the
problems and extends help to female heads of house household.
The government and voluntary organizations may at the most provide
employment opportunity to reduce the economic vulnerability of female heads.
But the attitudinal change has to come about in the minds of people towards
the treatment of widows/separated and this could be done only through
persistent education of people on this issue through press, visual media
meetings etc. The secondary status accorded to women should be done away
with both at the attitudinal and practical levels. Since women heads of
households are not one homogeneous group they should be classified as dejure and de-facto in each socio-economic category for evolving suitable policy
measures. In view of the rising incidence of female headed household’s
empowerment of such female heads is an urgent necessity warranting
immediate action by governmental and non-governmental organizations.
2.35 Empowerment of women on going Approaches and strategies
Women empowerment is fast emerging as an important slogan for the
1990s. This slogan is gradually being integrated with that of participation,
advanced so vociferously by many in the late 1970s and 1980s, with the
accent of development progress becoming people centred and equitably
distributed. As a result, women’s subordinate position has been recognized
and the need to improve their “status” beyond the traditional sphere became a
39
significant step forward in the rhetoric of international development. It was
also recognized that there is a need for equal participation of women and men
in every sphere of national life for the purpose of national development and
also for the better standard of living.
Gender equality represented by fairer opportunities for women and
better access to education, childcare, credit and employment contribute to
their development. It is also recognized that investing in women’s capabilities
and empowering them to achieve their choices is the surest way to contribute
to economic growth and overact development of the nation. The goals and
commitments of the recent series of global summits provide a powerful new
framework and many concrete specifics for concerted action. The Cairo
Conference was a challenge to the world to accept that if we are to deal with
population issues in a truly serious and meaningful way, it requires the
emancipation and empowerment of women.
As a result, in India, women were recognized as a separate target
group after 1980, and the government began to direct its effort towards
mainstreaming of women into the national developmental process. Their
major approaches were adopted one after the other by the government
towards the development of women viz., the welfare approach, the antipoverty approach and the equity/equality approach. While the welfares
approach laid stress on the importance of women’s pates as wives and
mothers and careers of family welfare the anti-poverty approach was built on
two strategies – need for recognizing women’s participation to family income
paid and unpaid works. There was full effort to mobilize poor women and give
them economic support through income generating projects and co-operative
functioning. The equity/equality approach focuses on women’s actual
productive contribution rather than looking at it from the traditional role as
wives and mothers. The aim in this approach is to ensure women’s rightful
and equal position in society through direct programmes that would enhance
women’s activities in both the household as well as market spheres. Thus
began the strategy for the empowerment of women in India.
Some
as follows:
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
of the empowerment mechanisms in India could be identified
Literacy and higher education;
Better health care for herself and her children;
Higher age at marriage;
Greater work participation in modernized sector;
Necessary financial and service support for self-employment;
Opportunities for higher positions of power;
Complete knowledge of her rights; and above all
Self-reliance, self-respect and dignity of being a woman.
The Constitution of India made a deliberate radical departure from the
inherited social system, by granting to women equal social and political status.
Constitutional equal status meant that every adult female, whatever her social
position, or accomplishments had the opportunity to function as a citizen and
individual partner in the task of nation building. With the exception of cultural
40
empowerment of women, the following aspects of women empowerment are
given importance such as, full participation of women in democracy (political
empowerment); the education of girls (social empowerment); the eradication
of gender barriers in employment (economic empowerment); and land rights
and legal machinery (legal empowerment). Let us now analyze each aspect of
empowerment of women in detail.
2.36 Studies on Political empowerment of women
The political empowerment of women is one of the most important
aspects in the overall empowerment of women for it gives women the capacity
to influence the decision-making process. The political empowerment of
women in India has made considerable strides with only 4.4 percent women
being represented in the first Parliament of 1952-57 to 7.4 percent in the
election of 1996. Women’s representation in the Rajya-Sabha has however,
shown greater improvement, having increased from 7.7 percent in 1952 to
15.5 percent in 1991. Besides the 33 percent reservation of seats for women
in the Panchayati Raj institutions is certainly a revolutionary step towards
empowerment of rural women. The Seventy-third and Seventy-fourth
Constitutional Amendments paved the way for the emergence of about one
million women as leaders and decision-makers in the rural and urban elected
bodies. Of these, 75000 will be Chairpersons in rural areas. This will really
empower women politically at the grass-roots level in a revolutionary fashion
and it will enable them to take interest at the local level to energize and
improve the situation of women in areas like health, education and
employment, which essential to their basic existence, This will also train them
for further political assertions in the form of Members of State Legislatures
and Parliament. As a result of the system of periodical elections, woman even
in remote rural areas of the country are now familiar with the elections though
not with their mystique.
Despite their vast numerical strength, women occupy a marginalized
position in society because of several socio-economic constraints. This has
inhibited effective participation of women in political processes and the
institutional structure of democracy. Even after five decades of the grant of
political equality, statistics have over the years revealed that while there is an
acceptable visible manifestation of gender quality at the voter level, gender
visibility within the power structures show cause for woman concern.
According to the document on Women’s Development (1985), women’s role in
political structure had virtually remained unchanged, despite the rapid growth
of informal political activity by them.
In general the women candidates have to cross three hurdles before
they could aspire to enter the formal political structures - (a) they should be
willing to stand for elections, (b) they should be judged suitable by the party
electorate which is the “gate-keeper of power and (c) they have to be voter
friendly. Besides, broad-based political participation of women has been
severely limited due to the nexus of traditional factors such as considerations
of caste religion and feudal and family status. Farther, the political parties do
not favour the nomination of women candidates, although the political parties
41
do have a Women’s wing, few women have access to the inner ring of the
party. This is the core of the power structure. This is true of the Indian political
system as well. Majority of the women; are illiterate not politically conscious
due to the lack of information and political awareness and they make their
choice on the basis of suggestions from male members of the family. As a
result, women were left on the periphery of political process.
However, with the Panchayati Raj institutions getting Constitutional
status by way of the Seventy-third Amendment Act, it is hoped that the
women will have greater participation in the political process and decisionmaking capacity as the Act made such a role mandatory and universal in the
whole of India. But, it must be remembered that a change cannot be brought
about overnight. Women have been subjected to exploitation forages and this
cannot break free of all the shackles of illiteracy, poverty and tradition at one
stroke. Even today, most of the women are uneducated, have little or no
property and Live in a tradition-bound society. In such a case, the politically
powerful can make them contest elections for their own political gains.
Another problem is that women, especially in rural areas, would not come
forward to fight the elections. In case, they do come forward, it would be along
the patriarchal whip, under the command and guidance of the males, as
proxies and signing or stamping on the dotted lines. But it is a fact that a
breakthrough has been made.
Gender as a political ideology view, women a basically
different from men-psychologically, physiologically and often intellectually.
Women’s perception of life is a web. Man’s is that of a ladder. Women
emphasize stress attachment, affiliation, empathy and interdependence. Men
emphasize competition, independence, separation and formal rights.
Combined with the first-past the winning post-theory, an inherent weakness of
the democratic electoral process, the visibility issue gets further compounded
(Shanti, K2006)
Gender empowerment strategies under these circumstances require
structural systemic change and basic attitudinal and value change. The real
empowerment of women requires a thorough going renewal of the political
process on a democratic basis. Unless women are equipped with the
necessary skill in political decision-making, their increased representation in
the local bodies may not alter the existing set up. It is, therefore necessary to
sensitize the women in the women’s perspective, not in the narrow feminist
sense, but in the sense of honourable co-existence with men for this will
enable women to exercise their “will” and advance towards their complete
emancipation. This, of course, requires sensitizing men as well, as they are
currently the holders of power. Besides the success of the Panchayati Raj
institutions largely depends on the collective participation, they are at a take
off point, where the basic indicators are positive and the women who will be
elected in the election have a challenging and an operas task ahead. And,
thus there is a need to extend greater affirmative action from the Panchayati
level, to the state and national level and political conscious raising and
supportive action by women’s organization at the voter level to enhance selfpotency and political efficacy. If these measures are followed, political
42
participation of women will open up new vistas of development, which will
automatically result in the real political empowerment of women in the society.
2.37 Studies on Social Empowerment of women
We are convinced that women’s empowerment and their full
participation on the basic of equality in all spheres of society, including
participation in the decision-making process and access to power, are
fundamental for the achievement of equality, development and peace.
- Beijing Declaration, 2006
In this section an attempt is made to analyses the wise scope for
women empowerment. Empowerment of women has relevance in all the
walks of line. The areas of women empowerment can be demarcated
conveniently into political, social, economic, cultural and psychological. Social
empowerment deals with empowerment at the level of family, community and
at personal level which includes psychological and physical health of women.
Other areas include religion, literature, arts, media, history, legislation, human
rights and social movements.
1. Social Empowerment of women at the level of family
Family is the first agency to create discrimination and gender injustice.
Domestic empowerment is concerned with freedom and autonomy of women
in the family or in the households; both at parental as well as in in-laws’
houses. There are several traditions and customs related to dressing up, food
habits, space for movements etc. that are discriminatory. And domestic
empowerment envisages ensuring equality for women in domestic life.
Empowerment in the domestic field deals with socialization at home,
succession, inheritance, the issue of domestic and social space, mobility,
status and role at home, and so on.
Social space for women is very restricted in Indian context. The
friendship circle of girls especially in rural areas is very limited. Mobility and
social interactions of rural women are governed by culture and traditions.
Seemanthini Niranjana (2006) remark that there is a relative lack of
theorization on the spatial basis of social life in the domains of sociology and
anthropology and a reluctance to conceptualist the body more fully in gender
studies. Seeking to rectify these tendencies, she provides accounts of the
domains and activities of women; describes cultural perceptions and
experiences of the female body; explores gender in the ritual realm; and
provides suggestions for formulating a basis for female agency within a
space-body matrix.
The physical space of the domestic world where women reside
provides an important clue to an understanding of their socio-economic
position in India. Space at the household which women usually occupy is very
limited and secluded. Even when they take up the yoke of the domestic
responsibilities, they are rather invisible at their households. The expansion of
physical space of the household for women is an important concern of her
domestic empowerment. She is no longer the subdued daughter in law,
43
seldom heard or seen, but a more vocal and visible wife and mother with
greater share in decision making in the family.
In an extended family, daughter-in-law occupies relatively low status
compared to other women of the household. Her appearance, mobility,
freedom, and communication are restricted at in laws’ house. The status of a
daughter-in-law does not become better until she becomes a mother-in-law.
Only with the attainment of the position of mother-in-low did women attain a
position of respect in the joint family. The joint family discouraged public
participation of women because the greater authority of older women
prevented younger women from breaking out of traditionally approved female
behavior patterns. Divorce is considered a taboo in our society and a divorced
woman looked upon with displeasure and disapproval.
The socio-economic empowerment of women in the family in reality is
the urgent need of hour. This seems to be the best way to stop the
degeneration of the society and to bring real harmony, happiness, progress,
prosperity and peace in the world. It is a very complex phenomenon and
needs multi-dimensional, multi-pronged and multi-disciplined handling. What
women do and are expected to do vary, of course, with economy, climate,
political or religious ideologies and cultures, but there is throughout the world
a core of common tasks which women everywhere are required to perform.
These include housework like, cooking, cleaning and sweeping, care of small
children and so on. In addition providing these services, a rural woman is also
responsible for the household production of food, care of herds, etc. Moreover
often rural women spend her time fetching water and fuel. Division of labor by
gender is most often evident. More than any other concept, the concept of
equal sharing of household and family work is universal goal of the women’s
movement. (Balasubramahnyam, 2005)
Chirita Benerji (2007) weaves a warm, evocative tapestry out of
memories of food, ritual and women’s lives in Bengal. She writes about
growing up from girlhood to womanhood in her native land, food and ritual
become intimate experiences, which definitively shape day-to-day life for the
women of that culture. Food and cuisine are nothing simple to Bengal; they
are essential to the Indian mental and cultural landscape. Like in agricultural
communities the world over, food and ritual, food and social custom, food and
culture, are deeply imprecated. Women’s lives are closely associated with the
production and preparation of food. Certain foods are ‘forbidden’ which Indian
windows cannot eat. Association of food with status is clear.
Education: Equal access to education for women and girls will be
ensured. Special measures will be taken to eliminate discrimination,
universalize education, eradicate illiteracy, create a gender-sensitive
educational system, increase enrolment and retention rates of girls and
improve the quality of education to facilitate life-long learning as well as
development of occupation/vocation/technical skills by women. Reducing the
gender gap in secondary and higher education would be a focus area.
Sectoral time targets in existing policies will be achieved, with a special focus
on girls and women, particularly those belonging to weaker sections including
44
the Scheduled Castes/Minorities. Gender sensitive curricula would be
developed at all levels of educational system in order to address sex
stereotyping as one of the causes of gender discrimination.
Health: A holistic approach to women’s health which includes both
nutrition and health services will be adopted and special attention will be given
to the needs of women and the girl at all stages of the life cycle. The reduction
of infant mortality and maternal mortality, which are sensitive indicators of
human development, is a priority concern. This policy reiterates the national
demographic goals for Infant Mortality Rate (IMR), Maternal Mortality Rate
(MMR) set out in the National Population policy 2004.
Nutrition: In view of the high risk of malnutrition and disease that women
face at all the three critical stages VIZ., infancy and childhood, adolescent and
reproductive phase, focused attention would be paid to meeting the nutritional
needs of women at all stages of the life cycle. This is also important in view of
the critical link between the health of adolescent girls, pregnant and lactating
women with the health of infant and young children. Special efforts will be
made to tackle the problem of macro and micro nutrient deficiencies
especially amongst pregnant lactating women as it leads to various diseases
and disabilities.
Science and Technology: Programs will be strengthened to bring about a
greater involvement of women in science and technology. These will include
measures to motivate girls to take up science and technology for higher
education and also ensure that development projects with scientific and
technical inputs involve women fully. Efforts to develop a scientific temper and
awareness will also be stepped up. Special measures would be taken for their
training in areas where they have special skills like communication and
information technology. Effort to develop appropriate technologies suited to
women’s needs as well as to reduce their drudgery will be given a special
focus too.
Violence against women: All forms of violence against women, physical
and mental, at domestic or societal levels, including those arising from
customs, traditions or accepted practices shall be dealt with effectively with a
view to eliminate its incidence. Institutions and mechanisms/schemes for
assistance will be created and strengthened for prevention of such violence,
including sexual harassment at work place and customs like dowry; for the
rehabilitation of the victims of violence and for taking effective action against
the perpetrators of such violence. A special emphasis will also be laid on
programmes and measures to deal with trafficking in women and girls.
It is often argued that education is powerful tool in the emancipation and
empowerment of women indeed the different co members of the United
Nations (e.g. UNICEF) and experts in women’s development argue for
women’s education as the basic status in women’s quality. It has been
reported as a crucial factor for development of women as it not only helps
women to gain knowledge which is the necessary courage an inner strength
to face the challenges. It will also enable them to procure a job and supreme
45
the income of the family and achieve social status. Education, especially of
women, has a major impact on health and nutrition, and is the key of
developing a sustainable strategy for population control. Moreover, educated
women could play an equally important role as men in nation building. Thus
there is no denying the fact that education empowers women.
One of the recommendations of the National policy on Education
(1986) by the Government of India is to promote “empowerment” of women
through the agency of education and it is considered to be a landmark in the
approach to women’s education. The national Literacy Mission is another step
towards eradication of illiteracy in the age group of 15 – 35 years by the year
1995. Women’s education has assumed special significance in the content of
planed development as education was included in the Sixth Five Year Plan as
a major programme for the development of women. The internalization of
elementary education, enrolment and retention of girls in the schools,
promotion of Balwadis and crèches, increasing the number of girls’ hostels,
women’s polytechnics and multipurpose institutions and adult education
programmes were some of the steps taken to boost women’s education. This
is being done with the hope that once illiteracy is removed, other avenues of
development get opened automatically.
In spite of these appreciable momentums much headway has not been
made till date and women’s education has always been an enigma in India for
several reasons. In the year 1901, the status of women’s education was
deplorable since it was less than 1 percent. In 1981, women’s literacy was
24.83 percent. The 2001 Census report indicates that literacy among women
is 54 percent. Almost a century has gone and in spite of best efforts India had
achieved only 50 percent literacy among women. There are better educational
facilities for women in big cities and towns. But the growth of women’s
education in rural areas is very slow. In general, majority of the women is still
illiterate, weak, backward and exploited.
Education for a long time was dissociated from the idea of nation
building. Its main aim was considered to be transmission of the accumulated
wealth of knowledge, impart classical values and to build the character of the
individual. It was not viewed as a contributory factor to the development of the
nation as we understand it today. Though the aim of education has changed,
the perception of women’s education is still backward. A girl child from her
childhood is socialized to be a good sister, good wife and good mother and
not for a challenging career. She is constantly reminded that her role is limited
to home and home management. Even in those families where girl children
are given higher education they are encouraged to take up humanities and
social sciences and not sciences, medicine or engineering. Though the trend
is changing it is very slow.
It is indisputable that education enables a woman to gain more
knowledge about the world outside of her hearth and home, helps her to get
status, positive self-confidence. Even so, these attributes will remain personal
to her and cannot be transferred to her sex. The fact that education by itself
will not contribute to social status of women has been shown by the
46
population Crisis Committee’s (USA) data sheet, which shows that many
countries which have high scores on education of women are low on social
status of women (HDR,1990). In Kerala, the very high rate of female literacy
has not increased the social status of its women commensurately, True, there
have been a general all-round development in Kerala women, especially in
their quality of life, level of white collar employment, expectation of life,
maternal rates control of birth but, in other fields, the women of Kerala are
more insecure today than before. Wife burning, dowry death and crimes
against women which, were unheard of a few decades ago have now
become a general feature like in the rest of India.21 Certainly, by itself
education will not be able to deliver the goods unless it fosters new values –
values which expose the inequities against women and which espouse
gender justice.
There is a need for encouraging more women to participate in
vocational, technical and professional education. Women’s education should
be treated as a special priority in all Programmes of development. The
government can open more places in schools for girls, lessen the financial
burdens of education for women, reform curricula and education system, in
order to encourage girls to formulate non-traditional career goals and
centralize the educational system to greater equivalence of educational
experiences for girls. Education for women must be practical and well adapted
in their needs, especially in relation to health nutrition and legal right.
2.38 Studies on Economic Empowerment of women
Poverty Eradication: Since women comprise the majority of the
population below the poverty line and are very often in situations of extreme
poverty, given the harsh realities of intra-household and social discrimination,
macroeconomic policies and poverty eradication programmes will specifically
address the needs and problems of such women. There will be improved
implementation of programmes which are already women oriented with
special targets for women. Steps will be taken for mobilization of poor women
and convergence of services, by offering them a range of economic and social
options, along with necessary support measures to enhance their capabilities
Women and Economy: Women’s perspectives will be included in
designing and implementing macro-economic and social policies by
institutionalizing their participation in such processes. Their contribution to
socio-economic development as producers and workers will be recognized in
the formal and informal sectors (including home based workers) and
appropriate policies relating to employment and to her working conditions will
drawn up. Such measures could include:
Reinterpretation and redefinition of conventional concepts of work
wherever necessary is needed e.g. in the Census records, to reflect women’s
contribution as producers and workers. Preparation of satellite and national
accounts Development of appropriate methodologies for undertaking both.
Women and Agriculture: In view of the critical role of women in the
agriculture and allied sectors, as producers, concentrated efforts will be made
47
to ensure that benefits of training, various extension programmes will reach
them in proportion to their numbers. The programmes for training women in
soil conservations, social forestry, dairy development and other occupations
allied to agriculture like horticulture, livestock including small animal
husbandry, poultry, fisheries etc. will be expanded to benefit women workers
in the agriculture sector.
Women and Industry: The important role played by women in
electronics, information technology and food processing and agro industry
and textiles has been crucial to the development of these sectors. They would
be given comprehensive support in terms of labor legislation, social security
and other support services to participate in various industrial sectors.
Women at present cannot work in night shift in factories even if they
wish to. Suitable measures will be taken to enable women to work on the
night shift in factories. This will be accompanied with support services for
security, transportation etc.
Economic and Social development of a country can only be meaningful
when women are in the main stream of progress. It is possible through
economic empowerment of women. The main objectives to empower women
are to create large scale awareness with the active participation of women.
Empowerment of women in any society may be judged through parameters
like employment scenario, education, women’s liberation and women law.
Economic empowerment of women by enabling institutionalisation
through organisation of self Help Groups, Mahila Mandals, focussing on credit
and thrift activities, related to meeting social financial needs and investments
for initiating micro enterprises. While facilitating financial and institutional
development for initiating economic activities, capacity building for income
generation through training in various skills and trades identified as suitable
and with potential for sustainability in the project area would be initiated. The
concept of economic empowerment does not only address poverty alleviation
as it also reaches out to the empowerment of women by bringing incomes in
the hands of women. There by promoting decision making independent of
men in incurring expenditures.
‘BUSINESS TODAY’ in its special issue March 12, 2008 list 25 most
powerful women in Indian Business Companies are monitoring the gender
equation and proactively hiring women.
Figher-2.1 Showing Type of Work
48
Business Today, March-2008
BlueCollar, 26
Nonworking,
52
White
Collar, 22
Source: Business Today, March 12, 2008
The 25 most powerful women in Indian Business2007 – 2008
1. Vineeta Bali
CEO, Britannia Industries
2. Vedika Bhandarkar MD, J.P. Morgan INDIA
3. Shobhna Bhartia
Vice Chairman, HT media
4. Elaben Bhatt
Founder, SEWA
5. Neelam Dhavan
M.D. Microsoft, India
6. Manish Girotra
M.D.UBS Securities
7. Lalita Gupte
Jt. M.D. ICICI Bank
8. Ekta Kapoor
Creative Officer Balaji Telefilms
9. Renu S. Karnad
Executive Director, HDFC
10. Chanda Kochhar
E.D. ICICI Bank
11. Naina Lal Kidwai
Deputy C.E.O., HSBC
12. Punita Lal
E.D. (Marketing) PEPSI
13. Kiran M. Shaw
M.D.Biocon
14. Zia Mody
Partner AZB Partners
15. Kalpna Morparia
DMD ICICI BANK
16. Falguni Nayar
MD, Kotak Mahindra Cap.
17. Amrita Patel
Chairperson NODB
18. Swati Piramal
Direc. Strategic Alliances and Comm.
19. Madhabi P.Buch
Sr.Gen. Mgr. ICICI BANK
20. Reunuka Ramnath CEO, ICICI Venture
21. Radhika Roy
M.D. NDTV
22. Preeta Reddy
M.D. Apollo Hospital Group
23. Shikha Sharma
CEO, ICICI P.Life Insurance
24. Malika Srinivasan
Direc. Tractors & Farm-Equipments
25. Preeti Vyas Gianetti CEO, Vyas Gianetti - Creative
Indian women have contributed a lot in the field of business. There has
been a rapid growth of women entrepreneurs in other field like in the world of
fashion designers are women with their own labels.2/3 women entrepreneurs
are concern with health science, media and entertainment and banking.
Figure – 2.2 Showing Field of Work
49
2007-2008
Finance Banking
Media
Health Science
Auto
IT
NGO's
All Figures in %
Instead of this progress, if we go through a cursory glance on the
socio-economic status of ‘INDIAN RURAL WOMEN’ we find they are on the
same place from where they are not getting their rights. The Socio-economic
status of rural women is poor. She however busy in household/ domestic
work. They are struggling for survival. She is powerless, malnutrited, poor in
health, uneducated, unskilled. She has no right to live her life in her own way.
While women are guaranteed equality under the constitution, legal
protection has little effect in the face of prevailing patriarchal traditions.
Women lack power to decide who they will marry and are often married off as
children. Legal loopholes are used to deny women inheritance right.
We naturally require a change in mindset to allow economic partitions of
women in equal footing with men in society. Women need to move away to a
certain extent from the traditional roles of home-makers and child rearing to
more progressive roles where their economic contribution to society is
regarded in a positive light.
Approaches to economic Disempowerment of women
After the end of Second World War, welfare programmes to reconstruct
the European economy, was specifically targeted at the vulnerable groups.
They identified women as the main beneficiaries of these welfare
programmes. This development assistance effort had two approaches (1)
financial aid for economic growth, and (2) relief aid for socially deprived
groups. Now we are marching from welfare approach to women development
and empowerment approach. Our vocabulary is also changing along with our
approach.
There have been three approaches that seek to integrate women in
development process. They are Women in Development (WID), Women and
Development (WAD) and Gender and Development (GAD). There are five
factors in the WID approach. They are Welfare, Equity, Anti-poverty efforts,
Efficiency and Empowerment.
50
The Welfare approach is based on three assumptions. They are (1)
women are passive recipients of development, (2) motherhood is the most
important role for women in society, and (3) Child bearing is her significant
responsibility.
In the second half of 1970s, the Women and Development (WAD)
approach emerged as a critique of modernisation theory and WID approach. It
has its close base in the dependency theory. The focus was that women have
always been a part of the development process: therefore, integrating women
in development is a myth. It highlights the relationship between women and
development processes. The approach accepts women as important
economic actors in their societies. Women’s work in the public and private
domain is central to the maintenance of their social structures. It looks at the
nature of integration of women in development which sustains existing
international structures of inequality.
The Equity approach was introduced in the UN Decade for women. This
approach sees women as active participants in the development process who
through both their productive and reproductive role provide a critical
contribution to economic growth. This approach aims at reducing inequalities
between men and women in the division of labour. It acknowledges that
women must be brought into the development process through access to
employment and the market place. Anti-poverty programmes aim at
increasing productivity of poor women. It recognises the productive role of
women and their practical need to earn an income particularly through smallscale income generating projects. It meets the practical gender needs while
recognising her triple roles: reproductive, productive and community
management.
Gender and Development (GAD) came into existence in an alternative
to WID approach. It has a holistic approach by looking at all aspects of
women’s lives. It challenges the basic of assigning specific gender roles to
different sexes. It recognises women’s contribution inside and outside the
household non-commodity production. It rejects the public/private dichotomy.
It gives special attention to oppression to women in the family by entering the
so called ‘Private sphere” of the household. It emphasises the state’s duty to
provide social services in promoting women’s emancipation, Women have
been seen as agents of change rather than as passive recipients of
development assistance. This approach stresses the need for women to
organise themselves for more effective political voice and recognise that
patriarchy operates within and across classes to oppress women. It focuses
on strengthening women’s legal rights. It shows how necessary it is to
understand the ways in which unequal relationship between men and women
contribute to the exclusion of women in the development process.
GAD approach sees gender as a cross-cutting issue with relevance for
influencing all economic, social and political process. It aims to identify both
the practical gender needs of women such as healthcare, water supply,
education labour saving technologies and the strategic gender needs
51
ensuring increase in benefits and help to overcome structural constraints. The
strategic needs of women include the right to land ownership, access to loan
or active participation in decision making bodies. The World Bank in 1994
revised its earlier WID policy that tended to treat women as a special target
group of beneficiaries in projects and programmes and replaced it with a new
GAD policy which is based on the recognition that “investing in women is
central to sustainable development” and refers to its own studies indicating
strong economic arguments for investing in women. Today gender budgeting
and having gender friendly project is internal part of all development
programme.
The Empowerment approach, while recognising the fact that women’s
subordination lies in the family, emphasises the fact that women experience
oppression differently according to their race, class, colonial history and
current positions in international economic order. So women have to
challenge oppression at different levels simultaneously. This approach is well
articulated in the Development Alternatives for Women in India, which was a
formation of individual women and women’s groups that came into existence
before the 1999 Nairobi Conference. DAWN takes into account long term and
short-term strategies. Long term strategies are needed to break down the
structures of inequality between gender, classes and nations. The short-term
strategies are identified as necessary to provide ways of responding to the
current cries. The empowerment approach recognised the triple role of
women. It seeks through grassroots women organisation, to raise their
consciousness to challenge their subordination. Women activists reflect the
beneficiary for women. They prefer to use participants for them.
Another set three approaches to women’s empowerment is
presented by Savitri Bisnath (2001), VIZ; (1) integrated development; (2)
economic development; and (3) consciousness raising and organising among
women. These are not mutually exclusive categories, but they are useful for
distinguishing between the various causes of women’s powerlessness and
among the different interventions thought to lead to empowerment.
1. The integrated development approach interprets women’s
powerlessness to be a result of their greater poverty and lower access to
health care, education, and survival resources. Strategies deployed under this
approach aim to enhance women’s economic status through the provision of
services. This approach improves women’s everyday realities by assisting
them in meeting their survival and livelihood needs, i.e., their practical needs.
2. The economic development approach situates women’s economic
vulnerability at the centre of their powerlessness, and assumes that economic
empowerment positively impacts various aspects of women’s position as
workers through organising and providing them with access to support
services. Though this approach improves women’s economic position, she
notes that it is unclear that this change necessarily empowers them in other
dimensions of their lives.
3. The consciousness-raising and organising empowerment approach is
based on a complex understanding of gender relations and women’s status.
This method ascribes women’s powerlessness to the ideology and practice of
52
patriarchy and socio-economic inequality. Strategies focus on organising
women to recognise and challenge gender-and class-based discrimination in
all aspects of their lives. However, she posits that though successful in
enabling. Women to address their strategic needs, this approach may not be
as effective in assisting them to meet their immediate or practical needs
(www.unifem.org.).
In the practical field, the Economic development Approach can be further
classified into three approaches:
1. The financial self-sustainability paradigm (also called the financial
systems approach and the sustainability approach) has been promoted since
the mid-nineties by international institution such as DFID-UK, USAID, UNDP
and the World Bank. “The justifications for targeting women are in terms of
efficiency; Women are better re-payers and are an underutilised resource for
development”. This strategy aims to enable poor people to achieve financial
self-sustainability through access to micro-finance services with the
assumption that there will be accompanying poverty reduction and
empowerment effect. Empowerment is defined in individualist terms, such as
the “expansion of individual choice and capabilities for self-reliance”.
2. The poverty alleviation is part of an integrated poverty-targeted
community development programme. Its main focus is to develop sustainable
livelihoods and increase “well-being through integrated livelihood interventions
and social provision”, including literacy and health care. In terms of
empowerment, the underlying assumption is that addressing women’s
practical needs will enable them to address underlying inequalities.
3. The feminist empowerment paradigm situates micro-finance as an
important way to respond to the immediate practical needs of poor informal
sector women workers, and as part of a strategy for wider social and political
empowerment of women. “Gender subordination is seen as a complex, multidimensional and all-pervasive process, affecting all aspects of women’s lives
and embedded at many different mutually reinforcing levels: individual
consciousness, the household, work, legislation, state structures and
international economic and political systems. Support is provided for individual
women, and challenging inequalities at the macro-level” (www. Unifem. org.).
Economic independence of access self-generated income is
considered to be the major means of empowerment of women and, the
contribution of employment to the empowerment of women’s position is
largely contributed by the education and they enable women to move out of
their homes to an ideas, exchange their problems and evaluated their position
against men in many areas of social life. This would grow their position in
society and an urge to do something better employment of a women assures
her a better rewarding life and human relationship. The government has there
certain positive steps in full employment of women and payment of equal
remuneration to them. The Equal Remuneration Act, 1976 (India) was a major
step towards protective legislation and establishing the principles of equality,
as it provides for equal remuneration for women workers and prevention of
discrimination against women in the matter of employment. In addition to
enabling women on their own legs, the Government of India introduced a
number of women-oriented generations the recognition of national
53
responsibility the economic empowerment of women cannot be anything but
to the advantage of women.
But there seems to be a little link between the level of economic
development and women’s economic opportunities. There are some major
factors, which hinder gainful utilization of female labour force such as, general
antipathy towards women’s employment, responsibilities at home, traditional
forms of job discrimination, high male unemployment, women’s work and
earning being treated as subsidiary to that of man’s absence of facilities such
as cheap eating facility, childcare centre and safe transport. In India, the
labour force participation of women is very law. As per 1991 Census, the
percentage of women in the labour force was 22 against 52 percent for men.
Though women engage in a wider variety of occupations, they are
concentrated usually in the unorganized sector, at the lowest rung of the
ladder. Contribution through work in the domestic sectors remains
unrecorded.
The plight of working women has drawn attention of many welfare
institutions and women’s organization in the recent years. The panel
Document22 adopted at the Fourth World Conference on Women stated: “In
order to ensure women the right to work it is especially necessary to eliminate
unemployment and all forms of discrimination, enable them to have access to
every profession, ensure them to general and vocational training and to
eliminate illiteracy through the establishment of functional literacy.” This
statement is quite valid as we cannot view women’s economic participation is
related to a variety of variables, cultural values relating to the sexual division
of labour, women’s access to education and availability of jobs to women
should be taken care.
One of the major hurdles to the development of employment
opportunities for women is the lack of adequate training. Women should have
access to productive resources such as land, building, credit, housing and
skill training. Supporting service provisions would make women more
functional and productive by reducing their drudgery and provide them with
more time for employment. Programmes for women, consisting of skill
building and skill upgrading can be more fruitful for enhancing their economic
status, and make them to have a superior bargaining power as far as
employment is concerned. Therefore, it is crucial for raising the female
earning power to increase the effective demand for education, health and
family planning services, which are necessary for improving the status of
women to a great extent.
2.39 Studies on Legal Empowerment of women
Laws empower women. They provide legal redressed in cases where
conciliation fails. And, it is important machinery at all levels, as it has an ability
to sensitize women to fulfil their needs. The concept of gender equality was
accepted in principle by the great Indian political leaders of the twentieth
century. With the adoption of the Constitution in India, there has been a spate
of legislation to protect women and to give them an equal status, The
54
following legislations23 have been enacted which are women-specific and
women-related to protect women against social evils like child marriage Act of
1955, the Special Marriage Act of 1954, the Hindu Succession Act of 1956,
the Hindu Adoption and Maintenance Act of 1956, the Child Marriage
Restraint (Amendment) Act of 1976, the Factories Act of 1948, the Maternity
Benefits Act of 1961, the Equal Remuneration Act of 1976, the Medical
Termination of Pregnancy Act of 1971, the Dowry Prohibition Act of 1961, the
Immoral Traffic (prevention) Act of 1986, the establishment of family Courts in
1984 and the Amendments to Criminal Law in 1983. The Indecent
Representation of Women (Prohibition) Act of 1986 and the Commission of
Sati (Prevention) Act of 1987 have also been passed to protect the dignity of
women and prevent violence against them as well as their exploitation. The
State also imposes a fundamental duty on every citizen to renounce practices
derogatory to the dignity of women.
Legal rights of women in India are of very high order and in certain
respects more than what is available for women in other countries. But
seldom are these laws followed. Violations are the order of the day than
adherence to these laws. For instance, the Immoral Traffic Prevention Act
instead of protecting the women penalize her, the others serve to strengthen
the state by wasting more and more power with the enforcement machinery.
For many of the laws, which reinforce equality between men and women,
social acceptance is yet to come. Personal Laws are the laws, which govern
marriage, divorce, inheritance, succession and adoption. Personal Laws do
vary based on the religion practiced. The personal laws governing Hindus has
been codified and amended from time to time making it progressive and
comprehensive but not the Mohammedan Law. This has become a legal
problem for women of different religions as they are put to differential
treatment. As long as there are disparities in the law administered, based on
religion, Article 44 of the Constitution which states that the state shall
endeavour to secure the citizen a Uniform Civil Code remains a dead letter.
The law, which grants a decree for divorce must also secure for
women a measure of economic independence. The cruel treatment of women
in the hands of their husbands and their families is because of her total
dependence on man, be it father, husband of son. If things go well then there
is no problem but for those who are not so fortunate there must be a way out,
other than ending life. Moreover, if dowry harassment, wife battering and child
abuse took place in a non-domestic setting it would definitely give rise to legal
action of complaint but when set in the domestic arena even law enforcement
agencies are reluctant to interfere. Women lack the courage to start
proceedings especially when they want the marriage tie to continue. Besides,
“family” is the prime plays an important role in solving family disputes but their
coverage is inadequate. In spite of the fact that legal remedies are available
for women, many affected women do not resort to them in view of the time,
cost and social image constraints.
Another important area where law could be an important tool of
safeguard against exploitation of women is the law relating to wages for
workers in the informal sector. Women constitute 90 percent of the total
55
marginal workers. Despite having ratified Imitational Conventions as are
embodied by International Labour Organization (ILO) and having laws such as
the Minimum Wages Act, the Contract Labour Act, the Equal Remuneration
Act, etc. Poor implementation and enforcement has prevented women from
benefiting from these legal safeguards. Laws to protect women against
violence are proved inadequate as new forms of violence are coming to light
which point out that a totally new approach is needed to deal with the
situation. Therefore, there has to be a greater emphasis on creating
awareness amongst the law enforcement machinery on issues related to
human rights and social justice, which have been guaranteed by the Indian
Constitution in Indian women.
From the foregoing it is clear that legislation is an important instrument
towards social change, but experience has shown that statutory change alone
is not adequate. Moreover, legislation in itself has only a limited impact and
cannot be carried out in isolation. A change in social attitude is a must. Legal
equality without social or economic equality is meaningless and women have
been socially, morally, economically and physically exploited in the name of
tradition, religion or by social sanctions. This should come to an end. Women
have been defined by the sex and until this social attitude changes there will
be no change in the status of women. Besides awareness and knowledge of
women’s rights to equality has to be created not only among women but also
in the society at large. Moreover, women should become aware of their legal
rights and demand their unbiased implementation. In addition, women must
themselves be involved in a much bigger way in the judicial and the law
enforcement process as judicial officers, lawyers or police. The constitutional
vision of gender justice can be realized only by a set of multiple strategies
which include more affirmative action. Women’s movement therefore could
play a vital role in such a context and perhaps that could be the most effective
instrument in achieving the legal empowerment of women.
2.40 Studies on Cultural empowerment of women
The most basic factor which inhibited women from being empowered
till recently was the attitude of society towards a women’s role and her place
in society. These social values and attitudes get reflected in the education and
socialization of girls, and in the institutional arrangement of society.
Traditionally, a women’s reproductive role was considered as her primary role
and her role as producer secondary, unless as in the low-income classes,
economic necessity forced a women to support the family. Coupled with this
was the idealized image of the woman as the one who subordinated self to
the family.
Women were socialized into accepting these role definitions, and
expectations through stories from mythology, epics and folklore, which
glorified women who conformed to the ideal image. Thus, women were
conditioned to sacrifice their own goals and ambitions, deny themselves their
legitimate space and surrender any resources, which might have contributed
to their independence. They were told to always adjust, accept and
accommodate. This was hardly conducive to the development of self56
confidence, self-image and initiative or willingness
characteristics absolutely essential for empowerment.
to
take
risks,
These values and attitudes also meant that girls were often given less
education than boys, and even when girls were educated up to school or
beyond, the aspirations of the parents and even of the girls, themselves were
lower both as to educational attainments and future prospects. For a young
girl marriage and children were considered the only lifelong activity or to
secure a better husband, since husbands preferred educated wives.
These attitudes reflected too on the courses and curricula offered to
women, these were not designed to equip girls with specialized training for a
job or career. If employment was at all considered for a woman, it was seen
merely as a temporary occupation till marriage. This conditioned not only
women’s own aspirations but also judgment of their capacities, choice of
occupations and training. It also coloured the attitudes of all such as parents,
teachers, heads of schools and training institutions, employers and policy
makers.
From the foregoing it is clear that it is not enough if women empower
themselves through education, employment and participation in decisionmaking. There should be cultural empowerment of women. To make this a
reality, there should be social recognition, which requires attitudinal change.
Freedom is necessary for women. It does not mean breaking away from home
and tradition, but it means searching for one’s own identity and making the
people around her to accept her as a human person. Moreover, there is a
necessity of “conscious raising” of “awareness creation” for the achievement
of cultural empowerment of women. This can be done through powerful
means of communication, mobilization and organization of both men and
women by helping them to think about themselves, identify the oppressive
forces working against their improvement and enjoy a feeling of “oneness”
and identification with the rest of the members of their group. The mobilization
process could be successfully carried out by the non-governmental
organizations working for the development of women.
Thus creating awareness among women about their freedom is
invaluable. In addition, unless patriarchal values die and principles of justice
are enshrined in the minds of every individual in the society, it is impossible to
reap the fruits of empowerment of women.
2.41 Studies on Psychological Empowerment of women
Disaster Turned Opportunity
Women in Latur Rebuild Their Lives Although women here remain
as economically marginalised as they were before the disaster, these ten
years after the quake have seen a significant change in their collective
perception of themselves and their role as members of the community. This
psychological change can be counted as the most positive fall-out of the postquake projects, notwithstanding the many short comings in planning and
implementing resettlement work – by the community, by donor agencies like
57
the World Bank, by NGOs and by the government. It is a measure of the
assertiveness these women have developed that, during the tenth anniversary
observance at Latur on September 30,2003, one of the women felt
emboldened enough to question a State Minister in the middle of a public
meeting, demanding to know what the Government was doing about closing
liquor shops (because drunkenness leads to domestic violence). Ten years
ago, none of these women would have dared to question a minister.
Psychological empowerment, while essential and welcome, does not translate
into better availability of basic services – an example of this is the poor access
to health centres in the interior regions.
The special attention paid on the education of women and girls in
development policies, activities and projects arise out of the knowledge that
ensuring basic education for all, especially the education of women and girls
and achieving gender equality are important elements in promoting
development and advancement in people's life quality as well as a means to
empowering women themselves. Empowerment as the expansion of freedom
of choice and action is identified by the World Bank as one of the key
elements of poverty reduction and a primary development goal. The
promotion of women's empowerment as a development goal is based on a
dual argument: that gender equality is a crucial aspect of human welfare and
intrinsically worth pursuing and a means to other ends such as the promotion
of growth, reduction of poverty and promotion of better governance.
Home science aims at educating individuals in the art and science of
family living, improving services and goods and helping individuals and family
to meet the challenges of the process of modernization. The discipline of
home science is an applied science and drawn its principles from the basic
discipline of arts and science. The committee of American Home economics
Association (1959) has clarified this as: “Home economics synthesis
knowledge drawn from its own researches, from the physical, Biological and
social sciences and the arts and applies this knowledge to improve the lives of
families and individuals.” Still there are variations in the ideologies.
Home science is education for home living. The home and family are
the measuring yardsticks of any nation. They reflect the progress of the
country by catering to the physical, spiritual and emotional needs of life and
suitable environment for the growth of children and culture to citizens. It builds
characters, ensures happiness and influences the individual and the
community for better living citizenship, respect for others, contentment, health,
character, efficiency in work are all obtained through sound home making.
Since home science affects the very foundation of an individual’s life, home
science is education for living.
Home science is concerned and interested in effecting improvements
in home and family living. It influences the growth and development of family
members, through the knowledge of the environment in which they live. It
uses scientific method in solving daily problems. It is concerned with the
happenings in the world, and how they affect the family.
58
Home science in addition to giving education for home living, also
trains students for careers the greatest career is of course, home making and
bringing up happy families, there are other careers in the communities, such
as; teachers, extension workers, dieticians, and nursery school teachers.
However, it can be safely said that home science education focuses at
coordinating the scientific and practical knowledge drawn from different fields
to utilize it in a suitable way for the development welfare and happiness of
individual, family, community and nation at large.
So this study was undertaken to compare how home science, art &
commerce education is effective imparting empowerment to women. Though
empowerment is wide word & has so many dimension but if it can impart
nutrition, health, social, educational, management & house hold knowledge to
the students it could be helpful to them to become self confident & can lead to
empowerment.
59
CHAPTER – 3
RESEARCH DESIGN
3.1
INTRODUCTION
3.2
POPULATION AND SAMPLING
3.3
DEVELOPING TOOLS
3.31 COVERING LETTER
3.32
BACKGROUND INFORMATION
3.33
SUBJECT WISE SECTIONS
3.4
PILOT STUDY
3.5
VALIDATION OF TOOL
3.6
CATEGORIZATION OF VARIABLES
3.7
COLLECTION OF DATA
3.8
DATA GATHERING INSTRUMENT
3.9
PROCEDURE OF COLLECTION OF DATA
3.10
STATISTICAL ANALYSIS
CHAPTER – 3
RESEARCH DESIGN
3.1
INTRODUCTION
Education is the process by which an individual grows, develops and
becomes increasing well adjusted in a changing society. Education provides
experiences that enable a person from desirable habits, broaden mental
vision, deepen understanding of her study in society and acquire skills to meet
and solve problems encountered every day. Mastery of material environment
in itself cannot bring happiness. Knowledge is only an instrument to achieve
ideals. One may have knowledge, but not judgment; one may have material
power, but not spiritual vision; one may have physical strength, but not
capacity. Science must help us to acquire moral qualities, discipline
dedication and devotion to truth. The mind of an educated person should be
cultured and fearless.
3.2 POPULATION AND SAMPLE
The students studying in undergraduate colleges of Jamnagar, Morbi
Rajkot, and Surendranagar in the year 2009-10 were population for the study.
The information regarding name of the college, type and number of students
is given in table 3.1
60
Table 3.1 Showing the information regarding name of the college, type
and number of students.
Sr. No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Name of college
Smt.S.C.U.Shah Home science and
Arts & Commerce Mahila College
-Wadwan city.
Smt. J. A. Patel Mahila arts,
Commerce, and Home science
College-Morbi
Om Vindhya Vasini Advance
Computer and commerce collegeMORBI
Shri P.G. Patel Commerce College,
MORBI.
Sadgurudev Ranchhoddasji Bapu
Mahila Home Science &
Late M.J. K. Mahila Commerce
College .RAJKOT
M.V.M.Science & Home Science
College,RAJKOT-360 001.
Smt. R.R. Patel Mahila Arts &
Commerce College,
RAJKOT.
8
Shri A.K.Doshi Mahila Arts,
Commerce & Home Science
College. JAMNAGAR.
9
Shri G.H. Gosrani Commerce &
D.D. Nagda B.B.A. College,
JAMNAGAR.
61
Faculty
Arts
girls
50
Total
50
Commerce
35
35
Home
Science
Arts
33
33
53
53
Commerce
Home
Science
Commerce
30
33
30
33
06
06
Commerce
14
14
Home
Science
Commerce
34
34
18
18
Home
Science
Arts
71
71
50
50
Commerce
32
32
Arts
Commerce
Home
Science
Commerce
47
09
29
47
09
29
41
41
Total
585
585
FIGURE – 3.1 SHOWING DISTRIBUTION OF SAMPLE
200 Students
For
Arts
Under Graduate
Girls Students
For
585
185 Students
200 Students
For
For
Home
Science
Commerce
1.3
DEVELOPING TOOLS
The researcher wanted to find out the role of education on
empowerment. In this study the role of education on women empowerment
was checked on the respondents from arts, commerce & home science
faculty & the variables like area of living & family type was also checked.
3.31
Covering letter
This letter was to orient the respondents to the research. It specified
the purpose and pattern of research. It also assured them that the collected
data will be used for educational purpose only. The complete letter was in
simple Gujarati language followed by signature of researcher herself.
3.32
Background information
This section consulted of basic details about the respondent. It had the
following aspects:
62
Name
Address
Age
Religion
Caste
Region
Type of family
Education
3.33 Subject wise sections.
The questionnaire was then presented in women empowerment section of five
political, social, economic, cultural and psychological. The questions in which
a single answer could be given were accompanied by a five box for Totally
Agreed, Partially Agreed, Neutral, Partially disagreed and Totally disagreed.
This pattern was uniformly followed for all five sections.
Care was taken to see that language used was simple, scientific and easy to
understand. Special care was taken to see that no items were repeated.
3.4
PILOT STUDY
For the purpose of assuring the correctness of the questionnaire a pilot study
was conducted a sample of
* 5 - Girls’ students of arts faculty – 11th standard
* 5 - Girls’ students of commerce faculty- 11th standard
* 5 - Girls’ students of Home science faculty- 11th standard
* 5 - Girls’ students of arts faculty – 12th standard
* 5 - Girls’ students of commerce faculty- 12th standard
* 5 - Girls’ students of Home science faculty- 12th standard
* 5 - Girls’ students of arts faculty –first year
* 5 - Girls’ students of commerce faculty- first year
* 5 - Girls’ students of Home science faculty- first year
* 5 - Girls’ students of arts faculty – Second year
* 5 - Girls’ students of commerce faculty- Second year
* 5 - Girls’ students of Home science faculty- Second year
* 5 - Girls’ students of arts faculty – Third Year
* 5 - Girls’ students of commerce faculty- Third Year
* 5 - Girls’ students of Home science faculty- Third Year
Total-75
The researcher met each of this information of statement and got the
questionnaire filled. The language used and space provided was found to be
adequate. More changes were made as required. No major difficulties were
faced while collecting the data for pilot study using the designed
questionnaire.
3.5 VALIDATION OF TOOL
The researcher made few changes after pilot study in the tool then researcher
got the tools validated from experts,
63
Dr. Daxaben Mehta
Principal,
Smt.S.C.U.Shah Home Science,
And C.U.Shah Arts & Commerce,
Mahila College. Wadhwan city.
Dr. Manjari Acharya
Reader
Sardar Patel University
Vallbh Vidyanagar.
Dr. Alka Mankad
Lecturer
Smt.J.A.Patel Mahila Arts,
Commerce and Home science
College- Morbi.
3.6
CATEGORIZATION OF VARIABLES
The researches had selected the following independent variables for the
study.
1. Area
2. Types of family
3. Education
FIGURE - 3.2 Showing Categorization of variables
Area
Types of family
Education
64
The independent Variables were further divided into categories for the
purpose of statistical analysis of the data.
*Area
The selected under graduate students may belong to different types of
Area thus, this variable was categorized asA. Urban
B. Rural
*Types of family:
The selected under graduate students may belong to different types of
families thus, this variable was categorized asA. Joint family
B. Nuclear family
*Education
This under graduate student’s variable was categorized into three.
A. Arts
B. Commerce
C. Home Science.
3.7
COLLECTION OF DATA
The Information regarding the area of living & the type of family was
collected. The variables were urban rural area, joint, nuclear family and home
science, arts &commerce faculty.
3.8
DATA GATHERING INSTRUMENT
In this study role of education on women empowerment was checked
on the respondents from arts, Commerce & Home science Faculty & the
variables
Like area of living & family type was also checked.
To study the role of education statement were self prepared by the
researcher. The statements were divided into following categories. The
changes in social, political, cultural, economic & psychological empowerment
were checked.
There were 200 statements & The respondents had to choose one
option out of five the statements have five option fully agreed, agreed, not
sure, not agreed, not fully agreed.
65
3.9 PROCEDURE OF COLLECTION OF DATA
For collection of data, researcher contacted principal of the college
discussed about the purpose of the study asked for co-operation &
permission. After getting date & time researcher went to the college &
collected data. First researcher told the students about the purpose of study &
asked them to fill the statement gives them the statement form & took back
after 2 days.
3.10
STATISTICAL ANALYSIS
In the study first overall marks of the students were checked. For
urban, rural, joint nuclear family, Home Science, arts & Commerce faculty &
then divided into different political, social, economic, cultural & psychological
empowerment level of women . Statistical analysis was done using mean,
standard deviation, standard error, significance test. & T- test. Calculation was
done using both the level of significance.
In chapter 4 Statistical analysis & interpretation of the results are given.
66
CHAPTER: 4
RESULTS
4.1
INTRODUCTION
4.2
STATISTICAL ANALYSIS
4.3
OVERALL SCORES OF ROLE OF EDUCATION ON WOMEN
EMPOWERMENT
4.4
SCORES OF ROLE OF EDUCATION ON POLITICAL
EMPOWERMENT
4.5
SCORES OF ROLE OF EDUCATION ON SOCIAL
EMPOWERMENT
4.6
SCORES OF ROLE OF EDUCATION ON ECONOMIC
EMPOWERMENT
4.7
SCORES OF ROLE OF EDUCATION ON CULTURAL
EMPOWERMENT
4.8
SCORES OF ROLE OF EDUCATION ON
EMPOWERMENT
4.9
OVERALL SCORES SCORES OF ROLE OF EDUCATION ON
JAMNAGAR CITY RESPONDENTS
PSYCHOLOGICAL
4.10 OVERALL SCORES SCORES OF ROLE OF EDUCATION ON MORBI
CITY RESPONDENTS.
4.11 OVERALL SCORES SCORES OF ROLE OF EDUCATION ON
RAJKOT CITY RESPONDENTS.
4.12 OVERALL SCORES SCORES OF ROLE OF EDUCATION ON
SURENDRANAGAR CITY RESPONDENTS
CHAPTER: 4
RESULTS
4.1
INTRODUCTION
In this research the role of education on women empowerment of the
students studying in undergraduate colleges of Jamnagar, Morbi Rajkot, and
Surendranagar was studied. On the basis of objectives 132 null hypotheses
was formed. To check the hypothesis the variables were urban & rural area,
joint & nuclear family and home science, arts & commerce faculty students.
The statements to check the hypothesis was self made. After collecting
information the statistical analysis was done. For interpretation & analysis all
five hundred eighty five respondents were divided into following groups.
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
7)
8)
9)
10)
Overall scores of role of education on women empowerment.
Scores of Role of Education on Political Empowerment
Scores of Role of Education on Social Empowerment
Scores of Role of Education on Economic Empowerment
Scores of Role of Education on Cultural Empowerment
Scores of Role of Education on Psychological Empowerment
Scores of Role of Education on Jamnagar city respondents
Scores of Role of Education on Morbi city respondents.
Scores of Role of Education on Rajkot city respondents.
Scores of Role of Education on Surendranagar city respondents
4.2
STATISTICAL ANALYSIS
In this study for data analysis mean, standard deviation, standard error
of difference between mean, ANOVA and F test were used.
67
4.3
OVERALL SCORES OF ROLE OF EDUCATION ON WOMEN
EMPOWERMENT .
The scores obtained by urban and rural, nuclear and joint family as well as
Home science, arts & commerce respondents of Jamnagar, Rajkot, Morbi and
Surendranagar Colleges have been given in table no. 4.1 to 4.10.
Table: 4.1 Showing
Respondents.
Scores
Obtained
By
Urban
and
Rural
Frequency
Class
251-300
301-350
351-400
401-450
451-500
501-550
551-600
601-650
651-700
701-750
751-800
801-850
851-900
901-950
951-1000
1001-1050
1051-1100
1101-1150
Total
Urban
Rural
1
1
1
0
4
11
16
33
53
53
67
68
46
29
24
15
5
1
428
0
0
1
0
1
1
8
10
30
32
33
18
9
7
4
2
1
0
157
Group Statistics
Area
N
Mean
Std. Deviation Std. Error Mean
urban
428
778.4579
130.87696
6.32618
rural
157
749.9108
107.45359
8.57573
Women
Empowerment
68
Independent Sample Test
Levene’s Test for Equality of
Variances
Women
t-test for Equality of means
df
Empowerment
Equal variances not
335.665
Mean
Std. Error
difference
Difference
28.54712
10.65662
t-value
2.679
Assumed
t-value is Significant at 0.01 level
Table 4.1 Shows that the mean score of urban respondents was
778.4579 and the rural respondents was 749.9108 .The standard deviation of
urban respondent was 130.87696 and rural respondent was 107.45359.
Standard error of mean of urban respondents was 6.32618 and rural
respondent was 8.57573. The difference between mean was 28.54712 and it
was in favour of urban respondent. The standard error of difference between
mean was 10.65 and t value was 2.679 which was significant at 0.01 levels.
So it can be said that the role of education on women empowerment of
urban respondent was higher than the rural respondents.
Figure- 4.1 Showing Scores Obtained By Urban and Rural
Respondents Regarding Women Empowerment.
Urban and Rural respondents was women
Empowerment
2.679
10.65662
28.54712
0
10
Mean Difference
20
Std. Error Difference
69
30
t-value
Table: 4.2 Showing Scores Obtained By Nuclear and Joint family
Respondents.
Frequency
Class
251-300
301-350
351-400
401-450
451-500
501-550
551-600
601-650
651-700
701-750
751-800
801-850
851-900
901-950
951-1000
1001-1050
1051-1100
1101-1150
Total
Nuclear
Joint
0
0
1
0
2
9
17
19
41
46
62
59
32
22
17
9
3
0
339
1
1
1
0
3
3
7
24
42
39
38
27
23
14
11
8
3
1
246
Group Statistics
Area
N
Mean
Std. Deviation Std. Error Mean
Nuclear
339
775.9912
120.78490
6.56014
Joint
246
763.6382
131.80045
8.40329
Women
Empowerment
70
Independent Sample Test
Levene’s Test for Equality of
Variances
t-test for Equality of means
Women
df
Empowerment
Equal variances not
500.008
Mean
Std. Error
difference
Difference
12.35294
10.66071
t
1.159
Assumed
t-value is not Significant at any level
Table 4.2 Shows that the mean score of nuclear family respondent was
775.9912 and the joint family respondent was 763.6382. The standard
deviation of nuclear family respondent was 120.78490 and joint family
respondent was 131.80045. Standard error of mean of nuclear family
respondents was 6.56014 and joint family respondent was 8.40329. The
difference between mean was 12.35294 and it was in favour of nuclear family.
The standard error of difference was 10.66071 and t value was 1.159 which
was not significant at any level.
So it can be said that the role of education on women empowerment of
nuclear and joint family respondent was almost same.
Figure- 4.2 Showing Scores Obtained By Nuclear and Joint family
Respondents Regarding Women Empowerment.
Nuclear and Joint family respondents was
Women Empowerment
12.3529
Mean
Difference
10.6607
Std. Error
Difference
1.159
t-value
71
Table: 4.3 Showing Scores Obtained By Home science, Arts and
Commerce Respondents.
Table – 4. 3
Class
Home Science
251-300
301-350
351-400
401-450
451-500
501-550
551-600
601-650
651-700
701-750
751-800
801-850
851-900
901-950
951-1000
1001-1050
1051-1100
1101-1150
Total
Frequency
Arts
0
0
0
0
0
4
7
9
19
12
34
31
23
20
20
14
6
1
200
1
1
1
0
1
5
11
22
31
38
38
26
15
7
2
1
0
0
200
Commerce
0
0
1
0
4
3
6
13
32
36
27
28
18
9
6
2
0
0
185
Descriptives
Women empowerment
Faculty
N
Mean
Std. Deviation
Std. Error
Home science
200
826.7350
132.47696
9.36754
Arts
200
732.3800
109.47057
7.74074
Commerce
185
751.8541
112.87231
8.29854
Total
585
72
ANOVA
Table value
Women Empowerment
Between
Groups
S.S.
df
987369.659
2
F-value
0.05
level
0,01
level
493684.829 34.948
19.50
99.50
MS
Within Groups 8221445.13
582
14126.194
4
F-value is Significant at 0.05 level
Multiple Comparisons
Women Empowerment
LSD
(I) Stream
(J) Stream
Mean Difference (I-J)
Std. Error
Home science
arts
94.35500*
11.88537
com
*
12.12389
home
*
-94.35500
11.88537
Com.
-19.47405
12.12389
home
-74.88095*
12.12389
arts
19.47405
12.12389
arts
commerce
74.88095
*. The mean difference is significant at the 0.05 level.
Table 4.3 Shows that the mean score of Home science respondents
was 826.7350, arts respondents was 732.3800 and commerce respondents
was 751.8541. The standard deviation of Home science respondents was
132.47696, arts respondents was 109.47057 and commerce respondents was
112.87231. The standard error of Home science respondents was 9.36754,
arts respondents was 7.74074 and commerce respondents was 8.29854.
ANOVA shows that sum of square of between groups was 987369.659
and within groups was 8221445.134 and df of between groups was 2 and
within groups was 582. The mean square of between groups was 493684.829
and within groups was 14126.194. The ‘f ’- value is 34.948 and was significant
at 0.05 level.
Multiple Comparisons show that mean difference of Home science
respondents and arts respondents was 74.88095 and Home science
respondents and commerce respondents was 94.35500. and arts
73
respondents and commerce respondents was 19.47405 and that standard
error of difference between mean of Home science and arts respondents
was 12.12389 , Home science and commerce respondents was 11.88537 and
commerce and arts respondents was 12.12389 which was significant at o.o5
level.
So it can be said that the role of education on women empowerment of
home science respondent was higher than the arts and commerce
respondents. And role of education on women empowerment of commerce
respondent was higher than the arts respondents.
Figure- 4.3 Showing Scores of Home science, Arts and Commerce
respondents
F-value
34.948
8.29854
7.74074
9.36754
Std. Error
112.87231
109.47057
132.47696
Std. Deviation
751.8541
732.38
826.735
Mean
0
200
400
HomeScience
600
Arts
800
1000
Commerce
Figure- 4.4 Showing Scores Obtained by Home science respondents of
Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar city.
F-value
9.88
23.16324
12.64697
17.33837
22.2793
Std. Error
133.06271
129.59286
99.60137
119.97771
Std. Deviation
722.0606
856.3048
825.3939
840.3103
Mean
0
Jamnagar
200
Morbi
400
Rajkot
74
600
Surendranagar
800
1000
Table: 4.4 Showing Scores Obtained By Home science Respondents of
Jamnagar,Morbi,Rajkot,Surendranagar city.
Frequency of Home science
Class
251-300
301-350
351-400
401-450
451-500
501-550
551-600
601-650
651-700
701-750
751-800
801-850
851-900
901-950
951-1000
1001-1050
1051-1100
1101-1150
Total
Jamnagar
Morbi
Rajkot
Surendranagar
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
0
2
2
3
7
6
0
5
2
0
0
29
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
6
2
5
8
5
3
3
1
0
0
33
0
0
0
0
0
1
2
4
6
4
21
13
10
17
11
9
6
1
105
0
0
0
0
0
3
3
5
5
4
5
3
2
0
1
2
0
0
33
Descriptives
Women empowerment
City
N
Mean
Std. Deviation
Std. Error
Jamnagar
29
840.3103
119.97771
22.27930
Morbi
33
825.3939
99.60137
17.33837
Rajkot
105
856.3048
129.59286
12.64697
Surendranagar
33
722.0606
133.06271
23.16324
Total
200
75
ANOVA
Table value
Women Empowerment
Between
Groups
S.S.
df
458784.743
3
MS
F-value
152928.248 9.880
0.05
level
0,01
level
8.56
26.23
Within Groups 3033694.21
196
15478.032
2
F-value is Significant at 0.05 level
Multiple Comparisons
Women Empowerment
LSD
City
(J) City
Mean Difference (I-J)
Std. Error
Jamnagar
Morbi
14.91641
31.66633
Rajkot
-15.99442
26.09856
Surendranagar
118.24974*
31.66633
Jamnagar
-14.91641
31.66633
Rajkot
-30.91082
24.82823
Morbi
Rajkot
Surendranagar
*
Surendranagar
103.33333
30.62781
Jamnagar
15.99442
26.09856
Morbi
30.91082
24.82823
Surendranagar
134.24416*
24.82823
Jamnagar
-118.24974*
31.66633
Morbi
-103.33333*
30.62781
Rajkot
*
24.82823
-134.24416
*. The mean difference is significant at the 0.05 level.
Table 4.4 Shows that the mean scores of Jamnagar city respondents
was 840.3103, Morbi city respondents was 825.3939, Rajkot city respondents
was 856.3048 and Surendranagar city respondents was 722.0606. The
standard deviation of Jamnagar city respondents was 119.97771, Morbi city
respondents was 99.60137, Rajkot city respondents was 129.59286 and
Surendranagar city respondents was 133.06271. The standard error of
Jamnagar city respondents was 22.27930, Morbi city respondents was
76
17.33837, Rajkot city respondents was 12.64697 and Surendranagar city
respondents was 23.16324.
ANOVA shows that the sum of square of between groups was
458784.743 and within groups was 3033694.212 and df of between groups
was 3 and within groups was 196. The mean square of between groups was
152928.248 and within groups was 15478.032. The ‘f ’- value was 9.880
which was significant 0.05 level.
Multiple Comparisons show that mean difference of Jamnagar and
Morbi city respondents was 14.91641, Jamnagar and Rajkot city respondents
was -15.99442, Jamnagar
and Surendranagar city respondents was
118.24974, Morbi and Rajkot city respondents was -30.91082 and Morbi and
Surendranagar city
respondents was 103.33333
And Rajkot and
Surendranagar city respondents was 134.24416 . The difference between the
standard error of Jamnagar and Morbi city respondents was 31.66633,
Jamnagar and Rajkot city respondents was 26.09856 and Jamnagar and
Surendranagar city respondents was 31.66633.
The difference between home science respondents of Jamnagar,
Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar city regarding women empowerment was
significant at 0.05 level. The role of education on home science respondents
of Rajkot city was higher than Jamnagar, Morbi and Surendranagar city. The
role of education on home science respondents of Jamnagar city was higher
than Morbi and Surendranagar city. And the role of education on home
science respondents of Morbi city was higher than the Surendranagar city.
77
Table- 4.5 Showing Scores Obtained by Arts Respondents of Jamnagar,
Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar City.
Frequency of Arts
Class
251-300
301-350
351-400
401-450
451-500
501-550
551-600
601-650
651-700
701-750
751-800
801-850
851-900
901-950
951-1000
1001-1050
1051-1100
1101-1150
Total
Jamnagar
Morbi
Rajkot
Surendranagar
1
1
1
0
1
3
3
4
5
7
10
4
4
1
1
1
0
0
47
0
0
0
0
0
1
5
7
9
8
10
6
5
2
0
0
0
0
53
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
5
7
13
9
9
3
2
0
0
0
0
50
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
6
10
10
9
7
3
2
1
0
0
0
50
Descriptives
Women empowerment
City
N
Mean
Std. Deviation
Std. Error
Jamnagar
47
707.1277
151.69114
22.12643
Morbi
53
732.4717
98.26761
13.49809
Rajkot
50
747.7800
82.61622
11.68370
Surendranagar
50
740.6200
95.24381
13.46951
Total
200
78
ANOVA
Table value
Women Empowerment
Between
Groups
S.S.
df
MS
F-value
0.05
level
0,01
level
45224.318
3
15074.773
1.263
8.56
26.23
Within Groups 2339552.80
196
11936.494
2
F-value is not Significant at any level
Multiple Comparisons
Women Empowerment
LSD
City
(J) City
Mean Difference (I-J)
Std. Error
Jamnagar
Morbi
-25.34404
21.89029
Rajkot
-40.65234
22.19680
Surendranagar
-33.49234
22.19680
Jamnagar
25.34404
21.89029
Rajkot
-15.30830
21.53942
Surendranagar
-8.14830
21.53942
Jamnagar
40.65234
22.19680
Morbi
15.30830
21.53942
Surendranagar
7.16000
21.85085
Jamnagar
33.49234
22.19680
Morbi
8.14830
21.53942
Rajkot
-7.16000
21.85085
Morbi
Rajkot
Surendranagar
Table- 4.5 Shows that the mean score of Jamnagar city respondents
was 707.1277, Morbi city respondents was 732.4717, Rajkot city respondents
was 747.7800 and Surendranagar city respondents was 740.6200. The
standard deviation of Jamnagar city respondents was 151.69114, Morbi city
respondents was 98.2676,1 Rajkot city respondents was 82.61622 and
Surendranagar city respondents was 95.24381. The standard error of
Jamnagar city respondents was 22.12643, Morbi city respondents was
13.49809, Rajkot city respondents was 11.68370 and Surendranagar city
respondents was 13.46951. The difference between mean of Jamnagar and
79
Morbi city was -25.34404, the difference between mean of Jamnagar and
Rajkot city was -40.65234 and the difference between mean of Jamnagar and
Surendranagar city was -33.49234, the difference between mean of Morbi and
Rajkot city was -15.30830, the difference between mean of Morbi and
Surendranagar city was -8.14830 and the difference between mean of Rajkot
and Surendranagar city was 7.16000. The standard error of difference
between means was not significant at any level.
ANOVA shows that sum of square of between groups was 45224.318
and within groups was 2339552.802 and df of between groups was 3 and
within groups was 196. The mean square of between groups was 15074.773
and within groups was 11936.494. The ‘f ’- value is 1.263 which was not
Significant at any level.
The difference between arts respondents of Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot
and Surendranagar city was not significant. So it can be said that the role of
education on women empowerment of arts respondents of Jamnagar, Morbi,
Rajkot and Surendranagar city was almost same.
Figure- 4.5 Showing Scores Obtained by Arts Respondents of Jamnagar,
Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar City.
F-value
1.263
13.46951
11.6837
13.49809
22.12643
Std. Error
95.24381
82.61622
98.26761
151.69114
Std. Deviation
740.62
747.78
732.4717
707.1277
Mean
0
100
Jamnagar
200
Morbi
300
Rajkot
80
400
500
600
Surendranagar
700
800
Table- 4.6 Showing Scores Obtained by Commerce Respondents of
Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar City.
Frequency of Commerce
Class
251-300
301-350
351-400
401-450
451-500
501-550
551-600
601-650
651-700
701-750
751-800
801-850
851-900
901-950
951-1000
1001-1050
1051-1100
1101-1150
Total
Jamnagar
Morbi
Rajkot
Surendranagar
0
0
1
0
3
2
4
6
8
7
4
7
4
2
2
0
0
0
50
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
10
7
12
4
8
5
1
1
0
0
50
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
2
5
11
9
10
5
2
3
1
0
0
50
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
3
9
11
2
7
1
0
0
0
0
0
35
Descriptives
Women empowerment
City
N
Mean
Std. Deviation
Std. Error
Jamnagar
50
710.4200
139.01213
19.65928
Morbi
50
785.7400
93.84221
13.27129
Rajkot
50
779.9400
108.15794
15.29584
Surendranagar
35
722.5143
72.71070
12.29035
Total
185
81
ANOVA
Table value
Women Empowerment
Between
Groups
S.S.
df
MS
F-value
0.05
level
0,01
level
212821.697
3
70940.566
6.024
8.56
26.23
Within Groups 2131367.36
181
11775.510
3
F-value is not Significant at any level
Multiple Comparisons
Women Empowerment
LSD
City
(J) City
Mean Difference (I-J)
Std. Error
Jamnagar
Morbi
-75.32000
21.70300
Rajkot
-69.52000
21.70300
Surendranagar
-12.09429
23.91555
Jamnagar
75.32000
21.70300
Rajkot
5.80000
21.70300
Surendranagar
63.22571
23.91555
Jamnagar
69.52000
21.70300
Morbi
-5.80000
21.70300
Surendranagar
57.42571
23.91555
Jamnagar
12.09429
23.91555
Morbi
-63.22571
23.91555
Rajkot
-57.42571
23.91555
Morbi
Rajkot
Surendranagar
Table- 4.6 Shows that the mean score of Jamnagar city respondents
was 710.4200, Morbi city respondents was 785.7400, Rajkot city respondents
was 779.9400 and Surendranagar city respondents was 722.5143. The
standard deviation of Jamnagar city respondents was 139.01213, Morbi city
respondents was 93.84221, Rajkot city respondents was 108.15794 and
Surendranagar city respondents was 72.71070. The standard error of
Jamnagar city respondents was 19.65928, Morbi city respondents was
13.27129, Rajkot city respondents was 15.29584 and Surendranagar city
respondents was 12.29035.
82
The difference between mean of Jamnagar and Morbi city was
75.32000, the difference between mean of Jamnagar and Rajkot city was
69.52000 and the difference between mean of Jamnagar and Surendranagar
city was -12.09429, the difference between mean of Morbi and Rajkot city was
5.80000, the difference between mean of Morbi and Surendranagar city was
63.22571 and the difference between mean of Rajkot and Surendranagar city
was 57.42571. The standard error of difference between means was not
significant at any level.
ANOVA shows that sum of square of between groups was 212821.697
and within groups was 2131367.363 and df of between groups was 3 and
within groups was 181. The mean square of between groups was 70940.566
and within groups was 11775.510. The ‘f ’- value is 6.024 which was not
Significant at any level.
The difference between commrrce respondents of Jamnagar, Morbi,
Rajkot and Surendranagar city respondents was not significant. So it can be
said that the role of education on women empowerment of commerce
respondents of Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar city respondents
was almost same.
Figure- 4.6 Showing Scores Obtained by Commerce Respondents of
Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar City.
F-value
6.024
12.29035
15.29584
13.27129
19.65928
Std. Error
72.7107
108.15794
93.84221
139.01213
Std. Deviation
722.5143
779.94
785.74
710.42
Mean
0
Jamnagar
200
Morbi
400
Rajkot
83
600
Surendranagar
800
1000
Table: 4.7 Showing Scores Obtained by Urban Respondents of
Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar City.
Class
Frequency of Urban
Morbi
Rajkot
Jamnagar
251-300
301-350
351-400
401-450
451-500
501-550
551-600
601-650
651-700
701-750
751-800
801-850
851-900
901-950
951-1000
1001-1050
1051-1100
1101-1150
Total
1
1
1
0
3
5
7
9
12
11
12
16
12
3
7
2
0
0
102
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
6
15
10
19
12
14
6
2
2
0
0
88
0
0
0
0
1
2
3
9
7
13
26
22
15
19
13
10
5
1
146
Surendranagar
0
0
0
0
0
4
4
9
19
19
10
18
5
1
2
1
0
0
92
Descriptives
Women empowerment
City
N
Mean
Std. Deviation
Std. Error
Jamnagar
102
741.1275
151.00972
14.95219
Morbi
88
781.7045
100.92983
2.21654
Rajkot
146
830.5959
130.81087
10.82598
Surendranagar
92
734.0000
100.63425
10.49185
Total
428
84
ANOVA
Table value
Women Empowerment
S.S.
Between Groups 721791.424
Within Groups
F-value
0.05
level
0,01
level
240597.141 15.475
8.54
26.18
df
3
MS
6592196.81
424
15547.634
9
F-value is Significant at 0.05 level
Multiple Comparisons
Women Empowerment
LSD
City
(J) City
Mean Difference (I-J)
Std. Error
Jamnagar
Morbi
-40.57709*
18.14126
Rajkot
*
-89.46844
16.09094
Surendranagar
7.12745
17.92830
Jamnagar
40.57709*
18.14126
Rajkot
-48.89134*
16.82761
*
18.59230
*
16.09094
Morbi
*
48.89134
16.82761
Surendranagar
96.59589*
16.59779
Jamnagar
-7.12745
17.92830
Morbi
-47.70455*
18.59230
Rajkot
*
16.59779
Morbi
Surendranagar
Rajkot
47.70455
Jamnagar
Surendranagar
89.46844
-96.59589
*. The mean difference is significant at the 0.05 level.
Table 4.7 Shows that the mean scores of Jamnagar city respondents
was 741.1275, Morbi city respondents was 781.7045, Rajkot city respondents
was 830.5959 and Surendranagar city respondents was 734.0000. The
standard deviation of Jamnagar city respondents was 151.00972, Morbi city
respondents was 100.92983, Rajkot city respondents was 130.81087 and
Surendranagar city respondents was 100.63425 . The standard error of
Jamnagar city respondents was 14.95219, Morbi city respondents was
85
2.21654, Rajkot city respondents was 10.82598 and Surendranagar city
respondents was 10.49185.
ANOVA shows that the sum of square of between groups was
721791.424 and within groups was 6592196.819 and df of between groups
was 3 and within groups was 424. The mean square of between groups was
240597.141 and within groups was 15547.634 The ‘f ’- value was 15.475
which was significant 0.05 level.
Multiple Comparisons show that mean difference of Jamnagar and
Morbi city respondents was -40.57709, Jamnagar and Rajkot city respondents
was -89.46844, Jamnagar and Surendranagar city respondents was 7.12745,
Morbi and Rajkot city respondents was -48.89134 and Morbi
and
Surendranagar city
respondents was 47.70455
And Rajkot and
Surendranagar city respondents was 96.59589. The difference between the
standard error of Jamnagar and Morbi city respondents was 18.14126,
Jamnagar and Rajkot city respondents was 16.09094 and Jamnagar and
Surendranagar city respondents was 17.92830.
The difference between urban respondents of Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot
and Surendranagar city regarding women empowerment was significant at
0.05 level. The role of education on urban respondents of Rajkot city was
higher than Jamnagar, Morbi and Surendranagar city. The role of education
on urban respondents of Morbi city was higher than Jamnagar and
Surendranagar city. And the role of education on urban respondents of
Jamnagar city was higher than the Surendranagar city.
Figure- 4.7 Showing Scores Obtained by Urban Respondents of
Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar City
F-value
15.475
10.49185
10.82598
2.21654
14.95219
Std. Error
100.63425
130.81087
100.92983
151.00972
Std. Deviation
734
830.5959
781.7045
741.1275
Mean
0
Jamnagar
200
Morbi
400
Rajkot
86
600
Surendranagar
800
1000
Table: 4.8 Showing Scores Obtained by Rural Respondents of
Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar City.
Frequency of Rural
Class
251-300
301-350
351-400
401-450
451-500
501-550
551-600
601-650
651-700
701-750
751-800
801-850
851-900
901-950
951-1000
1001-1050
1051-1100
1101-1150
Total
Jamnagar
Morbi
Rajkot
Surendranagar
0
0
1
0
1
0
2
1
3
5
5
2
2
0
1
1
0
0
24
0
0
0
0
0
1
3
3
10
6
9
6
4
4
2
0
0
0
48
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
2
11
15
13
10
3
2
1
0
1
0
59
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
4
6
6
6
0
0
1
0
1
0
0
26
Descriptives
Women empowerment
City
N
Mean
Std. Deviation
Std. Error
Jamnagar
24
730.4167
145.84414
29.77031
Morbi
48
761.5833
106.95850
15.43813
Rajkot
59
763.2373
87.69350
11.41672
Surendranagar
26
716.1154
104.39323
20.47320
Total
157
87
ANOVA
Table value
Women Empowerment
S.S.
Between Groups 55833.920
Within Groups
df
MS
F-value
0.05
level
0,01
level
3
18611.307
1.631
8.56
26.23
1745384.83
153
11407.744
2
F-value is not Significant at any level
Multiple Comparisons
Women Empowerment
LSD
City
(J) City
Mean Difference (I-J)
Std. Error
Jamnagar
Morbi
-31.16667
26.70176
Rajkot
-32.82062
25.85874
Surendranagar
14.30128
30.23379
Jamnagar
31.16667
26.70176
Rajkot
-1.65395
20.76085
Surendranagar
45.46795
26.00809
Jamnagar
32.82062
25.85874
Morbi
1.65395
20.76085
Surendranagar
47.12190
25.14182
Jamnagar
-14.30128
30.23379
Morbi
-45.46795
26.00809
Rajkot
-47.12190
25.14182
Morbi
Rajkot
Surendranagar
Table- 4.8 Shows that the mean score of Jamnagar city respondents
was 730.4167, Morbi city respondents was 761.5833, Rajkot city respondents
was 763.2373 and Surendranagar city respondents was 716.1154. The
standard deviation of Jamnagar city respondents was 145.84414, Morbi city
respondents was 106.95850, Rajkot city respondents was 87.69350 and
Surendranagar city respondents was 104.39323. The standard error of
Jamnagar city respondents was 29.77031, Morbi city respondents was
15.43813, Rajkot city respondents was 11.41672 and Surendranagar city
respondents was 20.47320.
88
The difference between mean of Jamnagar and Morbi city was
31.16667, the difference between mean of Jamnagar and Rajkot city was
32.82062 and the difference between mean of Jamnagar and Surendranagar
city was 14.30128, the difference between mean of Morbi and Rajkot city was
-1.65395, the difference between mean of Morbi and Surendranagar city was
45.46795 and the difference between mean of Rajkot and Surendranagar city
was 47.12190. The standard error of difference between means was not
significant at any level.
ANOVA shows that sum of square of between groups was 55833.920
and within groups was 1745384.832 and df of between groups was 3 and
within groups was 153. The mean square of between groups was 18611.307
and within groups was 11407.744. The ‘f ’- value is 1.631 which was not
Significant at any level.
The difference between rural respondents of Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot
and Surendranagar city respondents was not significant. So it can be said that
the role of education on women empowerment of rural respondents of
Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar city respondents was almost
same.
Figure- 4.8 Showing Scores Obtained by Rural Respondents of
Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar City.
F-value
1.631
20.4732
11.41672
15.43813
29.77031
Std. Error
104.39323
87.6935
106.9585
145.84414
Std. Deviation
716.1154
763.2373
761.5833
730.4167
Mean
0
Jamnagar
200
Morbi
400
Rajkot
89
600
Surendranagar
800
1000
Table: 4.9 Showing Scores Obtained by Nuclear Family Respondents of
Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar City.
Frequency of Nuclear
Class
251-300
301-350
351-400
401-450
451-500
501-550
551-600
601-650
651-700
701-750
751-800
801-850
851-900
901-950
951-1000
1001-1050
1051-1100
1101-1150
Total
Jamnagar
Morbi
Rajkot
Surendranagar
0
0
1
0
2
2
7
3
9
12
12
12
10
2
6
2
0
0
80
0
0
0
0
0
1
3
4
16
8
19
13
10
7
3
0
0
0
84
0
0
0
0
0
2
3
6
11
19
25
24
10
13
8
6
3
0
130
0
0
0
0
0
4
4
6
5
7
6
10
2
0
0
1
0
0
45
Descriptives
Women empowerment
City
N
Mean
Std. Deviation
Std. Error
Jamnagar
80
761.3250
135.62362
15.16318
Morbi
84
776.2381
100.04091
10.91536
Rajkot
130
804.8769
118.48959
10.39222
Surendranagar
45
718.1556
112.81057
16.81681
Total
339
90
ANOVA
Table value
Women Empowerment
Between
Groups
S.S.
df
MS
F-value
0.05
level
0,01
level
276206.243
3
92068.748
6.626
8.54
26.18
Within Groups 4654872.73
335
13895.142
0
F-value is not Significant at any level
Multiple Comparisons
Women Empowerment
LSD
City
(J) City
Mean Difference (I-J)
Std. Error
Jamnagar
Morbi
-14.91310
18.41488
Rajkot
-43.55192
16.75037
Surendranagar
43.16944
21.96520
Jamnagar
14.91310
18.41488
Rajkot
-28.63883
16.50164
Surendranagar
58.08254
21.77612
Jamnagar
43.55192
16.75037
Morbi
28.63883
16.50164
Surendranagar
86.72137
20.38790
Jamnagar
-43.16944
21.96520
Morbi
-58.08254
21.77612
Rajkot
-86.72137
20.38790
Morbi
Rajkot
Surendranagar
Table - 4.9 shows that the mean score of Jamnagar city respondents
was 761.3250, Morbi city respondents was 776.2381, Rajkot city respondents
was 804.8769 and Surendranagar city respondents was 718.1556. The
standard deviation of Jamnagar city respondents was 135.62362, Morbi city
respondents was 100.04091 Rajkot city respondents was 118.48959 and
Surendranagar city respondents was 112.81057. The standard error of
Jamnagar city respondents was 15.16318, Morbi city respondents was
10.91536, Rajkot city respondents was 10.39222 and Surendranagar city
respondents was 16.81681.
91
The difference between mean of Jamnagar and Morbi city was14.91310, the difference between mean of Jamnagar and Rajkot city was 43.55192 and the difference between mean of Jamnagar and Surendranagar
city was 43.16944, the difference between mean of Morbi and Rajkot city was
-28.63883, the difference between mean of Morbi and Surendranagar city
was 58.08254 and the difference between mean of Rajkot and Surendranagar
city was 86.72137. The standard error of difference between means was not
significant at any level.
ANOVA shows that sum of square of between groups was 276206.243
and within groups was 4654872.730 and df of between groups was 3 and
within groups was 335. The mean square of between groups was 92068.748
and within groups was 13895.142. The ‘f ’- value is 6.626 which was not
Significant at any level.
The difference between nuclear family respondents of Jamnagar,
Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar city respondents was not significant. So it
can be said that the role of education on women empowerment of nuclear
family respondents of Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar city
respondents was almost same.
Figure- 4.9 Showing Scores Obtained by Nuclear Family Respondents of
Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar City.
F-value
6.626
16.81681
10.39222
10.91536
15.16318
Std. Error
112.81057
118.48959
100.04091
135.62362
Std. Deviation
718.1556
804.8769
776.2381
761.325
Mean
0
Jamnagar
200
Morbi
400
Rajkot
92
600
Surendranagar
800
1000
Table: 4.10 Showing Scores Obtained by Joint Family Respondents of
Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar City.
Frequency of Joint
Class
251-300
301-350
351-400
401-450
451-500
501-550
551-600
601-650
651-700
701-750
751-800
801-850
851-900
901-950
951-1000
1001-1050
1051-1100
1101-1150
Total
Jamnagar
Morbi
Rajkot
Surendranagar
1
1
1
0
2
3
2
7
6
4
5
6
4
1
2
1
0
0
46
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
5
9
8
9
5
8
3
1
2
0
0
52
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
5
7
9
14
8
8
8
6
4
3
1
75
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
7
20
18
10
8
3
2
2
1
0
0
73
Descriptives
Women empowerment
City
N
Mean
Std. Deviation
Std. Error
Jamnagar
46
700.4130
165.54134
24.40774
Morbi
52
771.9615
108.93854
15.10706
Rajkot
75
822.1867
132.15784
15.26027
Surendranagar
73
737.3973
93.56010
10.95038
Total
246
93
ANOVA
Table value
Women Empowerment
Between
Groups
S.S.
df
494844.859
3
F-value
0.05
level
0,01
level
164948.286 10.613
8.54
26.18
MS
Within Groups 3761137.94
242
15541.892
1
F-value is Significant at 0.05 level
Multiple Comparisons
Women Empowerment
LSD
City
(J) City
Mean Difference (I-J)
Std. Error
Jamnagar
Morbi
-71.54849*
25.23390
Morbi
Rajkot
*
Rajkot
-121.77362
23.34722
Surendranagar
-36.98422
23.46849
Jamnagar
*
71.54849
25.23390
Rajkot
-50.22513*
22.49684
Surendranagar
34.56428
22.62267
Jamnagar
121.77362*
23.34722
*
22.49684
Surendranagar
*
84.78941
20.49702
Jamnagar
36.98422
23.46849
Morbi
-34.56428
22.62267
Rajkot
-84.78941*
20.49702
Morbi
Surendranagar
50.22513
*. The mean difference is significant at the 0.05 level.
Table 4.10 Shows that the mean scores of Jamnagar city respondents
was 700.4130, Morbi city respondents was 771.9615, Rajkot city respondents
was 822.1867 and Surendranagar city respondents was 737.3973. The
standard deviation of Jamnagar city respondents was 165.54134, Morbi city
respondents was 108.93854, Rajkot city respondents was 132.15784 and
Surendranagar city respondents was 93.56010. The standard error of
Jamnagar city respondents was 24.40774, Morbi city respondents was
94
15.10706, Rajkot city respondents was 15.26027 and Surendranagar city
respondents was 10.95038.
ANOVA shows that the sum of square of between groups was
494844.859 and within groups was 3761137.941 and df of between groups
was 3 and within groups was 242. The mean square of between groups was
164948.286 and within groups was 15541.892. The ‘f ’- value was
10.613which was significant 0.05 level.
Multiple Comparisons show that mean difference of Jamnagar and
Morbi city respondents was -71.54849, Jamnagar and Rajkot city respondents
was -121.77362, Jamnagar and Surendranagar city respondents was 36.98422, Morbi and Rajkot city respondents was -50.22513 and Morbi and
Surendranagar city respondents was 34.56428 And Rajkot and
Surendranagar city respondents was 84.78941 . The difference between the
standard error of Jamnagar and Morbi city respondents was 25.23390,
Jamnagar and Rajkot city respondents was 23.34722 and Jamnagar and
Surendranagar city respondents was 23.46849.
The difference between joint family respondents of Jamnagar, Morbi,
Rajkot and Surendranagar city regarding women empowerment was
significant at 0.05 level. The role of education on joint family respondents of
Rajkot city was higher than Jamnagar, Morbi and Surendranagar city. The
role of education on joint family respondents of Morbi city was higher than
Jamnagar and Surendranagar city. And the role of education on joint family
respondents of Surendranagar city was higher than the Jamnagar city.
Figure- 4.10 Showing Scores Obtained by Joint Family Respondents of
Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar City.
F-value
10.613
Std. Error
10.95038
15.26027
15.10706
24.40774
Std. Deviation
93.5601
132.15784
108.93854
165.54134
737.3973
822.1867
771.9615
700.413
Mean
0
Jamnagar
200
Morbi
400
Rajkot
95
600
800
1000
Surendranagar
4.4
SCORES OF ROLE OF EDUCATION ON POLITICA EMPOWERMENT
The scores obtained by urban and rural, joint and nuclear family as well as
Home science, arts & commerce respondents of Jamnagar, Rajkot, Morbi and
Surendranagar Colleges have been given in table no. 4.11 to 4.20
Table: 4.11 Showing Scores Obtained By Urban and Rural
Respondents Regarding Political Empowerment.
Frequency
Class
Urban
1
4
19
58
119
124
74
22
7
428
21-30
31-40
41-50
51-60
61-70
71-80
81-90
91-100
101-110
Total
Rural
0
1
12
27
47
44
22
3
1
157
Group Statistics
Political
Empowerment
Area
N
Mean
urban
428
71.5397
13.08075
.63228
rural
157
68.2739
12.32811
.98389
96
Std. Deviation Std. Error Mean
Independent Sample Test
Levene’s Test for Equality of
Variances
t-test for Equality of means
Political
Empowerment
df
Mean
difference
Std. Error
Difference
t
Equal variances not
Assumed
293.187
3.26583
1.16954
2.792
t-value is Significant at 0.01 level
Table 4.11 Shows that the mean score of urban respondents was
71.5397 and the rural respondents was 68.2739. The standard deviation of
urban respondent was 13.08075 and rural respondent was 12.32811.
Standard error of mean of urban respondents was .63228 and rural
respondent was .98389. The difference between mean was 3.26583 and it
was in favour of urban respondent. The standard error of difference was
1.16954 and t value was 2.792 which was significant at 0.01 levels.
So it can be said that the role of education on political empowerment of
urban respondent was higher than the rural respondents.
Table: 4.11 Showing Scores Obtained By Urban and Rural
Respondents Regarding Political Empowerment
Urban and Rural respondents was Political
Empowerment
2.792
3.26583
1.16954
Mean Difference
Std. Error Difference
97
t-value
Table: 4.12 Showing Scores Obtained By Nuclear and Joint Family
Respondents Regarding Political Empowerment.
Frequency
Class
Nuclear
0
2
16
44
99
105
57
12
4
339
21-30
31-40
41-50
51-60
61-70
71-80
81-90
91-100
101-110
Total
Joint
1
3
15
41
67
63
39
13
4
246
Group Statistics
Political
Empowerment
Area
N
Mean
Std. Deviation Std. Error Mean
Nuclear
339
71.1180
12.21834
.66361
Joint
246
70.0366
13.90502
.88655
Independent Sample Test
Levene’s Test for Equality of
Variances
Political
Empowerment
Equal variances not
Assumed
t-test for Equality of means
df
Mean
difference
Std. Error
Difference
t
485.891
1.08141
1.10741
.977
t-value is not Significant at any level
98
Table 4.12 Shows that the mean score of nuclear family respondent
was 71.1180 and the joint family respondent was 70.0366. The standard
deviation of nuclear family respondent was 12.21834 and joint family
respondent was 13.90502. Standard error of mean of nuclear family
respondents was .66361 and joint family respondent was .88655. The
difference between mean was 1.16954 and it was in favour of nuclear family.
The standard error of difference was 1.08141 and t value was .977 which was
not significant at any level.
So it can be said that the role of education on political empowerment of
nuclear and joint family respondent was almost same.
Figure: 4.12 Showing Scores Obtained By Nuclear and Joint family
Respondents
Nuclear and Joint respondents was political Empowerment
1.15
1.1
1.05
1
1.08141 1.10741
1
2
0.95
0.977 3
4
0.9
Meandifference
Std. Errordifference
99
t
Table: 4.13 Showing Scores Obtained By Home science, Arts and
Commerce Respondents Regarding Political Empowerment.
Class
Home Science
0
1
10
35
46
56
45
3
4
200
21-30
31-40
41-50
51-60
61-70
71-80
81-90
91-100
101-110
Total
Frequency
Arts
1
2
13
34
60
55
25
7
3
200
Commerce
0
2
8
17
59
57
26
15
1
185
Descriptives
Political empowerment
Faculty
N
Mean
Std. Deviation
Std. Error
Home science
200
71.5100
13.27483
.93867
Arts
200
68.7650
12.96535
.91679
Commerce
185
71.8000
12.41790
.91298
Total
585
ANOVA
Political Empowerment
Between
Groups
Within Groups
S.S.
df
MS
F-value
1103.125
2
551.562
3.313
96893.535
582
166.484
F-value is not Significant at any level
100
Table value
0.05
0,01
level
level
19.50
99.50
Multiple Comparisons
Political Empowerment
(I) Stream
(J) Stream
Mean Difference (I-J)
Std. Error
Home science
arts
2.74500
1.29029
com
-.29000
1.31618
home
-2.74500
1.29029
Com.
-3.03500
1.31618
home
.29000
1.31618
arts
3.03500
1.31618
Arts
Commerce
Table 4.13 Shows that the mean score of home science respondents
was 71.5100, arts respondents was 68.7650 and commerce respondents was
71.8000. The standard deviation of home science respondents was 13.27483,
arts respondents was 12.96535 and commerce respondents was 12.41790.
The standard error of home science respondents was .93867, arts
respondents was .91679 and commerce respondents was .91298. The
difference between mean of home science and arts was 2.74500, the
difference between mean of home science and commerce was -.29000 and
the difference between mean of arts and commerce was -3.03500. The
standard error of difference between means was not significant at any level.
ANOVA shows that the sum of square of between groups was
1103.125 and within groups was 96893.535 and df of between groups was 2
and within groups was 582. The mean square of between groups was
551.562 within groups was 166.484. And the ‘f ’- value is 3.313 which was
not significant at any level.
So it can be said that role of education on political empowerment of
home science, arts and commerce respondents was almost same.
101
Figure- 4.13 Showing Scores of Home science, Arts and Commerce
respondents regarding political empowerment.
f-value
3.313
0.91298
0.91679
0.93867
Std.Error
12.4179
12.96535
13.27483
Std.Devition
71.8
68.765
71.51
mean
0
20
40
Homescience
60
Arts
80
Commerce
Figure- 4.14 Showing Scores Obtained by Home science respondents
of Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar city Regarding Political
Empowerment.
f-value
0.556
2.19144
1.39261
2.04703
2.24645
Std.Error
12.58885
14.27005
11.75926
12.09751
Std.Devition
72.3333
71.6476
72.697
68.7241
mean
0
Jamnagar
20
Morbi
40
Rajkot
102
60
Surendranagar
80
Table: 4.14 Showing Scores Obtained By Home science Respondents of
Jamnagar,Morbi,Rajkot,Surendranagar
city
Regarding
Political
Empowerment.
Class
Jamnagar
0
0
0
10
8
5
5
1
0
29
21-30
31-40
41-50
51-60
61-70
71-80
81-90
91-100
101-110
Total
Frequency of Home science
Morbi
Rajkot
Surendranagar
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
8
2
7
14
4
6
26
6
11
28
12
9
23
8
0
2
0
0
3
1
33
105
33
Descriptives
Political empowerment
City
N
Mean
Std. Deviation
Std. Error
Jamnagar
29
68.7241
12.09751
2.24645
Morbi
33
72.6970
11.75926
2.04703
Rajkot
105
71.6476
14.27005
1.39261
Surendranagar
33
72.3333
12.58885
2.19144
Total
200
103
ANOVA
Political empowerment
Between
Groups
Within Groups
S.S.
df
MS
F-value
295.922
3
98.641
.556
Table value
0.05
0,01
level
level
8.56
26.23
34772.058
196
177.408
F-value is not Significant at any level
Multiple Comparisons
Women Empowerment
LSD
City
(J) City
Mean Difference (I-J)
Std. Error
Jamnagar
Morbi
-3.97283
3.39021
Rajkot
-2.92348
2.79413
Surendranagar
-3.60920
3.39021
Jamnagar
3.97283
3.39021
Rajkot
1.04935
2.65812
Surendranagar
.36364
3.27903
Jamnagar
2.92348
2.79413
Morbi
-1.04935
2.65812
Surendranagar
-.68571
2.65812
Jamnagar
3.60920
3.39021
Morbi
-.36364
3.27903
Rajkot
.68571
2.65812
Morbi
Rajkot
Surendranagar
Table- 4.14 Shows that the mean score of Jamnagar city respondents
was 68.7241, Morbi city respondents was 72.6970, Rajkot city respondents
was 71.6476 and Surendranagar city respondents was 72.3333. The standard
deviation of Jamnagar city respondents was 12.09751, Morbi city respondents
was 11.75926 Rajkot city respondents was 14.27005 and Surendranagar city
respondents was 12.58885. The standard error of Jamnagar city respondents
was 2.24645, Morbi city respondents was 2.04703, Rajkot city respondents
was 1.39261 and Surendranagar city respondents was 2.19144.
104
The difference between mean of Jamnagar and Morbi city was 3.97283, the difference between mean of Jamnagar and Rajkot city -2.92348
and the difference between mean of Jamnagar and Surendranagar city was 3.60920, the difference between mean of Morbi and Rajkot city was 1.04935,
the difference between mean of Morbi and Surendranagar city was .36364
and the difference between mean of Rajkot and Surendranagar city was .68571. The standard error of difference between means was not significant at
any level.
ANOVA shows that sum of square of between groups was 295.922 and
within groups was 34772.058 and df of between groups was 3 and within
groups was 196. The mean square of between groups was 98.641 and within
groups was 177.408. The ‘f ’- value is .556 which was not Significant at any
level.
The difference between homescience respondents of Jamnagar, Morbi,
Rajkot and Surendranagar city respondents was not significant. So it can be
said that the role of education on political empowerment of
homesciencrespondents of Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar city
respondents was almost same.
105
Table: 4.15 Showing Scores Obtained by Arts Respondents of
Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar City Regarding Political
Empowerment.
Class
Frequency of Arts
Morbi
Rajkot
0
0
0
1
7
2
4
8
16
17
17
16
6
5
2
1
1
0
53
50
Jamnagar
1
1
2
7
14
9
8
3
2
47
21-30
31-40
41-50
51-60
61-70
71-80
81-90
91-100
101-110
Total
Surendranagar
0
0
2
15
13
13
6
1
0
50
Descriptives
Political empowerment
City
N
Mean
Std. Deviation
Std. Error
Jamnagar
47
70.7234
16.23697
2.36841
Morbi
53
68.7736
13.69677
1.88140
Rajkot
50
68.0800
10.72065
1.51613
Surendranagar
50
67.6000
10.75326
1.52074
Total
200
106
ANOVA
Political empowerment
Between
Groups
Within Groups
S.S.
df
MS
F-value
271.588
3
90.529
.535
Table value
0.05
0,01
level
level
8.56
26.23
33180.367
196
169.288
F-value is not Significant at any level
Multiple Comparisons
Women Empowerment
LSD
City
(J) City
Mean Difference (I-J)
Std. Error
Jamnagar
Morbi
1.94982
2.60691
Rajkot
2.64340
2.64341
Surendranagar
3.12340
2.64341
Jamnagar
-1.94982
2.60691
Rajkot
.69358
2.56512
Surendranagar
1.17358
2.56512
Jamnagar
-2.64340
2.64341
Morbi
-.69358
2.56512
Surendranagar
.48000
2.60221
Jamnagar
-3.12340
2.64341
Morbi
-1.17358
2.56512
Rajkot
-.48000
2.60221
Morbi
Rajkot
Surendranagar
Table- 4.15 Shows that the mean score of Jamnagar city respondents
was 70.7234, Morbi city respondents was 68.7736, Rajkot city respondents
was 68.0800 and Surendranagar city respondents was 67.6000. The standard
deviation of Jamnagar city respondents was 16.23697, Morbi city respondents
was 13.69677, Rajkot city respondents was 10.72065 and Surendranagar
city respondents was 10.75326. The standard error of Jamnagar city
respondents was 2.36841, Morbi city respondents was 1.88140, Rajkot city
respondents was 1.51613 and Surendranagar city respondents was 1.52074.
The difference between mean of Jamnagar and Morbi city was
1.94982, the difference between mean of Jamnagar and Rajkot city was
2.64340 and the difference between mean of Jamnagar and Surendranagar
107
city was 3.12340, the difference between mean of Morbi and Rajkot city was
.69358, the difference between mean of Morbi and Surendranagar city was
1.17358 and the difference between mean of Rajkot and Surendranagar city
was .48000. The standard error of difference between means was not
significant at any level.
ANOVA shows that sum of square of between groups was 271.588 and
within groups was 33180.367 and df of between groups was 3 and within
groups was 196. The mean square of between groups was 90.529 and within
groups was 169.288. The ‘f ’- value is .535 which was not Significant at any
level.
The difference between arts respondents of Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot
and Surendranagar city respondents was not significant. So it can be said that
the role of education on political empowerment of arts respondents of
Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar city respondents was almost
same.
Figure- 4.15 Showing Scores Obtained by Arts Respondents of
Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar City
f-value
0.535
1.52074
1.51613
1.8814
2.36841
Std.Error
10.75326
10.72065
13.69677
16.23697
Std.Devition
67.6
68.08
68.7736
70.7234
mean
0
Jamnagar
20
Morbi
40
Rajkot
108
60
Surendranagar
80
Table: 4.16 Showing Scores Obtained by Commerce Respondents of
Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar City
Class
Jamnagar
0
2
2
5
17
15
6
3
0
50
21-30
31-40
41-50
51-60
61-70
71-80
81-90
91-100
101-110
Total
Frequency of Commerce
Morbi
Rajkot
Surendranagar
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
5
2
4
6
14
14
14
14
20
8
11
7
2
8
4
0
0
1
0
50
50
35
Descriptives
Political empowerment
City
N
Mean
Std. Deviation
Std. Error
Jamnagar
50
69.2000
12.70867
1.79728
Morbi
50
76.0200
11.92748
1.68680
Rajkot
50
75.2800
11.35160
1.60536
Surendranagar
35
64.5143
10.12095
1.71075
Total
185
ANOVA
Political empowerment
Between
Groups
Within Groups
S.S.
df
MS
F-value
3691.797
3
1230.599
9.024
24681.803
181
136.364
F-value is Significant at 0.05 level
109
Table value
0.05
0,01
level
level
8.56
26.23
Multiple Comparisons
Political Empowerment
LSD
City
(J) City
Jamnagar
Morbi
Morbi
Surendranagar
Std. Error
*
2.33550
*
-6.82000
Rajkot
-6.08000
2.33550
Surendranagar
4.68571
2.57359
*
2.33550
Jamnagar
6.82000
Rajkot
.74000
Surendranagar
Rajkot
Mean Difference
(I-J)
2.33550
*
11.50571
2.57359
*
2.33550
Jamnagar
6.08000
Morbi
-.74000
2.33550
*
Surendranagar
10.76571
Jamnagar
-4.68571
Morbi
Rajkot
2.57359
2.57359
*
2.57359
*
2.57359
-11.50571
-10.76571
*. The mean difference is significant at the 0.05 level.
Table 4.16 Shows that the mean scores of Jamnagar city respondents
was 69.2000, Morbi city respondents was 76.0200, Rajkot city respondents
was 75.2800 and Surendranagar city respondents was 64.5143. The standard
deviation of Jamnagar city respondents was 12.70867, Morbi city respondents
was 11.92748, Rajkot city respondents was 11.35160 and Surendranagar
city respondents was 10.12095. The standard error of Jamnagar city
respondents was 1.79728, Morbi city respondents was 1.68680, Rajkot city
respondents was 1.60536 and Surendranagar city respondents was 1.71075.
ANOVA shows that the sum of square of between groups was
3691.797 and within groups was 24681.803 and df of between groups was 3
and within groups was 181. The mean square of between groups was
1230.599 and within groups was 136.364. The ‘f ’- value was 9.024 which was
significant 0.05 level.
Multiple Comparisons show that mean difference of Jamnagar and
Morbi city respondents was -6.82000, Jamnagar and Rajkot city respondents
was -6.08000, Jamnagar and Surendranagar city respondents was 4.68571,
Morbi and Rajkot city respondents was .74000 and Morbi and Surendranagar
city
respondents was 11.50571 And Rajkot and Surendranagar city
respondents was 10.76571. The difference between the standard error of
110
Jamnagar and Morbi city respondents was 2.33550, Jamnagar and Rajkot city
respondents was 2.33550 and Jamnagar and Surendranagar city respondents
was 2.57359.
The difference between commerce respondents of Jamnagar, Morbi,
Rajkot and Surendranagar city regarding political empowerment was
significant at 0.05 level. The role of education on commerce respondents of
Morbi city was higher than Jamnagar, Rajkot and Surendranagar city. The
role of education on commerce respondents of Rajkot city was higher than
Jamnagar and Surendranagar city. And the role of education on commerce
respondents of Jamnagar city was higher than the Surendranagar city.
Figure- 4.16 Showing Scores Obtained by Commerce Respondents of
Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar City Regarding Political
Empowerment.
f-value
9.024
1.71075
1.60536
1.6868
1.79728
Std.Error
10.12095
11.3516
11.92748
12.70867
Std.Devition
64.5143
75.28
76.02
69.2
mean
0
Jamnagar
20
Morbi
40
Rajkot
111
60
Surendranagar
80
Table: 4.17 Showing Scores Obtained by Urban Respondents of
Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar City Regarding Political
Empowerment.
Class
Frequency of Urban
Morbi
Rajkot
0
0
0
2
2
8
8
15
23
36
27
48
18
26
10
7
0
4
88
146
Jamnagar
1
2
3
19
32
23
16
4
2
102
21-30
31-40
41-50
51-60
61-70
71-80
81-90
91-100
101-110
Total
Surendranagar
0
0
6
16
28
26
14
1
1
92
Descriptives
Political empowerment
City
N
Mean
Std. Deviation
Std. Error
Jamnagar
102
69.4412
13.82033
1.36842
Morbi
88
74.2386
11.99616
1.27880
Rajkot
146
72.9658
13.75721
1.13855
Surendranagar
92
69.0217
11.40559
1.18911
Total
428
ANOVA
Political empowerment
Between
Groups
Within Groups
S.S.
df
MS
F-value
1970.404
3
656.801
3.917
71091.921
424
167.670
F-value is not Significant at any level
112
Table value
0.05
0,01
level
level
8.54
26.18
Multiple Comparisons
Political Empowerment
LSD
City
(J) City
Mean Difference (I-J)
Std. Error
Jamnagar
Morbi
-4.79746
1.88392
Rajkot
-3.52458
1.67100
Surendranagar
.41944
1.86180
Jamnagar
4.79746
1.88392
Rajkot
1.27288
1.74750
Surendranagar
5.21690
1.93076
Jamnagar
3.52458
1.67100
Morbi
-1.27288
1.74750
Surendranagar
3.94401
1.72364
Jamnagar
-.41944
1.86180
Morbi
-5.21690
1.93076
Rajkot
-3.94401
1.72364
Morbi
Rajkot
Surendranagar
Table- 4.17 Shows that the mean score of Jamnagar city respondents
was 69.4412, Morbi city respondents was 74.2386, Rajkot city respondents
was 72.9658 and Surendranagar city respondents was 69.0217. The standard
deviation of Jamnagar city respondents was 13.82033, Morbi city respondents
was 11.99616 Rajkot city respondents was 13.75721 and Surendranagar city
respondents was 11.40559. The standard error of Jamnagar city respondents
was 1.36842, Morbi city respondents was 1.27880, Rajkot city respondents
was 1.13855 and Surendranagar city respondents was 1.18911.
The difference between mean of Jamnagar and Morbi city was 4.79746, the difference between mean of Jamnagar and Rajkot city was 3.52458 and the difference between mean of Jamnagar and Surendranagar
city was .41944, the difference between mean of Morbi and Rajkot city was
1.27288, the difference between mean of Morbi and Surendranagar city was
5.21690 and the difference between mean of Rajkot and Surendranagar city
was 3.94401. The standard error of difference between means was not
significant at any level.
ANOVA shows that sum of square of between groups was 1970.404
and within groups was 71091.921 and df of between groups was 3 and within
groups was 424. The mean square of between groups was 656.801 and
within groups was 167.670. The ‘f ’- value is 3.917 which was not Significant
at any level.
113
The difference between urban respondents of Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot
and Surendranagar city respondents was not significant. So it can be said that
the role of education on political empowerment of urban respondents of
Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar city respondents was almost
same.
Figure- 4.17 Showing Scores Obtained by Urban Respondents of
Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar City Regarding Political
Empowerment.
f-value
3.917
1.18911
1.13855
1.2788
1.36842
Std.Error
11.40559
13.75721
11.99616
13.82033
Std.Devition
69.0217
72.9658
74.2386
69.4412
mean
0
20
Jamnagar
Morbi
40
Rajkot
60
80
Surendranagar
Figure-4.18 Showing Scores Obtained by Rural Respondents of
Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar City Regarding Political
Empowerment.
.
f-value
1.19
2.15062
1.33694
2.01215
2.98299
Std.Error
10.96603
10.26926
13.9406
14.61362
Std.Devition
64.4231
68.4407
69
70.5833
mean
0
Jamnagar
20
Morbi
40
Rajkot
114
60
Surendranagar
80
Table: 4.18 Showing Scores Obtained by Rural Respondents of
Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar City Regarding Political
Empowerment.
Class
Frequency of Rural
Morbi
Rajkot
0
0
0
0
6
2
5
11
13
21
15
16
8
9
0
0
1
0
48
59
Jamnagar
0
1
1
3
7
6
3
3
0
24
21-30
31-40
41-50
51-60
61-70
71-80
81-90
91-100
101-110
Total
Surendranagar
0
0
3
8
6
7
2
0
0
26
Descriptives
Political empowerment
City
N
Mean
Std. Deviation
Std. Error
Jamnagar
24
70.5833
14.61362
2.98299
Morbi
48
69.0000
13.94060
2.01215
Rajkot
59
68.4407
10.26926
1.33694
Surendranagar
26
64.4231
10.96603
2.15062
Total
157
ANOVA
Political empowerment
Between
Groups
Within Groups
S.S.
df
MS
F-value
540.501
3
180.167
1.190
23168.722
153
151.430
F-value is not Significant at any level
115
Table value
0.05
0,01
level
level
8.56
26.23
Multiple Comparisons
Political Empowerment
LSD
City
(J) City
Mean Difference (I-J)
Std. Error
Jamnagar
Morbi
1.58333
3.07642
Rajkot
2.14266
2.97929
Surendranagar
6.16026
3.48336
Jamnagar
-1.58333
3.07642
Rajkot
.55932
2.39194
Surendranagar
4.57692
2.99650
Jamnagar
-2.14266
2.97929
Morbi
-.55932
2.39194
Surendranagar
4.01760
2.89669
Jamnagar
-6.16026
3.48336
Morbi
-4.57692
2.99650
Rajkot
-4.01760
2.89669
Morbi
Rajkot
Surendranagar
Table- 4.18 shows that the mean score of Jamnagar city respondents
was 70.5833, Morbi city respondents was 69.0000, Rajkot city respondents
was 68.4407 and Surendranagar city respondents was 64.4231. The standard
deviation of Jamnagar city respondents was 14.61362, Morbi city respondents
was 13.94060 Rajkot city respondents was 10.26926 and Surendranagar city
respondents was 10.96603. The standard error of Jamnagar city respondents
was 2.98299, Morbi city respondents was 2.01215, Rajkot city respondents
was 1.33694 and Surendranagar city respondents was 2.15062.
The difference between mean of Jamnagar and Morbi city was
1.58333, the difference between mean of Jamnagar and Rajkot city was
2.14266 and the difference between mean of Jamnagar and Surendranagar
city was 6.16026, the difference between mean of Morbi and Rajkot city was
.55932, the difference between mean of Morbi and Surendranagar city was
4.57692 and the difference between mean of Rajkot and Surendranagar city
was 4.01760. The standard error of difference between means was not
significant at any level.
ANOVA shows that sum of square of between groups was 540.501 and
within groups was 23168.722 and df of between groups was 3 and within
groups was 153. The mean square of between groups was 180.167 and
within groups was 151.430. The ‘f ’- value is 1.190 which was not Significant
at any level.
The difference between rural respondents of Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot
and Surendranagar city respondents was not significant. So it can be said that
the role of education on political empowerment of rural respondents of
Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar city respondents was almost
same.
116
Table-4.19 Showing Scores Obtained by Nuclear Family Respondents of
Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar City Regarding Political
Empowerment.
Frequency of Nuclear
Class
Jamnagar
Morbi
Rajkot
Surendranagar
0
1
1
15
27
18
13
4
1
80
0
0
3
11
25
26
15
4
0
84
0
1
7
11
39
45
22
3
2
130
0
0
5
7
8
16
7
1
1
45
21-30
31-40
41-50
51-60
61-70
71-80
81-90
91-100
101-110
Total
Descriptives
Political empowerment
City
N
Mean
Std. Deviation
Std. Error
Jamnagar
80
70.5000
12.45549
1.39257
Morbi
84
71.3810
11.87069
1.29520
Rajkot
130
71.7538
12.10168
1.06139
Surendranagar
45
69.8889
13.01960
1.94085
Total
339
ANOVA
Political empowerment
Between
Groups
Within Groups
S.S.
df
MS
F-value
156.903
3
52.301
.348
50302.377
335
150.156
F-value is not Significant at any level
117
Table value
0.05
0,01
level
level
8.54
26.18
Multiple Comparisons
Political Empowerment
LSD
City
(J) City
Mean Difference (I-J)
Std. Error
Jamnagar
Morbi
-.88095
1.91430
Rajkot
-1.25385
1.74126
Surendranagar
.61111
2.28337
Jamnagar
.88095
1.91430
Rajkot
-.37289
1.71541
Surendranagar
1.49206
2.26371
Jamnagar
1.25385
1.74126
Morbi
.37289
1.71541
Surendranagar
1.86496
2.11940
Jamnagar
-.61111
2.28337
Morbi
-1.49206
2.26371
Rajkot
-1.86496
2.11940
Morbi
Rajkot
Surendranagar
Table- 4.19 Shows that the mean score of Jamnagar city respondents
was 70.5000, Morbi city respondents was 71.3810, Rajkot city respondents
was 71.7538 and Surendranagar city respondents was 69.8889. The standard
deviation of Jamnagar city respondents was 12.45549, Morbi city respondents
was 11.87069 Rajkot city respondents was 12.10168 and Surendranagar city
respondents was 13.01960. The standard error of Jamnagar city respondents
was 1.39257, Morbi city respondents was 1.29520, Rajkot city respondents
was 1.06139 and Surendranagar city respondents was 1.94085.
The difference between mean of Jamnagar and Morbi city was .88095, the difference between mean of Jamnagar and Rajkot city was 1.25385 and the difference between mean of Jamnagar and Surendranagar
city was .61111, the difference between mean of Morbi and Rajkot city was .37289, the difference between mean of Morbi and Surendranagar city was
1.49206 and the difference between mean of Rajkot and Surendranagar city
was 1.86496. The standard error of difference between means was not
significant at any level.
ANOVA shows that sum of square of between groups was 156.903 and
within groups was 50302.377 and df of between groups was 3 and within
groups was 335. The mean square of between groups was 52.301 and within
groups was 150.156. The ‘f ’- value is .348 which was not Significant at any
level.
118
The difference between nuclear family respondents of Jamnagar,
Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar city respondents was not significant. So it
can be said that the role of education on political empowerment of nuclear
family respondents of Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar city
respondents was almost same.
Figure- 4.19 Showing Scores Obtained by Nuclear family Respondents
of Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar City Regarding Political
Empowerment.
f-value
0.348
1.94085
1.06139
1.2952
1.39257
Std.Error
13.0196
12.10168
11.87069
12.45549
Std.Devition
69.8889
71.7538
71.381
70.5
mean
0
20
Jamnagar
Morbi
40
Rajkot
60
80
Surendranagar
Figure - 4.20 Showing Scores Obtained by Joint Family Respondents of
Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar City Regarding Political
Empowerment.
f-value
3.342
1.1991
1.6725
1.99802
2.38931
Std.Error
10.24515
14.48426
14.40791
16.2051
Std.Devition
66.8493
71.5067
74.0192
68.1957
mean
0
Jamnagar
20
Morbi
40
Rajkot
119
60
Surendranagar
80
Table: 4.20 Showing Scores Obtained by Joint Family Respondents of
Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar City.
Class
Frequency of Joint
Morbi
Rajkot
0
0
0
1
5
3
2
15
11
18
16
19
11
13
6
4
1
2
52
75
Jamnagar
1
2
3
7
12
11
6
3
1
46
21-30
31-40
41-50
51-60
61-70
71-80
81-90
91-100
101-110
Total
Surendranagar
0
0
4
17
26
17
9
0
0
73
Descriptives
Political empowerment
City
N
Mean
Std. Deviation
Std. Error
Jamnagar
46
68.1957
16.20510
2.38931
Morbi
52
74.0192
14.40791
1.99802
Rajkot
75
71.5067
14.48426
1.67250
Surendranagar
73
66.8493
10.24515
1.19910
Total
246
ANOVA
Political empowerment
Between
Groups
Within Groups
S.S.
df
MS
F-value
1884.362
3
628.121
3.342
45486.309
242
187.960
F-value is not Significant at any level
120
Table value
0.05
0,01
level
level
8.54
26.18
Multiple Comparisons
Political Empowerment
LSD
City
(J) City
Mean Difference (I-J)
Std. Error
Jamnagar
Morbi
-5.82358
2.77501
Rajkot
-3.31101
2.56753
Surendranagar
1.34634
2.58087
Jamnagar
5.82358
2.77501
Rajkot
2.51256
2.47401
Surendranagar
7.16992
2.48785
Jamnagar
3.31101
2.56753
Morbi
-2.51256
2.47401
Surendranagar
4.65735
2.25409
Jamnagar
-1.34634
2.58087
Morbi
-7.16992
2.48785
Rajkot
-4.65735
2.25409
Morbi
Rajkot
Surendranagar
Table-4.20 Shows that the mean score of Jamnagar city respondents
was 68.1957, Morbi city respondents was 74.0192, Rajkot city respondents
was 71.5067 and Surendranagar city respondents was 66.8493. The standard
deviation of Jamnagar city respondents was 16.20510, Morbi city respondents
was 14.40791 Rajkot city respondents was 14.48426 and Surendranagar city
respondents was 10.24515. The standard error of Jamnagar city respondents
was 2.38931, Morbi city respondents was 1.99802, Rajkot city respondents
was 1.67250 and Surendranagar city respondents was 1.19910.
The difference between mean of Jamnagar and Morbi city was 5.82358, the difference between mean of Jamnagar and Rajkot city was 3.31101 and the difference between mean of Jamnagar and Surendranagar
city was 1.34634, the difference between mean of Morbi and Rajkot city was
2.51256, the difference between mean of Morbi and Surendranagar city was
7.16992 and the difference between mean of Rajkot and Surendranagar city
was 4.65735. The standard error of difference between means was not
significant at any level.
ANOVA shows that sum of square of between groups was 1884.362
and within groups was 45486.309 and df of between groups was 3 and within
groups was 242. The mean square of between groups was 628.121 and
within groups was 187.960. The ‘f ’- value is 3.342 which was not Significant
at any level.
The difference between joint family respondents of Jamnagar, Morbi,
Rajkot and Surendranagar city respondents was not significant. So it can be
said that the role of education on political empowerment of joint family
respondents of Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar city respondents
was almost same.
121
4.5
SCORES OF ROLE OF EDUCATION ON SOCIAL EMPOWERMENT.
The scores obtained by urban and rural, joint and nuclear family as well as
Home science, arts & commerce respondents of Jamnagar, Rajkot, Morbi and
Surendranagar Colleges have been given in table no. 4.21 to 4.30.
Table: 4.21 Showing Scores Obtained By Urban and Rural
Respondents Regarding Social Empowerment.
Frequency
Class
Urban
1
0
14
36
124
174
77
2
428
1-50
51-100
101-150
151-200
201-250
251-300
301-350
351-400
Total
Rural
0
1
4
9
63
65
14
1
157
Group Statistics
Social
Empowerment
Area
N
Mean
urban
428
256.6729
50.86913
2.45885
rural
157
249.6051
42.30032
3.37593
122
Std. Deviation Std. Error Mean
Independent Sample Test
Levene’s Test for Equality of
Variances
Social
Empowerment
Equal variances not
Assumed
t-test for Equality of means
df
Mean
difference
Std. Error
Difference
t
331.341
4.17647
4.17647
1.692
t-value is not Significant at any level
Table 4.21 Shows that the mean score of urban respondents was
256.6729 and the rural respondents was 249.6051.The standard deviation of
urban respondent was 50.86913 and rural respondent was 42.30032.
Standard error of mean of urban respondents was 2.45885 and rural
respondent was 3.37593. The difference between mean was 4.17647 and it
was in favour of urban respondent. The standard error of difference between
mean was 4.17647 and t value was 1.692 which was not significant at any
levels.
So it can be said that the role of education on social empowerment of
urban respondent was higher than the rural respondents.
Figure- 4.21 Showing Scores Obtained By Urban and Rural
Respondents Regarding Social Empowerment.
Urban and Rural respondents was
social Empowerment
1.692
t
4.176 4.176
Std. Error Difference
Mean difference
0
1
123
2
3
4
5
Table: 4.22 Showing Scores Obtained By Nuclear and Joint family
Respondents Regarding Social Empowerment.
Frequency
Class
Nuclear
0
0
13
31
92
147
55
1
339
1-50
51-100
101-150
151-200
201-250
251-300
301-350
351-400
Total
Joint
1
1
5
14
95
92
36
2
246
Group Statistics
Social
Empowerment
Area
N
Mean
Std. Deviation Std. Error Mean
Nuclear
339
254.7581
49.36587
2.68119
Joint
246
254.8008
48.06897
3.06477
Independent Sample Test
Levene’s Test for Equality of
Variances
Social
Empowerment
Equal variances not
Assumed
t-test for Equality of means
df
Mean
difference
Std. Error
Difference
t
535.967
-.04270
4.07204
-0.10
t-value is not Significant at any level
Table 4.22 Shows that the mean score of nuclear family respondent
was 254.7581 and the joint family respondent was 254.8008. The standard
deviation of nuclear family respondent was 49.36587 and joint family
respondent was 48.06897. Standard error of mean of nuclear family
respondents was 2.68119 and joint family respondent was 3.06477. The
124
difference between mean was -.04270 and it was in favour of nuclear family.
The standard error of difference was 4.07204 and t value was -0.10 which
was not significant at any level.
So it can be said that the role of education on social empowerment of
nuclear and joint family respondent was almost same.
Figure: 4.22 Showing Scores Obtained By Nuclear and Joint family
Respondents Regarding Social Empowerment
Nuclear and Joint respondents was Social Empowerment
100%
4.07204
50%
0%
-0.0427
-50%
-0.1
-100%
Mean
difference
Std. Error
difference
t
Figure-4.23 Showing Scores of Home science, Arts and Commerce
respondents Regarding Social Empowerment
f-value
21.017
3.1145
3.08713
3.8394
Std.Error
42.36175
43.65868
54.29727
Std.Devition
249.573
242.495
271.87
mean
0
50
100
HomeScience
125
150
Arts
200
250
Commerce
300
Table: 4.23 Showing Scores Obtained By Home science, Arts and
Commerce Respondents Regarding Social Empowerment.
Class
Frequency
Arts
1
1
4
17
89
75
12
1
200
Home Science
0
0
8
14
32
82
63
1
200
1-50
51-100
101-150
151-200
201-250
251-300
301-350
351-400
Total
Commerce
0
0
6
14
66
82
16
1
185
Descriptives
Social Empowerment
Faculty
N
Mean
Std. Deviation
Std. Error
Home science
200
271.8700
54.29727
3.83940
Arts
200
242.4950
43.65868
3.08713
Commerce
185
249.5730
42.36175
3.11450
Total
585
ANOVA
Women Empowerment
Between
Groups
S.S.
df
MS
93613.785
2
46806.893
F-value
Table value
0.05
0,01
level
level
21.017 19.50
Within Groups 1296191.88
582
2227.134
0
F-value is Significant at 0.05 level
126
99.50
Multiple Comparisons
Social Empowerment
LSD
(I) Stream
(J) Stream
Mean Difference
(I-J)
Std. Error
Home science
arts
29.37500*
4.71925
com
*
4.81396
*
arts
commerce
22.29703
home
-29.37500
4.71925
Com.
-7.07797
4.81396
*
home
-22.29703
4.81396
arts
7.07797
4.81396
*. The mean difference is significant at the 0.05 level.
Table 4.23 Shows that the mean score of home science respondents
was 271.8700, arts respondents was 242.4950 and commerce respondents
was 249.5730. The standard deviation of home science respondents was
54.29727, arts respondents was 43.65868and commerce respondents was
42.36175. The standard error of home science respondents was 3.83940, arts
respondents was 3.08713 and commerce respondents was 3.11450.
ANOVA shows that sum of square of between groups was 93613.785
and within groups was 1296191.880 and df of between groups was 2 and
within groups was 582. The mean square of between groups was 46806.893
and within groups was 2227.134. The ‘f ’- value is 21.017 and was significant
at 0.05 level.
Multiple Comparisons show that mean difference of Home science
respondents and arts respondents was 29.37500 and Home science
respondents and commerce respondents was 22.29703. and arts
respondents and commerce respondents was -7.07797 and that standard
error of difference between mean of Home science and arts respondents
was 4.71925 , Home science and commerce respondents was 4.81396 and
commerce and arts respondents was 4.81396 which was significant at o.o5
level.
So it can be said that the role of education on social empowerment of
home science respondent was higher than the arts and commerce
respondents. And role of education on social empowerment of commerce
respondent was higher than the arts respondents.
127
Table: 4.24 Showing Scores Obtained By Home science Respondents of
Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar city regarding Social
Empowerment.
Class
Jamnagar
0
0
0
0
5
15
9
0
29
1-50
51-100
101-150
151-200
201-250
251-300
301-350
351-400
Total
Frequency of Home science
Morbi
Rajkot
Surendranagar
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
6
0
5
9
6
16
5
19
38
10
8
43
3
0
1
0
33
105
33
Descriptives
Social empowerment
City
N
Mean
Std. Deviation
Std. Error
Jamnagar
29
281.9655
34.93206
6.48672
Morbi
33
282.2727
29.23854
5.08978
Rajkot
105
283.8190
48.80904
4.76327
Surendranagar
33
214.5758
67.90620
11.82095
Total
200
ANOVA
Social empowerment
Between
Groups
S.S.
df
129845.487
3
MS
F-value
43281.829 18.569
Within Groups 456845.133
196
2330.843
F-value is Significant at 0.05 level
128
Table value
0.05
0,01
level
level
8.56
26.23
Multiple Comparisons
Social Empowerment LSD
City
(J) City
Mean Difference
(I-J)
Std. Error
Jamnagar
Morbi
-.30721
12.28843
Rajkot
-1.85353
Morbi
Rajkot
Surendranagar
67.38976
12.28843
Jamnagar
.30721
12.28843
Rajkot
-1.54632
9.63484
*
Surendranagar
67.69697
11.88542
Jamnagar
1.85353
10.12780
Morbi
1.54632
Surendranagar
Jamnagar
Surendranagar
10.12780
*
Morbi
Rajkot
9.63484
*
9.63484
*
12.28843
*
11.88542
*
9.63484
69.24329
-67.38976
-67.69697
-69.24329
*. The mean difference is significant at the 0.05 level.
Table 4.24 Shows that the mean scores of Jamnagar city respondents
was 281.9655, Morbi city respondents was 282.2727, Rajkot city respondents
was 283.8190 and Surendranagar city respondents was 214.5758. The
standard deviation of Jamnagar city respondents was 34.93206, Morbi city
respondents was 29.23854, Rajkot city respondents was 48.80904 and
Surendranagar city respondents was 67.90620. The standard error of
Jamnagar city respondents was 6.48672, Morbi city respondents was
5.08978, Rajkot city respondents was 4.76327 and Surendranagar city
respondents was 11.82095.
ANOVA shows that the sum of square of between groups was
129845.487 and within groups was 456845.133 and df of between groups
was 3 and within groups was 196. The mean square of between groups was
43281.829 and within groups was 2330.843. The ‘f ’- value was 18.569 which
was significant 0.05 level.
Multiple Comparisons show that mean difference of Jamnagar and
Morbi city respondents was -.30721 , Jamnagar and Rajkot city respondents
was -1.85353, Jamnagar and Surendranagar city respondents was 67.38976,
Morbi and Rajkot city respondents was -1.54632 and Morbi
and
Surendranagar city
respondents was 67.69697 And Rajkot and
Surendranagar city respondents was 69.24329. The difference between the
standard error of Jamnagar and Morbi city respondents was 12.28843,
129
Jamnagar and Rajkot city respondents was 10.12780 and Jamnagar and
Surendranagar city respondents was 12.28843.
The difference between home science respondents of Jamnagar,
Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar city regarding social empowerment was
significant at 0.05 level. The role of education on home science respondents
of Rajkot city was higher than Jamnagar, Morbi and Surendranagar city. The
role of education on home science respondents of Morbi city was higher than
Jamnagar and Surendranagar city. And the role of education on home
science respondents of Jamnagar city was higher than the Surendranagar
city.
Figure- 4.24 Showing Scores Obtained by Home science respondents of
Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar Regarding Social
Empowerment.
f-value
18.569
11.82095
4.76327
5.08978
6.48672
Std.Error
67.9062
48.80904
29.23854
34.93206
Std.Devition
214.5758
283.819
282.2727
281.9655
mean
0
Jamnagar
100
Morbi
Rajkot
130
200
Surendranagar
300
Table- 4.25 Showing Scores Obtained by Arts Respondents of
Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar City Regarding Social
Empowerment.
Class
Frequency of Arts
Morbi
Rajkot
0
0
0
0
1
1
3
4
20
26
25
17
4
2
0
0
53
50
Jamnagar
1
1
2
7
16
18
2
0
47
1-50
51-100
101-150
151-200
201-250
251-300
301-350
351-400
Total
Surendranagar
0
0
0
3
27
15
4
1
50
Descriptives
Social empowerment
City
N
Mean
Std. Deviation
Std. Error
Jamnagar
47
230.1915
59.65577
8.70169
Morbi
53
247.0000
36.90164
5.06883
Rajkot
50
241.9400
33.68062
4.76316
Surendranagar
50
249.8400
39.97620
5.65349
Total
200
ANOVA
Social empowerment
Between
Groups
S.S.
df
MS
F-value
10903.178
3
3634.393
1.934
Within Groups 368406.817
196
1879.627
F-value is not Significant at any level
131
Table value
0.05
0,01
level
level
8.56
26.23
Multiple Comparisons
Social Empowerment LSD
City
(J) City
Mean Difference (I-J)
Std. Error
Jamnagar
Morbi
-16.80851
8.68658
Rajkot
-11.74851
8.80821
Surendranagar
-19.64851
8.80821
Jamnagar
16.80851
8.68658
Rajkot
5.06000
8.54735
Surendranagar
-2.84000
8.54735
Jamnagar
11.74851
8.80821
Morbi
-5.06000
8.54735
Surendranagar
-7.90000
8.67093
Jamnagar
19.64851
8.80821
Morbi
2.84000
8.54735
Rajkot
7.90000
8.67093
Morbi
Rajkot
Surendranagar
Table- 4.25 shows that the mean score of Jamnagar city respondents
was 230.1915, Morbi city respondents was 247.0000, Rajkot city respondents
was 241.9400 and Surendranagar city respondents was 249.8400. The
standard deviation of Jamnagar city respondents was 59.65577, Morbi city
respondents was 36.90164 Rajkot city respondents was 33.68062 and
Surendranagar city respondents was 39.97620. The standard error of
Jamnagar city respondents was 8.70169, Morbi city respondents was
5.06883, Rajkot city respondents was 4.76316 and Surendranagar city
respondents was 5.65349.
The difference between mean of Jamnagar and Morbi city -16.80851,
the difference between mean of Jamnagar and Rajkot city was -11.74851 and
the difference between mean of Jamnagar and Surendranagar city was 19.64851, the difference between mean of Morbi and Rajkot city was 5.06000,
the difference between mean of Morbi and Surendranagar city was -2.84000
and the difference between mean of Rajkot and Surendranagar city was 7.90000. The standard error of difference between means was not significant
at any level.
ANOVA shows that sum of square of between groups was 10903.178
and within groups was 368406.817 and df of between groups was 3 and
within groups was 196. The mean square of between groups was 3634.393
and within groups was 1879.627. The ‘f ’- value is 1.934 which was not
Significant at any level.
The difference between arts respondents of Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot
and Surendranagar city respondents was not significant. So it can be said that
132
the role of education on social empowerment of arts respondents of
Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar city respondents was almost
same.
Figure- 4.25 Showing Scores Obtained by Arts Respondents of
Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar City Regarding Social
Empowerment
f-value
1.934
5.65349
4.76316
5.06883
8.70169
Std.Error
39.9762
33.68062
36.90164
59.65577
Std.Devition
249.84
241.94
247
230.1915
mean
0
100
Jamnagar
Morbi
Rajkot
200
300
Surendranagar
Figure- 4.26 Showing Scores Obtained by Commerce Respondents of
Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar City.
f-value
4.102
6.16216
6.00951
4.88416
6.91224
Std.Error
36.45584
42.49364
34.53625
48.87694
Std.Devition
243.9714
256.38
261.32
234.94
mean
0
Jamnagar
100
Morbi
Rajkot
133
200
Surendranagar
300
Table: 4.26 Showing Scores Obtained by Commerce Respondents of
Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar City Regarding Social
Empowerment.
Class
Jamnagar
0
0
4
6
22
13
5
0
50
1-50
51-100
101-150
151-200
201-250
251-300
301-350
351-400
Total
Frequency of Commerce
Morbi
Rajkot
Surendranagar
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
2
4
2
16
12
16
26
28
15
6
4
1
0
1
0
50
50
35
Descriptives
Social empowerment
City
N
Mean
Std. Deviation
Std. Error
Jamnagar
50
234.9400
48.87694
6.91224
Morbi
50
261.3200
34.53625
4.88416
Rajkot
50
256.3800
42.49364
6.00951
Surendranagar
35
243.9714
36.45584
6.16216
Total
185
ANOVA
Social empowerment
Between
Groups
S.S.
df
MS
F-value
21020.813
3
7006.938
4.102
Within Groups 309170.451
181
1708.124
F-value is not Significant at any level
134
Table value
0.05
0,01
level
level
8.54
26.23
Multiple Comparisons
Social Empowerment LSD
City
(J) City
Mean Difference (I-J)
Std. Error
Jamnagar
Morbi
-26.38000
8.26589
Rajkot
-21.44000
8.26589
Surendranagar
-9.03143
9.10857
Jamnagar
26.38000
8.26589
Rajkot
4.94000
8.26589
Surendranagar
17.34857
9.10857
Jamnagar
21.44000
8.26589
Morbi
-4.94000
8.26589
Surendranagar
12.40857
9.10857
Jamnagar
9.03143
9.10857
Morbi
-17.34857
9.10857
Rajkot
-12.40857
9.10857
Morbi
Rajkot
Surendranagar
Table- 4.26 Shows that the mean score of Jamnagar city respondents
was 234.9400, Morbi city respondents was 261.3200, Rajkot city respondents
was 256.3800 and Surendranagar city respondents was 243.9714. The
standard deviation of Jamnagar city respondents was 48.87694, Morbi city
respondents was 34.53625 Rajkot city respondents was 42.49364 and
Surendranagar city respondents was 36.45584. The standard error of
Jamnagar city respondents was 6.91224, Morbi city respondents was
4.88416, Rajkot city respondents was 6.00951 and Surendranagar city
respondents was 6.16216.
The difference between mean of Jamnagar and Morbi city was 26.38000, the difference between mean of Jamnagar and Rajkot city was 21.44000 and the difference between mean of Jamnagar and Surendranagar
city was -9.03143, the difference between mean of Morbi and Rajkot city was
4.94000, the difference between mean of Morbi and Surendranagar city was
17.34857 and the difference between mean of Rajkot and Surendranagar city
was 12.40857. The standard error of difference between means was not
significant at any level.
ANOVA shows that sum of square of between groups was 21020.813
and within groups was 309170.451 and df of between groups was 3 and
within groups was 181. The mean square of between groups was 7006.938
and within groups was 1708.124. The ‘f ’- value is 4.102 which was not
Significant at any level.
The difference between commerce respondents of Jamnagar, Morbi,
Rajkot and Surendranagar city respondents was not significant. So it can be
said that the role of education on social empowerment of commerce
respondents of Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar city respondents
was almost same.
135
Table: 4.27 Showing Scores Obtained by Urban Respondents of
Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar City Regarding Social
Empowerment.
Class
Frequency of Urban
Morbi
Rajkot
0
0
0
0
0
3
4
12
27
26
43
60
14
44
0
1
88
146
Jamnagar
1
0
6
10
36
35
14
0
102
1-50
51-100
101-150
151-200
201-250
251-300
301-350
351-400
Total
Surendranagar
0
0
5
10
35
36
5
1
92
Descriptives
Social empowerment
City
N
Mean
Std. Deviation
Std. Error
Jamnagar
102
243.5000
56.08299
5.55304
Morbi
88
262.1250
36.77543
3.92027
Rajkot
146
272.9178
49.27215
4.07779
Surendranagar
92
240.2826
50.71084
5.28697
Total
428
ANOVA
Social empowerment
Between
Groups
S.S.
df
83559.415
3
MS
F-value
27853.138 11.563
Within Groups 1021374.79
424
2408.903
1
F-value is Significant at 0.05 level
136
Table value
0.05
0,01
level
level
8.54
26.18
Multiple Comparisons
Social Empowerment LSD
City
(J) City
Jamnagar
Morbi
Morbi
Surendranagar
Std. Error
*
7.14077
*
-18.62500
Rajkot
-29.41781
6.33372
Surendranagar
3.21739
7.05694
Jamnagar
*
18.62500
7.14077
Rajkot
-10.79281
6.62369
*
7.31831
Jamnagar
*
29.41781
6.33372
Morbi
10.79281
6.62369
*
6.53323
Surendranagar
Rajkot
Mean Difference
(I-J)
21.84239
Surendranagar
32.63520
Jamnagar
-3.21739
Morbi
Rajkot
7.05694
*
7.31831
*
6.53323
-21.84239
-32.63520
*. The mean difference is significant at the 0.05 level.
Table- 4.27
Shows that the mean scores of Jamnagar city
respondents was 243.5000, Morbi city respondents was 262.1250, Rajkot city
respondents was 272.9178 and Surendranagar city respondents was
272.9178. The standard deviation of Jamnagar city respondents was
56.08299, Morbi city respondents was 36.77543, Rajkot city respondents was
49.27215 and Surendranagar city respondents was 50.71084. The standard
error of Jamnagar city respondents was 5.55304, Morbi city respondents
was 3.92027, Rajkot city respondents was 4.07779 and Surendranagar city
respondents was 5.28697.
ANOVA shows that the sum of square of between groups was
83559.415 and within groups was 1021374.791 and df of between groups
was 3 and within groups was 424. The mean square of between groups was
27853.138 and within groups was 2408.903. The ‘f ’- value was 11.563 which
was significant 0.05 level.
Multiple Comparisons show that mean difference of Jamnagar and
Morbi city respondents was -18.62500, Jamnagar and Rajkot city respondents
was -29.41781, Jamnagar and Surendranagar city respondents was 3.21739,
Morbi and Rajkot city respondents was -10.79281 and Morbi
and
Surendranagar city
respondents was 21.84239 And Rajkot and
Surendranagar city respondents was 32.63520. The difference between the
standard error of Jamnagar and Morbi city respondents was 7.14077,
Jamnagar and Rajkot city respondents was 6.33372 and Jamnagar and
Surendranagar city respondents was 7.05694.
137
The difference between urban respondents of Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot
and Surendranagar city regarding social empowerment was significant at 0.05
level. The role of education on urban respondents of Rajkot city was higher
than Jamnagar, Morbi and Surendranagar city. The role of education on urban
respondents of Morbi city was higher than Jamnagar and Surendranagar city.
And the role of education on urban respondents of Jamnagar city was higher
than the Surendranagar city.
Figure-4.27 Showing Scores Obtained by Urban Respondents of
Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar City Regarding Social
Empowerment.
f-value
11.563
5.28697
4.07779
3.92027
5.55304
Std.Error
50.71084
49.27215
36.77543
56.08299
Std.Devition
240.2826
272.9178
262.125
243.5
mean
0
100
Jamnagar
Morbi
200
Rajkot
300
Surendranagar
Figure-4.28 Showing Scores Obtained by Rural Respondents of
Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar City Regarding Social
Empowerment.
f-value
2.571
9.7389
5.0782
5.31998
9.70506
Std.Error
49.65884
39.00638
36.85793
47.54487
Std.Devition
231
252.0508
258.4375
246.0833
mean
0
Jamnagar
100
Morbi
Rajkot
138
200
Surendranagar
300
Table: 4.28 Showing Scores Obtained by Rural Respondents of
Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar City Regarding Social
Empowerment.
Class
Frequency of Rural
Morbi
Rajkot
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
15
28
27
23
4
5
0
1
48
59
Jamnagar
0
1
0
3
7
11
2
0
24
1-50
51-100
101-150
151-200
201-250
251-300
301-350
351-400
Total
Surendranagar
0
0
2
4
13
4
3
0
26
Descriptives
Social empowerment
City
N
Mean
Std. Deviation
Std. Error
Jamnagar
24
246.0833
47.54487
9.70506
Morbi
48
258.4375
36.85793
5.31998
Rajkot
59
252.0508
39.00638
5.07820
Surendranagar
26
231.0000
49.65884
9.73890
Total
157
ANOVA
Social empowerment
Between
Groups
S.S.
df
MS
F-value
13395.023
3
4465.008
2.571
Within Groups 265738.493
153
1736.853
F-value is not Significant at any level
139
Table value
0.05
0,01
level
level
8.56
26.23
Multiple Comparisons
Social Empowerment LSD
City
(J) City
Mean Difference (I-J)
Std. Error
Jamnagar
Morbi
-12.35417
10.41889
Rajkot
-5.96751
10.08995
Surendranagar
15.08333
11.79707
Jamnagar
12.35417
10.41889
Rajkot
6.38665
8.10078
Morbi
Rajkot
Surendranagar
*
Surendranagar
27.43750
10.14822
Jamnagar
5.96751
10.08995
Morbi
-6.38665
8.10078
Surendranagar
21.05085
9.81021
Jamnagar
-15.08333
11.79707
Morbi
-27.43750
10.14822
Rajkot
-21.05085
9.81021
Table-4.28 Shows that the mean score of Jamnagar city respondents
was 246.0833, Morbi city respondents was 258.4375, Rajkot city respondents
was 252.0508 and Surendranagar city respondents was 231.0000. The
standard deviation of Jamnagar city respondents was 47.54487, Morbi city
respondents was 36.85793 Rajkot city respondents was 39.00638 and
Surendranagar city respondents was 49.65884. The standard error of
Jamnagar city respondents was 9.70506, Morbi city respondents was
5.31998, Rajkot city respondents was 5.07820 and Surendranagar city
respondents was 9.73890.
The difference between mean of Jamnagar and Morbi city was 12.35417, the difference between mean of Jamnagar and Rajkot city was 5.96751 and the difference between mean of Jamnagar and Surendranagar
city was 15.08333, the difference between mean of Morbi and Rajkot city was
6.38665, the difference between mean of Morbi and Surendranagar city was
27.43750 and the difference between mean of Rajkot and Surendranagar city
was 21.05085. The standard error of difference between means was not
significant at any level.
ANOVA shows that sum of square of between groups was 13395.023
and within groups was 265738.493 and df of between groups was 3 and
within groups was 153. The mean square of between groups was 4465.008
and within groups was 1736.853. The ‘f ’- value is 2.571 which was not
Significant at any level.
The difference between rural respondents of Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot
and Surendranagar city respondents was not significant. So it can be said that
the role of education on social empowerment of rural respondents of
Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar city respondents was almost
same.
140
Table: 4.29 Showing Scores Obtained by Nuclear Family Respondents of
Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar City Regarding Social
Empowerment.
.
Frequency of Nuclear
Class
Jamnagar
Morbi
Rajkot
Surendranagar
0
0
3
8
26
31
12
0
80
0
0
1
3
23
47
10
0
84
0
0
3
11
31
52
32
1
130
0
0
6
9
12
17
1
0
45
1-50
51-100
101-150
151-200
201-250
251-300
301-350
351-400
Total
Descriptives
Social empowerment
City
N
Mean
Std. Deviation
Std. Error
Jamnagar
80
251.1125
49.20353
5.50112
Morbi
84
262.1190
36.44782
3.97678
Rajkot
130
263.9923
49.14233
4.31007
Surendranagar
45
220.8222
56.83480
8.47243
Total
339
ANOVA
Social empowerment
Between
Groups
S.S.
df
68523.798
3
MS
F-value
22841.266 10.132
Within Groups 755178.367
335
2254.264
F-value is Significant at 0.05 level
141
Table value
0.05
0,01
level
level
8.54
26.18
Multiple Comparisons
Social Empowerment
LSD
City
(J) City
Mean Difference
(I-J)
Std. Error
Jamnagar
Morbi
-11.00655
7.41719
Rajkot
-12.87981
6.74676
Surendranagar
*
30.29028
8.84721
Jamnagar
11.00655
7.41719
Rajkot
-1.87326
6.64658
Surendranagar
41.29683*
8.77104
Jamnagar
12.87981
6.74676
Morbi
1.87326
6.64658
Morbi
Rajkot
*
8.21190
Jamnagar
*
-30.29028
8.84721
Morbi
-41.29683*
8.77104
Rajkot
-43.17009*
8.21190
Surendranagar
Surendranagar
43.17009
*. The mean difference is significant at the 0.05 level.
Table 4.29 Shows that the mean scores of Jamnagar city respondents
was 251.1125, Morbi city respondents was 262.1190, Rajkot city respondents
was 263.9923 and Surendranagar city respondents was 220.8222. The
standard deviation of Jamnagar city respondents was 49.20353, Morbi city
respondents was 36.44782, Rajkot city respondents was 49.14233 and
Surendranagar city respondents was 56.83480. The standard error of
Jamnagar city respondents was 5.50112, Morbi city respondents was
3.97678, Rajkot city respondents was 4.31007 and Surendranagar city
respondents was 8.47243.
ANOVA shows that the sum of square of between groups was
68523.798 and within groups was 755178.367 and df of between groups was
3 and within groups was 335. The mean square of between groups was
22841.266 and within groups was 2254.264. The ‘f ’- value was 10.132 which
was significant 0.05 level.
Multiple Comparisons show that mean difference of Jamnagar and
Morbi city respondents was -11.00655, Jamnagar and Rajkot city respondents
was -12.87981, Jamnagar
and Surendranagar city respondents was
30.29028, Morbi and Rajkot city respondents was -1.87326 and Morbi and
Surendranagar city
respondents was 41.29683
And Rajkot and
Surendranagar city respondents was 43.17009 . The difference between the
142
standard error of Jamnagar and Morbi city respondents was 7.41719,
Jamnagar and Rajkot city respondents was 6.74676 and Jamnagar and
Surendranagar city respondents was 8.84721.
The difference between nuclear respondents of Jamnagar, Morbi,
Rajkot and Surendranagar city regarding social empowerment was significant
at 0.05 level. The role of education on nucler respondents of Rajkot city was
higher than Jamnagar, Morbi and Surendranagar city. The role of education
on nucler respondents of Morbi city was higher than Jamnagar and
Surendranagar city. And the role of education on nuclear respondents of
Jamnagar city was higher than the Surendranagar city.
Figure-4.29 Showing Scores Obtained by Nuclear respondents of
Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar Regarding Social
Empowerment.
f-value
10.132
8.47243
4.31007
3.97678
5.50112
Std.Error
56.8348
49.14233
36.44782
49.20353
Std.Devition
220.8222
263.9923
262.119
251.1125
mean
0
Jamnagar
100
Morbi
Rajkot
143
200
Surendranagar
300
Table: 4.30 Showing Scores Obtained by Joint Family Respondents of
Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar City Regarding Social
Empowerment.
Frequency of Joint
Class
Jamnagar
Morbi
Rajkot
Surendranagar
1
1
3
5
17
15
4
0
46
0
0
0
2
19
23
8
0
52
0
0
1
2
23
31
17
1
75
0
0
1
5
36
23
7
1
73
1-50
51-100
101-150
151-200
201-250
251-300
301-350
351-400
Total
Descriptives
Social empowerment
City
N
Mean
Std. Deviation
Std. Error
Jamnagar
46
231.6087
60.99708
8.99353
Morbi
52
258.7308
37.39147
5.18526
Rajkot
75
271.9733
44.11379
5.09382
Surendranagar
73
248.9726
43.01517
5.03454
Total
246
ANOVA
Social empowerment
Between
Groups
S.S.
df
MS
F-value
50142.161
3
16714.054
7.839
Within Groups 515961.079
242
2132.071
F-value is not Significant at any level
144
Table value
0.05
0,01
level
level
8.54
26.18
Multiple Comparisons
Social Empowerment
LSD
City
(J) City
Mean Difference (I-J)
Std. Error
Jamnagar
Morbi
-27.12207
9.34616
Rajkot
-40.36464
8.64737
Surendranagar
-17.36391
8.69228
Jamnagar
27.12207
9.34616
Rajkot
-13.24256
8.33240
Surendranagar
9.75817
8.37901
Jamnagar
40.36464
8.64737
Morbi
13.24256
8.33240
Surendranagar
23.00073
7.59171
Jamnagar
17.36391
8.69228
Morbi
-9.75817
8.37901
Rajkot
-23.00073
7.59171
Morbi
Rajkot
Surendranagar
Table- 4.30 shows that the mean score of Jamnagar city respondents
was 231.6087, Morbi city respondents was 258.7308, Rajkot city respondents
was 271.9733 and Surendranagar city respondents was 248.9726. The
standard deviation of Jamnagar city respondents was 60.99708, Morbi city
respondents was 37.39147 Rajkot city respondents was 44.11379 and
Surendranagar city respondents was 43.01517. The standard error of
Jamnagar city respondents was 8.99353, Morbi city respondents was
5.18526, Rajkot city respondents was 5.09382 and Surendranagar city
respondents was 5.03454.
The difference between mean of Jamnagar and Morbi city was 27.12207, the difference between mean of Jamnagar and Rajkot city was 40.36464 and the difference between mean of Jamnagar and Surendranagar
city was -17.36391, the difference between mean of Morbi and Rajkot city was
-13.24256, the difference between mean of Morbi and Surendranagar city
was 9.75817 and the difference between mean of Rajkot and Surendranagar
city was 23.00073. The standard error of difference between means was not
significant at any level.
ANOVA shows that sum of square of between groups was 50142.161
and within groups was 515961.079 and df of between groups was 3 and
within groups was 242. The mean square of between groups was 16714.054
145
and within groups was 2132.071. The ‘f ’- value is 7.839 which was not
Significant at any level.
The difference between joint respondents of Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot
and Surendranagar city respondents was not significant. So it can be said that
the role of education on social empowerment of joint respondents of
Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar city respondents was almost
same.
Figure-4.30 Showing Scores Obtained by Joint Family Respondents of
Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar City.
f-value
7.839
5.03454
5.09382
5.18526
8.99353
Std.Error
43.01517
44.11379
37.39147
60.99708
Std.Devition
248.9726
271.9733
258.7308
231.6087
mean
0
Jamnagar
100
Morbi
Rajkot
146
200
Surendranagar
300
4.6
SCORES OF ROLE OF EDUCATION ON ECONOMIC
EMPOWERMENT.
The scores obtained by urban and rural, joint and nuclear family as well as
Home science, arts & commerce respondents of Jamnagar, Rajkot, Morbi and
Surendranagar Colleges have been given in table no. 4.31 to 4.40.
Table: 4.31 Showing Scores Obtained By Urban and Rural Respondents
Regarding Economic Empowerment.
Frequency
Class
Urban
6
18
89
159
106
44
6
428
51-100
101-150
151-200
201-250
251-300
301-350
351-400
Total
Rural
2
9
41
71
27
6
1
157
Group Statistics
Economic
Empowerment
Area
N
Mean
Std. Deviation Std. Error Mean
urban
428
234.0444
52.41186
2.53342
rural
157
219.3567
46.82332
3.73691
Independent Sample Test
Levene’s Test for Equality of
Variances
df
Mean
difference
Std. Error
Difference
t
308.541
14.68770
4.51472
3.253
Economic
Empowerment
Equal variances not
Assumed
t-test for Equality of means
t-value is Significant at 0.01 level
147
Table 4.31 Shows that the mean score of urban respondents was
234.0444 and the rural respondents was 219.3567 .The standard deviation of
urban respondent was 52.41186 and rural respondent was 46.82332.
Standard error of mean of urban respondents was 2.53342 and rural
respondent was 3.73691. The difference between mean was 14.68770 and it
was in favour of urban respondent. The standard error of difference between
mean was 4.51472 and t value was 3.253 which was significant at 0.01 levels.
So it can be said that the role of education on economic empowerment
of urban respondent was higher than the rural respondents.
Figure- 4.31 Showing Scores Obtained By Urban and Rural Respondents
Regarding Economic Empowerment.
Urban and rural respondents was Economic empowerment
3.253
t
Std. Error
difference
4.51472
Mean
difference
14.6877
0
5
10
148
15
Table: 4.32 Showing Scores Obtained By Nuclear and Joint family
Respondents Regarding Economic Empowerment.
Frequency
Class
Nuclear
3
15
67
134
88
29
3
339
51-100
101-150
151-200
201-250
251-300
301-350
351-400
Total
Joint
5
12
63
96
45
21
4
246
Group Statistics
Economic
Empowerment
Area
N
Mean
Std. Deviation Std. Error Mean
Nuclear
339
233.7847
48.71033
2.64558
Joint
246
225.0285
54.46837
3.47278
Independent Sample Test
Levene’s Test for Equality of
Variances
Economic
Empowerment
Equal variances not
Assumed
t-test for Equality of means
df
Mean
difference
Std. Error
Difference
t
491.818
8.75621
4.36569
2.006
t-value is Significant at 0.05 level
Table 4.32 Shows that the mean score of nuclear family respondent
was 233.7847 and the joint family respondent was 225.0285. The standard
deviation of nuclear family respondent was 48.71033 and joint family
respondent was 54.46837. Standard error of mean of nuclear family
respondents was 2.64558 and joint family respondent was 3.47278. The
149
difference between mean was 8.75621 and it was in favour of nuclear family.
The standard error of difference was 4.36569 and t value was 2.006 which
was significant at 0.05 level.
So it can be said that the role of education on economic empowerment
of nuclear family respondent was higher than joint family respondent.
Figure: 4.32 Showing Scores Obtained By Nuclear and Joint family
Respondents Regarding Economic Empowerment
Nuclear and Joint respondents was Economic
Empowerment
10
8
6
4
8.75621
4.36569
2
2.006
0
Mean
difference
Std. Error
difference
t
Figure-4.33 Showing Scores of Home science, Arts and Commerce
respondents Regarding Economic Empowerment.
f-value
47.493
3.3055
3.16905
3.72445
Std.Error
44.9597
44.81708
52.67173
Std.Devition
230.1946
206.82
253.3
mean
0
50
100
HomeScience
150
150
Arts
200
250
Commerce
300
Table: 4.33 Showing Scores Obtained By Home science, Arts and
Commerce Respondents Regarding Economic Empowerment.
Class
Frequency
Arts
4
19
66
82
27
2
0
200
Home Science
2
3
26
66
63
33
7
200
51-100
101-150
151-200
201-250
251-300
301-350
351-400
Total
Commerce
2
5
38
82
43
15
0
185
Descriptives
Economic Empowerment
Faculty
N
Mean
Std. Deviation
Std. Error
Home science
200
253.3000
52.67173
3.72445
Arts
200
206.8200
44.81708
3.16905
Commerce
185
230.1946
44.95970
3.30550
Total
585
ANOVA
Economic Empowerment
Between
Groups
S.S.
df
216041.332
2
MS
F-value
108020.666 47.493
Within Groups 1323726.51
582
2274.444
5
F-value is Significant at 0.05 level
151
Table value
0.05
0,01
level
level
19.50
99.50
Multiple Comparisons
Economic Empowerment LSD
(I) Stream
(J) Stream
Home science
arts
com
arts
home
Com.
commerce
home
arts
Mean Difference
(I-J)
Std. Error
*
4.76911
*
4.86482
*
4.76911
*
4.86482
*
-23.10541
4.86482
*
4.86482
46.48000
23.10541
-46.48000
-23.37459
23.37459
*. The mean difference is significant at the 0.05 level.
Table 4.33 Shows that the mean score of home science respondents
was 253.3000, arts respondents was 206.8200 and commerce respondents
was 230.1946. The standard deviation of home science respondents was
52.67173, arts respondents was 44.81708 and commerce respondents was
44.95970. The standard error of home science respondents was 3.72445, arts
respondents was 3.16905 and commerce respondents was 3.30550.
ANOVA shows that sum of square of between groups was 216041.332
and within groups was 1323726.515 and df of between groups was 2 and
within groups was 582. The mean square of between groups was 108020.666
and within groups was 2274.444. The ‘f ’- value is 47.493 and was significant
at 0.05 level.
Multiple Comparisons show that mean difference of Home science
respondents and arts respondents was 46.48000 and Home science
respondents and commerce respondents was 23.10541. and arts
respondents and commerce respondents was -46.48000 and that standard
error of difference between mean of Home science and arts respondents
was 4.76911, Home science and commerce respondents was 4.86482 and
commerce and arts respondents was 4.86482 which was significant at o.o5
level.
So it can be said that the role of education on economic empowerment
of home science respondent was higher than the arts and commerce
respondents. And role of education on economic empowerment of commerce
respondent was higher than the arts respondents.
152
Table: 4.34 Showing Scores Obtained By Home science Respondents of
Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar city Regarding Economic
Empowerment.
Class
Jamnagar
1
1
7
5
9
6
0
29
51-100
101-150
151-200
201-250
251-300
301-350
351-400
Total
Frequency of Home science
Morbi
Rajkot
Surendranagar
0
1
0
0
2
0
4
13
2
16
29
16
8
33
13
5
20
2
0
7
0
33
105
33
Descriptives
Economic empowerment
N
Mean
Std. Deviation
Std. Error
Jamnagar
29
246.9655
62.12285
11.53592
Morbi
33
241.6970
44.35756
7.72166
Rajkot
105
261.0857
56.83463
5.54649
Surendranagar
33
245.6970
31.24948
5.43984
Total
200
City
ANOVA
Economic empowerment
Between
Groups
S.S.
df
MS
F-value
13878.867
3
4626.289
1.685
Within Groups 538209.133
196
2745.965
F-value is not Significant at any level
153
Table value
0.05
0,01
level
level
8.56
26.23
Multiple Comparisons
Economic Empowerment LSD
City
(J) City
Mean Difference (I-J)
Std. Error
Jamnagar
Morbi
5.26855
13.33790
Rajkot
-14.12020
10.99275
Surendranagar
1.26855
13.33790
Jamnagar
-5.26855
13.33790
Rajkot
-19.38874
10.45768
Surendranagar
-4.00000
12.90047
Jamnagar
14.12020
10.99275
Morbi
19.38874
10.45768
Surendranagar
15.38874
10.45768
Jamnagar
-1.26855
13.33790
Morbi
4.00000
12.90047
Rajkot
-15.38874
10.45768
Morbi
Rajkot
Surendranagar
Table-4.34 shows that the mean score of Jamnagar city respondents
was 4.86482, Morbi city respondents was 241.6970, Rajkot city respondents
was 261.0857 and Surendranagar city respondents was 245.6970. The
standard deviation of Jamnagar city respondents was 62.12285, Morbi city
respondents was 44.35756 Rajkot city respondents was 56.83463 and
Surendranagar city respondents was 31.24948. The standard error of
Jamnagar city respondents was 11.53592, Morbi city respondents was
7.72166, Rajkot city respondents was 5.54649 and Surendranagar city
respondents was 5.43984.
The difference between mean of Jamnagar and Morbi city was
5.26855, the difference between mean of Jamnagar and Rajkot city was 14.12020 and the difference between mean of Jamnagar and Surendranagar
city was 1.26855, the difference between mean of Morbi and Rajkot city was 19.38874, the difference between mean of Morbi and Surendranagar city was
-4.00000 and the difference between mean of Rajkot and Surendranagar city
was 15.38874. The standard error of difference between means was not
significant at any level.
ANOVA shows that sum of square of between groups was 13878.867
and within groups was 538209.133 and df of between groups was 3 and
within groups was 196. The mean square of between groups was 4626.289
and within groups was 2745.965. The ‘f ’- value is 1.685 which was not
Significant at any level.
154
The difference between home science respondents of Jamnagar,
Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar city respondents was not significant. So it
can be said that the role of education on economic empowerment of home
science respondents of Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar city
respondents was almost same.
Figure- 4.34 Showing Scores Obtained by Home science respondents of
Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar city Regarding Economic
Empowerment
f-value
1.685
5.43984
5.54649
7.72166
11.53592
Std.Error
31.24948
56.83463
44.35756
62.12285
Std.Devition
245.697
261.0857
241.697
246.9655
mean
0
Jamnagar
100
Morbi
Rajkot
155
200
Surendranagar
300
Table: 4.35 Showing Scores Obtained by Arts Respondents of
Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar City Regarding Economic
Empowerment.
Frequency of Arts
Class
Jamnagar
Morbi
Rajkot
Surendranagar
2
9
13
17
4
2
0
47
0
6
19
21
7
0
0
53
1
2
12
26
9
0
0
50
1
2
22
18
7
0
0
50
51-100
101-150
151-200
201-250
251-300
301-350
351-400
Total
Descriptives
Economic empowerment
City
N
Mean
Std. Deviation
Std. Error
Jamnagar
47
197.4043
57.13510
8.33401
Morbi
53
202.8868
38.02361
5.22294
Rajkot
50
218.7600
39.81927
5.63129
Surendranagar
50
207.9000
41.52563
5.87261
Total
200
ANOVA
Economic empowerment
Between
Groups
S.S.
df
MS
F-value
12173.260
3
4057.753
2.052
Within Groups 387532.260
196
1977.205
F-value is not Significant at any level
156
Table value
0.05
0,01
level
level
8.56
23.26
Multiple Comparisons
Economic Empowerment
LSD
City
(J) City
Mean Difference (I-J)
Std. Error
Jamnagar
Morbi
-5.48254
8.90921
Rajkot
-21.35574
9.03395
Surendranagar
-10.49574
9.03395
Jamnagar
5.48254
8.90921
Rajkot
-15.87321
8.76641
Surendranagar
-5.01321
8.76641
Jamnagar
21.35574
9.03395
Morbi
15.87321
8.76641
Surendranagar
10.86000
8.89316
Jamnagar
10.49574
9.03395
Morbi
5.01321
8.76641
Rajkot
-10.86000
8.89316
Morbi
Rajkot
Surendranagar
Table- 4.35 Shows that the mean score of Jamnagar city respondents
was 197.4043, Morbi city respondents was 202.8868, Rajkot city respondents
was 218.7600 and Surendranagar city respondents was 207.9000. The
standard deviation of Jamnagar city respondents was 57.13510, Morbi city
respondents was 38.02361 Rajkot city respondents was 39.81927 and
Surendranagar city respondents was 41.52563. The standard error of
Jamnagar city respondents was 8.33401, Morbi city respondents was
5.22294, Rajkot city respondents was 5.63129 and Surendranagar city
respondents was 5.87261.
The difference between mean of Jamnagar and Morbi city was -5.48254, the difference between mean of Jamnagar and Rajkot city was -10.49574 and the difference between mean of Jamnagar and Surendranagar
city was -10.49574, the difference between mean of Morbi and Rajkot city was
-15.87321, the difference between mean of Morbi and Surendranagar city
was -5.01321 and the difference between mean of Rajkot and Surendranagar
city was 10.86000. The standard error of difference between means was not
significant at any level.
ANOVA shows that sum of square of between groups was 12173.260
and within groups was 387532.260 and df of between groups was 3 and
within groups was 196. The mean square of between groups was 4057.753
157
and within groups was 1977.205. The ‘f ’- value is 2.052 which was not
Significant at any level.
The difference between arts respondents of Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot
and Surendranagar city respondents was not significant. So it can be said that
the role of education on economic empowerment of arts respondents of
Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar city respondents was almost
same.
Figure- 4.35 Showing Scores Obtained by Arts Respondents of
Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar City Regarding Economic
Empowerment.
f-value
2.052
5.87261
5.63129
5.22294
8.33401
Std.Error
41.52563
39.81927
38.02361
57.1351
Std.Devition
207.9
218.76
202.8868
197.4043
mean
0
50
Jamnagar
Morbi
100
150
200
Rajkot
Surendranagar
250
Figure - 4.36 Showing Scores Obtained by Commerce Respondents of
Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar City Regarding Economic
Empowerment.
f-value
5.031
4.30485
5.67179
5.68086
8.16592
Std.Error
25.46782
40.1056
40.16975
57.74179
Std.Devition
222.9143
239.48
242.94
213.26
mean
0
Jamnagar
100
Morbi
Rajkot
158
200
Surendranagar
300
Table : 4.36 Showing Scores Obtained by Commerce Respondents of
Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar City Regarding Economic
Empowerment.
Class
Jamnagar
2
5
13
18
7
5
0
50
51-100
101-150
151-200
201-250
251-300
301-350
351-400
Total
Frequency of Commerce
Morbi
Rajkot
Surendranagar
0
0
0
0
0
0
8
11
6
22
20
22
13
16
7
7
3
0
0
0
0
50
50
35
Descriptives
Economic empowerment
City
N
Mean
Std. Deviation
Std. Error
Jamnagar
50
213.2600
57.74179
8.16592
Morbi
50
242.9400
40.16975
5.68086
Rajkot
50
239.4800
40.10560
5.67179
Surendranagar
35
222.9143
25.46782
4.30485
Total
185
ANOVA
Economic empowerment
Between
Groups
S.S.
df
MS
28627.332
3
9542.444
F-value
5.031
Within Groups 343305.663
181
1896.716
F-value is not Significant at any level
159
Table value
0.05
0,01
level
level
8.56
26.23
Multiple Comparisons
Economic Empowerment LSD
City
(J) City
Mean Difference (I-J)
Std. Error
Jamnagar
Morbi
-29.68000
8.71026
Rajkot
-26.22000
8.71026
Surendranagar
-9.65429
9.59824
Jamnagar
29.68000
8.71026
Rajkot
3.46000
8.71026
Surendranagar
20.02571
9.59824
Jamnagar
26.22000
8.71026
Morbi
-3.46000
8.71026
Surendranagar
16.56571
9.59824
Jamnagar
9.65429
9.59824
Morbi
-20.02571
9.59824
Rajkot
-16.56571
9.59824
Morbi
Rajkot
Surendranagar
Table- 4.36 Shows that the mean score of Jamnagar city respondents
was 213.2600, Morbi city respondents was 242.9400, Rajkot city respondents
was 239.4800 and Surendranagar city respondents was 222.9143. The
standard deviation of Jamnagar city respondents was 57.74179, Morbi city
respondents was 40.16975 Rajkot city respondents was 40.10560 and
Surendranagar city respondents was 25.46782. The standard error of
Jamnagar city respondents was 8.16592, Morbi city respondents was
5.68086, Rajkot city respondents was 5.67179 and Surendranagar city
respondents was 4.30485.
The difference between mean of Jamnagar and Morbi city was 29.68000, the difference between mean of Jamnagar and Rajkot city was 26.22000 and the difference between mean of Jamnagar and Surendranagar
city was -26.22000, the difference between mean of Morbi and Rajkot city was
3.46000, the difference between mean of Morbi and Surendranagar city was
20.02571 and the difference between mean of Rajkot and Surendranagar city
was 16.56571. The standard error of difference between means was not
significant at any level.
ANOVA shows that sum of square of between groups was 45224.318
and within groups was 2339552.802 and df of between groups was 3 and
within groups was 196. The mean square of between groups was 15074.773
and within groups was 11936.494. The ‘f ’- value is 1.263 which was not
Significant at any level.
The difference between commerce respondents of Jamnagar, Morbi,
Rajkot and Surendranagar city respondents was not significant. So it can be
said that the role of education on women empowerment of commerce
respondents of Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar city respondents
was almost same.
160
Table: 4.37 Showing Scores Obtained by Urban Respondents of
Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar City Regarding Economic
Empowerment.
Class
Frequency of Urban
Morbi
Rajkot
0
2
4
3
16
23
41
41
18
48
9
23
0
6
88
146
Jamnagar
3
11
30
31
16
11
0
102
51-100
101-150
151-200
201-250
251-300
301-350
351-400
Total
Surendranagar
1
0
20
46
24
1
0
92
Descriptives
Economic empowerment
City
N
Mean
Std. Deviation
Std. Error
Jamnagar
102
216.8137
59.10935
5.85270
Morbi
88
231.4318
43.82614
4.67188
Rajkot
146
252.4726
56.11493
4.64410
Surendranagar
92
226.4022
34.85513
3.63390
Total
428
ANOVA
Economic empowerment
Between
Groups
S.S.
df
85838.595
3
MS
F-value
28612.865 11.160
Within Groups 1087131.56
424
2563.990
2
F-value is Significant at 0.05 level
161
Table value
0.05
0,01
level
level
8.54
26.18
Multiple Comparisons
Economic Empowerment LSD
City
(J) City
Jamnagar
Morbi
Morbi
7.36705
*
-14.61809
-35.65888
6.53443
Surendranagar
-9.58845
7.28056
*
7.36705
*
14.61809
Rajkot
-21.04078
6.83358
Surendranagar
5.02964
7.55021
Jamnagar
Morbi
Surendranagar
Std. Error
*
Rajkot
Jamnagar
Rajkot
Mean Difference
(I-J)
*
6.53443
*
6.83358
*
35.65888
21.04078
Surendranagar
26.07043
6.74025
Jamnagar
9.58845
7.28056
Morbi
-5.02964
Rajkot
7.55021
*
-26.07043
6.74025
*. The mean difference is significant at the 0.05 level.
Table 4.37 Shows that the mean scores of Jamnagar city respondents
was 216.8137, Morbi city respondents was 231.4318, Rajkot city respondents
was 252.4726 and Surendranagar city respondents was 226.4022. The
standard deviation of Jamnagar city respondents was 59.10935, Morbi city
respondents was 43.82614, Rajkot city respondents was 56.11493 and
Surendranagar city respondents was 34.85513. The standard error of
Jamnagar city respondents was 5.85270, Morbi city respondents was
4.67188, Rajkot city respondents was 4.64410 and Surendranagar city
respondents was 3.63390.
ANOVA shows that the sum of square of between groups was
85838.595 and within groups was 1087131.562 and df of between groups
was 3 and within groups was 424. The mean square of between groups was
28612.865 and within groups was 2563.990. The ‘f ’- value was 11.160 which
was significant 0.05 level.
Multiple Comparisons show that mean difference of Jamnagar and
Morbi city respondents was -14.61809, Jamnagar and Rajkot city respondents
was -35.65888, Jamnagar and Surendranagar city respondents was 9.58845, Morbi and Rajkot city respondents was -21.04078 and Morbi and
Surendranagar city
respondents was 5.02964
And Rajkot and
Surendranagar city respondents was 26.07043. The difference between the
standard error of Jamnagar and Morbi city respondents was 7.36705,
Jamnagar and Rajkot city respondents was 6.53443 and Jamnagar and
Surendranagar city respondents was 7.28056.
162
The difference between urban respondents of Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot
and Surendranagar city regarding economic empowerment was significant at
0.05 level. The role of education on urban respondents of Rajkot city was
higher than Jamnagar, Morbi and Surendranagar city. The role of education
on urban respondents of Morbi city was higher than Jamnagar and
Surendranagar city. And the role of education on urban respondents of
Surendranagar city was higher than the Jamnagar city.
Figure- 4.37 Showing Scores Obtained by Urban Respondents of
Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar City Regarding Economic
Empowerment.
f-value
11.16
3.6339
4.6441
4.67188
5.8527
Std.Error
34.85513
56.11493
43.82614
59.10935
Std.Devition
226.4022
252.4726
231.4318
216.8137
mean
0
Jamnagar
100
Morbi
Rajkot
163
200
Surendranagar
300
Table: 4.38 Showing Scores Obtained by Rural Respondents of
Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar City Regarding Economic
Empowerment.
Class
Frequency of Rural
Morbi
Rajkot
0
0
2
1
15
13
18
34
10
10
3
0
0
1
48
59
Jamnagar
2
4
3
9
4
2
0
24
51-100
101-150
151-200
201-250
251-300
301-350
351-400
Total
Surendranagar
0
2
10
10
3
1
0
26
Descriptives
Economic empowerment
City
N
Mean
Std. Deviation
Std. Error
Jamnagar
24
207.8333
69.61863
14.21084
Morbi
48
218.9583
45.17670
6.52070
Rajkot
59
228.2203
35.77037
4.65691
Surendranagar
26
210.6154
44.98451
8.82219
Total
157
ANOVA
Economic empowerment
Between
Groups
S.S.
df
MS
9816.486
3
3272.162
F-value
1.507
Within Groups 332201.539
153
2171.252
F-value is not Significant at any level
164
Table value
0.05
0,01
level
level
8.56
26.23
Multiple Comparisons
Economic Empowerment
LSD
City
(J) City
Mean Difference (I-J)
Std. Error
Jamnagar
Morbi
-11.12500
11.64917
Rajkot
-20.38701
11.28139
Surendranagar
-2.78205
13.19009
Jamnagar
11.12500
11.64917
Rajkot
-9.26201
9.05733
Surendranagar
8.34295
11.34655
Jamnagar
20.38701
11.28139
Morbi
9.26201
9.05733
Surendranagar
17.60495
10.96862
Jamnagar
2.78205
13.19009
Morbi
-8.34295
11.34655
Rajkot
-17.60495
10.96862
Morbi
Rajkot
Surendranagar
Table-4.38 Shows that the mean score of Jamnagar city respondents
was 207.8333, Morbi city respondents was 218.9583, Rajkot city respondents
was 228.2203 and Surendranagar city respondents was 210.6154. The
standard deviation of Jamnagar city respondents was 69.61863, Morbi city
respondents was 69.61863 Rajkot city respondents was 35.77037 and
Surendranagar city respondents was 44.98451. The standard error of
Jamnagar city respondents was 14.21084, Morbi city respondents was
6.52070, Rajkot city respondents was 4.65691 and Surendranagar city
respondents was 8.82219.
The difference between mean of Jamnagar and Morbi city was 11.12500, the difference between mean of Jamnagar and Rajkot city was 20.38701 and the difference between mean of Jamnagar and Surendranagar
city was -2.78205, the difference between mean of Morbi and Rajkot city was
-9.26201, the difference between mean of Morbi and Surendranagar city was
8.34295 and the difference between mean of Rajkot and Surendranagar city
was 17.60495. The standard error of difference between means was not
significant at any level.
ANOVA shows that sum of square of between groups was 9816.486
and within groups was 332201.539 and df of between groups was 3 and
165
within groups was 153. The mean square of between groups was 3272.162
and within groups was 2171.252. The ‘f ’- value is 1.507 which was not
Significant at any level.
The difference between rural respondents of Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot
and Surendranagar city respondents was not significant. So it can be said that
the role of education on economic empowerment of rural respondents of
Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar city respondents was almost
same.
Figure-4.38 Showing Scores Obtained by Rural Respondents of
Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar City Regarding Economic
Empowerment.
f-value
1.507
8.82219
4.65691
6.5207
14.21084
Std.Error
44.98451
35.77037
45.1767
69.61863
Std.Devition
210.6154
228.2203
218.9583
207.8333
mean
0
50
Jamnagar
Morbi
100
150
200
Rajkot
Surendranagar
250
Figure-4.39 Showing Scores Obtained by Nuclear Family Respondents
of Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar City Regarding
Economic Empowerment.
f-value
3.662
5.49494
4.15673
4.74183
6.53856
Std.Error
36.86116
47.39407
43.45958
58.4827
Std.Devition
234.0667
244.0615
227.4881
223.5375
mean
0
Jamnagar
100
Morbi
Rajkot
166
200
Surendranagar
300
Table: 4.39 Showing Scores Obtained by Nuclear Family Respondents of
Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar City Regarding Economic
Empowerment.
Class
Frequency of Nuclear
Morbi
Rajkot
0
0
4
3
19
23
34
51
20
39
7
11
0
3
84
130
Jamnagar
2
8
20
26
14
10
0
80
51-100
101-150
151-200
201-250
251-300
301-350
351-400
Total
Surendranagar
1
0
5
23
15
1
0
45
Descriptives
Economic empowerment
City
N
Mean
Std. Deviation
Std. Error
Jamnagar
80
223.5375
58.48270
6.53856
Morbi
84
227.4881
43.45958
4.74183
Rajkot
130
244.0615
47.39407
4.15673
Surendranagar
45
234.0667
36.86116
5.49494
Total
339
ANOVA
Economic empowerment
Between
Groups
S.S.
df
MS
25464.097
3
8488.032
F-value
3.662
Within Groups 776507.183
335
2317.932
F-value is not Significant at any level
167
Table value
0.05
0,01
level
level
8.54
26.18
Multiple Comparisons
Economic Empowerment LSD
City
(J) City
Mean Difference (I-J)
Std. Error
Jamnagar
Morbi
-3.95060
7.52121
Rajkot
-20.52404
6.84137
Surendranagar
-10.52917
8.97127
Jamnagar
3.95060
7.52121
Rajkot
-16.57344
6.73978
Surendranagar
-6.57857
8.89404
Jamnagar
20.52404
6.84137
Morbi
16.57344
6.73978
Surendranagar
9.99487
8.32705
Jamnagar
10.52917
8.97127
Morbi
6.57857
8.89404
Rajkot
-9.99487
8.32705
Morbi
Rajkot
Surendranagar
Table- 4.39 Shows that the mean score of Jamnagar city respondents
was 223.5375, Morbi city respondents was 227.4881, Rajkot city respondents
was 244.0615 and Surendranagar city respondents was 234.0667. The
standard deviation of Jamnagar city respondents was 58.48270, Morbi city
respondents was 43.45958 Rajkot city respondents was 47.39407 and
Surendranagar city respondents was 36.86116. The standard error of
Jamnagar city respondents was 6.53856, Morbi city respondents was
4.74183, Rajkot city respondents was 4.15673 and Surendranagar city
respondents was 5.49494.
The difference between mean of Jamnagar and Morbi city was 3.95060, the difference between mean of Jamnagar and Rajkot city was 20.52404 and the difference between mean of Jamnagar and Surendranagar
city was -10.52917, the difference between mean of Morbi and Rajkot city was
-16.57344, the difference between mean of Morbi and Surendranagar city was
-6.57857 and the difference between mean of Rajkot and Surendranagar city
was 9.99487. The standard error of difference between means was not
significant at any level.
ANOVA shows that sum of square of between groups was 25464.097
and within groups was 776507.183 and df of between groups was 3 and
within groups was 335. The mean square of between groups was 8488.032
and within groups was 2317.932. The ‘f ’- value is 3.662 which was not
Significant at any level.
The difference between nuclear family respondents of Jamnagar,
Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar city respondents was not significant. So it
can be said that the role of education on economic empowerment of nuclear
family respondents of Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar city
respondents was almost same.
168
Table: 4.40 Showing Scores Obtained by Joint Family Respondents of
Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar City Regarding Economic
Empowerment.
Class
Frequency of Joint
Morbi
Rajkot
0
2
2
1
12
13
25
24
8
19
5
12
0
4
52
75
Jamnagar
3
7
13
14
6
3
0
46
51-100
101-150
151-200
201-250
251-300
301-350
351-400
Total
Surendranagar
0
2
25
33
12
1
0
73
Descriptives
Economic empowerment
City
N
Mean
Std. Deviation
Std. Error
Jamnagar
46
200.4348
63.27037
9.32871
Morbi
52
226.2885
46.66289
6.47098
Rajkot
75
247.9733
59.84529
6.91034
Surendranagar
73
216.0548
36.77631
4.30434
Total
246
ANOVA
Economic empowerment
Between
Groups
S.S.
df
73269.096
3
MS
F-value
24423.032 9.043
Within Groups 653597.705
242
2700.817
F-value is Significant at 0.05 level
169
Table value
0.05
0,01
level
level
8.54
26.18
Multiple Comparisons
Economic Empowerment LSD
City
(J) City
Mean Difference
(I-J)
Std. Error
Jamnagar
Morbi
-25.85368*
10.51913
Rajkot
*
-47.53855
9.73264
Surendranagar
-15.62001
9.78320
Morbi
Jamnagar
Rajkot
10.51913
*
25.85368
Rajkot
-21.68487
9.37815
Surendranagar
10.23367
9.43060
*
9.73264
*
9.37815
Surendranagar
*
31.91854
8.54449
Jamnagar
15.62001
9.78320
Morbi
-10.23367
9.43060
Rajkot
*
8.54449
Jamnagar
Morbi
Surendranagar
*
47.53855
21.68487
-31.91854
*. The mean difference is significant at the 0.05 level.
Table 4.40
Shows that the mean scores of Jamnagar city
respondents was 200.4348, Morbi city respondents was 226.2885, Rajkot city
respondents was 247.9733 and Surendranagar city respondents was
216.0548. The standard deviation of Jamnagar city respondents was
63.27037, Morbi city respondents was 46.66289, Rajkot city respondents was
59.84529 and Surendranagar city respondents was 36.77631. The standard
error of Jamnagar city respondents was 9.32871, Morbi city respondents
was 6.47098, Rajkot city respondents was 6.91034 and Surendranagar city
respondents was 4.30434.
ANOVA shows that the sum of square of between groups was
73269.096 and within groups was 653597.705 and df of between groups was
3 and within groups was 242. The mean square of between groups was
24423.032 and within groups was 2700.817. The ‘f ’- value was 9.043 which
was significant 0.05 level.
Multiple Comparisons show that mean difference of Jamnagar and
Morbi city respondents was -25.85368, Jamnagar and Rajkot city respondents
was -47.53855, Jamnagar and Surendranagar city respondents was 15.62001, Morbi and Rajkot city respondents was -21.68487 and Morbi and
Surendranagar city
respondents was 10.23367
And Rajkot and
Surendranagar city respondents was 31.91854. The difference between the
standard error of Jamnagar and Morbi city respondents was 10.51913,
170
Jamnagar and Rajkot city respondents was 9.73264 and Jamnagar and
Surendranagar city respondents was 9.78320.
The difference between joint family respondents of Jamnagar, Morbi,
Rajkot and Surendranagar city regarding economic empowerment was
significant at 0.05 level. The role of education on joint family respondents of
Rajkot city was higher than Jamnagar, Morbi and Surendranagar city. The
role of education on joint family respondents of Morbi city was higher than
Jamnagar and Surendranagar city. And the role of education on joint family
respondents of Surendranagar city was higher than the Jamnagar city.
Figure- 4.40 Showing Scores Obtained by Joint Family Respondents of
Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar City Regarding Economic
Empowerment.
f-value
9.043
4.30434
6.91034
6.47098
9.32871
Std.Error
36.77631
59.84529
46.66289
63.27037
Std.Devition
216.0548
247.9733
226.2885
200.4348
mean
0
Jamnagar
100
Morbi
Rajkot
171
200
Surendranagar
300
4.7
SCORES
OF
ROLE
OF
EDUCATION
ON
CULTURAL
EMPOWERMENT
The scores obtained by urban and rural, joint and nuclear family as well as
Home science, arts & commerce respondents of Jamnagar, Rajkot, Morbi and
Surendranagar Colleges have been given in table no. 4.41 to 4.50.
Table: 4.41 Showing Scores Obtained By Urban and Rural Respondents
Regarding Cultural Empowerment.
Frequency
Class
Urban
2
12
95
242
77
428
1-25
26-50
51-75
76-100
101-125
Total
Rural
0
2
28
110
17
157
Group Statistics
Cultural
Empowerment
Area
N
Mean
Std. Deviation Std. Error Mean
urban
428
84.8037
16.66557
.80556
157
85.2229
13.67226
1.09117
rural
Independent Sample Test
Levene’s Test for Equality of
Variances
Cultural
Empowerment
Equal variances not
Assumed
t-test for Equality of means
df
Mean
difference
Std. Error
Difference
t
335.931
-.41919
1.35631
-.309
t-value is not Significant at any level
172
Table 4.41 Shows that the mean score of urban respondents was
84.8037 and the rural respondents was 85.2229. The standard deviation of
urban respondent was 16.66557 and rural respondent was 13.67226.
Standard error of mean of urban respondents was .80556 and rural
respondent was 1.09117. The difference between mean was -.41919 and it
was in favour of rural respondent. The standard error of difference between
mean was 1.35631 and t value was -.309 which was not significant at any
levels.
So it can be said that the role of education on cultural empowerment of
urban and rural respondents was all most same.
Figure- 4.41 Showing Scores Obtained By Urban and Rural Respondents
Regarding Cultural Empowerment.
Urban and Rural respondents was Cultural Empowerment
1.5
1.35631
1
0.5
0
-0.5
-0.309
-0.41919
Mean
difference
Std. Error
difference
173
t
Table: 4.42 Showing Scores Obtained By Nuclear and Joint family
Respondents Regarding Cultural Empowerment.
Frequency
Class
Nuclear
0
11
66
211
51
339
1-25
26-50
51-75
76-100
101-125
Total
Joint
2
3
57
141
43
246
Group Statistics
Cultural
Empowerment
Area
N
Mean
Std. Deviation Std. Error Mean
Nuclear
339
84.8525
15.58358
.84638
Joint
246
85.0041
16.37457
1.04400
Independent Sample Test
Levene’s Test for Equality of
Variances
t-test for Equality of means
Cultural
Empowerment
df
Mean
difference
Std. Error
Difference
t
Equal variances not
Assumed
512.434
-.15156
1.34399
-.113
t-value is not Significant at any level
Table 4.42 Shows that the mean score of nuclear family respondent
was 84.8525 and the joint family respondent was 85.0041. The standard
deviation of nuclear family respondent was 15.58358 and joint family
respondent was 16.37457. Standard error of mean of nuclear family
respondents was .84638 and joint family respondent was 1.04400. The
difference between mean was -.15156 and it was in favour of joint family
174
respondent. The standard error of difference between mean was 1.34399 and
t value was -.113 which was not significant at any level.
So it can be said that the role of education on cultural empowerment of
nuclear and joint family respondent was almost same.
Figure- 4.42 Showing Scores Obtained By Nuclear and Joint family
Respondents Regarding Cultural Empowerment.
Urban and Rural respondents was Cultural Empowerment
1.5
1.34399
1
0.5
0
-0.113
-0.15156
-0.5
Mean
difference
Std. Error
difference
t
Figure- 4.43 Showing Scores of Home science, Arts and Commerce
respondents Regarding Cultural Empowerment.
f-value
12.077
1.03277
1.05555
1.2404
Std.Error
14.04724
14.92772
17.54188
Std.Devition
80.2865
86.585
87.53
mean
0
20
40
HomeScience
175
60
Arts
80
Commerce
100
Table: 4.43 Showing Scores Obtained By Home science, Arts and
Commerce Respondents Regarding Cultural Empowerment.
Class
Frequency
Arts
1
3
33
129
34
200
Home Science
0
6
39
106
49
200
1-25
26-50
51-75
76-100
101-125
Total
Commerce
1
5
51
117
11
185
Descriptives
Social Empowerment
Faculty
N
Mean
Std. Deviation
Std. Error
Home science
200
87.5300
17.54188
1.24040
Arts
200
86.5850
14.92772
1.05555
Commerce
185
80.2865
14.04724
1.03277
Total
585
ANOVA
Social Empowerment
Between
Groups
S.S.
df
MS
5888.705
2
2944.352
F-value
Table value
0.05
0,01
level
level
12.077
19.50
99.50
Within Groups 141888.191
582
243.794
F-value is not Significant at any level
Table 4.43 Shows that the mean score of home science respondents
was 87.5300, arts respondents was 86.5850 and commerce respondents was
80.2865. The standard deviation of home science respondents was 17.54188,
arts respondents was 14.92772 and commerce respondents was 14.04724.
The standard error of home science respondents was 1.24040, arts
respondents was 1.05555 and commerce respondents was 1.03277. The
difference between mean of home science and arts was 94.35500, the
difference between mean of home science and commerce was 74.88095 and
176
the difference between mean of arts and commerce was 19.47405. The
standard error of difference between means was not significant at any level.
ANOVA shows that the sum of square of between groups was
5888.705 and within groups was 141888.191 and df of between groups was 2
and within groups was 582. The mean square of between groups was
2944.352 within groups was 243.794. And the ‘f ’- value is 12.077 which was
not significant at any level.
So it can be said that role of education on cultural empowerment of
home science, arts and commerce respondents was almost same.
177
Table: 4.44 Showing Scores Obtained By Home science Respondents of
Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar city Regarding Cultural
Empowerment.
Class
Jamnagar
0
0
2
18
9
29
1-25
26-50
51-75
76-100
101-125
Total
Frequency of Home science
Morbi
Rajkot
Surendranagar
0
0
0
0
2
4
8
16
13
21
54
13
4
33
3
33
105
33
Descriptives
Cultural empowerment
City
N
Mean
Std. Deviation
Std. Error
Jamnagar
29
92.7931
14.19351
2.63567
Morbi
33
86.1515
13.63158
2.37295
Rajkot
105
91.3905
16.26020
1.58683
Surendranagar
33
72.0000
19.17192
3.33740
Total
200
ANOVA
Cultural empowerment
Between
Groups
Within Groups
S.S.
df
MS
F-value
Table value
0.05
0,01
level
level
10389.828
3
3463.276
13.350
8.56
50845.992
196
259.418
F-value is Significant at 0.05 level
178
26.23
Multiple Comparisons
Cultural Empowerment
LSD
City
(J) City
Mean Difference
(I-J)
Jamnagar
Morbi
6.64159
Rajkot
1.40263
Morbi
Rajkot
4.09959
3.37877
*
Surendranagar
20.79310
4.09959
Jamnagar
-6.64159
4.09959
Rajkot
-5.23896
3.21431
Surendranagar
14.15152*
3.96514
Jamnagar
-1.40263
3.37877
Morbi
5.23896
3.21431
*
3.21431
Jamnagar
*
-20.79310
4.09959
Morbi
-14.15152*
3.96514
Rajkot
-19.39048*
3.21431
Surendranagar
Surendranagar
Std. Error
19.39048
*. The mean difference is significant at the 0.05 level.
Table 4.44 Shows that the mean scores of Jamnagar city respondents
was 92.7931, Morbi city respondents was 86.1515, Rajkot city respondents
was 91.3905 and Surendranagar city respondents was 72.0000. The standard
deviation of Jamnagar city respondents was 14.19351, Morbi city respondents
was 13.63158, Rajkot city respondents was 16.26020 and Surendranagar
city respondents was 19.17192. The standard error of Jamnagar city
respondents was 2.63567, Morbi city respondents was 2.37295, Rajkot city
respondents was 1.58683 and Surendranagar city respondents was 3.33740.
ANOVA shows that the sum of square of between groups was
10389.828 and within groups was 50845.992 and df of between groups was 3
and within groups was 196. The mean square of between groups was
3463.276 and within groups was 259.418. The ‘f ’- value was 13.350 which
was significant 0.05 level.
Multiple Comparisons show that mean difference of Jamnagar and
Morbi city respondents was 6.64159, Jamnagar and Rajkot city respondents
was 1.40263, Jamnagar and Surendranagar city respondents was 20.79310,
Morbi and Rajkot city respondents was -5.23896 and Morbi
and
179
Surendranagar city
respondents was 14.15152 And Rajkot and
Surendranagar city respondents was 19.39048 . The difference between the
standard error of Jamnagar and Morbi city respondents was 4.09959,
Jamnagar and Rajkot city respondents was 3.37877 and Jamnagar and
Surendranagar city respondents was 4.09959.
The difference between home science respondents of Jamnagar,
Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar city regarding cultural empowerment was
significant at 0.05 level. The role of education on home science respondents
of Jamnagar city was higher than Rajkot, Morbi and Surendranagar city. The
role of education on home science respondents of Rajkot city was higher than
Morbi and Surendranagar city. And the role of education on home science
respondents of Morbi city was higher than the Surendranagar city.
Figure- 4.44 Showing Scores Obtained by Home science respondents of
Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar Regarding Cultural
Empowerment.
f-value
13.35
3.3374
1.58683
2.37295
2.63567
Std.Error
19.17192
16.2602
13.63158
14.19351
Std.Devition
72
mean
0
Jamnagar
20
Morbi
40
Rajkot
180
60
91.3905
86.1515
92.7931
80
Surendranagar
100
Table: 4.45 Showing Scores Obtained by Arts Respondents of
Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar City Regarding Cultural
Empowerment.
Frequency of Arts
Class
Jamnagar
Morbi
Rajkot
Surendranagar
1
2
10
24
10
47
0
0
10
38
5
53
0
1
4
37
8
50
0
0
9
30
11
50
1-25
26-50
51-75
76-100
101-125
Total
Descriptives
Cultural empowerment
City
N
Mean
Std. Deviation
Std. Error
Jamnagar
47
84.2553
18.99481
2.77068
Morbi
53
85.9245
11.79284
1.61987
Rajkot
50
88.4800
14.24027
2.01388
Surendranagar
50
87.5800
14.33718
2.02758
Total
200
ANOVA
Cultural empowerment
Between
Groups
Within Groups
S.S.
df
MS
F-value
507.261
3
169.087
.756
43837.294
196
223.660
F-value is not Significant at any level
181
Table value
0.05
0,01
level
level
8.56
26.23
Multiple Comparisons
Cultural Empowerment
LSD
City
(J) City
Mean Difference (I-J)
Std. Error
Jamnagar
Morbi
-1.66921
2.99645
Rajkot
-4.22468
3.03841
Surendranagar
-3.32468
3.03841
Jamnagar
1.66921
2.99645
Rajkot
-2.55547
2.94842
Surendranagar
-1.65547
2.94842
Jamnagar
4.22468
3.03841
Morbi
2.55547
2.94842
Surendranagar
.90000
2.99105
Jamnagar
3.32468
3.03841
Morbi
1.65547
2.94842
Rajkot
-.90000
2.99105
Morbi
Rajkot
Surendranagar
Table- 4.45 Shows that the mean score of Jamnagar city respondents
was 84.2553, Morbi city respondents was 85.9245, Rajkot city respondents
was 88.4800 and Surendranagar city respondents was 87.5800. The standard
deviation of Jamnagar city respondents was 18.99481, Morbi city respondents
was 11.79284 Rajkot city respondents was 14.24027 and Surendranagar city
respondents was 14.33718. The standard error of Jamnagar city respondents
was 2.77068, Morbi city respondents was 1.61987, Rajkot city respondents
was 2.01388 and Surendranagar city respondents was 2.02758.
The difference between mean of Jamnagar and Morbi city was -1.66921, the difference between mean of Jamnagar and Rajkot city was -4.22468 and the difference between mean of Jamnagar and Surendranagar
city was -3.32468, the difference between mean of Morbi and Rajkot city was
-2.55547, the difference between mean of Morbi and Surendranagar city was
-1.65547 and the difference between mean of Rajkot and Surendranagar city
was .90000. The standard error of difference between means was not
significant at any level.
ANOVA shows that sum of square of between groups was 507.261 and
within groups was 43837.294 and df of between groups was 3 and within
182
groups was 196. The mean square of between groups was 169.087 and
within groups was 223.660. The ‘f ’- value is .756 which was not Significant at
any level.
The difference between arts respondents of Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot
and Surendranagar city respondents was not significant. So it can be said that
the role of education on cultural empowerment of arts respondents of
Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar city respondents was almost
same.
Figure- 4.45 Showing Scores Obtained by Arts Respondents of
Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar City Regarding Cultural
Empowerment.
f-value
0.756
2.02758
2.01388
1.61987
2.77068
Std.Error
14.33718
14.24027
11.79284
18.99481
Std.Devition
87.58
88.48
85.9245
84.2553
mean
0
Jamnagar
20
Morbi
40
Rajkot
183
60
80
Surendranagar
100
Table : 4.46 Showing Scores Obtained by Commerce Respondents of
Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar City Regarding Cultural
Empowerment.
Class
Jamnagar
1-25
26-50
51-75
76-100
101-125
Total
Frequency of Commerce
Morbi
Rajkot
Surendranagar
0
3
11
32
4
50
0
0
12
34
4
50
1
2
10
34
3
50
0
0
18
17
0
35
Descriptives
Cultural empowerment
City
N
Mean
Std. Deviation
Std. Error
Jamnagar
50
79.8400
16.56325
2.34240
Morbi
50
82.4800
11.27077
1.59393
Rajkot
50
81.9400
15.78220
2.23194
Surendranagar
35
75.4286
9.73558
1.64561
Total
185
ANOVA
Cultural empowerment
Between
Groups
Within Groups
S.S.
df
MS
F-value
1213.225
3
404.408
2.086
35094.591
181
193.893
F-value is not Significant at any level
184
Table value
0.05
0,01
level
level
8.56
26.23
Multiple Comparisons
Cultural Empowerment
LSD
City
(J) City
Mean Difference (I-J)
Std. Error
Jamnagar
Morbi
-2.64000
2.78491
Rajkot
-2.10000
2.78491
Surendranagar
4.41143
3.06882
Jamnagar
2.64000
2.78491
Rajkot
.54000
2.78491
Surendranagar
7.05143
3.06882
Jamnagar
2.10000
2.78491
Morbi
-.54000
2.78491
Surendranagar
6.51143
3.06882
Jamnagar
-4.41143
3.06882
Morbi
-7.05143
3.06882
Rajkot
-6.51143
3.06882
Morbi
Rajkot
Surendranagar
Table- 4.46 Shows that the mean score of Jamnagar city respondents
was 79.8400, Morbi city respondents was 82.4800, Rajkot city respondents
was 81.9400 and Surendranagar city respondents was 75.4286. The standard
deviation of Jamnagar city respondents was 16.56325, Morbi city respondents
was 11.27077 Rajkot city respondents was 15.78220 and Surendranagar city
respondents was 9.73558. The standard error of Jamnagar city respondents
was 2.34240, Morbi city respondents was 1.59393, Rajkot city respondents
was 2.23194 and Surendranagar city respondents was 1.64561.
The difference between mean of Jamnagar and Morbi city was -2.64000, the difference between mean of Jamnagar and Rajkot city was -2.10000 and the difference between mean of Jamnagar and Surendranagar
city was 4.41143, the difference between mean of Morbi and Rajkot city was
.54000, the difference between mean of Morbi and Surendranagar city was
7.05143 and the difference between mean of Rajkot and Surendranagar city
was 6.51143. The standard error of difference between means was not
significant at any level.
ANOVA shows that sum of square of between groups was 1213.225
and within groups was 35094.591 and df of between groups was 3 and within
185
groups was 181. The mean square of between groups was 404.408 and
within groups was 193.893. The ‘f ’- value is 2.086 which was not Significant
at any level.
The difference between arts respondents of Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot
and Surendranagar city respondents was not significant. So it can be said that
the role of education on cultural empowerment of commerce respondents of
Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar city respondents was almost
same.
Figure- 4.46 Showing Scores Obtained by Commerce Respondents of
Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar City Regarding Cultural
Empowerment.
f-value
2.086
1.64561
2.23194
1.59393
2.3424
Std.Error
9.73558
15.7822
11.27077
16.56325
Std.Devition
75.4286
81.94
82.48
79.84
mean
0
20
Jamnagar
Morbi
40
Rajkot
60
80
100
Surendranagar
Figure-4.47 Showing Scores Obtained by Urban Respondents of
Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar City Regarding Cultural
Empowerment.
f-value
8.282
1.6983
1.36459
1.34521
1.83289
Std.Error
16.28949
16.48837
12.61923
18.51125
Std.Devition
78.4348
89.1918
84.7045
84.3529
mean
0
Jamnagar
20
Morbi
40
Rajkot
186
60
80
Surendranagar
100
Table-4.47 Showing Scores Obtained by Urban Respondents of
Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar City Regarding Cultural
Empowerment.
Class
Frequency of Urban
Morbi
Rajkot
0
1
0
3
21
22
56
83
11
37
88
146
Jamnagar
1
5
18
59
19
102
1-25
26-50
51-75
76-100
101-125
Total
Surendranagar
0
4
34
44
10
92
Descriptives
Cultural empowerment
City
N
Mean
Std. Deviation
Std. Error
Jamnagar
102
84.3529
18.51125
1.83289
Morbi
88
84.7045
12.61923
1.34521
Rajkot
146
89.1918
16.48837
1.36459
Surendranagar
92
78.4348
16.28949
1.69830
Total
428
ANOVA
Cultural empowerment
Between
Groups
S.S.
df
MS
F-value
6564.663
3
2188.221
8.282
Within Groups 112030.851
424
264.224
F-value is not Significant at any level
187
Table value
0.05
0,01
level
level
8.54
26.18
Multiple Comparisons
Cultural Empowerment
LSD
City
(J) City
Mean Difference (I-J)
Std. Error
Jamnagar
Morbi
-.35160
2.36495
Rajkot
-4.83884
2.09766
Surendranagar
5.91816
2.33718
Jamnagar
.35160
2.36495
Rajkot
-4.48724
2.19369
Surendranagar
6.26976
2.42374
Jamnagar
4.83884
2.09766
Morbi
4.48724
2.19369
Surendranagar
10.75700
2.16373
Jamnagar
-5.91816
2.33718
Morbi
-6.26976
2.42374
Rajkot
-10.75700
2.16373
Morbi
Rajkot
Surendranagar
Table- 4.47 shows that the mean score of Jamnagar city respondents
was 84.3529, Morbi city respondents was 84.7045, Rajkot city respondents
was 89.1918 and Surendranagar city respondents was 78.4348. The standard
deviation of Jamnagar city respondents was 18.51125, Morbi city respondents
was 12.61923 Rajkot city respondents was 16.48837 and Surendranagar city
respondents was 16.28949. The standard error of Jamnagar city respondents
was 1.83289, Morbi city respondents was 1.34521, Rajkot city respondents
was 1.36459 and Surendranagar city respondents was 1.69830.
The difference between mean of Jamnagar and Morbi city was -.35160,
the difference between mean of Jamnagar and Rajkot city was -4.83884 and
the difference between mean of Jamnagar and Surendranagar city was
5.91816, the difference between mean of Morbi and Rajkot city was -4.48724,
the difference between mean of Morbi and Surendranagar city was 6.26976
and the difference between mean of Rajkot and Surendranagar city was
10.75700. The standard error of difference between means was not significant
at any level.
ANOVA shows that sum of square of between groups was 6564.663
and within groups was 112030.851 and df of between groups was 3 and
within groups was 424. The mean square of between groups was 2188.221
and
within groups was 264.224. The ‘f ’- value is 8.282 which was not
significant at any level.
The difference between urban respondents of Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot
and Surendranagar city respondents was not significant. So it can be said that
the role of education on cultural empowerment of urban respondents of
188
Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar city respondents was almost
same.
Table: 4.48 Showing Scores Obtained by Rural Respondents of
Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar City Regarding Cultural
Empowerment.
Frequency of Rural
Class
Jamnagar
Morbi
Rajkot
Surendranagar
0
0
5
15
4
24
0
0
9
37
2
48
0
2
8
42
7
59
0
0
6
16
4
26
1-25
26-50
51-75
76-100
101-125
Total
Descriptives
Cultural empowerment
City
N
Mean
Std. Deviation
Std. Error
Jamnagar
24
84.9583
13.42768
2.74091
Morbi
48
84.7292
11.24531
1.62312
Rajkot
59
86.3559
14.91674
1.94199
Surendranagar
26
83.8077
15.52294
3.04430
Total
157
85.2229
13.67226
1.09117
ANOVA
Cultural empowerment
Between
Groups
Within Groups
S.S.
df
MS
F-value
141.196
3
47.065
.248
29020.001
153
189.673
F-value is not Significant at any level
189
Table value
0.05
0,01
level
level
8.56
26.23
Multiple Comparisons
Cultural Empowerment
LSD
City
(J) City
Mean Difference (I-J)
Std. Error
Jamnagar
Morbi
.22917
3.44305
Rajkot
-1.39760
3.33434
Surendranagar
1.15064
3.89848
Jamnagar
-.22917
3.44305
Rajkot
-1.62677
2.67700
Surendranagar
.92147
3.35360
Jamnagar
1.39760
3.33434
Morbi
1.62677
2.67700
Surendranagar
2.54824
3.24190
Jamnagar
-1.15064
3.89848
Morbi
-.92147
3.35360
Rajkot
-2.54824
3.24190
Morbi
Rajkot
Surendranagar
Table- 4.48 shows that the mean score of Jamnagar city respondents
was 84.9583, Morbi city respondents was 84.7292, Rajkot city respondents
was 86.3559 and Surendranagar city respondents was 83.8077. The standard
deviation of Jamnagar city respondents was 13.42768, Morbi city respondents
was 11.24531 Rajkot city respondents was 14.91674 and Surendranagar city
respondents was 15.52294. The standard error of Jamnagar city respondents
was 2.74091, Morbi city respondents was 1.62312, Rajkot city respondents
was 1.94199 and Surendranagar city respondents was 3.04430.
The difference between mean of Jamnagar and Morbi city was .22917, the difference between mean of Jamnagar and Rajkot city was 1.39760 and the difference between mean of Jamnagar and Surendranagar
city was 1.15064, the difference between mean of Morbi and Rajkot city was 1.62677, the difference between mean of Morbi and Surendranagar city was
.92147 and the difference between mean of Rajkot and Surendranagar city
was 2.54824. The standard error of difference between means was not
significant at any level.
ANOVA shows that sum of square of between groups was 141.196 and
within groups was 29020.001 and df of between groups was 3 and
withingroups was 153. The mean square of between groups was 47.065 and
within groups was 189.673. The ‘f ’- value is .248 which was not Significant at
any level.
190
The difference between rural respondents of Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot
and Surendranagar city respondents was not significant. So it can be said that
the role of education on cultural empowerment of rural respondents of
Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar city respondents was almost
same.
Figure- 4.48 Showing Scores Obtained by Rural Respondents of
Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar City Regarding Cultural
Empowerment.
f-value
0.248
3.0443
1.94199
1.62312
2.74091
Std.Error
15.52294
14.91674
11.24531
13.42768
Std.Devition
83.8077
86.3559
84.7292
84.9583
mean
0
Jamnagar
20
Morbi
40
Rajkot
191
60
80
Surendranagar
100
Table: 4.49 Showing Scores Obtained by Nuclear Family Respondents of
Jamnagar,
Morbi, Rajkot
and
Surendranagar
City
Cultural
Empowerment.
Frequency of Nuclear
Class
Jamnagar
Morbi
Rajkot
Surendranagar
0
3
14
47
16
80
0
0
13
65
6
84
0
4
22
79
25
130
0
4
17
20
4
45
1-25
26-50
51-75
76-100
101-125
Total
Descriptives
Cultural empowerment
City
N
Mean
Std. Deviation
Std. Error
Jamnagar
80
86.1250
16.15540
1.80623
Morbi
84
85.0119
10.94619
1.19433
Rajkot
130
87.1769
15.75366
1.38169
Surendranagar
45
75.5778
18.33959
2.73390
Total
339
ANOVA
Cultural empowerment
Between
Groups
Within Groups
S.S.
df
MS
F-value
4704.979
3
1568.326
6.790
77377.647
335
230.978
F-value is not Significant at any level
192
Table value
0.05
0,01
level
level
8.54
26.18
Multiple Comparisons
Women Empowerment
LSD
City
(J) City
Mean Difference (I-J)
Std. Error
Jamnagar
Morbi
1.11310
2.37423
Rajkot
-1.05192
2.15962
Surendranagar
10.54722
2.83197
Jamnagar
-1.11310
2.37423
Rajkot
-2.16502
2.12756
Surendranagar
9.43413
2.80759
Jamnagar
1.05192
2.15962
Morbi
2.16502
2.12756
Surendranagar
11.59915
2.62861
Jamnagar
-10.54722
2.83197
Morbi
-9.43413
2.80759
Rajkot
-11.59915
2.62861
Morbi
Rajkot
Surendranagar
Table- 4.49 shows that the mean score of Jamnagar city respondents
was 86.1250, Morbi city respondents was 85.0119, Rajkot city respondents
was 87.1769 and Surendranagar city respondents was 75.5778. The standard
deviation of Jamnagar city respondents was 16.15540, Morbi city respondents
was 10.94619 Rajkot city respondents was 15.75366 and Surendranagar city
respondents was 18.33959. The standard error of Jamnagar city respondents
was 1.80623, Morbi city respondents was 1.19433, Rajkot city respondents
was 1.38169 and Surendranagar city respondents was 2.73390.
The difference between mean of Jamnagar and Morbi city was 1.11310, the difference between mean of Jamnagar and Rajkot city was 1.05192 and the difference between mean of Jamnagar and Surendranagar
city was 10.54722, the difference between mean of Morbi and Rajkot city was
-2.16502, the difference between mean of Morbi and Surendranagar city was
9.43413 and the difference between mean of Rajkot and Surendranagar city
was 11.59915. The standard error of difference between means was not
significant at any level.
ANOVA shows that sum of square of between groups was 4704.979
and within groups was 77377.647 and df of between groups was 3 and within
groups was 335. The mean square of between groups was 1568.326 and
193
within groups was 230.978. The ‘f ’- value is 6.790 which was not Significant
at any level.
The difference between nuclear respondents of Jamnagar, Morbi,
Rajkot and Surendranagar city respondents was not significant. So it can be
said that the role of education on cultural empowerment of nuclear
respondents of Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar city respondents
was almost same.
Figure- 4.49 Showing Scores Obtained by Nuclear Family Respondents
of Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar City Regarding Cultural
Empowerment.
f-value
6.79
2.7339
1.38169
1.19433
1.80623
Std.Error
18.33959
15.75366
10.94619
16.1554
Std.Devition
75.5778
87.1769
85.0119
86.125
mean
0
Jamnagar
20
Morbi
40
Rajkot
194
60
80
Surendranagar
100
Table- 4.50 Showing Scores Obtained by Joint Family Respondents of
Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar City Regarding Cultural
Empowerment.
Frequency of Joint
Class
Jamnagar
Morbi
Rajkot
Surendranagar
1
2
9
27
7
46
0
0
17
28
7
52
1
1
8
46
19
75
0
0
23
40
10
73
1-25
26-50
51-75
76-100
101-125
Total
Descriptives
Cultural empowerment
City
N
Mean
Std. Deviation
Std. Error
Jamnagar
46
81.5870
19.74456
2.91118
Morbi
52
84.2308
13.88555
1.92558
Rajkot
75
90.4533
16.49676
1.90488
Surendranagar
73
82.1096
14.32225
1.67629
Total
246
ANOVA
Cultural empowerment
Between
Groups
Within Groups
S.S.
df
MS
F-value
3406.903
3
1135.634
4.412
62284.093
242
257.372
F-value is not Significant at any level
195
Table value
0.05
0,01
level
level
8.54
26.18
Multiple Comparisons
Cultural Empowerment
LSD
City
(J) City
Mean Difference (I-J)
Std. Error
Jamnagar
Morbi
-2.64381
3.24723
Rajkot
-8.86638
3.00444
Surendranagar
-.52263
3.02005
Jamnagar
2.64381
3.24723
Rajkot
-6.22256
2.89501
Surendranagar
2.12118
2.91121
Jamnagar
8.86638
3.00444
Morbi
6.22256
2.89501
Surendranagar
8.34374
2.63767
Jamnagar
.52263
3.02005
Morbi
-2.12118
2.91121
Rajkot
-8.34374
2.63767
Morbi
Rajkot
Surendranagar
Table- 4.50 shows that the mean score of Jamnagar city respondents
was 81.5870, Morbi city respondents was 84.2308, Rajkot city respondents
was 90.4533 and Surendranagar city respondents was 82.1096. The standard
deviation of Jamnagar city respondents was 19.74456, Morbi city respondents
was 13.88555 Rajkot city respondents was 16.49676 and Surendranagar city
respondents was 14.32225. The standard error of Jamnagar city respondents
was 2.91118, Morbi city respondents was 1.92558, Rajkot city respondents
was 1.90488 and Surendranagar city respondents was 1.67629.
The difference between mean of Jamnagar and Morbi city was 2.64381, the difference between mean of Jamnagar and Rajkot city was 8.86638 and the difference between mean of Jamnagar and Surendranagar
city was -.52263, the difference between mean of Morbi and Rajkot city was 6.22256, the difference between mean of Morbi and Surendranagar city was
2.12118 and the difference between mean of Rajkot and Surendranagar city
was 8.34374. The standard error of difference between means was not
significant at any level.
ANOVA shows that sum of square of between groups was 3406.903
and within groups was 62284.093 and df of between groups was 3 and within
groups was 242. The mean square of between groups was 1135.634 and
196
within groups was 257.372. The ‘f ’- value is 4.412 which was not Significant
at any level.
The difference between joint respondents of Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot
and Surendranagar city respondents was not significant. So it can be said that
the role of education on cultural empowerment of joint respondents of
Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar city respondents was almost
same.
Figure- 4.50 Showing Scores Obtained by Joint Family Respondents of
Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar City Regarding Cultural
Empowerment.
f-value
4.412
1.67629
1.90488
1.92558
2.91118
Std.Error
14.32225
16.49676
13.88555
19.74456
Std.Devition
82.1096
90.4533
84.2308
81.587
mean
0
Jamnagar
20
Morbi
40
Rajkot
197
60
80
Surendranagar
100
4.8
SCORES OF ROLE OF EDUCATION ON PSYCHOLOGICAL
EMPOWERMENT
The scores obtained by urban and rural, joint and nuclear family as well as
Home science, arts & commerce respondents of Jamnagar, Rajkot, Morbi and
Surendranagar Colleges have been given in table no. 4.51 to 4.60.
Table: 4.51 Showing Scores Obtained By Urban and Rural Respondents
Regarding Psychological Empowerment.
Frequency
Class
Urban
1
14
30
130
139
109
5
428
26-50
51-75
76-100
101-125
126-150
151-175
176-200
Total
Rural
2
2
15
57
54
27
0
157
Group Statistics
Psychological
Empowerment
Area
N
Mean
urban
428
131.3972
26.94728
1.30255
rural
157
127.4522
24.69674
1.97101
198
Std. Deviation Std. Error Mean
Independent Sample Test
Levene’s Test for Equality of
Variances
t-test for Equality of means
Psychological
Empowerment
df
Mean
difference
Std. Error
Difference
t
Equal variances not
Assumed
301.035
3.94497
2.36252
1.670
t-value is not Significant at any level
Table 4.51 Shows that the mean score of urban respondents was
131.3972 and the rural respondents was 127.4522 .The standard deviation of
urban respondent was 26.94728 and rural respondent was 24.69674.
Standard error of mean of urban respondents was 1.30255 and rural
respondent was 1.97101. The difference between mean was 3.94497 and it
was in favour of urban respondent. The standard error of difference between
mean was 2.36252 and t value was 1.670 which was not significant at any
levels.
So it can be said that the role of education on psychological
empowerment of urban and rural respondents was all most same.
Figure-4.51 Showing Scores Obtained By Urban and Rural Respondents
Regarding Psychological Empowerment
Urban and rural responde nts was psychological
Empowerment
1.67
3.94497
2.36252
Mean difference
Std. Error difference
199
t
Table: 4.52 Showing Scores Obtained By Nuclear and Joint family
Respondents Regarding Psychological Empowerment.
Frequency
Class
Nuclear
1
12
23
94
121
86
2
339
26-50
51-75
76-100
101-125
126-150
151-175
176-200
Total
Joint
2
4
22
93
72
50
3
246
Group Statistics
Psychological
Empowerment
Area
N
Mean
Std. Deviation Std. Error Mean
Nuclear
339
131.4779
26.43540
1.43577
Joint
246
128.7683
26.32247
1.67826
Independent Sample Test
Levene’s Test for Equality of
Variances
Psychological
Empowerment
Equal variances not
Assumed
t-test for Equality of means
df
Mean
difference
Std. Error
Difference
t
.583
2.70958
2.21013
1.226
t-value is not Significant at any level
Table 4.52 shows that the mean score of nuclear family respondent
was 131.4779 and the joint family respondent was 128.7683. The standard
deviation of nuclear family respondent was 26.43540 and joint family
respondent was 26.32247. Standard error of mean of nuclear family
respondents was 1.43577 and joint family respondent was 1.67826. The
200
difference between mean was 2.70958 and it was in favour of nuclear family
respondent. The standard error of difference between mean was 2.21013 and
t value was 1.226 which was not significant at any level.
So it can be said that the role of education on psychological
empowerment of nuclear and joint family respondent was almost same.
Figure- 4.52 Showing Scores Obtained By Nuclear and Joint family
Respondents Regarding Psychological Empowerment.
Nuclear and Joint family Respondents was
Psychological Empowerment
t, 1.226
Mean
difference,
2.70958
Std. Error
difference,
2.21013
Figure- 4.53 Showing Scores of Home science, Arts and Commerce
respondents Regarding Psychological Empowerment.
f-value
41.55
1.60617
1.60714
2.03942
Std.Error
21.8463
22.72832
28.84179
Std.Devition
120
127.715
142.525
mean
0
50
HomeScience
201
100
Arts
Commerce
150
Table: 4.53 Showing Scores Obtained By Home science, Arts and
Commerce Respondents Regarding Psychological Empowerment
Class
Frequency
Arts
2
3
13
74
77
31
0
200
Home Science
1
8
11
21
68
86
5
200
26-50
51-75
76-100
101-125
126-150
151-175
176-200
Total
Commerce
0
5
21
92
48
19
0
185
Descriptives
Psychological Empowerment
Faculty
N
Mean
Std.
Deviation
Std. Error
Home science
200
142.5250
28.84179
2.03942
Arts
200
127.7150
22.72832
1.60714
Commerce
185
120.0000
21.84630
1.60617
Total
585
ANOVA
Psychological Empowerment
Between
Groups
S.S.
df
50852.355
2
MS
F-value
Table value
0.05
0,01
level
level
25426.177 41.550
Within Groups 356152.630
582
611.946
F-value is Significant at 0.05 level
202
19.50
99.50
Multiple Comparisons
Psychological Empowerment LSD
(I) Stream
Home science
(J) Stream
arts
com
arts
commerce
Mean Difference
(I-J)
Std. Error
*
2.47375
*
2.52340
*
14.81000
22.52500
home
-14.81000
2.47375
Com.
*
2.52340
home
arts
7.71500
*
-22.52500
2.52340
*
2.52340
-7.71500
*. The mean difference is significant at the 0.05 level.
Table 4.53 shows that the mean score of Home science respondents
was 142.5250, arts respondents was 127.7150 and commerce respondents
was 120.0000. The standard deviation of Home science respondents was
28.84179, arts respondents was 22.72832 and commerce respondents was
21.84630. The standard error of Home science respondents was 2.03942,
arts respondents was 1.60714 and commerce respondents was 1.60617.
ANOVA shows that sum of square of between groups was 50852.355
and within groups was 356152.630 and df of between groups was 2 and
within groups was 582. The mean square of between groups was 25426.177
and Within groups was 611.946. The ‘f ’- value is 41.550 and was significant
at 0.05 level.
Multiple Comparisons show that mean difference of Home science
respondents and arts respondents was 14.81000 and Home science
respondents and commerce respondents was 22.52500. and arts
respondents and commerce respondents was 7.71500 and that standard error
of difference between mean of Home science and arts respondents was
2.47375, Home science and commerce respondents was 2.52340 and
commerce and arts respondents was 2.52340 which was significant at o.o5
level.
So it can be said that the role of education on psychological
empowerment of home science respondent was higher than the arts and
commerce respondents.
And role of education on psychological
empowerment of arts respondent was higher than the commerce
respondents.
203
Table: 4.54 Showing Scores Obtained By Home science Respondents of
Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar city Regarding
Psychological Empowerment.
Class
Jamnagar
0
0
2
2
7
17
1
29
26-50
51-75
76-100
101-125
126-150
151-175
176-200
Total
Frequency of Home science
Morbi
Rajkot
Surendranagar
0
1
0
0
0
8
1
5
3
5
12
2
16
29
16
11
54
4
0
4
0
33
105
33
Descriptives
Psychological empowerment
City
N
Mean
Std. Deviation
Std. Error
Jamnagar
29
149.8621
24.07981
4.47151
Morbi
33
142.5758
19.23543
3.34846
Rajkot
105
148.3619
25.90223
2.52780
Surendranagar
33
117.4545
36.14475
6.29199
Total
200
ANOVA
Psychological empowerment
Between
Groups
S.S.
df
MS
F-value
Table value
0.05
0,01
level
level
25879.937
3
8626.646
12.107
8.56
Within Groups 139657.938
196
712.541
F-value is Significant at 0.05 level
204
26.23
Multiple Comparisons
Psychological Empowerment
LSD
City
(J) City
Mean Difference
(I-J)
Std. Error
Jamnagar
Morbi
7.28631
6.79430
Rajkot
1.50016
Morbi
Rajkot
Surendranagar
32.40752
6.79430
Jamnagar
-7.28631
6.79430
Rajkot
-5.78615
5.32712
*
Surendranagar
25.12121
6.57147
Jamnagar
-1.50016
5.59968
Morbi
5.78615
5.32712
Surendranagar
Jamnagar
Surendranagar
5.59968
*
Morbi
Rajkot
*
5.32712
*
6.79430
*
6.57147
*
5.32712
30.90736
-32.40752
-25.12121
-30.90736
*. The mean difference is significant at the 0.05 level.
Table 4.54 shows that the mean scores of Jamnagar city respondents
was 149.8621, Morbi city respondents was 142.5758, Rajkot city respondents
was 148.3619 and Surendranagar city respondents was 117.4545. The
standard deviation of Jamnagar city respondents was 24.07981, Morbi city
respondents was 19.23543, Rajkot city respondents was 25.90223 and
Surendranagar city respondents was 36.14475. The standard error of
Jamnagar city respondents was 4.47151, Morbi city respondents was
3.34846, Rajkot city respondents was 2.52780 and Surendranagar city
respondents was 6.29199.
ANOVA shows that the sum of square of between groups was
25879.937 and within groups was 139657.938 and df of between groups was
3 and within groups was 196. The mean square of between groups was
8626.646 and within groups was 712.541. The ‘f ’- value was 12.107 which
was significant 0.05 level.
Multiple Comparisons show that mean difference of Jamnagar and
Morbi city respondents was 7.28631, Jamnagar and Rajkot city respondents
was 1.50016, Jamnagar and Surendranagar city respondents was 32.40752,
Morbi and Rajkot city respondents was -5.78615 and Morbi
and
Surendranagar city
respondents was 25.12121
And Rajkot and
Surendranagar city respondents was 30.90736 . The difference between the
205
standard error of Jamnagar and Morbi city respondents was 6.79430,
Jamnagar and Rajkot city respondents was 5.59968 and Jamnagar and
Surendranagar city respondents was 6.79430.
The difference between home science respondents of Jamnagar,
Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar city regarding psychological empowerment
was significant at 0.05 level. The role of education on home science
respondents of Jamnagar city was higher than Rajkot, Morbi and
Surendranagar city. The role of education on home science respondents of
Rajkot city was higher than Morbi and Surendranagar city. And the role of
education on home science respondents of Morbi city was higher than the
Surendranagar city.
Figure- 4.54 Showing Scores Obtained by Home science respondents of
Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar Regarding Psychological
Empowerment.
f-value
12.107
6.29199
2.5278
3.34846
4.47151
Std.Error
36.14475
25.90223
19.23543
24.07981
Std.Devition
117.4545
148.3619
142.5758
149.8621
mean
0
Jamnagar
50
Morbi
100
Rajkot
206
150
Surendranagar
200
Table: 4.55 Showing Scores Obtained by Arts Respondents of
Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar City Regarding
Psychological Empowerment.
Frequency of Arts
Class
Jamnagar
Morbi
Rajkot
Surendranagar
1
3
4
11
20
8
0
47
0
0
3
24
21
5
0
53
1
0
1
18
21
9
0
50
0
0
5
21
15
9
0
50
26-50
51-75
76-100
101-125
126-150
151-175
176-200
Total
Descriptives
Psychological empowerment
City
N
Mean
Std. Deviation
Std. Error
Jamnagar
47
124.5532
29.22314
4.26263
Morbi
53
127.8868
18.15707
2.49407
Rajkot
50
130.5200
22.72663
3.21403
Surendranagar
50
127.7000
20.30306
2.87129
Total
200
ANOVA
Psychological empowerment
Between
Groups
S.S.
df
MS
F-value
864.837
3
288.279
.554
Within Groups 101933.918
196
520.071
F-value is not Significant at any level
207
Table value
0.05
0,01
level
level
8.56
26.23
Multiple Comparisons
Psychological Empowerment
LSD
City
(J) City
Mean Difference (I-J)
Std. Error
Jamnagar
Morbi
-3.33360
4.56925
Rajkot
-5.96681
4.63322
Surendranagar
-3.14681
4.63322
Jamnagar
3.33360
4.56925
Rajkot
-2.63321
4.49601
Surendranagar
.18679
4.49601
Jamnagar
5.96681
4.63322
Morbi
2.63321
4.49601
Surendranagar
2.82000
4.56101
Jamnagar
3.14681
4.63322
Morbi
-.18679
4.49601
Rajkot
-2.82000
4.56101
Morbi
Rajkot
Surendranagar
Table- 4.55 shows that the mean score of Jamnagar city respondents
was 124.5532, Morbi city respondents was 127.8868, Rajkot city respondents
was 130.5200 and Surendranagar city respondents was 127.7000. The
standard deviation of Jamnagar city respondents was 29.22314, Morbi city
respondents was 18.15707 Rajkot city respondents was 22.72663 and
Surendranagar city respondents was 20.30306. The standard error of
Jamnagar city respondents was 4.26263, Morbi city respondents was
2.49407, Rajkot city respondents was 3.21403 and Surendranagar city
respondents was 2.87129.
The difference between mean of Jamnagar and Morbi city was -3.33360, the difference between mean of Jamnagar and Rajkot city was -5.96681 and the difference between mean of Jamnagar and Surendranagar
city was -3.14681, the difference between mean of Morbi and Rajkot city was
-2.63321, the difference between mean of Morbi and Surendranagar city was
.18679 and the difference between mean of Rajkot and Surendranagar city
was 2.82000. The standard error of difference between means was not
significant at any level.
ANOVA shows that sum of square of between groups was 864.837 and
within groups was 101933.918 and df of between groups was 3 and within
groups was 196. The mean square of between groups was 288.279 and
208
within groups was 520.071. The ‘f ’- value is .554 which was not Significant at
any level.
The difference between arts respondents of Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot
and Surendranagar city respondents was not significant. So it can be said that
the role of education on psychological empowerment of arts respondents of
Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar city respondents was almost
same.
Figure- 4.55 Showing Scores Obtained by Arts Respondents of
Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar City Regarding
Psychological Empowerment.
f-value
0.554
2.87129
3.21403
2.49407
4.26263
Std.Error
20.30306
22.72663
18.15707
29.22314
Std.Devition
127.7
130.52
127.8868
124.5532
mean
0
Jamnagar
50
Morbi
Rajkot
209
100
Surendranagar
150
Table : 4.56 Showing Scores Obtained by Commerce Respondents of
Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar City Regarding
Psychological Empowerment.
Class
Frequency of Commerce
Morbi
Rajkot
Surendranagar
0
0
0
1
1
1
3
3
3
25
21
23
16
16
7
5
9
1
0
0
0
50
50
35
Jamnagar
0
2
12
23
9
4
0
50
26-50
51-75
76-100
101-125
126-150
151-175
176-200
Total
Descriptives
Psychological empowerment
City
N
Mean
Std. Deviation
Std. Error
Jamnagar
50
113.1800
24.16076
3.41685
Morbi
50
122.9800
20.10532
2.84332
Rajkot
50
126.8600
22.34425
3.15995
Surendranagar
35
115.6857
16.42052
2.77558
Total
185
ANOVA
Psychological empowerment
Between Groups
Within Groups
S.S.
df
MS
F-value
5774.077
3
1924.692
4.246
82041.923
181
453.270
F-value is not Significant at any level
210
Table value
0.05
0,01
level
level
8.56
26.23
Multiple Comparisons
Psychological Empowerment
LSD
City
(J) City
Mean Difference (I-J)
Std. Error
Jamnagar
Morbi
-9.80000
4.25803
Rajkot
-13.68000
4.25803
Surendranagar
-2.50571
4.69212
Jamnagar
9.80000
4.25803
Rajkot
-3.88000
4.25803
Surendranagar
7.29429
4.69212
Jamnagar
13.68000
4.25803
Morbi
3.88000
4.25803
Surendranagar
11.17429
4.69212
Jamnagar
2.50571
4.69212
Morbi
-7.29429
4.69212
Rajkot
-11.17429
4.69212
Morbi
Rajkot
Surendranagar
Table-4.56 shows that the mean score of Jamnagar city respondents
was 113.1800, Morbi city respondents was 122.9800, Rajkot city respondents
was 126.8600 and Surendranagar city respondents was 115.6857. The
standard deviation of Jamnagar city respondents was 24.16076, Morbi city
respondents was 20.10532 Rajkot city respondents was 22.34425 and
Surendranagar city respondents was 16.42052. The standard error of
Jamnagar city respondents was 3.41685, Morbi city respondents was
2.84332, Rajkot city respondents was 3.15995 and Surendranagar city
respondents was 2.77558.
The difference between mean of Jamnagar and Morbi city was -9.80000, the difference between mean of Jamnagar and Rajkot city was -13.68000 and the difference between mean of Jamnagar and Surendranagar
city was -2.50571, the difference between mean of Morbi and Rajkot city was
-3.88000, the difference between mean of Morbi and Surendranagar city was
7.29429 and the difference between mean of Rajkot and Surendranagar city
was 11.17429. The standard error of difference between means was not
significant at any level.
ANOVA shows that sum of square of between groups was 5774.077
and within groups was 82041.923 and df of between groups was 3 and within
groups was 181. The mean square of between groups was 1924.692 and
within groups was 453.270. The ‘f ’- value is 4.246 which was not Significant
at any level.
211
The difference between commerce respondents of Jamnagar, Morbi,
Rajkot and Surendranagar city respondents was not significant. So it can be
said that the role of education on psychological empowerment of arts
respondents of Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar city respondents
was almost same.
Figure- 4.56 Showing Scores Obtained by Commerce Respondents of
Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar City Regarding
Psychological Empowerment.
f-value
4.246
2.77558
3.15995
2.84332
3.41685
Std.Error
16.42052
22.34425
20.10532
24.16076
Std.Devition
115.6857
126.86
122.98
113.18
mean
0
Jamnagar
50
Morbi
212
Rajkot
100
Surendranagar
150
Table: 4.57 Showing Scores Obtained by Urban Respondents of
Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar City Regarding
Psychological Empowerment.
Frequency of Urban
Class
Jamnagar
Morbi
Rajkot
Surendranagar
1
3
15
28
29
25
1
102
0
1
4
33
36
14
0
88
0
1
4
31
46
60
4
146
0
9
7
38
28
10
0
92
26-50
51-75
76-100
101-125
126-150
151-175
176-200
Total
Descriptives
Psychological empowerment
City
N
Mean
Std. Deviation
Std. Error
Jamnagar
102
127.0196
29.83120
2.95373
Morbi
88
129.2045
20.79299
2.21654
Rajkot
146
143.0479
24.62948
2.03835
Surendranagar
92
119.8587
25.71423
2.68089
Total
428
ANOVA
Psychological empowerment
Between
Groups
S.S.
df
34444.370
3
MS
F-value
11481.457 17.662
Within Groups 275624.106
424
650.057
F-value is Significant at 0.05 level
213
Table value
0.05
0,01
level
level
8.54
26.18
Multiple Comparisons
Psychological Empowerment
LSD
City
(J) City
Mean Difference
(I-J)
Jamnagar
Morbi
-2.18494
Morbi
Rajkot
3.70946
Rajkot
-16.02834
3.29022
Surendranagar
7.16091
3.66592
Jamnagar
2.18494
3.70946
Rajkot
-13.84340*
3.44085
Surendranagar
9.34585*
3.80169
Jamnagar
Morbi
Surendranagar
*
Std. Error
*
3.29022
*
3.44085
*
16.02834
13.84340
Surendranagar
23.18925
3.39386
Jamnagar
-7.16091
3.66592
Morbi
-9.34585*
3.80169
Rajkot
-23.18925*
3.39386
*. The mean difference is significant at the 0.05 level.
Table 4.57
shows that the mean scores of Jamnagar city
respondents was 127.0196, Morbi city respondents was 129.2045, Rajkot city
respondents was 143.0479 and Surendranagar city respondents was
119.8587. The standard deviation of Jamnagar city respondents was
29.83120, Morbi city respondents was 20.79299, Rajkot city respondents was
24.62948 and Surendranagar city respondents was 25.71423. The standard
error of Jamnagar city respondents was 2.95373, Morbi city respondents
was 2.21654, Rajkot city respondents was 2.03835 and Surendranagar city
respondents was 2.68089.
ANOVA shows that the sum of square of between groups was
34444.370 and within groups was 275624.106 and df of between groups was
3 and within groups was 424. The mean square of between groups was
11481.457and within groups was 650.057. The ‘f ’- value was 17.662 which
was significant 0.05 level.
Multiple Comparisons show that mean difference of Jamnagar and
Morbi city respondents was -2.18494, Jamnagar and Rajkot city respondents
was -16.02834, Jamnagar and Surendranagar city respondents was 7.16091,
214
Morbi and Rajkot city respondents was -13.84340 and Morbi
and
Surendranagar city respondents was 9.34585 And Rajkot and Surendranagar
city respondents was 23.18925 . The difference between the standard error of
Jamnagar and Morbi city respondents was 3.70946, Jamnagar and Rajkot city
respondents was 3.29022 and Jamnagar and Surendranagar city respondents
was 3.66592.
The difference between urban respondents of Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot
and Surendranagar city regarding psychological empowerment was significant
at 0.05 level. The role of education on urban respondents of Rajkot city was
higher than Jamnagar, Morbi and Surendranagar city. The role of education
on urban respondents of Morbi city was higher than Jamnagar and
Surendranagar city. And the role of education on home science respondents
of Jamnagar city was higher than the Surendranagar city and Surendranagar
city regarding psychological empowerment was significant at 0.05 level. The
role of education on urban respondents of Rajkot city was higher than
Jamnagar, Morbi and Surendranagar city. The role of education on urban
respondents of Morbi city was higher than Jamnagar and Surendranagar city.
And the role of education on home science respondents of Jamnagar city was
higher than the Surendranagar city.
Figure-4.57 Showing Scores Obtained by Urban Respondents of
Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar City Regarding
Psychological Empowerment.
f-value
17.662
2.68089
2.03835
2.21654
2.95373
Std.Error
25.71423
24.62948
20.79299
29.8312
Std.Devition
119.8587
143.0479
129.2045
127.0196
mean
0
Jamnagar
50
Morbi
215
100
Rajkot
150
Surendranagar
200
Table: 4.58 Showing Scores Obtained by Rural Respondents of
Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar City Regarding
Psychological Empowerment.
Frequency of Rural
Class
Jamnagar
Morbi
Rajkot
Surendranagar
0
2
3
8
7
4
0
24
0
0
3
21
17
7
0
48
2
0
5
20
20
12
0
59
0
0
4
8
10
4
0
26
26-50
51-75
76-100
101-125
126-150
151-175
176-200
Total
Descriptives
Psychological empowerment
City
N
Mean
Std. Deviation
Std. Error
Jamnagar
24
120.9583
28.24963
5.76643
Morbi
48
130.4583
20.12192
2.90435
Rajkot
59
128.1695
27.05177
3.52184
Surendranagar
26
126.2692
23.50074
4.60887
Total
157
ANOVA
Psychological empowerment
Between
Groups
Within Groups
S.S.
df
MS
F-value
1512.596
3
504.199
.824
93636.295
153
612.002
F-value is not Significant at any level
216
Table value
0.05
0,01
level
level
8.56
26.23
Multiple Comparisons
Psychological Empowerment
LSD
City
(J) City
Mean Difference (I-J)
Std. Error
Jamnagar
Morbi
-9.50000
6.18467
Rajkot
-7.21116
5.98941
Surendranagar
-5.31090
7.00276
Jamnagar
9.50000
6.18467
Rajkot
2.28884
4.80863
Surendranagar
4.18910
6.02400
Jamnagar
7.21116
5.98941
Morbi
-2.28884
4.80863
Surendranagar
1.90026
5.82335
Jamnagar
5.31090
7.00276
Morbi
-4.18910
6.02400
Rajkot
-1.90026
5.82335
Morbi
Rajkot
Surendranagar
Table-4.58 Shows that the mean score of Jamnagar city respondents
was 120.9583, Morbi city respondents was 130.4583, Rajkot city respondents
was 128.1695 and Surendranagar city respondents was 126.2692. The
standard deviation of Jamnagar city respondents was 28.24963, Morbi city
respondents was 20.12192 Rajkot city respondents was 27.05177 and
Surendranagar city respondents was 23.50074. The standard error of
Jamnagar city respondents was 5.76643, Morbi city respondents was
2.90435, Rajkot city respondents was 3.52184 and Surendranagar city
respondents was 4.60887.
The difference between mean of Jamnagar and Morbi city was -9.50000, the difference between mean of Jamnagar and Rajkot city was -7.21116 and the difference between mean of Jamnagar and Surendranagar
city was -5.31090, the difference between mean of Morbi and Rajkot city was
2.28884, the difference between mean of Morbi and Surendranagar city was
4.18910 and the difference between mean of Rajkot and Surendranagar city
was 1.90026. The standard error of difference between means was not
significant at any level.
ANOVA shows that sum of square of between groups was 1512.596
and within groups was 93636.295 and df of between groups was 3 and within
groups was 153. The mean square of between groups was 504.199 and
217
within groups was 612.002. The ‘f ’- value is .824 which was not Significant at
any level.
The difference between rural respondents of Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot
and Surendranagar city respondents was not significant. So it can be said that
the role of education on psychological empowerment of rural respondents of
Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar city respondents was almost
same.
Figure- 4.58 Showing Scores Obtained by Rural Respondents of
Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar City Regarding
Psychological Empowerment.
f-value
0.824
4.60887
3.52184
2.90435
5.76643
Std.Error
23.50074
27.05177
20.12192
28.24963
Std.Devition
126.2692
128.1695
130.4583
120.9583
mean
0
Jamnagar
50
Morbi
Rajkot
218
100
Surendranagar
150
Table: 4.59 Showing Scores Obtained by Nuclear Family Respondents of
Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar City Regarding
Psychological Empowerment.
Class
Jamnagar
0
4
9
19
24
23
1
80
26-50
51-75
76-100
101-125
126-150
151-175
176-200
Total
Frequency of Nuclear
Morbi
Rajkot
0
1
0
1
4
5
33
34
33
42
14
46
0
1
84
130
Surendranagar
0
7
5
8
22
3
0
45
Descriptives
Psychological empowerment
City
N
Mean
Std. Deviation
Std. Error
Jamnagar
80
130.0500
29.63658
3.31347
Morbi
84
130.2381
19.11072
2.08515
Rajkot
130
137.8923
25.36134
2.22434
Surendranagar
45
117.8000
29.95117
4.46486
Total
339
ANOVA
Psychological empowerment
Between
Groups
S.S.
df
MS
F-value
14059.854
3
4686.618
7.068
Within Groups 222144.730
335
663.119
F-value is not Significant at any level
219
Table value
0.05
0,01
level
level
8.54
26.18
Multiple Comparisons
Psychological Empowerment
LSD
City
(J) City
Mean Difference (I-J)
Std. Error
Jamnagar
Morbi
-.18810
4.02284
Rajkot
-7.84231
3.65922
Surendranagar
12.25000
4.79843
Jamnagar
.18810
4.02284
Rajkot
-7.65421
3.60488
Surendranagar
12.43810
4.75712
Jamnagar
7.84231
3.65922
Morbi
7.65421
3.60488
Surendranagar
20.09231
4.45386
Jamnagar
-12.25000
4.79843
Morbi
-12.43810
4.75712
Rajkot
-20.09231
4.45386
Morbi
Rajkot
Surendranagar
Table- 4.59 shows that the mean score of Jamnagar city respondents
was 130.0500, Morbi city respondents was 130.2381, Rajkot city respondents
was 137.8923 and Surendranagar city respondents was 117.8000. The
standard deviation of Jamnagar city respondents was 29.63658, Morbi city
respondents was 19.11072 Rajkot city respondents was 25.36134 and
Surendranagar city respondents was 29.95117. The standard error of
Jamnagar city respondents was 3.31347, Morbi city respondents was
2.08515, Rajkot city respondents was 2.22434 and Surendranagar city
respondents was 4.46486.
The difference between mean of Jamnagar and Morbi city was .18810,
the difference between mean of Jamnagar and Rajkot city was 7.84231 and
the difference between mean of Jamnagar and Surendranagar city was
12.25000, the difference between mean of Morbi and Rajkot city was 7.65421, the difference between mean of Morbi and Surendranagar city was
12.43810 and the difference between mean of Rajkot and Surendranagar city
was 20.09231. The standard error of difference between means was not
significant at any level.
ANOVA shows that sum of square of between groups was 14059.854
and within groups was 222144.730 and df of between groups was 3 and
within groups was 335. The mean square of between groups was 4686.618
220
and within groups was 663.119. The ‘f ’- value is 7.068 which was not
Significant at any level.
The difference between nuclear family respondents of Jamnagar,
Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar city respondents was not significant. So it
can be said that the role of education on psychological empowerment of
nuclear family respondents of Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar
city respondents was almost same.
Figure- 4.59 Showing Scores Obtained by Nuclear Respondents of
Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar City Regarding
Psychological Empowerment.
f-value
7.068
4.46486
2.22434
2.08515
3.31347
Std.Error
29.95117
25.36134
19.11072
29.63658
Std.Devition
117.8
137.8923
130.2381
130.05
mean
0
Jamnagar
50
Morbi
Rajkot
221
100
Surendranagar
150
Table: 4.60 Showing Scores Obtained by Joint Family Respondents of
Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar City Regarding
Psychological Empowerment
Class
Frequency of Joint
Morbi
Rajkot
0
1
1
0
3
4
21
17
20
24
7
26
0
3
52
75
Jamnagar
1
1
9
17
12
6
0
46
26-50
51-75
76-100
101-125
126-150
151-175
176-200
Total
Surendranagar
0
2
6
38
16
11
0
73
Descriptives
Psychological empowerment
City
N
Mean
Std. Deviation
Std. Error
Jamnagar
46
118.5870
28.17531
4.15422
Morbi
52
128.6923
22.71006
3.14932
Rajkot
75
140.2800
27.62224
3.18954
Surendranagar
73
123.4110
21.87835
2.56067
Total
246
ANOVA
Psychological empowerment
Between
Groups
S.S.
df
MS
F-value
16802.772
3
5600.924
8.862
Within Groups 152951.020
242
632.029
F-value is Significant at 0.05 level
222
Table value
0.05
0,01
level
level
8.54
26.14
Multiple Comparisons
Psychological Empowerment
LSD
City
(J) City
Mean Difference
(I-J)
Std. Error
Jamnagar
Morbi
-10.10535*
5.08863
Rajkot
-21.69304*
4.70816
Surendranagar
-4.82400
4.73262
Morbi
Rajkot
Jamnagar
*
10.10535
5.08863
Rajkot
-11.58769*
4.53668
Surendranagar
5.28135
4.56205
Jamnagar
21.69304*
4.70816
*
4.53668
*
Morbi
Surendranagar
11.58769
Surendranagar
16.86904
4.13340
Jamnagar
4.82400
4.73262
Morbi
-5.28135
4.56205
Rajkot
-16.86904*
4.13340
*. The mean difference is significant at the 0.05 level.
Table 4.60 shows that the mean scores of Jamnagar city respondents
was 118.5870, Morbi city respondents was 128.6923, Rajkot city respondents
was 140.2800 and Surendranagar city respondents was 123.4110. The
standard deviation of Jamnagar city respondents was 28.17531, Morbi city
respondents was 22.71006, Rajkot city respondents was 27.62224 and
Surendranagar city respondents was 21.87835. The standard error of
Jamnagar city respondents was 4.15422, Morbi city respondents was
3.14932, Rajkot city respondents was 3.18954 and Surendranagar city
respondents was 2.56067.
ANOVA shows that the sum of square of between groups was
16802.772 and within groups was 152951.020 and df of between groups was
3 and within groups was 242. The mean square of between groups was
5600.924 and within groups was 632.029. The ‘f ’- value was 8.862 which was
significant 0.05 level.
Multiple Comparisons show that mean difference of Jamnagar and
Morbi city respondents was -10.10535, Jamnagar and Rajkot city respondents
was -21.69304, Jamnagar and Surendranagar city respondents was 4.82400, Morbi and Rajkot city respondents was -11.58769 and Morbi and
Surendranagar city respondents was 5.28135 And Rajkot and Surendranagar
city respondents was 16.86904. The difference between the standard error of
223
Jamnagar and Morbi city respondents was 5.08863, Jamnagar and Rajkot city
respondents was 4.70816 and Jamnagar and Surendranagar city respondents
was 4.73262.
The difference between Joint family respondents of Jamnagar, Morbi,
Rajkot and Surendranagar city regarding psychological empowerment was
significant at 0.05 level. The role of education on Joint family respondents of
Rajkot city was higher than Jamnagar, Morbi and Surendranagar city. The
role of education on Joint family respondents of Morbi city was higher than
Jamnagar and Surendranagar city. And the role of education on Joint family
respondents of Surendranagar city was higher than the Jamnagar city.
Figure- 4.60 Showing Scores Obtained by Joint family respondents of
Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar Regarding Psychological
Empowerment.
f-value
8.862
2.56067
3.18954
3.14932
4.15422
Std.Error
21.87835
27.62224
22.71006
28.17531
Std.Devition
123.411
140.28
128.6923
118.587
mean
0
Jamnagar
50
Morbi
Rajkot
224
100
Surendranagar
150
4.9
OVERALL SCORES OF ROLE OF EDUCATION ON JAMNAGAR
CITY RESPONDENTS.
The scores obtained by urban and rural, nuclear and joint family
respondents as well as Home science, arts & commerce respondents of
Jamnagar city has been given in table no. 4.61 to 4.78.
Table: 4.61 Showing Scores Obtained By Urban and Rural Respondents
Regarding Women Empowerment.
Frequency
Class
Urban
Rural
251-300
1
0
301-350
1
0
351-400
1
1
401-450
0
0
451-500
3
1
501-550
5
0
551-600
7
2
601-650
9
1
651-700
12
3
701-750
11
5
751-800
12
5
801-850
16
2
851-900
12
2
901-950
3
0
951-1000
7
1
1001-1050
2
1
1051-1100
0
0
1101-1150
0
0
Total
102
24
225
Group Statistics
City of Jamnagar
Jamnagar
Area
N
Mean
Std. Deviation
Std. Error Mean
urban
102
741.1275
151.00972
14.95219
rural
24
730.4167
145.84414
29.77031
Women
Empowerment
Independent Sample Test
Levene’s Test for Equality of
Variances
Women
t-test for Equality of means
df
Empowerment
Equal variances not
35.552
Mean
Std. Error
difference
Difference
10.71078
33.31425
t-value
.322
Assumed
t-value is not Significant at any level
Table 4.61 Shows that the mean score of urban respondents was
741.1275 and the rural respondents was 730.4167.The standard deviation of
urban respondent was 151.00972 and rural respondent was 145.84414.
Standard error of mean of urban respondents was 14.95219 and rural
respondent was 29.77031. The difference between mean was 10.71078 and it
was in favour of urban respondent. The standard error of difference between
mean was 33.31425 and t value was .322 which was not Significant at any
level.
So it can be said that the role of education on women empowerment of
urban and rural respondent of Jamnagar city was almost same.
226
Figure-4.61 Showing Scores Obtained By Urban and Rural Respondents
Regarding Women Empowerment.
0.322
t-value
33.3143
Std. Error
difference
10.7108
Mean
difference
0
10
20
30
40
Figure: 4.62 Showing Scores Obtained By Nuclear and Joint family
Respondents Regarding Women Empowerment.
2.12
t-value
28.7343
Std. Error
difference
60.912
Mean
difference
0
20
40
227
60
80
Table: 4.62 Showing Scores Obtained By Nuclear and Joint family
Respondents Regarding Women Empowerment.
Frequency
Class
Nuclear
Joint
251-300
0
1
301-350
0
1
351-400
1
1
401-450
0
0
451-500
2
2
501-550
2
3
551-600
7
2
601-650
3
7
651-700
9
6
701-750
12
4
751-800
12
5
801-850
12
6
851-900
10
4
901-950
2
1
951-1000
6
2
1001-1050
2
1
1051-1100
0
0
1101-1150
0
0
Total
80
46
Group Statistics
Jamnagar
Family
N
Mean
Std. Deviation Std. Error Mean
Women
Nuclear
80
761.325
135.62362
15.16318
Joint
46
700.413
165.54134
24.40774
Empowerment
228
Independent Sample Test
Levene’s Test for Equality of
Variances
Women
t-test for Equality of means
Df
Empowerment
Equal variances not
79.678
Mean
Std. Error
difference
Difference
60.91196
28.73430
t-value
2.120
Assumed
t-value is Significant at 0.05 level
Table 4.62 shows that the mean score of nuclear family respondent
was 761.3250 and the joint family respondent was 700.4130. The standard
deviation of nuclear family respondent was 135.62362 and joint family
respondent was 165.54134. Standard error of mean of nuclear family
respondents was 15.16318 and joint family respondent was 24.40774. The
difference between mean was 60.91196 and it was in favour of nuclear family
respondent. The standard error of difference between mean was 28.73430
and t value was 2.120 which was significant at 0.05 level.
So it can be said that the role of education on women empowerment of
nuclear family respondent of Jamnagar city was higher than the joint family
respondent.
229
Table: 4.63 Showing Scores Obtained By Home science, Arts and
Commerce Respondents Regarding Women Empowerment.
Frequency
Class
Home Science
Arts
Commerce
251-300
0
1
0
301-350
0
1
0
351-400
0
1
1
401-450
0
0
0
451-500
0
1
3
501-550
0
3
2
551-600
2
3
4
601-650
0
4
6
651-700
2
5
8
701-750
2
7
7
751-800
3
10
4
801-850
7
4
7
851-900
6
4
4
901-950
0
1
2
951-1000
5
1
2
1001-1050
2
1
0
1051-1100
0
0
0
1101-1150
0
0
0
Total
29
47
50
230
Descriptives
Jamnagar -Women empowerment
Faculty
N
Mean
Std. Deviation
Std. Error
Home
29
840.3103
119.97771
22.27930
Arts
47
707.1277
151.69114
22.12643
Commerce
50
710.4200
139.01213
19.65928
Total
126
science
ANOVA
Women Empowerment
Between
Table value
S.S.
df
MS
386234.419
2
193117.209
Groups
0.05
0,01
F-value level
level
9.863
Within Groups 2408413.62
123
19580.599
F-value is not Significant at any level
231
19.49
99.49
Multiple Comparisons
Women Empowerment
(I) Stream
Home science
Arts
Commerce
(J) Stream
Mean Difference
(I-J)
Std. Error
arts
133.18269
33.04242
Com
129.89034
32.66198
home
-133.18269
33.04242
Com.
-3.29234
28.42922
home
-129.89034
32.66198
arts
3.29234
28.42922
Table 4.63 shows that the mean score of Home science respondents
was 840.3103, arts respondents was 707.1277 and commerce respondents
was 710.4200. The standard deviation of Home science respondents was
119.97771, arts respondents was 151.69114 and commerce respondents was
139.01213. The standard error of Home science respondents was 22.27930,
arts respondents was 22.12643 and commerce respondents was 19.65928.
The difference between mean of home science and arts was 133.18269, the
difference between mean of home science and commerce was 129.89034
and the difference between mean of arts and commerce was -3.29234. The
standard error of difference between means was not significant at any level.
ANOVA shows that the sum of square of between groups was
386234.419 and within groups was 2408413.621 and df of between groups
was 2 and within groups was 123. The mean square of between groups was
193117.209 within groups was 19580.599. And the ‘f ’- value is 9.863 which
was not significant at any level.
So it can be said that role of education on women empowerment of home
science, arts and commerce respondents of Jamnagar city was almost same.
232
Figure-4.63 Showing Scores Obtained by Home science, Arts and
Commerce Respondents Regarding Women Empowerment.
Fva
lu
e
9.863
St
d.
Er
ro
r
19.65928
22.12643
22.2793
De
v
ia
tio
n
139.01213
151.69114
119.97771
M
ea
n
St
d.
710.42
707.1277
840.3103
0
200
400
233
600
800
1000
Table: 4.64 Showing Scores Obtained By Home science, Arts and
Commerce Respondents Regarding Political Empowerment.
Frequency
Class
Home Science
Arts
Commerce
21-30
0
1
0
31-40
0
1
2
41-50
0
2
2
51-60
10
7
5
61-70
8
14
17
71-80
5
9
15
81-90
5
8
6
91-100
1
3
3
101-110
0
2
0
Total
29
47
50
Descriptives
Jamnagar -Political Empowerment
Faculty
N
Mean
Std. Deviation
Std. Error
Home science
29
68.7241
12.09751
2.24645
Arts
47
70.7234
16.23697
2.36841
Commerce
50
69.2000
12.70867
1.79728
Total
126
234
ANOVA
Political Empowerment
Table value
0.05
Between
S.S.
Df
MS
89.128
2
44.564
F-value Level
Groups
Within Groups
.227
24139.197
123
0,01
19.49
level
99.49
196.254
F-value is not Significant at any level
Multiple Comparisons
Political Empowerment
(I) Stream
(J) Stream
Mean Difference (I-J)
Std. Error
Home science
arts
-1.99927
3.30802
Com
-.47586
3.26993
home
1.99927
3.30802
Com.
1.52340
2.84617
home
.47586
3.26993
arts
-1.52340
2.84617
Arts
Commerce
Table 4.64 shows that the mean score of home science respondents
was 68.7241, arts respondents was 70.7234 and commerce respondents was
69.2000. The standard deviation of home science respondents was 12.09751,
arts respondents was 16.23697 and commerce respondents was 12.70867.
The standard error of Home science respondents was 2.24645, arts
respondents was 2.36841 and commerce respondents was 1.79728. The
difference between mean of home science and arts was -1.99927, home
science and commerce was -.47586 and arts and commerce was 1.52340.
The standard error of difference between means was not significant at any
level.
ANOVA shows that the sum of square of between groups was 89.128
and within groups was 24139.197 and df of between groups was 2 and within
groups was 123. The mean square of between groups was 44.564 within
235
groups was 196.254. And the ‘f ’- value is .227 which was not significant at
any level.
So it can be said that role of education on political empowerment of
home science, arts and commerce respondents of Jamnagar city was almost
same.
Figure-4.64 Showing Scores Obtained by Home science, Arts and
Commerce Respondents Regarding Political Empowerment.
F-value
0.227
1.79728
2.36841
2.24645
Std. Error
12.70867
16.23697
12.09751
Std. Deviation
69.2
70.7234
68.7241
Mean
0
20
Homescience
40
Arts
236
60
Commerce
80
Table: 4.65 Showing Scores Obtained By Home science, Arts and
Commerce Respondents Regarding Social Empowerment.
Frequency
Class
Home Science
Arts
Commerce
1-50
0
1
0
51-100
0
1
0
101-150
0
2
4
151-200
0
7
6
201-250
5
16
22
251-300
15
18
13
301-350
9
2
5
351-400
0
0
0
Total
29
47
50
Descriptives
Jamnagar -Social Empowerment
Faculty
N
Mean
Std. Deviation
Std. Error
Home science
29
281.9655
34.93206
6.48672
Arts
47
230.1915
59.65577
8.70169
Commerce
50
234.9400
48.87694
6.91224
Total
126
237
ANOVA
Social Empowerment
Table value
0.05
Between
S.S.
Df
MS
54865.930
2
27432.965
Groups
F-value Level
10.714
Within Groups 314931.062
123
0,01
19.49
level
99.49
2560.415
F-value is not Significant at any level
Multiple Comparisons
Social Empowerment
Mean Difference
(I) Stream
(J) Stream
(I-J)
Std. Error
Home science
arts
51.77403
11.94852
com
47.02552
11.81095
home
-51.77403
11.94852
Com.
-4.74851
10.28033
home
-47.02552
11.81095
arts
4.74851
10.28033
Arts
Commerce
Table 4.65 Shows that the mean score of Home science respondents
was 281.9655, arts respondents was 230.1915 and commerce respondents
was 234.9400. The standard deviation of Home science respondents was
34.93206, arts respondents was 59.65577 and commerce respondents was
48.87694. The standard error of Home science respondents was 6.48672,
arts respondents was 8.70169 and commerce respondents was 6.91224. The
difference between mean of home science and arts was 51.77403, the
difference between mean of home science and commerce was 47.02552 and
the difference between mean of arts and commerce was -4.74851. The
standard error of difference between means was not significant at any level.
ANOVA shows that the sum of square of between groups was
54865.930 and within groups was 314931.062 and df of between groups was
238
2 and within groups was 123. The mean square of between groups was
27432.965 within groups was 2560.415. And the ‘f ’- value is 10.714 which
was not significant at any level.
So it can be said that role of education on social empowerment of
home science, arts and commerce respondents of Jamnagar city was almost
same.
Figure- 4.65 Showing Scores Obtained by Home science, Arts and
Commerce Respondents Regarding Social Empowerment.
F-value
10.714
6.91224
8.70169
6.48672
Std. Error
48.87694
59.65577
34.93206
Std. Deviation
234.94
230.1915
Mean
281.9655
0
50
100
Homescience
150
Arts
239
200
250
Commerce
300
Table: 4.66 Showing Scores Obtained By Home science, Arts and
Commerce Respondents Regarding Economic Empowerment.
Frequency
Class
Home Science
Arts
Commerce
51-100
1
2
2
101-150
1
9
5
151-200
7
13
13
201-250
5
17
18
251-300
9
4
7
301-350
6
2
5
351-400
0
0
0
Total
29
47
50
Descriptives
Jamnagar –Economic Empowerment
Faculty
N
Mean
Std. Deviation
Std. Error
Home science
29
246.9655
62.12285
11.53592
Arts
47
197.4043
57.13510
8.33401
Commerce
50
213.2600
57.74179
8.16592
Total
126
240
ANOVA
Economic Empowerment
Table value
0.05
Between
S.S.
Df
MS
44333.754
2
22166.877
F-value Level
Groups
6.467
Within Groups 421593.905
123
19.49
0,01
level
99.49
3427.593
F-value is not Significant at any level
Multiple Comparisons
Economic Empowerment
(I) Stream
(J) Stream
Mean Difference (I-J)
Std. Error
Home science
arts
49.56126
13.82463
Com
33.70552
13.66546
home
-49.56126
13.82463
Com.
-15.85574
11.89451
home
-33.70552
13.66546
arts
15.85574
11.89451
Arts
Commerce
Table 4.66 shows that the mean score of home science respondents
was 246.9655, arts respondents was 197.4043 and commerce respondents
was 213.2600. The standard deviation of home science respondents was
62.12285, arts respondents was 57.13510 and commerce respondents was
57.74179. The standard error of home science respondents was 11.53592,
arts respondents was 8.33401 and commerce respondents was 8.16592. The
difference between mean of home science and arts was 49.56126, the
difference between mean of home science and commerce was 33.70552 and
the difference between mean of arts and commerce was -15.85574. The
standard error of difference between means was not significant at any level.
ANOVA shows that the sum of square of between groups was
44333.754 and within groups was 421593.905 and df of between groups was
2 and within groups was 123. The mean square of between groups was
241
22166.877 within groups was 3427.593. And the ‘f ’- value is 6.467 which was
not significant at any level.
So it can be said that role of education on Economic empowerment of
home science, arts and commerce respondents of Jamnagar city was almost
same.
Figure- 4.66 Showing Scores Obtained by Home science, Arts and
Commerce Respondents Regarding Economic Empowerment.
F-value
6.467
8.16592
8.33401
11.53592
Std. Error
57.74179
57.1351
62.12285
Std. Deviation
213.26
197.4043
Mean
246.9655
0
50
100
Homescience
150
Arts
242
200
250
Commerce
300
Table: 4.67 Showing Scores Obtained By Home science, Arts and
Commerce Respondents Regarding Cultural Empowerment.
Frequency
Class
Home Science
Arts
Commerce
1-25
0
1
0
26-50
0
2
3
51-75
2
10
11
76-100
18
24
32
101-125
9
10
4
Total
29
47
50
Descriptives
Jamnagar –Cultural Empowerment
Faculty
N
Mean
Std. Deviation
Std. Error
Home science
29
92.7931
14.19351
2.63567
Arts
47
84.2553
18.99481
2.77068
Commerce
50
79.8400
16.56325
2.34240
Total
126
243
ANOVA
Cultural Empowerment
Table value
0.05
S.S.
Between
3082.958
Df
MS
2
1541.479
F-value Level
Groups
Within Groups
5.314
35680.415
123
0,01
19.49
level
99.49
290.085
F-value is not Significant at any level
Multiple Comparisons
Cultural Empowerment
(I) Stream
(J) Stream
Mean Difference (I-J)
Std. Error
Home science
arts
8.53778
4.02181
Com
12.95310
3.97550
home
-8.53778
4.02181
Com.
4.41532
3.46030
home
-12.95310
3.97550
arts
-4.41532
3.46030
Arts
Commerce
Table 4.67 shows that the mean score of Home science respondents
was 92.7931, arts respondents was 84.2553 and commerce respondents was
79.8400. The standard deviation of Home science respondents was
14.19351, arts respondents was 18.99481 and commerce respondents was
16.56325. The standard error of Home science respondents was 2.63567,
arts respondents was 2.77068 and commerce respondents was 2.34240. The
difference between mean of home science and arts was 8.53778, the
difference between mean of home science and commerce was 12.95310 and
the difference between mean of arts and commerce was 4.41532. The
standard error of difference between means was not significant at any level.
ANOVA shows that the sum of square of between groups was
3082.958 and within groups was 35680.415 and df of between groups was 2
and within groups was 123. The mean square of between groups was
244
1541.479 within groups was 290.085. And the ‘f ’- value is 5.314 which was
not significant at any level.
So it can be said that role of education on cultural empowerment of
home science, arts and commerce respondents of Jamnagar city was almost
same.
Figure-4.67 Showing Scores Obtained by Home science, Arts and
Commerce Respondents Regarding Cultural Empowerment.
F-value
5.314
2.3424
2.77068
2.63567
Std. Error
16.56325
18.99481
14.19351
Std. Deviation
79.84
84.2553
92.7931
Mean
0
20
Homescience
40
Arts
245
60
80
Commerce
100
Table: 4.68 Showing Scores Obtained By Home science, Arts and
Commerce Respondents Regarding Psychological Empowerment.
Frequency
Class
Home Science
Arts
Commerce
26-50
0
1
0
51-75
0
3
2
76-100
2
4
12
101-125
2
11
23
126-150
7
20
9
151-175
17
8
4
176-200
1
0
0
Total
29
47
50
Descriptives
Jamnagar –Psychological Empowerment
Faculty
N
Mean
Std. Deviation
Std. Error
Home science
29
149.8621
24.07981
4.47151
Arts
47
124.5532
29.22314
4.26263
Commerce
50
113.1800
24.16076
3.41685
Total
126
246
ANOVA
Psychological Empowerment
Table value
0.05
Between
S.S.
df
MS
24826.261
2
12413.131
Groups
Within Groups
F-value Level
18.150
84122.445
123
0,01
19.49
Level
99.49
683.922
F-value is not Significant at any level
Multiple Comparisons
Psychological Empowerment
(I) Stream
(J) Stream
Mean Difference (I-J)
Std. Error
Home science
arts
25.30888
6.17536
Com
36.68207
6.10426
home
-25.30888
6.17536
Com.
11.37319
5.31319
home
-36.68207
6.10426
arts
-11.37319
5.31319
Arts
Commerce
Table 4.68 shows that the mean score of Home science respondents
was 149.8621, arts respondents was 124.5532 and commerce respondents
was 113.1800. The standard deviation of Home science respondents was
24.07981, arts respondents was 29.22314 and commerce respondents was
24.16076. The standard error of Home science respondents was 4.47151,
arts respondents was 4.26263 and commerce respondents was 3.41685. The
difference between mean of home science and arts was 25.30888, the
difference between mean of home science and commerce was 36.68207 and
the difference between mean of arts and commerce was 11.37319. The
standard error of difference between means was not significant at any level.
ANOVA shows that the sum of square of between groups was
24826.261 and within groups was 84122.445 and df of between groups was 2
247
and within groups was 123. The mean square of between groups was
12413.131 within groups was 683.922. And the ‘f ’- value is 18.150 which was
not significant at any level.
So it can be said that role of education on psychological empowerment
of home science, arts and commerce respondents of Jamnagar city was
almost same.
Figure- 4.68 Showing Scores Obtained by Home science, Arts and
Commerce Respondents Regarding Psychological Empowerment.
F-value
18.15
3.41685
4.26263
4.47151
Std. Error
24.16076
29.22314
24.07981
Std. Deviation
113.18
124.5532
149.8621
Mean
0
50
Homescience
100
Arts
248
150
Commerce
200
Table: 4.69 Showing Scores Obtained By Urban and Rural
Respondents Regarding Political Empowerment.
Frequency
Class
Urban
Rural
21-30
1
0
31-40
2
1
41-50
3
1
51-60
19
3
61-70
32
7
71-80
23
6
81-90
16
3
91-100
4
3
101-110
2
0
Total
102
24
Group Statistics
City of Jamnagar
Jamnagar
Area
N
Mean
Std. Deviation Std. Error Mean
urban
102
69.4412
13.82033
1.36842
rural
24
70.5833
14.61362
2.98299
Political
Empowerment
249
Independent Sample Test
Levene’s Test for Equality of
t-test for Equality of means
Variances
Political
df
Empowerment
Equal variances not
33.362
Mean
Std. Error
difference
Difference
-1.14216
3.28189
t-value
-.348
Assumed
t-value is not Significant at any level
Table 4.69 Shows that the mean score of urban respondents was
69.4412 and the rural respondents was 70.5833. The standard deviation of
urban respondent was 13.82033 and rural respondent was 14.61362.
Standard error of mean of urban respondents was 1.36842 and rural
respondent was 2.98299. The difference between mean was -1.14216 and it
was in favour of urban respondent. The standard error of difference between
mean was 3.28189 and t value was -.348 which was not significant at any
levels.
So it can be said that the role of education on political empowerment of
urban and rural respondents of Jamnagar city was all most same.
Figure- 4.69 Showing Scores Obtained By Urban and Rural Respondents
Regarding Political Empowerment.
3.28189
3.5
3
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
-0.348
-0.5
-1
-1.14216
-1.5
Mean
Difference
Std.Error
Difference
250
t-value
Table: 4.70 Showing Scores Obtained By Urban and Rural Respondents
Regarding Social Empowerment.
Frequency
Class
Urban
Rural
1-50
1
0
51-100
0
1
101-150
6
0
151-200
10
3
201-250
36
7
251-300
35
11
301-350
14
2
351-400
0
0
Total
102
24
Group Statistics
City of Jamnagar
Jamnagar
Area
N
Mean
Std. Deviation Std. Error Mean
urban
102
243.5000
56.08299
5.55304
rural
24
246.0833
47.54487
9.70506
Social
Empowerment
Independent Sample Test
Levene’s Test for Equality of
t-test for Equality of means
Variances
Social
df
Empowerment
Equal variances not
39.560
Mean
Std. Error
difference
Difference
-2.58333
11.18143
Assumed
t-value is not Significant at any level
251
t-value
-.231
Table 4.70 Shows that the mean score of urban respondents was
243.5000 and the rural respondents was 246.0833.The standard deviation of
urban respondent was 56.08299 and rural respondent was 47.54487.
Standard error of mean of urban respondents was 5.55304 and rural
respondent was 9.70506. The difference between mean was -2.58333 and it
was in favour of rural respondent. The standard error of difference between
mean was 11.18143 and t value was -.231 which was not significant at any
levels.
So it can be said that the role of education on social empowerment of
urban and rural respondents of Jamnagar city was all most same.
Figure- 4.70 Showing Scores Obtained By Urban and Rural Respondents
Regarding Social Empowerment
0.231-
t-value
11.1814
Std. Error
difference
2.5833-
Mean
difference
-5
0
5
252
10
15
Table: 4.71 Showing Scores Obtained By Urban and Rural
Respondents Regarding Economic Empowerment.
Frequency
Class
Urban
Rural
51-100
3
2
101-150
11
4
151-200
30
3
201-250
31
9
251-300
16
4
301-350
11
2
351-400
0
0
Total
102
24
Group Statistics
City of Jamnagar
Jamnagar
Area
N
Mean
Std. Deviation Std. Error Mean
urban
102
216.8137
59.10935
5.85270
rural
24
207.8333
69.61863
14.21084
Economic
Empowerment
Independent Sample Test
Levene’s Test for Equality of
t-test for Equality of means
Variances
Economic
df
Empowerment
Equal variances not
31.259
Mean
Std. Error
difference
Difference
8.98039
15.36887
Assumed
t-value is not Significant at any level
253
t-value
.584
Table 4.71 Shows that the mean score of urban respondents was
216.8137 and the rural respondents was 207.8333.The standard deviation of
urban respondent was 59.10935 and rural respondent was 69.61863.
Standard error of mean of urban respondents was 5.85270 and rural
respondent was 14.21084. The difference between mean was 8.98039 and it
was in favour of urban respondent. The standard error of difference between
mean was 15.36887 and t value was .584 which was not significant at any
levels.
So it can be said that the role of education on economic empowerment
of urban and rural respondents of Jamnagar city was all most same.
Figure- 4.71 Showing Scores Obtained By Urban and Rural Respondents
Regarding Economic Empowerment.
0.584
t-value
15.3689
Std. Error
difference
8.98039
Mean
difference
0
5
10
254
15
20
Table: 4.72 Showing Scores Obtained By Urban and Rural
Respondents Regarding Cultural Empowerment.
Frequency
Class
Urban
Rural
1-25
1
0
26-50
5
0
51-75
18
5
76-100
59
15
101-125
19
4
Total
102
24
Group Statistics City of Jamnagar
Jamnagar
Cultural
Empowerment
Area
N
Mean
Std. Deviation Std. Error Mean
urban
102
84.3529
18.51125
1.83289
rural
24
84.9583
13.42768
2.74091
Independent Sample Test
Levene’s Test for Equality of
t-test for Equality of means
Variances
Cultural
df
Empowerment
Equal variances not
46.071
Mean
Std. Error
difference
Difference
-.60539
3.29728
Assumed
t-value is not Significant at any level
255
t-value
-.184
Table 4.72 Shows that the mean score of urban respondents was
84.3529 and the rural respondents was 84.9583 .The standard deviation of
urban respondent was 18.51125 and rural respondent was 13.42768.
Standard error of mean of urban respondents was 1.83289 and rural
respondent was 2.74091. The difference between mean was -.60539 and it
was in favour of urban respondent. The standard error of difference between
mean was 3.29728 and t value was -.184 which was not significant at any
levels.
So it can be said that the role of education on cultural empowerment of
urban and rural respondents of Jamnagar city was all most same.
Figure- 4.72 Showing Scores Obtained By Urban and Rural Respondents
Regarding Cultural Empowerment.
3.29728
3.5
3
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
-0.5
-0.184
-0.60539
-1
Mean
Difference
Std.Error
Difference
256
t-value
Table: 4.73 Showing Scores Obtained By Urban and Rural Respondents
Regarding Psychological Empowerment.
Frequency
Class
Urban
Rural
26-50
1
0
51-75
3
2
76-100
15
3
101-125
28
8
126-150
29
7
151-175
25
4
176-200
1
0
Total
102
24
Group Statistics
City of Jamnagar
Jamnagar
Area
N
Mean
Std. Deviation Std. Error Mean
urban
102
127.019
29.83120
2.95373
rural
24
120.958
28.24963
5.76643
Psychological
Empowerment
Independent Sample Test
Levene’s Test for Equality of
t-test for Equality of means
Variances
Psychological
df
Empowerment
Equal variances not
36.087
Mean
Std. Error
difference
Difference
6.06127
6.47891
Assumed
t-value is not Significant at any level
257
t-value
.936
Table 4.73 Shows that the mean score of urban respondents was
127.0196 and the rural respondents was 120.9583.The standard deviation of
urban respondent was 29.83120 and rural respondent was 28.24963.
Standard error of mean of urban respondents was 2.95373 and rural
respondent was 5.76643. The difference between mean was 6.06127 and it
was in favour of urban respondent. The standard error of difference between
mean was 6.47891 and t value was .936 which was not significant at any
levels.
So it can be said that the role of education on psychological
empowerment of urban and rural respondents of Jamnagar city was all most
same.
Figure- 4.73 Showing Scores Obtained By Urban and Rural Respondents
Regarding Psychological Empowerment.
0.936
t-value
6.47891
Std. Error
difference
6.06127
Mean
difference
0
2
4
258
6
8
Table: 4.74 Showing Scores Obtained By Nuclear and Joint family
Respondents Regarding Political Empowerment.
Frequency
Class
Nuclear
Joint
21-30
0
1
31-40
1
2
41-50
1
3
51-60
15
7
61-70
27
12
71-80
18
11
81-90
13
6
91-100
4
3
101-110
1
1
Total
80
46
Group Statistics
City of Jamnagar
Jamnagar
Family
N
Mean
Std. Deviation Std. Error Mean
Nuclear
80
70.5000
12.45549
1.39257
Joint
46
68.1957
16.20510
2.38931
Political
Empowerment
259
Independent Sample Test
Levene’s Test for Equality of
t-test for Equality of means
Variances
Political
df
Empowerment
Equal variances not
75.784
Mean
Std. Error
difference
Difference
2.30435
2.76551
t-value
.833
Assumed
t-value is not Significant at any level
Table 4.74 shows that the mean score of nuclear family respondent
was 70.5000 and the joint family respondent was 68.1957. The standard
deviation of nuclear family respondent was 12.45549 and joint family
respondent was 16.20510. Standard error of mean of nuclear family
respondents was 1.39257 and joint family respondent was 2.38931. The
difference between mean was 2.30435 and it was in favour of nuclear family
respondent. The standard error of difference between mean was 2.76551 and
t value was .833 which was not significant at any level.
So it can be said that the role of education on political empowerment of
nuclear and joint family respondent of Jamnagar city was almost same.
Figure: 4.74 Showing Scores Obtained By Nuclear and Joint family
Respondents Regarding Political Empowerment..
0.833
t-value
2.76551
Std. Error
difference
2.30435
Mean
difference
0
0.5
1
260
1.5
2
2.5
3
Table: 4.75 Showing Scores Obtained By Nuclear and Joint family
Respondents Regarding Social Empowerment.
Frequency
Class
Nuclear
Joint
1-50
0
1
51-100
0
1
101-150
3
3
151-200
8
5
201-250
26
17
251-300
31
15
301-350
12
4
351-400
0
0
Total
80
46
Group Statistics
City of Jamnagar
Jamnagar
Family
N
Mean
Std. Deviation Std. Error Mean
Nuclear
80
251.112
49.20353
5.50112
Joint
46
231.608
60.99708
8.99353
Social
Empowerment
261
Independent Sample Test
Levene’s Test for Equality of
t-test for Equality of means
Variances
Social
df
Empowerment
Equal variances not
78.697
Mean
Std. Error
difference
Difference
19.50
10.54258
t-value
1.850
Assumed
t-value is not Significant at any level
Table 4.75 Shows that the mean score of nuclear family respondent
was 251.1125 and the joint family respondent was 231.6087. The standard
deviation of nuclear family respondent was 49.20353 and joint family
respondent was 60.99708. Standard error of mean of nuclear family
respondents was 5.50112 and joint family respondent was 8.99353. The
difference between mean was 19.50 and it was in favour of nuclear family
respondent. The standard error of difference between mean was 10.54258
and t value was 1.850 which was not significant at any level.
So it can be said that the role of education on social empowerment of
nuclear and joint family respondent of Jamnagar city was almost same.
Figure: 4.75 Showing Scores Obtained By Nuclear and Joint family
Respondents Regarding Social Empowerment.
1.85
t-value
10.5426
Std. Error
difference
19.5
Mean
difference
0
5
10
262
15
20
25
Table: 4.76 Showing Scores Obtained By Nuclear and Joint family
Respondents Regarding Economic Empowerment.
Frequency
Class
Nuclear
Joint
51-100
2
3
101-150
8
7
151-200
20
13
201-250
26
14
251-300
14
6
301-350
10
3
351-400
0
0
Total
80
46
Group Statistics
City of Jamnagar
Jamnagar
Family
N
Mean
Std. Deviation Std. Error Mean
Nuclear
80
223.537
58.48270
6.53856
Joint
46
200.434
63.27037
9.32871
Economic
Empowerment
Independent Sample Test
Levene’s Test for Equality of
t-test for Equality of means
Variances
Economic
df
Empowerment
Equal variances not
87.980
Mean
Std. Error
difference
Difference
23.10272
11.39200
Assumed
t-value is Significant at 0.05 level
263
t-value
2.028
Table 4.76 Shows that the mean score of nuclear family respondent
was 223.5375 and the joint family respondent was 200.4348. The standard
deviation of nuclear family respondent was 58.48270 and joint family
respondent was 63.27037. Standard error of mean of nuclear family
respondents was 6.53856 and joint family respondent was 9.32871. The
difference between mean was 23.10272 and it was in favour of nuclear family
respondent. The standard error of difference between mean was 11.39200
and t value was 2.028 which was significant at 0.05 level.
So it can be said that the role of education on economic empowerment
of nuclear family respondents of Jamnagar city was higher than the joint
family respondents.
Figure: 4.76 Showing Scores Obtained By Nuclear and Joint family
Respondents Regarding Economic Empowerment.
11.392
Std. Error
difference
2.028
t-value
23.1027
Mean
difference
264
Table: 4.77 Showing Scores Obtained By Nuclear and Joint family
Respondents Regarding Cultural Empowerment.
Frequency
Class
Nuclear
Joint
1-25
0
1
26-50
3
2
51-75
14
9
76-100
47
27
101-125
16
7
Total
80
46
Group Statistics
City of Jamnagar
Jamnagar
Family
N
Mean
Std. Deviation Std. Error Mean
Cultural
Nuclear
80
86.1250
16.15540
1.80623
Joint
46
81.5870
19.74456
2.91118
Empowerment
Independent Sample Test
Levene’s Test for Equality of
t-test for Equality of means
Variances
Cultural
df
Empowerment
Equal variances not
79.596
Mean
Std. Error
difference
Difference
4.53804
3.42599
t-value
1.325
Assumed
t-value is not Significant at any level
Table 4.77 Shows that the mean score of nuclear family respondent
was 86.1250 and the joint family respondent was 81.5870. The standard
deviation of nuclear family respondent was 16.15540 and joint family
respondent was 19.74456. Standard error of mean of nuclear family
265
respondents was 1.80623 and joint family respondent was 2.91118. The
difference between mean was 4.53804 and it was in favour of nuclear family
respondent. The standard error of difference between mean was 3.42599 and
‘t’ value was 1.325 which was not significant at any level.
So it can be said that the role of education on economic empowerment
of nuclear and joint family respondents of Jamnagar city was all most same.
Figure: 4.77 Showing Scores Obtained By Nuclear and Joint family
Respondents Regarding Cultural Empowerment.
3.42599
Std. Error
difference
1.325
t-value
4.53804
Mean
difference
266
Table: 4.78 Showing Scores Obtained By Nuclear and Joint family
Respondents Regarding Psychological Empowerment.
Frequency
Class
Nuclear
Joint
26-50
0
1
51-75
4
1
76-100
9
9
101-125
19
17
126-150
24
12
151-175
23
6
176-200
1
0
Total
80
46
Group Statistics City of Jamnagar
Jamnagar
Family
Psychological Nuclear
Empowerment
Joint
N
Mean
Std. Deviation Std. Error Mean
80
130.050
29.63658
3.31347
46
118.587
28.17531
4.15422
Independent Sample Test
Levene’s Test for Equality of
t-test for Equality of means
Variances
Psychological
Df
Empowerment
Equal variances not
97.900
Mean
Std. Error
difference
Difference
11.46304
5.31382
Assumed
t-value is Significant at 0.05 level
267
t-value
2.157
Table 4.78 Shows that the mean score of nuclear family respondent
was 130.0500 and the joint family respondent was 118.5870. The standard
deviation of nuclear family respondent was 29.63658 and joint family
respondent was 28.17531. The difference between mean was 11.46304 and it
was in favour of nuclear family respondent. Standard error of mean of nuclear
family respondents was 3.31347 and joint family respondent was 4.15422.
The standard error of difference between mean was 5.31382 and t value was
2.157 which was significant at 0.05 levels.
So it can be said that the role of education on Psychological
empowerment of nuclear family respondents of Jamnagar city was higher
than the joint family respondents.
Figure: 4.78 Showing Scores Obtained By Nuclear and Joint family
Respondents Regarding Psychological Empowerment .
11.463
Mean
difference
5.31382
Std. Error
difference
2.157
t-value
268
4.10
OVERALL SCORES OF ROLE OF EDUCATION ON MORBI CITY
RESPONDENTS.
The scores obtained by urban and rural, nuclear and joint family respondents
as well as home science, arts & commerce respondents of Jamnagar city has
been given in table no. 4.79 to 4.96.
Table: 4.79 Showing Scores Obtained By Urban and Rural Respondents
Regarding Women Empowerment.
Frequency
Class
251-300
301-350
351-400
401-450
451-500
501-550
551-600
601-650
651-700
701-750
751-800
801-850
851-900
901-950
951-1000
1001-1050
1051-1100
1101-1150
Total
Urban
Rural
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
6
15
10
19
12
14
6
2
2
0
0
88
0
0
0
0
0
1
3
3
10
6
9
6
4
4
2
0
0
0
48
Group Statistics
City of Morbi
Morbi
Women
Empowerment
Area
N
Mean
urban
88
781.7045
100.92983
10.75916
rural
48
761.5833
106.95850
15.43813
269
Std. Deviation Std. Error Mean
Independent Sample Test
Levene’s Test for Equality of
Variances
Women
t-test for Equality of means
df
Empowerment
Equal variances not
92.016
Mean
Std. Error
difference
Difference
20.12121
18.81742
t-value
1.069
Assumed
t-value is not Significant at any level
Table 4.79 Shows that the mean score of urban respondents was
781.7045and the rural respondents was 761.5833.The standard deviation of
urban respondent was 100.92983 and rural respondent was 106.95850.
Standard error of mean of urban respondents was 10.75916and rural
respondent was 15.43813. The difference between mean was 20.12121 and it
was in favour of urban respondent. The standard error of difference between
mean was 18.81742 and t value was 1.069 which was significant at any
levels.
So it can be said that the role of education on women empowerment of
urban and rural area respondent of morbi city was all most same.
270
Figure- 4.79 Showing Scores Obtained By Urban and Rural Respondents
Regarding Women Empowerment.
25
20.1212
20
18.8174
15
10
5
1.069
0
Mean
Difference
Std.Error
Difference
t-value
Figure- 4.80 Showing Scores Obtained By Nuclear and Joint family
Respondents Regarding Women Empowerment.
18.6378
20
18
16
14
12
10
8
6
4.27656
4
2
0.229
0
Mean
Difference
Std.Error
Difference
271
t-value
Table: 4.80 Showing Scores Obtained By Nuclear and Joint family
Respondents Regarding Women Empowerment.
Frequency
Class
251-300
301-350
351-400
401-450
451-500
501-550
551-600
601-650
651-700
701-750
751-800
801-850
851-900
901-950
951-1000
1001-1050
1051-1100
1101-1150
Total
Nuclear
Joint
0
0
0
0
0
1
3
4
16
8
19
13
10
7
3
0
0
0
84
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
5
9
8
9
5
8
3
1
2
0
0
52
Group Statistics
Morbi
Women
Empowerment
Family
N
Mean
Nuclear
84
776.2381
100.04091
10.91536
Joint
52
771.9615
108.93854
15.10706
272
Std. Deviation Std. Error Mean
Independent Sample Test
Levene’s Test for Equality of
Variances
Women
t-test for Equality of means
df
Empowerment
Equal variances not
101.201
Mean
Std. Error
difference
Difference
4.27656
18.63782
t-value
.229
Assumed
t-value is not Significant at any level
Table 4.80 Shows that the mean score of nuclear family respondent
was 776.2381 and the joint family respondent was 771.9615. The standard
deviation of nuclear family respondent was 100.04091 and joint family
respondent was 108.93854. Standard error of mean of nuclear respondents
was 10.91536 and joint respondent was 15.10706 The standard error of
difference between mean was 4.27656 and it was in favour of joint family
respondent. The standard error of difference between mean was18.63782 t
value was .229 which was not significant at any level.
So it can be said that the role of education on women empowerment of
nuclear and joint family respondent was almost same.
273
Table: 4.81 Showing Scores Obtained By Home science, Arts and
Commerce Respondents Regarding Women Empowerment.
Class
Frequency
Arts
Home Science
251-300
301-350
351-400
401-450
451-500
501-550
551-600
601-650
651-700
701-750
751-800
801-850
851-900
901-950
951-1000
1001-1050
1051-1100
1101-1150
Total
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
6
2
5
8
5
3
3
1
0
0
33
0
0
0
0
0
1
5
7
9
8
10
6
5
2
0
0
0
0
53
Commerce
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
10
7
12
4
8
5
1
1
0
0
50
Descriptives
Morbi -Women empowerment
Faculty
N
Mean
Std. Deviation
Std. Error
Home science
33
825.3939
99.60137
17.33837
Arts
53
732.4717
98.26761
13.49809
Commerce
50
785.7400
93.84221
13.27129
Total
136
274
ANOVA
Table value
Women Empowerment
Between
Groups
S.S.
df
MS
F-value
0.05
level
0,01
level
185409.852
2
92704.926
9.855
19.49
99.49
Within Groups 1251104.70
133
9406.802
6
F-value is not Significant at any level
Multiple Comparisons
Women Empowerment
(I) Stream
(J) Stream
Mean Difference (I-J)
Std. Error
Home science
arts
92.92224
21.50678
com
39.65394
21.75295
home
-92.92224
21.50678
Com.
-53.26830
19.12127
home
-39.65394
21.75295
arts
53.26830
19.12127
Arts
Commerce
Table 4.81 Shows that the mean score of home science respondents
was 825.3939, arts respondents was 732.4717and commerce respondents
was 785.7400. The standard deviation of Home science respondents was
99.60137, arts respondents was 98.26761and commerce respondents was
93.84221. The standard error of Home science respondents was 17.33837,
arts respondents was 13.49809and commerce respondents was 13.49809.
The difference between mean of home science and arts was 92.92224,the
difference between mean of home science and commerce was39.65394- and
the difference between mean of arts and commerce was -53.26830 The
standard error of difference between means was not significant at any level.
ANOVA shows that the sum of square of between groups was
185409.852and within groups was 1251104.706and df of between groups
was 2 and within groups was 133. The mean square of between groups was
92704.926 within groups was 9406.802. And the ‘f ’- value is 9.855 which
was not significant at any level.
So it can be said that role of education on women empowerment of
jamnagar city home science, arts and commerce respondents was almost
same.
275
Figure- 4.81 Showing Scores Obtained by Home science, Arts and
Commerce Respondents Regarding Women Empowerment.
f-value
9.855
13.27129
13.49809
17.33837
Std.Error
93.84221
98.26761
99.60137
Std.Devition
785.74
732.4717
825.3939
mean
0
200
400
600
HomeScience
Arts
800
1000
Commerce
Figure- 4.82 Showing Scores Obtained By Home science, Arts and
Commerce Respondents Regarding Political Empowerment.
f-value
4.261
1.6868
1.8814
2.04703
Std.Error
11.92748
13.69677
11.75926
Std.Devition
76.02
68.7736
72.697
mean
0
20
40
HomeScience
276
Arts
60
Commerce
80
Table- 4.82 Showing Scores Obtained by Home science, Arts and
Commerce Respondents Regarding Political Empowerment.
Class
Home Science
Frequency
Arts
Commerce
0
0
0
7
6
11
9
0
0
33
0
0
7
4
16
17
6
2
1
53
0
0
1
2
14
14
11
8
0
50
21-30
31-40
41-50
51-60
61-70
71-80
81-90
91-100
101-110
Total
Descriptives
Morbi -Political Empowerment
Faculty
N
Mean
Std. Deviation
Std. Error
Home science
33
72.6970
11.75926
2.04703
Arts
53
68.7736
13.69677
1.88140
Commerce
50
76.0200
11.92748
1.68680
Total
136
ANOVA
Table value
Political Empowerment
Between
Groups
Within Groups
S.S.
df
MS
F-value
0.05
level
0,01
level
1355.113
2
677.556
4.261
19.49
99.49
21151.233
133
159.032
F-value is not Significant at any level
277
Multiple Comparisons
Political Empowerment
(I) Stream
(J) Stream
Mean Difference (I-J)
Std. Error
Home science
arts
3.92338
2.79638
com
-3.32303
2.82839
home
-3.92338
2.79638
Com.
*
-7.24642
2.48621
home
3.32303
2.82839
arts
7.24642*
2.48621
Arts
Commerce
Table 4.82 Shows that the mean score of home science respondents
was 72.6970, arts respondents was 68.7736and commerce respondents was
76.0200. The standard deviation of Home science respondents was
11.75926, arts respondents was 13.69677and commerce respondents was
11.92748. The standard error of home science respondents was 2.04703, arts
respondents was 1.88140 and commerce respondents was 1.68680. The
difference between mean of home science and arts was 3.92338,the
difference between mean of home science and commerce was -3.32303 and
the difference between mean of arts and commerce was -7.24642 The
standard error of difference between means was not significant at any level.
ANOVA shows that the sum of square of between groups was
1355.113and within groups was 21151.233and df of between groups was 2
and within groups was 133 The mean square of between groups was
677.556within groups was 159.032. And the ‘f ’- value is 4.261which was not
significant at any level.
So it can be said that role of education on political empowerment of
morbi city home science, arts and commerce respondents was almost same.
278
Table: 4.83 Showing Scores Obtained By Home science, Arts and
Commerce Respondents Regarding Social Empowerment.
Class
Frequency
Arts
Home Science
1-50
51-100
101-150
151-200
201-250
251-300
301-350
351-400
Total
0
0
0
0
6
19
8
0
33
Commerce
0
0
1
3
20
25
4
0
53
0
0
0
2
16
26
6
0
50
Descriptives
Morbi -Social Empowerment
Faculty
N
Mean
Std. Deviation
Std. Error
Home science
33
282.2727
29.23854
5.08978
Arts
53
247.0000
36.90164
5.06883
Commerce
50
261.3200
34.53625
4.88416
Total
136
ANOVA
Table value
Social Empowerment
S.S.
Between
Groups
25322.339
df
MS
2
0.05
F-value level
12661.170 10.752
Within Groups 156611.425
133
1177.530
F-value is not Significant at any level
279
19.49
0,01
level
99.49
Multiple Comparisons
Social Empowerment
(I) Stream
(J) Stream
Mean Difference (I-J)
Std. Error
Home science
arts
35.27273
7.60922
com
20.95273
7.69632
home
-35.27273
7.60922
Com.
-14.32000
6.76521
home
-20.95273
7.69632
arts
14.32000
6.76521
Arts
Commerce
Table 4.83 Shows that the mean score of home science respondents
was 282.2727, arts respondents was 247.0000and commerce respondents
was 261.3200. The standard deviation of Home science respondents was
29.23854, arts respondents was 36.90164and commerce respondents was
34.53625. The standard error of Home science respondents was 5.08978,
arts respondents was 5.06883and commerce respondents was 4.88416. The
difference between mean of home science and arts was35.27273, the
difference between mean of home science and commerce was20.95273 and
the difference between mean of arts and commerce was-14.32000. The
standard error of difference between means was not significant at any level.
ANOVA shows that the sum of square of between groups was
25322.339 and within groups was 156611.425and df of between groups was
2 and within groups was 133 The mean square of between groups was
12661.170 within groups was 1177.530. And the ‘f ’- value is 10.752 which
was not significant at any level.
So it can be said that role of education on social empowerment of
morbi city home science, arts and commerce respondents was almost same.
280
Figure- 4.83 Showing Scores Obtained by Home science, Arts and
Commerce Respondents Regarding Social Empowerment.
f-value
10.752
4.88416
5.06883
5.08978
Std.Error
34.53625
36.90164
29.23854
Std.Devition
261.32
247
282.2727
mean
0
100
HomeScience
200
Arts
300
Commerce
Figure- 4.84 Showing Scores Obtained by Home science, Arts and
Commerce Respondents Regarding Economic Empowerment.
f-value
15.506
5.68086
5.22294
7.72166
Std.Error
40.16975
38.02361
44.35756
Std.Devition
242.94
202.8868
241.697
mean
0
50
100
HomeScience
281
150
Arts
200
250
Commerce
300
Table: 4.84 Showing Scores Obtained By Home science, Arts and
Commerce Respondents Regarding Economic Empowerment.
Class
Frequency
Arts
Home Science
51-100
101-150
151-200
201-250
251-300
301-350
351-400
Total
0
0
4
16
8
5
0
33
Commerce
0
6
19
21
7
0
0
53
0
0
8
22
13
7
0
50
Descriptives
Morbi –Economic Empowerment
Faculty
N
Mean
Std. Deviation
Std. Error
Home science
33
241.6970
44.35756
7.72166
Arts
53
202.8868
38.02361
5.22294
Commerce
50
242.9400
40.16975
5.68086
Total
136
ANOVA
Table value
Women Empowerment
Between
Groups
S.S.
df
50648.772
2
MS
0.05
F-value level
25324.386 15.506
Within Groups 217211.110
133
1633.166
F-value is not Significant at any level
282
19.49
0,01
level
99.49
Multiple Comparisons
Political Empowerment
(I) Stream
(J) Stream
Mean Difference (I-J)
Std. Error
Home science
arts
38.81018
8.96127
com
-1.24303
9.06384
home
-38.81018
8.96127
Com.
-40.05321
7.96729
home
1.24303
9.06384
arts
40.05321
7.96729
Arts
Commerce
Table 4.84 Shows that the mean score of home science respondents
was 241.6970, arts respondents was 202.8868and commerce respondents
was 227.0294. The standard deviation of home science respondents was
44.35756, arts respondents was 38.02361and commerce respondents was
40.16975. The standard error of Home science respondents was 7.72166,
arts respondents was 5.22294and commerce respondents was 5.68086. The
difference between mean of home science and arts was38.81018,the
difference between mean of home science and commerce was-1.24303 and
the difference between mean of arts and commerce was-40.05321. The
standard error of difference between means was not significant at any level.
ANOVA shows that the sum of square of between groups was
50648.772and within groups was 217211.110and df of between groups was 2
and within groups was 133 The mean square of between groups was
25324.386 within groups was 1633.166. And the ‘f ’- value is 15.506 which
was not significant at any level.
So it can be said that role of education on economic empowerment of
morbi city home science, arts and commerce respondents was almost same.
283
Table: 4.85 Showing Scores Obtained By Home science, Arts and
Commerce Respondents Regarding Cultural Empowerment.
Class
Frequency
Arts
Home Science
1-25
26-50
51-75
76-100
101-125
Total
0
0
8
21
4
33
Commerce
0
0
10
38
5
53
0
0
12
34
4
50
Descriptives
Morbi –Cultural Empowerment
Faculty
N
Mean
Std. Deviation
Std. Error
Home science
33
86.1515
13.63158
2.37295
Arts
53
85.9245
11.79284
1.61987
Commerce
50
82.4800
11.27077
1.59393
Total
136
ANOVA
Table value
Cultural Empowerment
Between
Groups
Within Groups
S.S.
df
MS
395.396
2
197.698
0.05
F-value level
1.355
19402.421
133
145.883
F-value is not Significant at any level
284
19.49
0,01
level
99.49
Multiple Comparisons
Cultural Empowerment
(I) Stream
(J) Stream
Mean Difference (I-J)
Std. Error
Home science
arts
.22699
2.67828
com
3.67152
2.70894
home
-.22699
2.67828
Com.
3.44453
2.38121
home
-3.67152
2.70894
arts
-3.44453
2.38121
Arts
Commerce
Table 4.85 Shows that the mean score of home science respondents
was 86.1515, arts respondents was 85.9245and commerce respondents was
82.4800. The standard deviation of home science respondents was 13.63158,
arts respondents was 11.79284 and commerce respondents was 11.27077.
The standard error of home science respondents was 2.37295, arts
respondents was 1.61987and commerce respondents was 1.59393. The
difference between mean of home science and arts was.22699-,The
difference between mean of home science and commerce was 3.67152and
the difference between mean of arts and commerce was3.44453 The
standard error of difference between means was not significant at any level.
ANOVA shows that the sum of square of between groups was 395.396
and within groups was 19402.421and df of between groups was 2 and within
groups was 133. The mean square of between groups was 197.698 within
groups was 145.883. And the ‘f ’- value is 1.355 which was not significant at
any level.
So it can be said that role of education on cultural empowerment of
morbi city home science, arts and commerce respondents was almost same.
285
Figure- 4.85 Showing Scores Obtained by Home science, Arts and
Commerce Respondents Regarding Cultural Empowerment.
al
ue
1.355
St
d.
E
rr
or
f-v
1.59393
1.61987
2.37295
m
ea
n
S
td
.D
ev
it
io
n
11.27077
11.79284
13.63158
82.48
85.9245
86.1515
0
20
40
HomeScience
60
Arts
80
100
Commerce
Figure- 4.86 Showing Scores Obtained by Home science, Arts and
Commerce Respondents Regarding Psychological Empowerment.
al
ue
10.771
20.10532
18.15707
19.23543
122.98
127.8868
142.5758
ea
n
m
S
td
.D
St
ev
d.
E
it
rr
io
or
n
f-v
2.84332
2.49407
3.34846
0
50
HomeScience
286
100
Arts
150
Commerce
Table: 4.86 Showing Scores Obtained By Home science, Arts and
Commerce Respondents Regarding Psychological Empowerment.
Class
Frequency
Arts
Home Science
26-50
51-75
76-100
101-125
126-150
151-175
176-200
Total
0
0
1
5
16
11
0
33
Commerce
0
0
3
24
21
5
0
53
0
1
3
25
16
5
0
50
Descriptives
Morbi –Psychological Empowerment
Faculty
N
Mean
Std. Deviation
Std. Error
Home science
33
142.5758
19.23543
3.34846
Arts
53
127.8868
18.15707
2.49407
Commerce
50
122.9800
20.10532
2.84332
Total
136
ANOVA
Table value
Psychological Empowerment
Between
Groups
Within Groups
S.S.
df
MS
7902.697
2
3951.349
0.05
F-value level
10.771
48790.361
133
366.845
F-value is not Significant at any level
287
19.49
0,01
level
99.49
Multiple Comparisons
Psychological Empowerment
(I) Stream
(J) Stream
Mean Difference (I-J)
Std. Error
Home science
arts
14.68897
4.24713
com
19.59576
4.29574
home
-14.68897
4.24713
Com.
4.90679
3.77604
home
-19.59576
4.29574
arts
-4.90679
3.77604
Arts
Commerce
Table 4.86 shows that the mean score of home science respondents
was 142.5758, arts respondents was 127.8868and commerce respondents
was 122.9800. The standard deviation of home science respondents was
19.23543, arts respondents was 18.15707and commerce respondents was
20.10532. The standard error of home science respondents was 3.34846, arts
respondents was 2.49407and commerce respondents was 2.84332. The
difference between mean of home science and arts was14.68897,the
difference between mean of home science and commerce was-19.59576 and
the difference between mean of arts and commerce was-4.90679 The
standard error of difference between means was not significant at any level.
ANOVA shows that the sum of square of between groups was
7902.697and within groups was 48790.361and df of between groups was 2
and within groups was 133 The mean square of between groups was
3951.349 within groups was 366.845. And the ‘f ’- value is 10.771 which was
not significant at any level.
So it can be said that role of education on psychological empowerment
of morbi city home science, arts and commerce respondents was almost
same.
288
Table: 4.87 Showing Scores Obtained By Urban and Rural Respondents
Regarding Political Empowerment.
Frequency
Class
21-30
31-40
41-50
51-60
61-70
71-80
81-90
91-100
101-110
Total
Urban
Rural
0
0
2
8
23
27
18
10
0
88
0
0
6
5
13
15
8
0
1
48
Group Statistics
City of Morbi
Morbi
Political
Empowerment
Area
N
Mean
Std. Deviation
Std. Error Mean
urban
88
74.2386
11.99616
1.27880
rural
48
69.0000
13.94060
2.01215
Independent Sample Test
Levene’s Test for Equality of
Variances
Political
t-test for Equality of means
df
Empowerment
Equal variances not
85.132
Mean
Std. Error
difference
Difference
5.23864
2.38413
Assumed
t-value is Significant at 0.05 level
289
t-value
2.197
Table 4.87 Shows that the mean score of urban respondents was
74.2386 and the rural respondents was 69.0000.The standard deviation of
urban respondent was 11.99616and rural respondent was 13.94060.
Standard error of mean of urban respondents was 1.27880and rural
respondent was 2.01215. The difference between mean was 5.23864 and it
was in favour of urban respondent. The standard error of difference between
mean was 2.38413and t value was 2.197 which was significant at 0.05 levels.
So it can be said that the role of education on political empowerment of
morbi city urban respondent was higher than the rural respondents.
Figure- 4.87 Showing Scores Obtained By Urban and Rural Respondents
Regarding Political Empowerment.
6
5.2386
5
4
3
2.3841
2.197
2
1
0
Mean
Difference
Std.Error
Difference
290
t-value
Table: 4.88 Showing Scores Obtained By Urban and Rural Respondents
Regarding Social Empowerment.
Frequency
Class
1-50
51-100
101-150
151-200
201-250
251-300
301-350
351-400
Total
Urban
Rural
0
0
0
4
27
43
14
0
88
0
0
1
1
15
27
4
0
48
Group Statistics
City of Morbi
Morbi
Social
Empowerment
Area
N
Mean
Std. Deviation Std. Error Mean
urban
88
262.1250
36.77543
3.92027
rural
48
258.4375
36.85793
5.31998
Independent Sample Test
Levene’s Test for Equality of
Variances
Social
t-test for Equality of means
df
Empowerment
Equal variances not
96.526
Mean
Std. Error
difference
Difference
3.68750
6.60839
Assumed
t-value is not Significant at any level
291
t-value
.558
Table 4.88 Shows that the mean score of urban respondents was
262.1250and the rural respondents was 258.4375.The standard deviation of
urban respondent was 36.77543 and rural respondent was 36.85793.
Standard error of mean of urban respondents was 3.92027and rural
respondent was 5.31998. The difference between mean was 3.68750and it
was in favour of urban respondent. The standard error of difference between
mean was 6.60839and t value was .558 which was significant at 0.01 levels.
So it can be said that the role of education on social empowerment of
morbi city urban and rural respondents was all most same.
Figure- 4.88 Showing Scores Obtained By Urban and Rural
Respondents Regarding Social Empowerment.
6.6084
7
6
5
4
3.6875
3
2
1
0.558
0
Mean
Difference
Std.Error
Difference
292
t-value
Table: 4.89 Showing Scores Obtained By Urban and Rural
Respondents Regarding Economic Empowerment.
Frequency
Class
51-100
101-150
151-200
201-250
251-300
301-350
351-400
Total
Urban
Rural
0
4
16
41
18
9
0
88
0
2
15
18
10
3
0
48
Group Statistics
City of Morbi
Morbi
Economic
Empowerment
Area
N
Mean
Std. Deviation Std. Error Mean
urban
88
231.4318
43.82614
4.67188
rural
48
218.9583
45.17670
6.52070
Independent Sample Test
Levene’s Test for Equality of
Variances
Economic
t-test for Equality of means
df
Empowerment
Equal variances not
94.225
Mean
Std. Error
difference
Difference
12.47348
8.02159
t-value
1.555
Assumed
t-value is not Significant at any level
Table 4.89 Shows that the mean score of urban respondents was
231.4318and the rural respondents was 218.9583.The standard deviation of
293
urban respondent was 43.82614and rural respondent was 45.17670.
Standard error of mean of urban respondents was 4.67188and rural
respondent was 6.52070. The difference between mean was 12.47348and it
was in favour of urban respondent. The standard error of difference between
mean was 8.02159and t value was 1.555which was not significant at any
levels.
So it can be said that the role of education on economic empowerment
of morbi city urban and rural respondents was all most same.
Figure- 4.89 Showing Scores Obtained By Urban and Rural Respondents
Regarding Economic Empowerment.
14
12.473
12
10
8.0216
8
6
4
2
1.555
0
Mean
Difference
Std.Error
Difference
294
t-value
Table: 4.90 Showing Scores Obtained By Urban and Rural
Respondents Regarding Cultural Empowerment.
Frequency
Class
1-25
26-50
51-75
76-100
101-125
Total
Urban
Rural
0
0
21
56
11
88
0
0
9
37
2
48
Group Statistics
City of Morbi
Morbi
Cultural
Empowerment
Area
N
Mean
Std. Deviation Std. Error Mean
urban
88
84.7045
12.61923
1.34521
rural
48
84.7292
11.24531
1.62312
Independent Sample Test
Levene’s Test for Equality of
Variances
Cultural
t-test for Equality of means
df
Empowerment
Equal variances not
106.577
Mean
Std. Error
difference
Difference
-.02462
2.10811
Assumed
t-value is not Significant at any level
295
t-value
-.012
Table 4.90 Shows that the mean score of urban respondents was
84.7045and the rural respondents was 84.7292.The standard deviation of
urban respondent was 12.61923and rural respondent was 11.24531.
Standard error of mean of urban respondents was 1.34521 and rural
respondent was 1.62312. The difference between mean was -.02462 and it
was in favour of urban respondent. The standard error of difference between
mean was 2.10811 and t value was -.012 which was not significant at any
levels.
So it can be said that the role of education on economic empowerment
of morbi city urban and rural respondents was all most same.
Figure- 4.90 Showing Scores Obtained By Urban and Rural Respondents
Regarding Cultural Empowerment.
2.5
2.1081
2
1.5
1
0.5
-0.0246
0
-0.012
-0.5
Mean
Difference
Std.Error
Difference
296
t-value
Table: 4.91 Showing Scores Obtained By Urban and Rural Respondents
Regarding Psychological Empowerment.
Frequency
Class
26-50
51-75
76-100
101-125
126-150
151-175
176-200
Total
Urban
Rural
0
1
4
33
36
14
0
88
0
0
3
21
17
7
0
48
Group Statistics
City of Morbi
Morbi
Psychological
Empowerment
Area
N
Mean
Std. Deviation Std. Error Mean
urban
88
129.2045
20.79299
2.21654
rural
48
130.4583
20.12192
2.90435
Independent Sample Test
Levene’s Test for Equality of
Variances
Psychological
t-test for Equality of means
df
Empowerment
Equal variances not
99.465
Mean
Std. Error
difference
Difference
-1.25379
3.65353
t-value
-.343
Assumed
t-value is not Significant at any level
Table 4.91 Shows that the mean score of urban respondents was
129.2045and the rural respondents was 130.4583.The standard deviation of
297
urban respondent was 20.79299and rural respondent was 20.12192.
Standard error of mean of urban respondents was 2.21654and rural
respondent was 2.90435. The difference between mean was -1.25379and it
was in favour of urban respondent. The standard error of difference between
mean was 3.65353and t value was -.343which was not significant at any
levels.
So it can be said that the role of education on psychological
empowerment of morbi city urban and rural respondents was all most same.
Figure- 4.91 Showing Scores Obtained By Urban and Rural Respondents
Regarding Psychological Empowerment.
4
3.5
3
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
-0.5
-1
-1.5
3.6535
-0.343
-1.2538
Mean
Difference
Std.Error
Difference
298
t-value
Table: 4.92 Showing Scores Obtained By Nuclear and Joint family
Respondents Regarding Political Empowerment.
Frequency
Class
21-30
31-40
41-50
51-60
61-70
71-80
81-90
91-100
101-110
Total
Nuclear
Joint
0
0
3
11
25
26
15
4
0
84
0
0
5
2
11
16
11
6
1
52
Group Statistics
City of Morbi
Morbi
Political
Empowerment
Family
N
Mean
Std. Deviation Std. Error Mean
Nuclear
84
71.3810
11.87069
1.29520
Joint
52
74.0192
14.40791
1.99802
Independent Sample Test
Levene’s Test for Equality of
Variances
Political
t-test for Equality of means
df
Empowerment
Equal variances not
92.799
Mean
Std. Error
difference
Difference
-2.63828
2.38110
Assumed
t-value is not Significant at any level
299
t-value
-1.108
Table 4.92 shows that the mean score of nuclear family respondent
was 71.3810and the joint family respondent was 74.0192. The standard
deviation of nuclear family respondent was 11.87069 and joint family
respondent was 14.40791. Standard error of mean of nuclear respondents
was 1.29520 and joint respondent was 1.99802. The difference between
mean was -2.63828 and it was in favour of joint respondent. The standard
error of difference between mean was 2.38110 and t value was -1.108 which
was not significant at any levels.
So it can be said that the role of education on political empowerment of
morbi city nuclear and joint respondents was all most same.
Figure: 4.92 Showing Scores Obtained By Nuclear and Joint family
Respondents Regarding Political Empowerment.
3
2.3811
2
1
0
-1
-2
-1.108
-2.6383
-3
Mean
Difference
Std.Error
Difference
300
t-value
Table: 4.93 Showing Scores Obtained By Nuclear and Joint family
Respondents Regarding Social Empowerment.
Frequency
Class
1-50
51-100
101-150
151-200
201-250
251-300
301-350
351-400
Total
Nuclear
Joint
0
0
1
3
23
47
10
0
84
0
0
0
2
19
23
8
0
52
Group Statistics
City of Morbi
Morbi
Social
Empowerment
Family
N
Mean
Std. Deviation Std. Error Mean
Nuclear
84
262.1190
36.44782
3.97678
Joint
52
258.7308
37.39147
5.18526
Independent Sample Test
Levene’s Test for Equality of
Variances
Social
t-test for Equality of means
df
Empowerment
Equal variances not
106.088
Mean
Std. Error
difference
Difference
3.38828
6.53466
Assumed
t-value is not Significant at any level
301
t-value
.519
Table 4.93 shows that the mean score of nuclear family respondent
was 262.1190and the joint family respondent was 258.7308. The standard
deviation of nuclear family respondent was 36.44782 and joint family
respondent was 37.39147. Standard error of mean of nuclear respondents
was 3.97678 and joint respondent was 5.18526. The difference between
mean was 3.38828 and it was in favour of nuclear respondent. The standard
error of difference between mean was 6.53466 and t value was .519 which
was not significant at any levels.
So it can be said that the role of education on social empowerment of
morbi city nuclear and joint respondents was all most same.
Figure: 4.93 Showing Scores Obtained By Nuclear and Joint family
Respondents Regarding Social Empowerment.
6.5347
7
6
5
4
3.3883
3
2
1
0.519
0
Mean
Difference
Std.Error
Difference
302
t-value
Table: 4.94 Showing Scores Obtained By Nuclear and Joint family
Respondents Regarding Economic Empowerment.
Frequency
Class
51-100
101-150
151-200
201-250
251-300
301-350
351-400
Total
Nuclear
Joint
0
4
19
34
20
7
0
84
0
2
12
25
8
5
0
52
Group Statistics
City of Morbi
Morbi
Family
N
Mean
Nuclear
84
227.4881
43.45958
4.74183
52
226.2885
46.66289
6.47098
Economic
Empowerment
Std. Deviation Std. Error Mean
Joint
Independent Sample Test
Levene’s Test for Equality of
Variances
Economic
t-test for Equality of means
df
Empowerment
Equal variances not
102.344
Mean
Std. Error
difference
Difference
1.19963
8.02237
Assumed
t-value is not Significant at any level
303
t-value
.150
Table 4.94 Shows that the mean score of nuclear family respondent
was 227.4881and the joint family respondent was 226.2885. The standard
deviation of nuclear family respondent was 43.45958and joint family
respondent was 46.66289. Standard error of mean of nuclear respondents
was 4.74183 and joint respondent was 6.47098. The difference between
mean was 1.19963 and it was in favour of nuclear respondent. The standard
error of difference between mean was 8.02237 and t value was .150 which
was not significant at any levels.
So it can be said that the role of education on economic empowerment
of morbi city nuclear and joint respondents was all most same.
Figure: 4.94 Showing Scores Obtained By Nuclear and Joint family
Respondents Regarding Economic Empowerment.
9
8.02237
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1.19963
1
0.15
0
Mean
Difference
Std.Error
Difference
304
t-value
Table: 4.95 Showing Scores Obtained By Nuclear and Joint family
Respondents Regarding Cultural Empowerment.
Frequency
Class
1-25
26-50
51-75
76-100
101-125
Total
Nuclear
Joint
0
0
13
65
6
84
0
0
17
28
7
52
Group Statistics
City of Morbi
Morbi
Cultural
Empowerment
Family
N
Mean
Std. Deviation Std. Error Mean
Nuclear
84
85.0119
10.94619
1.19433
Joint
52
84.2308
13.88555
1.92558
Independent Sample Test
Levene’s Test for Equality of
Variances
Cultural
t-test for Equality of means
df
Empowerment
Equal variances not
86.636
Mean
Std. Error
difference
Difference
.78114
2.26589
t-value
.345
Assumed
t-value is not Significant at any level
Table 4.95 Shows that the mean score of nuclear family respondent
was 85.0119and the joint family respondent was 84.2308. The standard
deviation of nuclear family respondent was 10.94619and joint family
respondent was 13.88555. Standard error of mean of nuclear respondents
305
was 1.19433 and joint respondent was 1.92558. The difference between
mean was .78114 and it was in favour of nuclear respondent. The standard
error of difference between mean was .78114 and t value was .345 which was
not significant at any levels.
So it can be said that the role of education on cultural empowerment of
morbi city nuclear and joint respondents was all most same.
Figure: 4.95 Showing Scores Obtained By Nuclear and Joint family
Respondents Regarding Cultural Empowerment.
2.26589
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.78114
0.345
0.5
0
Mean
Difference
Std.Error
Difference
306
t-value
Table: 4.96 Showing Scores Obtained By Nuclear and Joint family
Respondents Regarding Psychological Empowerment.
Frequency
Class
26-50
51-75
76-100
101-125
126-150
151-175
176-200
Total
Nuclear
Joint
0
0
4
33
33
14
0
84
0
1
3
21
20
7
0
52
Group Statistics
City of Morbi
Morbi
Psychological
Empowerment
Family
N
Mean
Std. Deviation Std. Error Mean
Nuclear
84
130.2381
19.11072
2.08515
Joint
52
128.6923
22.71006
3.14932
Independent Sample Test
Levene’s Test for Equality of
Variances
Psychological
t-test for Equality of means
df
Empowerment
Equal variances not
94.371
Mean
Std. Error
difference
Difference
1.54579
3.77704
t-value
.409
Assumed
t-value is not Significant at any level
Table 4.96 Shows that the mean score of nuclear family respondent
was 130.2381and the joint family respondent was 128.6923. The standard
307
deviation of nuclear family respondent was 19.11072and joint family
respondent was 22.71006. Standard error of mean of nuclear respondents
was 2.08515 and joint respondent was 3.14932. The difference between
mean was 1.54579 and it was in favour of nuclear respondent. The standard
error of difference between mean was 3.77704 and t value was .409 which
was not significant at any levels.
So it can be said that the role of education on psychological
empowerment of nuclear and joint family respondent was almost same.
Figure: 4.96 Showing Scores Obtained By Nuclear and Joint family
Respondents Regarding Psychological Empowerment.
3.777
4
3.5
3
2.5
2
1.5458
1.5
1
0.409
0.5
0
Mean
Difference
Std.Error
Difference
308
t-value
4.11
OVERALL SCORES OF ROLE OF EDUCATION ON RAJKOT CITY
RESPONDENTS.
The scores obtained by urban and rural, nuclear and joint family respondents
as well as Home science, arts & commerce respondents of Jamnagar city has
been given in table no. 4.97 to 4.104.
Table: 4.97 Showing Scores Obtained By Urban and Rural Respondents
Regarding Women Empowerment.
Frequency
Class
251-300
301-350
351-400
401-450
451-500
501-550
551-600
601-650
651-700
701-750
751-800
801-850
851-900
901-950
951-1000
1001-1050
1051-1100
1101-1150
Total
Urban
Rural
0
0
0
0
1
2
3
9
7
13
26
22
15
19
13
10
5
1
146
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
2
11
15
13
10
3
2
1
0
1
0
59
Group Statistics
City of Rajkot
Rajkot
Women
Empowerment
Area
N
Mean
urban
146
830.5959
130.81087
10.82598
rural
59
763.2373
87.69350
11.41672
309
Std. Deviation Std. Error Mean
Independent Sample Test
Levene’s Test for Equality of
Variances
Women
t-test for Equality of means
df
Empowerment
Equal variances not
Mean
Std. Error
difference
Difference
67.35860
15.73351
158.077
t-value
4.281
Assumed
t-value is Significant at 0.01 level
Table 4.97 Shows that the mean score of urban respondents was
830.5959 and the rural respondents was 763.2373. The standard deviation of
urban respondent was 130.81087 and rural respondent was 87.69350.
Standard error of mean of urban respondents was 10.82598 and rural
respondent was 11.41672. The difference between mean was 67.35860 and it
was in favour of urban respondent. The standard error of difference between
mean was 15.73351 and t value was 4.281 which was significant at 0.01
levels.
So it can be said that the role of education on women empowerment of
Rajkot city urban respondent was higher than the rural respondents.
Figure- 4.97 Showing Scores Obtained By Urban and Rural Respondents
Regarding Women Empowerment.
310
70
67.3586
60
50
40
30
15.73351
20
10
4.281
0
Mean
Difference
Std.Error
Difference
311
t-value
Table: 4.98 Showing Scores Obtained By Nuclear and Joint family
Respondents Regarding Women Empowerment.
Frequency
Class
251-300
301-350
351-400
401-450
451-500
501-550
551-600
601-650
651-700
701-750
751-800
801-850
851-900
901-950
951-1000
1001-1050
1051-1100
1101-1150
Total
Nuclear
Joint
0
0
0
0
0
2
3
6
11
19
25
24
10
13
8
6
3
0
130
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
5
7
9
14
8
8
8
6
4
3
1
75
Group Statistics
Rajkot
Women
Empowerment
Family
N
Mean
Nuclear
130
804.8769
118.48959
10.39222
Joint
75
822.1867
132.15784
15.26027
312
Std. Deviation Std. Error Mean
Independent Sample Test
Levene’s Test for Equality of
Variances
t-test for Equality of means
Women
df
Empowerment
141.139
Equal variances not
Mean
Std. Error
difference
Difference
-17.30974
18.46278
t-value
-.938
Assumed
t-value is not Significant at any level
Table 4.98 Shows that the mean score of nuclear family respondent
was 804.8769 and the joint family respondent was 822.1867. The standard
deviation of nuclear family respondent was 118.48959 and joint family
respondent was 132.15784. Standard error of mean of nuclear family
respondents was 10.39222 and joint family respondent was 15.26027.The
difference between mean was -17.30974 and it was in favour of joint family
respondent. The standard error of difference between mean was 18.46278
and t value was -.938 which was not significant at any level.
So it can be said that the role of education on women empowerment of
Rajkot city nuclear and joint family respondent was almost same.
Figure: 4.98 Showing Scores Obtained By Nuclear and Joint family
Respondents Regarding Women Empowerment.
18.46278
20
15
10
5
-0.938
0
-5
-10
-15
-17.30974
-20
Mean
Difference
Std.Error
Difference
313
t-value
Table: 4.99 Showing Scores Obtained By Home science, Arts and
Commerce Respondents Regarding Women Empowerment.
Class
Frequency
Arts
Home Science
251-300
301-350
351-400
401-450
451-500
501-550
551-600
601-650
651-700
701-750
751-800
801-850
851-900
901-950
951-1000
1001-1050
1051-1100
1101-1150
Total
0
0
0
0
0
1
2
4
6
4
21
13
10
17
11
9
6
1
105
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
5
7
13
9
9
3
2
0
0
0
0
50
Commerce
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
2
5
11
9
10
5
2
3
1
0
0
50
Descriptives
Rajkot -Women empowerment
Faculty
N
Mean
Std. Deviation
Std. Error
Home science
105
856.3048
129.59286
12.64697
Arts
50
747.7800
82.61622
11.68370
Commerce
50
779.9400
108.15794
15.29584
Total
205
314
ANOVA
Table value
Women Empowerment
Between
Groups
S.S.
df
463580.333
2
MS
0.05
F-value level
231790.166 17.640
19.49
0,01
level
99.49
Within Groups 2654263.64
202
13139.919
8
F-value is not Significant at any level
Multiple Comparisons
Women Empowerment
(I) Stream
(J) Stream
Mean Difference (I-J)
Std. Error
Home science
arts
108.52476
19.69620
com
76.36476
19.69620
home
-108.52476
19.69620
Com.
-32.16000
22.92590
home
-76.36476
19.69620
arts
32.16000
22.92590
Arts
Commerce
Table 4.99 Shows that the mean score of Home science respondents
was 856.3048, arts respondents was 747.7800 and commerce respondents
was 779.9400. The standard deviation of Home science respondents was
129.59286, arts respondents was 82.61622 and commerce respondents was
108.15794. The standard error of Home science respondents was 12.64697,
arts respondents was 11.68370 and commerce respondents was 15.29584.
The difference between mean of home science and arts was108.52476, the
difference between mean of home science and commerce was 76.36476 and
the difference between mean of arts and commerce was -32.16000. The
standard error of difference between means was not significant at any level.
ANOVA shows that the sum of square of between groups was
463580.333 and within groups was 2654263.648 and df of between groups
was 2 and within groups was 202. The mean square of between groups was
231790.166 within groups was 13139.919. And the ‘f ’- value is 17.640 which
was not significant at any level.
So it can be said that role of education on political empowerment of
Rajkot city home science, arts and commerce respondents was almost same.
315
Figure-99 Showing Scores Obtained by Home science, Arts and
Commerce Respondents Regarding Women Empowerment.
f-value
17.64
15.29584
11.6837
12.64697
Std.Error
108.15794
82.61622
129.59286
Std.Devition
779.94
747.78
856.3048
mean
0
200
400
HomeScience
600
Arts
800
1000
Commerce
Figure-4.100 Showing Scores Obtained by Home science, Arts and
Commerce Respondents Regarding Political Empowerment.
f-value
3.952
1.60536
1.51613
1.39261
Std.Error
11.3516
10.72065
14.27005
Std.Devition
75.28
68.08
71.6476
mean
0
20
40
HomeScience
316
Arts
60
Commerce
80
Table: 4.100 Showing Scores Obtained By Home science, Arts and
Commerce Respondents Regarding Political Empowerment.
Frequency
Class
Home Science
Arts
Commerce
0
1
8
14
26
28
23
2
3
105
0
1
2
8
17
16
5
1
0
50
0
0
0
4
14
20
7
4
1
50
21-30
31-40
41-50
51-60
61-70
71-80
81-90
91-100
101-110
Total
Descriptives
Rajkot -Political Empowerment
Faculty
N
Mean
Std. Deviation
Std. Error
Home science
105
71.6476
14.27005
1.39261
Arts
50
68.0800
10.72065
1.51613
Commerce
50
75.2800
11.35160
1.60536
Total
205
ANOVA
Table value
Political Empowerment
Between
Groups
Within Groups
S.S.
df
MS
1296.054
2
648.027
0.05
F-value level
3.952
33123.722
202
163.979
F-value is not Significant at any level
317
19.49
0,01
level
99.49
Multiple Comparisons
Political Empowerment
(I) Stream
(J) Stream
Mean Difference (I-J)
Std. Error
Home science
arts
3.56762
2.20029
com
-3.63238
2.20029
home
-3.56762
2.20029
Com.
-7.20000
2.56108
home
3.63238
2.20029
arts
7.20000
2.56108
Arts
Commerce
Table 4.100 Shows that the mean score of home science respondents
was 71.6476, arts respondents was 68.0800 and commerce respondents was
75.2800. The standard deviation of home science respondents was 14.27005,
arts respondents was 10.72065 and commerce respondents was 11.35160.
The standard error of home science respondents was 1.39261, arts
respondents was 1.51613 and commerce respondents was 1.60536. The
difference between mean of home science and arts was 3.56762, the
difference between mean of home science and commerce was -3.63238 and
the difference between mean of arts and commerce was -7.20000. The
standard error of difference between means was not significant at any level.
ANOVA shows that the sum of square of between groups was
1296.054 and within groups was 33123.722 and df of between groups was 2
and within groups was 202. The mean square of between groups was
648.027 within groups was 163.979. And the ‘f ’- value is 3.952 which was
not significant at any level.
So it can be said that role of education on political empowerment of
Rajkot city home science, arts and commerce respondents was almost same.
318
Table: 4.101 Showing Scores Obtained By Home science, Arts and
Commerce Respondents Regarding Social Empowerment.
Class
Frequency
Arts
Home Science
1-50
51-100
101-150
151-200
201-250
251-300
301-350
351-400
Total
0
0
2
5
16
38
43
1
105
Commerce
0
0
1
4
26
17
2
0
50
0
0
1
4
12
28
4
1
50
Descriptives
Rajkot -Social Empowerment
Faculty
N
Mean
Std. Deviation
Std. Error
Home science
105
283.8190
48.80904
4.76327
Arts
50
241.9400
33.68062
4.76316
Commerce
50
256.3800
42.49364
6.00951
Total
205
ANOVA
Table value
Social Empowerment
Between
Groups
S.S.
df
66740.258
2
MS
0.05
F-value level
33370.129 17.203
Within Groups 391826.162
202
1939.733
F-value is not Significant at any level
319
19.49
0,01
level
99.49
Multiple Comparisons
Social Empowerment
(I) Stream
(J) Stream
Mean Difference (I-J)
Std. Error
Home science
arts
41.87905
7.56758
com
27.43905
7.56758
home
-41.87905
7.56758
Com.
-14.44000
8.80848
home
-27.43905
7.56758
arts
14.44000
8.80848
Arts
Commerce
Table 4.101 Shows that the mean score of home science respondents
was 283.8190, arts respondents was 241.9400 and commerce respondents
was 256.3800. The standard deviation of home science respondents was
48.80904, arts respondents was 33.68062 and commerce respondents was
42.49364. The standard error of home science respondents was 4.76327, arts
respondents was 4.76316 and commerce respondents was 6.00951. The
difference between mean of home science and arts was 41.87905, the
difference between mean of home science and commerce was 27.43905 and
the difference between mean of arts and commerce was -14.44000. The
standard error of difference between means was not significant at any level.
ANOVA shows that the sum of square of between groups was
66740.258 and within groups was 391826.162 and df of between groups was
2 and within groups was 202. The mean square of between groups was
33370.129 within groups was 1939.733. And the ‘f ’- value is 17.203 which
was not significant at any level.
So it can be said that role of education on political empowerment of
home science, arts and commerce respondents was almost same.
320
Figure- 4.101 Showing Scores Obtained by Home science, Arts and
Commerce Respondents Regarding Social Empowerment.
f-value
17.203
6.00951
4.76316
4.76327
Std.Error
42.49364
33.68062
48.80904
Std.Devition
256.38
241.94
283.819
mean
0
100
HomeScience
200
Arts
300
Commerce
Figure- 4.102 Showing Scores Obtained by Home science, Arts and
Commerce Respondents Regarding Economic Empowerment.
f-value
12.935
5.67179
5.63129
5.54649
Std.Error
40.1056
39.81927
56.83463
Std.Devition
239.48
218.76
261.0857
mean
0
50
100
HomeScience
321
150
Arts
200
250
Commerce
300
Table: 4.102 Showing Scores Obtained By Home science, Arts and
Commerce Respondents Regarding Economic Empowerment.
Class
Frequency
Arts
Home Science
51-100
101-150
151-200
201-250
251-300
301-350
351-400
Total
1
2
13
29
33
20
7
105
Commerce
1
2
12
26
9
0
0
50
0
0
11
20
16
3
0
50
Descriptives
Rajkot –Economic Empowerment
Faculty
N
Mean
Std. Deviation
Std. Error
Home science
105
261.0857
56.83463
5.54649
Arts
50
218.7600
39.81927
5.63129
Commerce
50
239.4800
40.10560
5.67179
Total
205
ANOVA
Table value
Economic Empowerment
Between
Groups
S.S.
df
63069.410
2
MS
0.05
F-value level
31534.705 12.935
Within Groups 492445.829
202
2437.851
F-value is not Significant at any level
322
19.49
0,01
level
99.49
Multiple Comparisons
Economic Empowerment
(I) Stream
(J) Stream
Mean Difference (I-J)
Std. Error
Home science
arts
42.32571
8.48379
com
21.60571
8.48379
home
-42.32571
8.48379
Com.
-20.72000
9.87492
home
-21.60571
8.48379
arts
20.72000
9.87492
Arts
Commerce
Table 4.102 Shows that the mean score of home science respondents
was 261.0857, arts respondents was 218.7600 and commerce respondents
was 239.4800. The standard deviation of home science respondents was
56.83463, arts respondents was 39.81927 and commerce respondents was
40.10560. The standard error of home science respondents was 5.54649, arts
respondents was 5.63129 and commerce respondents was 5.67179. The
difference between mean of home science and arts was 42.32571, the
difference between mean of home science and commerce was 21.60571 and
the difference between mean of arts and commerce was -20.72000. The
standard error of difference between means was not significant at any level.
ANOVA shows that the sum of square of between groups was
63069.410 and within groups was 492445.829 and df of between groups was
2 and within groups was 202. The mean square of between groups was
31534.705 within groups was 2437.851. And the ‘f ’- value is 12.935 which
was not significant at any level.
So it can be said that role of education on economic empowerment of
Rajkot city home science, arts and commerce respondents was almost same.
323
Table: 4.103 Showing Scores Obtained By Home science, Arts and
Commerce Respondents Regarding Cultural Empowerment.
Class
Frequency
Arts
Home Science
1-25
26-50
51-75
76-100
101-125
Total
0
2
16
54
33
105
Commerce
0
1
4
37
8
50
0
3
11
32
4
50
Descriptives
Rajkot –Cultural Empowerment
Faculty
N
Mean
Std. Deviation
Std. Error
Home science
105
91.3905
16.26020
1.58683
Arts
50
88.4800
14.24027
2.01388
Commerce
50
81.9400
15.78220
2.23194
Total
205
ANOVA
Table value
Cultural Empowerment
Between
Groups
Within Groups
S.S.
df
MS
3025.788
2
1512.894
0.05
F-value level
6.157
49638.290
202
245.734
F-value is not Significant at any level
324
19.49
0,01
level
99.49
Multiple Comparisons
Cultural Empowerment
(I) Stream
(J) Stream
Mean Difference (I-J)
Std. Error
Home science
arts
2.91048
2.69351
com
9.45048
2.69351
home
-2.91048
2.69351
Com.
6.54000
3.13518
home
-9.45048
2.69351
arts
-6.54000
3.13518
Arts
Commerce
Table 4.103 Shows that the mean score of home science respondents
was 91.3905, arts respondents was 88.4800 and commerce respondents was
81.9400. The standard deviation of home science respondents was 16.26020,
arts respondents was 14.24027 and commerce respondents was 15.78220.
The standard error of home science respondents was 1.58683, arts
respondents was 2.01388 and commerce respondents was 2.23194. The
difference between mean of home science and arts was 2.91048,the
difference between mean of home science and commerce was 9.45048 and
the difference between mean of arts and commerce was 6.54000. The
standard error of difference between means was not significant at any level.
ANOVA shows that the sum of square of between groups was
3025.788 and within groups was 49638.290 and df of between groups was 2
and within groups was 202. The mean square of between groups was
1512.894 within groups was 245.734. And the ‘f ’- value is 6.157 which was
not significant at any level.
So it can be said that role of education on cultural empowerment of
Rajkot city home science, arts and commerce respondents was almost same.
325
Figure- 4.103 Showing Scores Obtained by Home science, Arts and
Commerce Respondents Regarding Cultural Empowerment.
f-value
6.157
2.23194
2.01388
1.58683
Std.Error
15.7822
14.24027
16.2602
Std.Devition
81.94
88.48
91.3905
mean
0
20
40
HomeScience
60
Arts
80
100
Commerce
Figure- 4.104 Showing Scores Obtained by Home science, Arts and
Commerce Respondents Regarding Psychological Empowerment.
f-value
17.029
3.15995
3.21403
2.5278
Std.Error
22.34425
22.72663
25.90223
Std.Devition
126.86
130.52
148.3619
mean
0
50
100
HomeScience
326
Arts
150
Commerce
200
Table: 4.104 Showing Scores Obtained By Home science, Arts and
Commerce Respondents Regarding Psychological Empowerment.
Class
Frequency
Arts
Home Science
26-50
51-75
76-100
101-125
126-150
151-175
176-200
Total
1
0
5
12
29
54
4
105
Commerce
1
0
1
18
21
9
0
50
0
1
3
21
16
9
0
50
Descriptives
Rajkot –Psychological Empowerment
Faculty
N
Mean
Std. Deviation
Std. Error
Home science
105
148.3619
25.90223
2.52780
Arts
50
130.5200
22.72663
3.21403
Commerce
50
126.8600
22.34425
3.15995
Total
205
ANOVA
Table value
Psychological Empowerment
Between
Groups
S.S.
df
20156.013
2
MS
0.05
F-value level
10078.007 17.029
Within Groups 119548.748
202
591.825
F-value is not Significant at any level
327
19.49
0,01
level
99.49
Multiple Comparisons
Psychological Empowerment
(I) Stream
(J) Stream
Mean Difference (I-J)
Std. Error
Home science
arts
17.84190
4.18006
com
21.50190
4.18006
home
-17.84190
4.18006
Com.
3.66000
4.86549
home
-21.50190
4.18006
arts
-3.66000
4.86549
Arts
Commerce
Table 4.104 Shows that the mean score of home science respondents
was 148.3619, arts respondents was 130.5200 and commerce respondents
was 126.8600. The standard deviation of home science respondents was
25.90223, arts respondents was 22.72663 and commerce respondents was
22.34425. The standard error of home science respondents was 2.52780, arts
respondents was 3.21403 and commerce respondents was 3.15995. The
difference between mean of home science and arts was 17.84190, the
difference between mean of home science and commerce was 21.50190 and
the difference between mean of arts and commerce was 3.66000. The
standard error of difference between means was not significant at any level.
ANOVA shows that the sum of square of between groups was
20156.013 and within groups was 119548.748 and df of between groups was
2 and within groups was 202. The mean square of between groups was
10078.007 within groups was 591.825. And the ‘f ’- value is 17.029 which
was not significant at any level.
So it can be said that role of education on psychological empowerment
of Rajkot city home science, arts and commerce respondents was almost
same.
328
Table: 4.105 Showing Scores Obtained By Urban and Rural
Respondents Regarding Political Empowerment.
Frequency
Class
21-30
31-40
41-50
51-60
61-70
71-80
81-90
91-100
101-110
Total
Urban
Rural
0
2
8
15
36
48
26
7
4
146
0
0
2
11
21
16
9
0
0
59
Group Statistics
City of Rajkot
Rajkot
Political
Empowerment
Area
N
Mean
Std. Deviation Std. Error Mean
urban
146
72.9658
13.75721
1.13855
rural
59
68.4407
10.26926
1.33694
Independent Sample Test
Levene’s Test for Equality of
Variances
Political
t-test for Equality of means
df
Empowerment
Equal variances not
142.627
Mean
Std. Error
difference
Difference
4.52508
1.75605
Assumed
t-value is Significant at 0.05 level
329
t-value
2.577
Table 4.105 Shows that the mean score of urban respondents was
72.9658 and the rural respondents was 68.4407.The standard deviation of
urban respondent was 13.75721 and rural respondent was 10.26926.
Standard error of mean of urban respondents was 1.13855 and rural
respondent was 1.33694. The difference between mean was 4.52508 and it
was in favour of urban respondent. The standard error of difference between
mean was 1.75605 and t value was 2.577 which was not significant at any
levels.
So it can be said that the role of education on political empowerment of
Rajkot city urban and rural respondents was all most same.
Figure-
4.105
Showing
Scores
Obtained
By
Respondents Regarding Political Empowerment.
5
4.5
4.52508
4
3.5
3
2.577
2.5
1.75605
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
Mean
Difference
Std.Error
Difference
330
t-value
Urban
and
Rural
Table: 4.106 Showing Scores Obtained By Urban and Rural
Respondents Regarding Social Empowerment.
Frequency
Class
1-50
51-100
101-150
151-200
201-250
251-300
301-350
351-400
Total
Urban
Rural
0
0
3
12
26
60
44
1
146
0
0
1
1
28
23
5
1
59
Group Statistics
City of Rajkot
Rajkot
Social
Empowerment
Area
N
Mean
Std. Deviation Std. Error Mean
urban
146
272.9178
49.27215
4.07779
rural
59
252.0508
39.00638
5.07820
Independent Sample Test
Levene’s Test for Equality of
Variances
Social
t-test for Equality of means
df
Empowerment
Equal variances not
134.538
Mean
Std. Error
difference
Difference
20.86696
6.51279
t-value
3.204
Assumed
t-value is Significant at 0.01 level
Table 4.106 Shows that the mean score of urban respondents was
272.9178 and the rural respondents was 252.0508. The standard deviation of
331
urban respondent was 49.27215 and rural respondent was 39.00638.
Standard error of mean of urban respondents was 4.07779 and rural
respondent was 5.07820. The difference between mean was 20.86696 and it
was in favour of urban respondent. The standard error of difference between
mean was 6.51279 and t value was 3.204 which was significant at 0.01 levels.
So it can be said that the role of education on social empowerment of
Rajkot city urban respondent was higher than the rural respondents.
Figure-
4.106
Showing
Scores
Obtained
By
Respondents Regarding Social Empowerment.
25
20.867
20
15
10
6.51279
3.204
5
0
Mean
Difference
Std.Error
Difference
332
t-value
Urban
and
Rural
Table: 4.107 Showing Scores Obtained By Urban and Rural
Respondents Regarding Economic Empowerment.
Frequency
Class
51-100
101-150
151-200
201-250
251-300
301-350
351-400
Total
Urban
Rural
2
3
23
41
48
23
6
146
0
1
13
34
10
0
1
59
Group Statistics
City of Rajkot
Rajkot
Economic
Empowerment
Area
N
Mean
Std. Deviation Std. Error Mean
urban
146
252.4726
56.11493
4.64410
rural
59
228.2203
35.77037
4.65691
Independent Sample Test
Levene’s Test for Equality of
Variances
Economic
t-test for Equality of means
df
Empowerment
Equal variances not
165.323
Mean
Std. Error
difference
Difference
24.25226
6.57681
t-value
3.688
Assumed
t-value is Significant at 0.01 level
Table 4.107 Shows that the mean score of urban respondents was
252.4726 and the rural respondents was 228.2203.The standard deviation of
urban respondent was 56.11493 and rural respondent was 35.77037.
333
Standard error of mean of urban respondents was 4.64410 and rural
respondent was 4.65691. The difference between mean was 24.25226 and it
was in favour of urban respondent. The standard error of difference between
mean was 6.57681 and t value was 3.688 which was significant at 0.01 levels.
So it can be said that the role of education on women empowerment of
Rajkot city urban respondent was higher than the rural respondents.
Figure-
4.107
Showing
Scores
Obtained
By
Respondents Regarding Economic Empowerment.
24.2523
25
20
15
10
6.57681
3.688
5
0
Mean
Difference
Std.Error
Difference
334
t-value
Urban
and
Rural
Table: 4.108 Showing Scores Obtained By Urban and Rural
Respondents Regarding Cultural Empowerment.
Frequency
Class
1-25
26-50
51-75
76-100
101-125
Total
Urban
Rural
1
3
22
83
37
146
0
2
8
42
7
59
Group Statistics
City of Rajkot
Rajkot
Cultural
Empowerment
Area
N
Mean
Std. Deviation Std. Error Mean
urban
146
89.1918
16.48837
1.36459
rural
59
86.3559
14.91674
1.94199
Independent Sample Test
Levene’s Test for Equality of
Variances
Cultural
t-test for Equality of means
df
Empowerment
Equal variances not
117.916
Mean
Std. Error
difference
Difference
2.83585
2.37349
t-value
1.195
Assumed
t-value is not Significant at any level
Table 4.108 Shows that the mean score of urban respondents was
89.1918 and the rural respondents was 86.3559.The standard deviation of
urban respondent was 16.48837 and rural respondent was 14.91674.
Standard error of mean of urban respondents was 1.36459 and rural
respondent was 1.94199. The difference between mean was 2.83585 and it
335
was in favour of urban respondent. The standard error of difference between
mean was 2.37349 and t value was 1.195 which was not significant at any
levels.
So it can be said that the role of education on cultural empowerment of
Rajkot city urban and rural respondents was all most same.
Figure-
4.108
Showing
Scores
Obtained
By
Respondents Regarding Cultural Empowerment.
3
2.83585
2.37349
2.5
2
1.195
1.5
1
0.5
0
Mean
Difference
Std.Error
Difference
336
t-value
Urban
and
Rural
Table: 4.109 Showing Scores Obtained By Urban and Rural
Respondents Regarding Psychological Empowerment.
Frequency
Class
26-50
51-75
76-100
101-125
126-150
151-175
176-200
Total
Urban
Rural
0
1
4
31
46
60
4
146
2
0
5
20
20
12
0
59
Group Statistics
City of Rajkot
Rajkot
Psychological
Empowerment
Area
N
Mean
Std. Deviation Std. Error Mean
urban
146
143.0479
24.62948
2.03835
rural
59
128.1695
27.05177
3.52184
Independent Sample Test
Levene’s Test for Equality of
Variances
Psychological
t-test for Equality of means
df
Empowerment
Equal variances not
98.926
Mean
Std. Error
difference
Difference
14.87845
4.06918
t-value
3.656
Assumed
t-value is Significant at 0.01 level
Table 4.109 Shows that the mean score of urban respondents was
143.0479 and the rural respondents was 128.1695.The standard deviation of
urban respondent was 24.62948 and rural respondent was 27.05177.
337
Standard error of mean of urban respondents was 2.03835 and rural
respondent was 3.52184. The difference between mean was 14.87845 and it
was in favour of urban respondent. The standard error of difference between
mean was 4.06918 and t value was 3.656 which was significant at 0.01 levels.
So it can be said that the role of education on psychological
empowerment of Rajkot city urban respondent was higher than the rural
respondents.
Figure-4.109
Showing
Scores
Obtained
By
Urban
Respondents Regarding Psychological Empowerment.
16
14.8785
14
12
10
8
4.06918
6
3.656
4
2
0
Mean
Difference
Std.Error
Difference
338
t-value
and
Rural
Table: 4.110 Showing Scores Obtained By Nuclear and Joint family
Respondents Regarding Political Empowerment.
Frequency
Class
21-30
31-40
41-50
51-60
61-70
71-80
81-90
91-100
101-110
Total
Nuclear
Joint
0
1
7
11
39
45
22
3
2
130
0
1
3
15
18
19
13
4
2
75
Group Statistics
City of Rajkot
Rajkot
Political
Empowerment
Family
N
Mean
Std. Deviation Std. Error Mean
Nuclear
130
71.7538
12.10168
1.06139
Joint
75
71.5067
14.48426
1.67250
Independent Sample Test
Levene’s Test for Equality of
Variances
Political
t-test for Equality of means
df
Empowerment
Equal variances not
133.212
Mean
Std. Error
difference
Difference
.24718
1.98086
Assumed
t-value is not Significant at any level
339
t-value
.125
Table 4.110 Shows that the mean score of nuclear family respondent
was 71.7538 and the joint family respondent was 71.5067. The standard
deviation of nuclear family respondent was 12.10168 and joint family
respondent was 14.48426. Standard error of mean of nuclear family
respondents was 1.06139 and joint family respondent was 1.67250 .The
difference between mean was .24718 and it was in favour of nuclear family
respondent. The standard error of difference between mean was 1.98086
and t value was .125 which was not significant at any level.
So it can be said that the role of education on political empowerment of
Rajkot city nuclear and joint family respondent was almost same.
Figure: 4.110 Showing Scores Obtained By Nuclear and Joint family
Respondents Regarding Political Empowerment.
1.98086
2
1.8
1.6
1.4
1.2
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.24718
0.125
0.2
0
Mean
Difference
Std.Error
Difference
340
t-value
Table: 4.111 Showing Scores Obtained By Nuclear and Joint family
Respondents Regarding Social Empowerment.
Frequency
Class
1-50
51-100
101-150
151-200
201-250
251-300
301-350
351-400
Total
Nuclear
Joint
0
0
3
11
31
52
32
1
130
0
0
1
2
23
31
17
1
75
Group Statistics
City of Rajkot
Rajkot
Family
N
Mean
Nuclear
130
263.9923
49.14233
4.31007
75
271.9733
44.11379
5.09382
Social
Empowerment
Std. Deviation Std. Error Mean
Joint
Independent Sample Test
Levene’s Test for Equality of
Variances
Social
t-test for Equality of means
df
Empowerment
Equal variances not
168.381
Mean
Std. Error
difference
Difference
-7.98103
6.67261
t-value
-1.196
Assumed
t-value is not Significant at any level
Table 4.111 Shows that the mean score of nuclear family respondent
was 263.9923 and the joint family respondent was 271.9733. The standard
341
deviation of nuclear family respondent was 49.14233 and joint family
respondent was 44.11379. Standard error of mean of nuclear family
respondents was 4.31007 and joint family respondent was 5.09382.The
difference between mean was -7.98103 and it was in favour of nuclear family
respondent. The standard error of difference between mean was 6.67261 and
t value was -1.196 which was not significant at any level.
So it can be said that the role of education on social empowerment of
Rajkot city nuclear and joint family respondent was almost same.
Figure: 4.111 Showing Scores Obtained By Nuclear and Joint family
Respondents Regarding Social Empowerment.
6.67261
8
6
4
2
-1.196
0
-2
-4
-6
-7.98103
-8
Mean
Difference
Std.Error
Difference
342
t-value
Table: 4.112 Showing Scores Obtained By Nuclear and Joint family
Respondents Regarding Economic Empowerment.
Frequency
Class
51-100
101-150
151-200
201-250
251-300
301-350
351-400
Total
Nuclear
Joint
0
3
23
51
39
11
3
130
2
1
13
24
19
12
4
75
Group Statistics
City of Rajkot
Rajkot
Economic
Empowerment
Family
N
Mean
Std. Deviation Std. Error Mean
Nuclear
130
244.0615
47.39407
4.15673
Joint
75
247.9733
59.84529
6.91034
Independent Sample Test
Levene’s Test for Equality of
Variances
Economic
t-test for Equality of means
df
Empowerment
Equal variances not
127.652
Mean
Std. Error
difference
Difference
-3.91179
8.06419
t-value
-.485
Assumed
t-value is not Significant at any level
Table 4.112 Shows that the mean score of nuclear family respondent
was 244.0615 and the joint family respondent was 247.9733. The standard
343
deviation of nuclear family respondent was 47.39407 and joint family
respondent was 59.84529. Standard error of mean of nuclear family
respondents was 4.15673 and joint family respondent was 6.91034.The
difference between mean was -3.91179 and it was in favour of nuclear family
respondent. The standard error of difference between mean was 8.06419 and
t value was -.485 which was not significant at any level.
So it can be said that the role of education on economic empowerment
of Rajkot city nuclear and joint family respondent was almost same.
Figure: 4.112 Showing Scores Obtained By Nuclear and Joint family
Respondents Regarding Economic Empowerment.
10
8.06419
8
6
4
2
0
-2
-0.485
-3.91179
-4
Mean
Difference
Std.Error
Difference
344
t-value
Table: 4.113 Showing Scores Obtained By Nuclear and Joint family
Respondents Regarding Cultural Empowerment.
Frequency
Class
1-25
26-50
51-75
76-100
101-125
Total
Nuclear
Joint
0
4
22
79
25
130
1
1
8
46
19
75
Group Statistics
City of Rajkot
Rajkot
Cultural
Empowerment
Family
N
Mean
Std. Deviation Std. Error Mean
Nuclear
130
87.1769
15.75366
1.38169
Joint
75
90.4533
16.49676
1.90488
Independent Sample Test
Levene’s Test for Equality of
Variances
Cultural
t-test for Equality of means
df
Empowerment
Equal variances not
148.732
Mean
Std. Error
difference
Difference
-3.27641
2.35322
t-value
-1.392
Assumed
t-value is not Significant at any level
Table 4.113 Shows that the mean score of nuclear family respondent
was 87.1769 and the joint family respondent was 90.4533. The standard
deviation of nuclear family respondent was 15.75366 and joint family
respondent was 16.49676. Standard error of mean of nuclear family
respondents was 1.38169 and joint family respondent was 1.90488.The
345
difference between mean was -3.27641 and it was in favour of nuclear family
respondent. The standard error of difference between mean was 2.35322 and
t value was -1.392 which was not significant at any level.
So it can be said that the role of education on cultural empowerment of
Rajkot city nuclear and joint family respondent was almost same.
Figure: 4.113 Showing Scores Obtained By Nuclear and Joint family
Respondents Regarding Cultural Empowerment.
2.35322
3
2
1
0
-1
-1.392
-2
-3
-3.27641
-4
Mean
Difference
Std.Error
Difference
346
t-value
Table: 4.114 Showing Scores Obtained By Nuclear and Joint family
Respondents Regarding Psychological Empowerment.
Frequency
Class
26-50
51-75
76-100
101-125
126-150
151-175
176-200
Total
Nuclear
Joint
1
1
5
34
42
46
1
130
1
0
4
17
24
26
3
75
Group Statistics
City of Rajkot
Rajkot
Psychological
Empowerment
Family
N
Mean
Std. Deviation Std. Error Mean
Nuclear
130
137.8923
25.36134
2.22434
Joint
75
140.2800
27.62224
3.18954
Independent Sample Test
Levene’s Test for Equality of
Variances
Psychological
t-test for Equality of means
df
Empowerment
Equal variances not
143.951
Mean
Std. Error
difference
Difference
.540
3.88855
t-value
-.614
Assumed
t-value is not Significant at any level
Table 4.114 Shows that the mean score of nuclear family respondent
was 137.8923 and the joint family respondent was 140.2800. The standard
deviation of nuclear family respondent was 25.36134 and joint family
347
respondent was 27.62224. Standard error of mean of nuclear family
respondents was 2.22434 and joint family respondent was 3.18954.The
difference between mean was .540 and it was in favour of nuclear family
respondent. The standard error of difference between mean was 3.88855 and
t value was -.614 which was not significant at any level.
So it can be said that the role of education on psychological
empowerment of Rajkot city nuclear and joint family respondent was almost
same.
Figure: 4.114 Showing Scores Obtained By Nuclear and Joint family
Respondents Regarding Psychological Empowerment.
3.88855
4
3.5
3
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.54
0.5
0
-0.5
-0.614
-1
Mean
Difference
Std.Error
Difference
348
t-value
4.12
OVERALL
SCORES
OF
ROLE
OF
SURENDRANAGAR CITY RESPONDENTS.
EDUCATION
ON
The scores obtained by urban and rural, nuclear and joint family
respondents as well as Home science, arts & commerce respondents of
Jamnagar city has been given in table no. 4.115 to 4.132.
Table: 4.115 Showing Scores Obtained By Urban and Rural Respondents
Regarding Women Empowerment.
Frequency
Class
251-300
301-350
351-400
401-450
451-500
501-550
551-600
601-650
651-700
701-750
751-800
801-850
851-900
901-950
951-1000
1001-1050
1051-1100
1101-1150
Total
Urban
Rural
0
0
0
0
0
4
4
9
19
19
10
18
5
1
2
1
0
0
92
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
4
6
6
6
0
0
1
0
1
0
0
26
Group Statistics
City of Surendranagar
Surendranagar
Women
Empowerment
Area
N
Mean
urban
92
734.0000
100.63425
10.49185
rural
26
716.1154
104.39323
20.47320
349
Std. Deviation Std. Error Mean
Independent Sample Test
Levene’s Test for Equality of
Variances
t-test for Equality of means
Women
df
Empowerment
39.114
Equal variances not
Mean
Std. Error
difference
Difference
17.88462
23.00501
t-value
.777
Assumed
t-value is not Significant at any level
Table 4.115 Shows that the mean score of urban respondents was
734.0000and the rural respondents was 716.1154.The standard deviation of
urban respondent was 100.63425 and rural respondent was 104.39323.
Standard error of mean of urban respondents was 10.49185 and rural
respondent was 20.47320. The difference between mean was 17.88462 and it
was in favour of urban respondent. The standard error of difference between
mean was 23.00501 and t value was .777 which was not significant at any
levels.
So it can be said that the role of education on women empowerment of
surendranagar city urban and rural respondents was all most same.
Figure-
4.115
Showing
Scores
Obtained
By
Respondents Regarding Women Empowerment.
23.005
25
20
17.885
15
10
5
0.777
0
Mean
Difference
Std.Error
Difference
350
t-value
Urban
and
Rural
Table: 4.116 Showing Scores Obtained By Nuclear and Joint family
Respondents Regarding Women Empowerment.
Frequency
Class
251-300
301-350
351-400
401-450
451-500
501-550
551-600
601-650
651-700
701-750
751-800
801-850
851-900
901-950
951-1000
1001-1050
1051-1100
1101-1150
Total
Nuclear
Joint
0
0
0
0
0
4
4
6
5
7
6
10
2
0
0
1
0
0
45
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
7
20
18
10
8
3
2
2
1
0
0
73
Group Statistics
Surendranagar
Women
Empowerment
Family
N
Mean
Nuclear
45
718.1556
112.81057
16.81681
Joint
73
737.3973
93.56010
10.95038
351
Std. Deviation Std. Error Mean
Independent Sample Test
Levene’s Test for Equality of
Variances
t-test for Equality of means
Women
df
Empowerment
80.391
Equal variances not
Mean
Std. Error
difference
Difference
-19.24170
20.06778
t-value
-.959
Assumed
t-value is not Significant at any level
Table 4.116 Shows that the mean score of nuclear family respondent
was 718.1556and the joint family respondent was 737.3973. The standard
deviation of nuclear family respondent was 112.81057and joint family
respondent was 93.56010.Standard error of mean of nuclear family
respondents was 16.81681 and joint family respondent was 10.95038. The
difference between mean was -19.24170 and it was in favour of nuclear family
respondent. The standard error of difference between mean was
20.06778and t value was -.959 which was not significant at any level.
So it can be said that the role of education on women empowerment of
surendranagar city nuclear and joint family respondent was almost same.
Figure: 4.116 Showing Scores Obtained By Nuclear and Joint family
Respondents Regarding Women Empowerment.
25
20.068
20
15
10
5
0
-0.959
-5
-10
-15
-19.242
-20
Mean
Difference
Std.Error
Difference
352
t-value
Table: 4.117 Showing Scores Obtained By Home science, Arts and
Commerce Respondents Regarding Women Empowerment.
Class
Frequency
Arts
Home Science
251-300
301-350
351-400
401-450
451-500
501-550
551-600
601-650
651-700
701-750
751-800
801-850
851-900
901-950
951-1000
1001-1050
1051-1100
1101-1150
Total
0
0
0
0
0
3
3
5
5
4
5
3
2
0
1
2
0
0
33
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
6
10
10
9
7
3
2
1
0
0
0
50
Commerce
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
3
9
11
2
7
1
0
0
0
0
0
35
Descriptives
Surendranagar -Women empowerment
Faculty
N
Mean
Std. Deviation
Std. Error
Home science
33
722.0606
133.06271
23.16324
Arts
50
740.6200
95.24381
13.46951
Commerce
35
722.5143
72.71070
12.29035
Total
118
353
ANOVA
Table value
Women Empowerment
Between
Groups
S.S.
df
MS
9680.183
2
4840.092
0.05
F-value level
.467
19.49
0,01
level
99.49
Within Groups 1190832.40
115
10355.064
2
F-value is not Significant at any level
Multiple Comparisons
Political Empowerment
(I) Stream
(J) Stream
Mean Difference (I-J)
Std. Error
Home science
arts
-18.55939
22.82304
com
-.45368
24.69107
home
18.55939
22.82304
Com.
18.10571
22.42678
home
.45368
24.69107
arts
-18.10571
22.42678
Arts
Commerce
Table 4.117 Shows that the mean score of home science respondents
was 722.0606, arts respondents was 740.6200and commerce respondents
was 722.5143. The standard deviation of home science respondents was
133.06271, arts respondents was 95.24381and commerce respondents was
72.71070. The standard error of home science respondents was 23.16324,
arts respondents was 13.46951and commerce respondents was 12.29035.
The difference between mean of home science and arts was-18.55939, the
difference between home science and commerce -.45368 the difference
between mean of arts and commerce was18.10571. The standard error of
difference between means was not significant at any level.
ANOVA shows that the sum of square of between groups
9680.183and within groups was 1190832.402 and df of between groups
2 and within groups was 115. The mean square of between groups
4840.092within groups was 10355.064. And the ‘f ’- value is .467 which
not significant at any level.
was
was
was
was
So it can be said that role of education on women empowerment of
surendranagar city home science, arts and commerce respondents was
almost same.
354
Figure-117 Showing Scores Obtained by Home science, Arts and
Commerce Respondents Regarding Women Empowerment.
f-value
0.467
12.29035
13.46951
23.16324
Std.Error
72.7107
95.24381
133.06271
Std.Devition
722.5143
740.62
722.0606
mean
0
200
400
HomeScience
Arts
600
800
Commerce
Figure-4.118 Showing Scores Obtained by Home science, Arts and
Commerce Respondents Regarding Political Empowerment.
al
ue
4.258
St
d.
E
rr
or
f-v
1.71075
1.52074
2.19144
64.5143
67.6
72.3333
ea
n
m
S
td
.D
ev
it
io
n
10.12095
10.75326
12.58885
0
20
HomeScience
355
40
Arts
60
Commerce
80
Table: 4.118 Showing Scores Obtained By Home science, Arts and
Commerce Respondents Regarding Political Empowerment.
Class
21-30
31-40
41-50
51-60
61-70
71-80
81-90
91-100
101-110
Total
Home Science
Frequency
Arts
Commerce
0
0
2
4
6
12
8
0
1
33
0
0
2
15
13
13
6
1
0
50
0
0
5
6
14
8
2
0
0
35
Descriptives
Surendranagar -Political Empowerment
Faculty
N
Mean
Std. Deviation
Std. Error
Home science
33
72.3333
12.58885
2.19144
Arts
50
67.6000
10.75326
1.52074
Commerce
35
64.5143
10.12095
1.71075
Total
118
ANOVA
Table value
Women Empowerment
Between
Groups
Within Groups
S.S.
df
MS
1052.915
2
526.458
0.05
F-value level
4.258
14220.076
115
123.653
F-value is not Significant at any level
356
19.49
0,01
level
99.49
Multiple Comparisons
Political Empowerment
(I) Stream
(J) Stream
Mean Difference (I-J)
Std. Error
Home science
arts
4.73333
2.49402
com
7.81905
2.69815
home
-4.73333
2.49402
Com.
3.08571
2.45071
home
-7.81905
2.69815
arts
-3.08571
2.45071
Arts
Commerce
Table 4.118 Shows that the mean score of home science respondents
was 72.3333, arts respondents was 67.6000 and commerce respondents was
64.5143. The standard deviation of home science respondents was 12.58885,
arts respondents was 10.75326 and commerce respondents was 10.12095.
The standard error of home science respondents was 2.19144, arts
respondents was 1.52074 and commerce respondents was 1.71075. The
difference between mean of home science and arts was4.73333, the
difference between mean of home science and commerce was7.81905 and
the difference between mean of arts and commerce was3.08571. The
standard error of difference between means was not significant at any level.
ANOVA shows that the sum of square of between groups was
1052.915and within groups was 14220.076and df of between groups was 2
and within groups was 115. The mean square of between groups was
526.458within groups was 123.653. And the ‘f ’- value is 4.258 which was not
significant at any level.
So it can be said that role of education on political empowerment of
surendranagar city home science, arts and commerce respondents was
almost same.
357
Table: 4.119 Showing Scores Obtained By Home science, Arts and
Commerce Respondents Regarding Social Empowerment.
Class
Frequency
Arts
Home Science
1-50
51-100
101-150
151-200
201-250
251-300
301-350
351-400
Total
0
0
6
9
5
10
3
0
33
Commerce
0
0
0
3
27
15
4
1
50
0
0
1
2
16
15
1
0
35
Descriptives
Surendranagar -Social Empowerment
Faculty
N
Mean
Std. Deviation
Std. Error
Home science
33
214.5758
67.90620
11.82095
Arts
50
249.8400
39.97620
5.65349
Commerce
35
243.9714
36.45584
6.16216
Total
118
ANOVA
Table value
Social Empowerment
Between
Groups
S.S.
df
MS
26357.604
2
13178.802
0.05
F-value level
5.591
Within Groups 271053.752
115
2356.989
F-value is not Significant at any level
358
19.49
0,01
level
99.49
Multiple Comparisons
Social Empowerment
(I) Stream
(J) Stream
Mean Difference (I-J)
Std. Error
Home science
arts
-35.26424
10.88870
com
-29.39567
11.77992
home
35.26424
10.88870
Com.
5.86857
10.69964
home
29.39567
11.77992
arts
-5.86857
10.69964
Arts
Commerce
Table 4.119 Shows that the mean score of home science respondents
was 214.5758, arts respondents was 249.8400 and commerce respondents
was 243.9714. The standard deviation of home science respondents was
67.90620, arts respondents was 39.97620and commerce respondents was
36.45584. The standard error of home science respondents was 11.82095,
arts respondents was 5.65349 and commerce respondents was 6.16216. The
difference between mean of home science and arts was-35.26424,the
difference between mean of home science and commerce was-29.39567 and
the difference between mean of arts and commerce was5.86857. The
standard error of difference between means was not significant at any level.
ANOVA shows that the sum of square of between groups was
26357.604and within groups was 271053.752 and df of between groups was
2 and within groups was 115 The mean square of between groups was
13178.802within groups was 2356.989. And the ‘f ’- value is 5.591 which was
not significant at any level.
So it can be said that role of education on social empowerment of
surendranagar city home science, arts and commerce respondents was
almost same.
359
Figure- 4.119 Showing Scores Obtained by Home science, Arts and
Commerce Respondents Regarding Social Empowerment.
f-value
5.591
6.16216
5.65349
11.82095
Std.Error
36.45584
39.9762
67.9062
Std.Devition
243.9714
249.84
214.5758
mean
0
100
HomeScience
200
Arts
300
Commerce
Figure- 4.120 Showing Scores Obtained by Home science, Arts and
Commerce Respondents Regarding Economic Empowerment.
al
ue
11.851
St
d.
E
rr
or
f-v
4.30485
5.87261
5.43984
222.9143
207.9
245.697
ea
n
m
S
td
.D
ev
it
io
n
25.46782
41.52563
31.24948
0
50
100
HomeScience
360
150
Arts
200
250
300
Commerce
Table: 4.120 Showing Scores Obtained By Home science, Arts and
Commerce Respondents Regarding Economic Empowerment.
Class
Frequency
Arts
Home Science
51-100
101-150
151-200
201-250
251-300
301-350
351-400
Total
0
0
2
16
13
2
0
33
Commerce
1
2
22
18
7
0
0
50
0
0
6
22
7
0
0
35
Descriptives
Surendranagar –Economic Empowerment
Faculty
N
Mean
Std. Deviation
Std. Error
Home science
33
245.6970
31.24948
5.43984
Arts
50
207.9000
41.52563
5.87261
Commerce
35
222.9143
25.46782
4.30485
Total
118
ANOVA
Table value
Economic Empowerment
Between
Groups
S.S.
df
28400.101
2
Within Groups 137796.213
Total
MS
0.05
F-value level
14200.051 11.851
115
1198.228
166196.314
117
F-value is not Significant at any level
361
19.49
0,01
level
99.49
Multiple Comparisons
Economic Empowerment
(I) Stream
(J) Stream
Mean Difference (I-J)
Std. Error
Home science
arts
37.79697
7.76367
com
22.78268
8.39911
home
-37.79697
7.76367
Com.
-15.01429
7.62887
home
-22.78268
8.39911
arts
15.01429
7.62887
Arts
Commerce
Table 4.120 Shows that the mean score of Home science respondents
was 245.6970, arts respondents was 207.9000 and commerce respondents
was 222.9143. The standard deviation of Home science respondents was
31.24948, arts respondents was 41.52563 and commerce respondents was
25.46782. The standard error of Home science respondents was 5.43984,
arts respondents was 5.87261and commerce respondents was 4.30485. The
difference between mean of home science and arts was37.79697,the
difference between mean of home science and commerce was22.78268 and
the difference between mean of arts and commerce was-15.01429. The
standard error of difference between means was not significant at any level.
ANOVA shows that the sum of square of between groups was
28400.101and within groups was 137796.213and df of between groups was 2
and within groups was 115. The mean square of between groups was
14200.051 within groups was 1198.228. And the ‘f ’- value is 11.851 which
was not significant at any level.
So it can be said that role of education on economic empowerment of
surendranagar city home science, arts and commerce respondents was
almost same.
362
Table: 4.121 Showing Scores Obtained By Home science, Arts and
Commerce Respondents Regarding Cultural Empowerment.
Class
Home Science
1-25
26-50
51-75
76-100
101-125
Total
Frequency
Arts
0
4
13
13
3
33
Commerce
0
0
9
30
11
50
0
0
18
17
0
35
Descriptives
Surendranagar –Cultural Empowerment
Faculty
N
Mean
Std. Deviation
Std. Error
Home science
33
72.0000
19.17192
3.33740
Arts
50
87.5800
14.33718
2.02758
Commerce
35
75.4286
9.73558
1.64561
Total
118
ANOVA
Table value
Cultural Empowerment
S.S.
df
MS
Between
Groups
5699.088
2
2849.544
Within Groups
25056.751
115
217.885
Total
0.05
F-value level
13.078
30755.839
117
F-value is not Significant at any level
363
19.49
0,01
level
99.49
Multiple Comparisons
Cultural Empowerment
(I) Stream
(J) Stream
Mean Difference (I-J)
Std. Error
Home science
arts
-15.58000
3.31063
com
-3.42857
3.58160
home
15.58000
3.31063
Com.
12.15143
3.25315
home
3.42857
3.58160
arts
-12.15143
3.25315
Arts
Commerce
Table 4.121 Shows that the mean score of home science respondents
was 72.0000, arts respondents was 87.5800 and commerce respondents was
75.4286. The standard deviation of home science respondents was 19.17192,
arts respondents was 14.33718 and commerce respondents was 9.73558.
The standard error of home science respondents was 3.33740, arts
respondents was 2.02758 and commerce respondents was 1.64561. The
difference between mean of home science and arts was -15.58000, the
difference between mean of home science and commerce was -3.42857 and
the difference between mean of arts and commerce was12.15143.The
standard error of difference between means was not significant at any level.
ANOVA shows that the sum of square of between groups was
5699.088 and within groups was 25056.751 and df of between groups was 2
and within groups was 115. The mean square of between groups was
2849.544 within groups was 217.885. And the ‘f ’- value is 13.078 which was
not significant at any level.
So it can be said that role of education on cultural empowerment of
surendranagar city home science, arts and commerce respondents was
almost same.
364
Figure- 4.121 Showing Scores Obtained by Home science, Arts and
Commerce Respondents Regarding Cultural Empowerment.
f-value
13.078
1.64561
2.02758
3.3374
Std.Error
9.73558
14.33718
19.17192
Std.Devition
75.4286
87.58
72
mean
0
20
40
HomeScience
60
Arts
80
100
Commerce
Figure- 4.122 Showing Scores Obtained by Home science, Arts and
Commerce Respondents Regarding Psychological Empowerment.
f-value
2.94
2.77558
2.87129
6.29199
Std.Error
16.42052
20.30306
36.14475
Std.Devition
115.6857
127.7
117.4545
mean
0
50
HomeScience
365
100
Arts
Commerce
150
Table: 4.122 Showing Scores Obtained By Home science, Arts and
Commerce Respondents Regarding Psychological Empowerment.
Class
Frequency
Arts
Home Science
26-50
51-75
76-100
101-125
126-150
151-175
176-200
Total
0
8
3
2
16
4
0
33
Commerce
0
0
5
21
15
9
0
50
0
1
3
23
7
1
0
35
Descriptives
Surendranagar –Psychological Empowerment
Faculty
N
Mean
Std. Deviation
Std. Error
Home science
33
117.4545
36.14475
6.29199
Arts
50
127.7000
20.30306
2.87129
Commerce
35
115.6857
16.42052
2.77558
Total
118
ANOVA
Table value
Psychologica Empowerment
Between
Groups
Within Groups
S.S.
df
MS
3639.097
2
1819.549
0.05
F-value level
2.940
71172.225
115
618.889
F-value is not Significant at any level
366
19.49
0,01
level
99.49
Multiple Comparisons
Psychological Empowerment
(I) Stream
(J) Stream
Mean Difference (I-J)
Std. Error
Home science
arts
-10.24545
5.57960
com
1.76883
6.03629
home
10.24545
5.57960
Com.
12.01429
5.48273
home
-1.76883
6.03629
arts
-12.01429
5.48273
Arts
Commerce
Table 4.122 Shows that the mean score of Home science respondents
was 117.4545, arts respondents was 127.7000 and commerce respondents
was 115.6857. The standard deviation of Home science respondents was
36.14475, arts respondents was 20.30306 and commerce respondents was
16.42052. The standard error of Home science respondents was 6.29199,
arts respondents was 2.87129 and commerce respondents was 2.77558. The
difference between mean of home science and arts was-10.24545,the
difference between mean of home science and commerce was1.76883 and
the difference between mean of arts and commerce was12.01429. The
standard error of difference between means was not significant at any level.
ANOVA shows that the sum of square of between groups was
3639.097 and within groups was 71172.225 and df of between groups was 2
and within groups was 115. The mean square of between groups was
1819.549within groups was 618.889. And the ‘f ’- value is 2.940 which was
not significant at any level.
So it can be said that role of education on psychological empowerment
of surendranagar city home science, arts and commerce respondents was
almost same.
367
Table: 4.123 Showing Scores Obtained By Urban and Rural
Respondents Regarding Political Empowerment.
Frequency
Class
21-30
31-40
41-50
51-60
61-70
71-80
81-90
91-100
101-110
Total
Urban
Rural
0
0
6
16
28
26
14
1
1
92
0
0
3
8
6
7
2
0
0
26
Group Statistics
City of Surendranagar
Surendranagar
Area
N
Mean
urban
92
69.0217
11.40559
1.18911
26
64.4231
10.96603
2.15062
Political
Empowerment
Std. Deviation Std. Error Mean
rural
Independent Sample Test
Levene’s Test for Equality of
Variances
Political
t-test for Equality of means
df
Empowerment
Equal variances not
41.556
Mean
Std. Error
difference
Difference
4.59866
2.45747
Assumed
t-value is not Significant at any level
368
t-value
1.871
Table 4.123 Shows that the mean score of urban respondents was
69.0217 and the rural respondents was 64.4231.The standard deviation of
urban respondent was 11.40559 and rural respondent was 10.96603.
Standard error of mean of urban respondents was 1.18911 and rural
respondent was 2.15062. The difference between mean was 4.59866 and it
was in favour of urban respondent. The standard error of difference between
mean was 2.45747 and t value was 1.871 which was significant at 0.01 levels.
So it can be said that the role of education on political empowerment of
urban and rural respondents was all most same.
Figure-
4.123
Showing
Scores
Obtained
By
Urban
Respondents Regarding Political Empowerment.
5
4.5
4.5987
4
3.5
3
2.4575
2.5
2
1.871
1.5
1
0.5
0
Mean
Difference
Std.Error
Difference
369
t-value
and
Rural
Table- 4.124 Showing Scores Obtained By Urban and Rural
Respondents Regarding Social Empowerment.
Frequency
Class
1-50
51-100
101-150
151-200
201-250
251-300
301-350
351-400
Total
Urban
Rural
0
0
5
10
35
36
5
1
92
0
0
2
4
13
4
3
0
26
Group Statistics
City of Surendranagar
Surendranagar
Social
Empowerment
Area
N
Mean
Std. Deviation Std. Error Mean
urban
92
240.2826
50.71084
5.28697
rural
26
231.0000
49.65884
9.73890
Independent Sample Test
Levene’s Test for Equality of
Variances
Social
t-test for Equality of means
df
Empowerment
Equal variances not
40.930
Mean
Std. Error
difference
Difference
9.28261
11.08144
Assumed
t-value is not Significant at any level
370
t-value
.838
Table 4.124 Shows that the mean score of urban respondents was
240.2826 and the rural respondents was 231.0000.The standard deviation of
urban respondent was 50.71084 and rural respondent was 49.65884.
Standard error of mean of urban respondents was 5.28697 and rural
respondent was 9.73890. The difference between mean was 9.28261and it
was in favour of urban respondent. The standard error of difference between
mean was 11.08144and t value was .838which was not significant at any
levels.
So it can be said that the role of education on social empowerment of
surendranagar city urban and rural respondents was all most same.
Figure-
4.124
Showing
Scores
Obtained
By
Respondents Regarding Social Empowerment.
11.081
12
10
9.2826
8
6
4
0.838
2
0
Mean
Difference
Std.Error
Difference
371
t-value
Urban
and
Rural
Table: 4.125 Showing Scores Obtained By Urban and Rural
Respondents Regarding Economic Empowerment.
Frequency
Class
51-100
101-150
151-200
201-250
251-300
301-350
351-400
Total
Urban
Rural
1
0
20
46
24
1
0
92
0
2
10
10
3
1
0
26
Group Statistics
City of Surendranagar
Surendranagar
Economic
Empowerment
Area
N
Mean
Std. Deviation Std. Error Mean
urban
92
226.4022
34.85513
3.63390
rural
26
210.6154
44.98451
8.82219
Independent Sample Test
Levene’s Test for Equality of
Variances
Economic
t-test for Equality of means
df
Empowerment
Equal variances not
33.935
Mean
Std. Error
difference
Difference
15.78679
9.54129
t-value
1.655
Assumed
t-value is not Significant at any level
Table 4.125 Shows that the mean score of urban respondents was
226.4022 and the rural respondents was 210.6154.The standard deviation of
372
urban respondent was 34.85513 and rural respondent was 44.98451.
Standard error of mean of urban respondents was 3.63390and rural
respondent was 8.82219. The difference between mean was 15.78679 and it
was in favour of urban respondent. The standard error of difference between
mean was 9.54129and t value was 1.655 which was not significant at any
levels.
So it can be said that the role of education on economic empowerment
of urban and rural respondent was all most same.
Figure-
4.125
Showing
Scores
Obtained
By
Respondents Regarding Economic Empowerment.
15.787
16
14
12
9.5413
10
8
6
4
1.655
2
0
Mean
Difference
Std.Error
Difference
373
t-value
Urban
and
Rural
Table: 4.126 Showing Scores Obtained By Urban and Rural
Respondents Regarding Cultural Empowerment.
Frequency
Class
1-25
26-50
51-75
76-100
101-125
Total
Urban
Rural
0
4
34
44
10
92
0
0
6
16
4
26
Group Statistics
City of Surendranagar
Surendranagar
Cultural
Empowerment
Area
N
Mean
Std. Deviation Std. Error Mean
urban
92
78.4348
16.28949
1.69830
rural
26
83.8077
15.52294
3.04430
Independent Sample Test
Levene’s Test for Equality of
Variances
Cultural
t-test for Equality of means
df
Empowerment
Equal variances not
41.868
Mean
Std. Error
difference
Difference
-5.37291
3.48597
t-value
-1.541
Assumed
t-value is not Significant at any level
Table 4.126 Shows that the mean score of urban respondents was
78.4348and the rural respondents was 83.8077.The standard deviation of
urban respondent was 16.28949 and rural respondent was 15.52294.
Standard error of mean of urban respondents was 1.69830 and rural
respondent was 3.04430. The difference between mean was -5.37291 and it
374
was in favour of urban respondent. The standard error of difference between
mean was 3.48597 and t value was -1.541 which was not significant at any
levels.
So it can be said that the role of education on cultural empowerment of
surendranagar city urban and rural respondents was all most same.
Figure-
4.126
Showing
Scores
Obtained
By
Respondents Regarding Cultural Empowerment.
3.486
4
3
2
1
0
-1
-1.541
-2
-3
-4
-5
-5.3729
-6
Mean
Difference
Std.Error
Difference
375
t-value
Urban
and
Rural
Table: 4.127 Showing Scores Obtained By Urban and Rural
Respondents Regarding Psychological Empowerment.
Frequency
Class
26-50
51-75
76-100
101-125
126-150
151-175
176-200
Total
Urban
Rural
0
9
7
38
28
10
0
92
0
0
4
8
10
4
0
26
Group Statistics
City of Surendranagar
Surendranagar
Psychological
Empowerment
Area
N
Mean
Std. Deviation Std. Error Mean
urban
92
119.8587
25.71423
2.68089
rural
26
126.2692
23.50074
4.60887
Independent Sample Test
Levene’s Test for Equality of
Variances
Psychological
t-test for Equality of means
df
Empowerment
Equal variances not
43.414
Mean
Std. Error
difference
Difference
-6.41054
5.33188
t-value
-1.202
Assumed
t-value is not Significant at any level
Table 4.127 Shows that the mean score of urban respondents was
119.8587and the rural respondents was 126.2692.The standard deviation of
376
urban respondent was 25.71423 and rural respondent was 23.50074.
Standard error of mean of urban respondents was 2.68089 and rural
respondent was 4.60887. The difference between mean was -6.41054 and it
was in favour of urban respondent. The standard error of difference between
mean was 5.33188 and t value was -1.202 which was not significant at any
levels.
So it can be said that the role of education on women empowerment of
surendranagar city urban and rural respondents was all most same.
Figure-
4.127
Showing
Scores
Obtained
By
Urban
Respondents Regarding Psychological Empowerment.
5.3319
6
4
2
0
-1.202
-2
-4
-6.4105
-6
-8
Mean
Difference
Std.Error
Difference
377
t-value
and
Rural
Table: 4.128 Showing Scores Obtained By Nuclear and Joint family
Respondents Regarding Political Empowerment.
Frequency
Class
21-30
31-40
41-50
51-60
61-70
71-80
81-90
91-100
101-110
Total
Nuclear
Joint
0
0
5
7
8
16
7
1
1
45
0
0
4
17
26
17
9
0
0
73
Group Statistics
City of Surendranagar
Surendranagar Family
N
Mean
Nuclear
45
69.8889
13.01960
1.94085
Joint
73
66.8493
10.24515
1.19910
Political
Empowerment
Std. Deviation Std. Error Mean
Independent Sample Test
Levene’s Test for Equality of
Variances
Political
t-test for Equality of means
df
Empowerment
Equal variances not
77.133
Mean
Std. Error
difference
Difference
3.03957
2.28139
Assumed
t-value is not Significant at any level
378
t-value
1.332
Table 4.128 Shows that the mean score of nuclear family respondents
was 69.8889and the joint family respondents was 66.8493.The standard
deviation of nuclear family respondent was 13.01960 and joint family
respondent was 10.24515. Standard error of mean of nuclear family
respondents was 1.94085 and joint family respondent was 1.19910. The
difference between mean was 3.03957 and it was in favour of nuclear family
respondent. The standard error of difference between mean was 2.28139 and
t value was 1.332 which was not significant at any levels.
So it can be said that the role of education on women empowerment of
surendranagar city nuclear and joint family respondents was all most same.
Figure: 4.128 Showing Scores Obtained By Nuclear and Joint family
Respondents Regarding Political Empowerment.
3.5
3.0396
3
2.2814
2.5
2
1.5
1.332
1
0.5
0
Mean
Difference
Std.Error
Difference
379
t-value
Table: 4.129 Showing Scores Obtained By Nuclear and Joint family
Respondents Regarding Social Empowerment.
Frequency
Class
1-50
51-100
101-150
151-200
201-250
251-300
301-350
351-400
Total
Nuclear
Joint
0
0
6
9
12
17
1
0
45
0
0
1
5
36
23
7
1
73
Group Statistics
City of Surendranagar
Surendranagar Family
N
Mean
Nuclear
45
220.8222
56.83480
8.47243
Joint
73
248.9726
43.01517
5.03454
Social
Empowerment
Std. Deviation Std. Error Mean
Independent Sample Test
Levene’s Test for Equality of
Variances
Social
t-test for Equality of means
df
Empowerment
Equal variances not
74.856
Mean
Std. Error
difference
Difference
-28.15038
9.85539
t-value
-2.856
Assumed
t-value is Significant at 0.01 level
Table 4.129 Shows that the mean score of nuclear family respondents
was 220.8222 and the joint family respondents was 248.9726.The standard
380
deviation of nuclear family respondent was 56.83480 and joint family
respondent was 43.01517. Standard error of mean of nuclear family
respondents was 8.47243 and joint family respondent was 5.03454. The
difference between mean was -28.15038 and it was in favour of nuclear family
respondent. The standard error of difference between mean was 9.85539 and
t value was -2.856 which was significant at 0.01 levels.
So it can be said that the role of education on social empowerment of
joint family respondent was higher than the nuclear family respondents.
Figure: 4.129 Showing Scores Obtained By Nuclear and Joint family
Respondents Regarding Social Empowerment.
9.8554
10
5
0
-2.856
-5
-10
-15
-20
-25
-28.15
-30
Mean
Difference
Std.Error
Difference
381
t-value
Table: 4.130 Showing Scores Obtained By Nuclear and Joint family
Respondents Regarding Economic Empowerment.
Frequency
Class
51-100
101-150
151-200
201-250
251-300
301-350
351-400
Total
Nuclear
Joint
1
0
5
23
15
1
0
45
0
2
25
33
12
1
0
73
Group Statistics
City of Surendranagar
Surendranagar Family
N
Mean
Nuclear
45
234.0667
36.86116
5.49494
73
216.0548
36.77631
4.30434
Economic
Empowerment
Std. Deviation Std. Error Mean
Joint
Independent Sample Test
Levene’s Test for Equality of
Variances
Economic
t-test for Equality of means
df
Empowerment
Equal variances not
93.134
Mean
Std. Error
difference
Difference
18.01187
6.98009
t-value
2.580
Assumed
t-value is Significant at 0.05 level
Table 4.130 Shows that the mean score of nuclear family respondents
was 234.0667 and the joint family respondents was 216.0548. The standard
deviation of nuclear family respondent was 36.86116 and joint family
382
respondent was 36.77631. Standard error of mean of nuclear family
respondents was 5.49494 and joint family respondent was 4.30434. The
difference between mean was 18.01187 and it was in favour of nuclear family
respondent. The standard error of difference between mean was 6.98009and
t value was 2.580 which was significant at 0.05 levels.
So it can be said that the role of education on women empowerment of
surendranagar city nuclear family respondent was higher than the joint family
respondents.
Figure: 4.130 Showing Scores Obtained By Nuclear and Joint family
Respondents Regarding Economic Empowerment.
20
18
18.012
16
14
12
10
6.9801
8
6
4
2.58
2
0
Mean
Difference
Std.Error
Difference
383
t-value
Table: 4.131 Showing Scores Obtained By Nuclear and Joint family
Respondents Regarding Cultural Empowerment.
Frequency
Class
1-25
26-50
51-75
76-100
101-125
Total
Nuclear
Joint
0
4
17
20
4
45
0
0
23
40
10
73
Group Statistics
City of Surendranagar
Surendranagar Family
N
Mean
Nuclear
45
75.5778
18.33959
2.73390
73
82.1096
14.32225
1.67629
Cultural
Empowerment
Std. Deviation Std. Error Mean
Joint
Independent Sample Test
Levene’s Test for Equality of
Variances
Cultural
t-test for Equality of means
df
Empowerment
Equal variances not
76.680
Mean
Std. Error
difference
Difference
-6.53181
3.20690
t-value
-2.037
Assumed
t-value is Significant at 0.05 level
Table 4.131 Shows that the mean score of nuclear family respondent
was 75.5778and the joint family respondent was 82.1096. The standard
deviation of nuclear family respondent was 18.33959 and joint family
respondent was 14.32225. Standard error of mean of nuclear family
respondents was 2.73390 and joint family respondent was 1.67629. The
384
difference between mean was -6.53181 and it was in favour of nuclear family
respondent. The standard error of difference between mean was 3.20690and
t value was -2.037 which was significant at 0.05 level.
So it can be said that the role of education on cultural empowerment of
surendranagar city nuclear family respondent was higher than the joint family
respondents.
.
Figure: 4.131 Showing Scores Obtained By Nuclear and Joint family
Respondents Regarding Cultural Empowerment.
4
3
2
1
0
-1
-2
-3
-4
-5
-6
-7
3.2069
-2.037
-6.5318
Mean
Difference
Std.Error
Difference
385
t-value
Table: 4.132 Showing Scores Obtained By Nuclear and Joint family
Respondents Regarding Psychological Empowerment.
Frequency
Class
26-50
51-75
76-100
101-125
126-150
151-175
176-200
Total
Nuclear
Joint
0
7
5
8
22
3
0
45
0
2
6
38
16
11
0
73
Group Statistics
City of Surendranagar
Surendranagar Family
N
Mean
Nuclear
45
117.8000
29.95117
4.46486
73
123.4110
21.87835
2.56067
Psychological
Empowerment
Std. Deviation Std. Error Mean
Joint
Independent Sample Test
Levene’s Test for Equality of
Variances
Psychological
t-test for Equality of means
df
Empowerment
Equal variances not
72.886
Mean
Std. Error
difference
Difference
-5.61096
5.14703
t-value
-1.090
Assumed
t-value is not Significant at any level
Table 4.132 Shows that the mean score of nuclear family respondent
was 117.8000 and the joint family respondent was 123.4110. The standard
386
deviation of nuclear family respondent was 29.95117 and joint family
respondent was 21.87835.Standard error of mean of nuclear family
respondents was 4.46486 and joint family respondent was 2.56067. The
difference between mean was -5.61096 and it was in favour of nuclear family
respondent. The standard error of difference between mean was 5.14703 and
t value was -1.090 which was not significant at any level.
So it can be said that the role of education on psychological
empowerment of surendranagar city nuclear and joint family respondent was
almost same.
Figure: 4.132 Showing Scores Obtained By Nuclear and Joint family
Respondents Regarding Psychological Empowerment.
5.147
6
4
2
0
-1.09
-2
-4
-5.611
-6
Mean
Difference
Std.Error
Difference
387
t-value
CHAPTER: 5
SUMMARY AND DISCUSSION
5.1
SUMMARY
5.11
PROBLEM
5.12
POPULATION & SAMPLE:
5.13
OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY:
5.14
RESEARCH DESIGN
5.15
STATISTICAL ANALYSIS:
5.2
DISCUSSION
5.3
CONCLUSION
5.4
SUGGESTIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Chapter-5
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION
5.1 SUMMARY
5.11 Problem:
In this research a comparative study of undergraduate students on role
of education on women empowerment was studied with different variables.
5.12 Population & sample:
The students studying in undergraduate colleges of Jamnagar, Morbi Rajkot,
and Surendranagar in the year 2009-10 were population for the study. From
Smt. S. C. U. Shah Home Science and C.U.Shah Arts & Commerce Mahila
College Home science, Arts & Commerce students randomly selected as
sample from Home science 33, Arts 50 and from Commerce 35. From
Smt.J.A.Patel Mahila Arts, Commerce and Home Science College Morbi
Home science, Arts & Commerce students randomly selected as sample from
Home science 33, Arts 53 and from Commerce 30. From Om Vindya Vasini
Advance Computer and Commerce College Morbi 6 Commerce students was
randomly selected as sample. From Shri P.G.Patel Commerce College, Morbi
14 Commerce students were randomly selected as sample. From Sadgurudev
Ranchhoddasji Bapu Mahila Home Science & Late M. J. K. Mahila Commerce
College Rajkot Home science & Commerce students randomly selected as
sample from Home science 34 and from Commerce 18. From M.V.M. Science
& Home Science College, Rajkot 71 Home science students were randomly
selected as sample. From Smt. R. R. Patel Mahila Arts & Commerce College,
Rajkot Arts & Commerce students randomly selected as sample from Arts 50
and from Commerce 32. From Shri A.K.Doshi Mahila Arts, Commerce &
Home Science College Jamnagar Home science, Arts & Commerce students
randomly selected as sample from Home science 29, Arts 47 and from
Commerce 9. From Shri G. H. Gosrani Commerce & D.D. Nagda B. B. A.
College Jamnagar 41 Commerce students randomly selected as sample.
All colleges total Students were 585.
5.13 Objective of the study:
Following were the objectives of the studies.
1)
2)
3)
4)
To know the role of education on overall women empowerment
To compare the level of empowerment of joint and nuclear family
respondents.
To compare the level of empowerment of urban & rural respondents
To compare the level of empowerment of Home science, Arts and
Commerce Respondents
388
5)
To compare the level of empowerment of girl students from Rajkot,
Morbi, Jamnagar & Surendranagar.
5.14 Research Design:
Keeping in mind 132 null hypothesis were formed according to
objectives. For data gathering self made statements were used.
5.15 Statistical analysis:
From collected information frequency distribution was prepared with
following variable.
1)
Overall scores of role of education on women empowerment.
2)
Scores of Role of Education on Political Empowerment
3)
Scores of Role of Education on Social Empowerment
4)
Scores of Role of Education on Economic Empowerment
5)
Scores of Role of Education on Cultural Empowerment
6)
Scores of Role of Education on Psychological Empowerment
7)
Scores of Role of Education on Jamnagar city respondents
8)
Scores of Role of Education on Morbi city respondents.
9)
Scores of Role of Education on Rajkot city respondents.
10)
Scores of Role of Education on Surendranagar city respondents
After preparing frequency distribution mean, standard deviation,
standard error, t-test & f-test were performed. Correlation of coefficient was
calculated.
The significance was checked at both levels.
5.2 DISCUSSION
1. The difference between urban and rural respondents was significant
which was 2.679 & was significant at 0.01 level so the hypothesis
no.1“There will be no significant difference between urban and rural
respondents regarding women empowerment” was rejected.
2. The difference between nuclear and joint family respondent was not
significant so the hypothesis No.2 “There will be no significant
difference between nuclear and joint family respondent regarding
women empowerment” was accepted.
3. The difference between home science, arts and commerce
respondents was significant which was 34.948 and was significant at
0.05 level so the hypothesis No. 3 “There will be no significant
difference between home science, arts and commerce respondents
regarding women empowerment” was rejected.
4. The difference between home science respondents of Jamnagar,
Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar city was significant which was 9.880
& was significant at 0.05 level so the hypothesis no.4 “There will be no
significant difference between home science respondents of Jamnagar,
Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar regarding women empowerment”
was rejected.
389
5. The difference between arts respondents of Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot
and Surendranagar city was not significant so the hypothesis no.5
“There will be no significant difference between arts respondents of
Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar regarding women
empowerment” was accepted.
6. The difference between commerce respondents of Jamnagar, Morbi,
Rajkot and Surendranagar city was not significant so the hypothesis
no.6 “There will be no significant difference between commerce
respondents of Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar regarding
women empowerment” was accepted.
7. The difference between urban respondents of Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot
and Surendranagar city was significant which was 15.475 & was
significant at 0.05 level so the hypothesis no.15 “There will be no
significant difference between urban respondents of Jamnagar, Morbi,
Rajkot and Surendranagar regarding women empowerment” was
rejected.
8. The difference between rural respondents of Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot
and Surendranagar city was not significant so the hypothesis no.8
“There will be no significant difference between rural respondents of
Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar regarding women
empowerment” was accepted.
9. The difference between nuclear family respondents of Jamnagar,
Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar city was not significant so the
hypothesis no.9 “There will be no significant difference between
nuclear family respondents of Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and
Surendranagar regarding women empowerment” was accepted.
10. The difference between joint family respondents of Jamnagar, Morbi,
Rajkot and Surendranagar city was significant which was 10.613 & was
significant at 0.05 level so the hypothesis no.10 “There will be no
significant difference between joint family respondents of Jamnagar,
Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar regarding women empowerment”
was rejected.
11. The difference between urban and rural respondent was significant
which was 2.792 & was significant at 0.01 level so the hypothesis
No.11 “There will be no significant difference between urban & rural
respondents regarding political empowerment” was rejected.
12. The difference between nuclear and joint family respondent was not
significant so the hypothesis No.12 “There will be no significant
difference between nuclear and joint family respondents regarding
political empowerment” was accepted.
390
13. The difference between home science, arts and commerce
respondents was significant which was not significant so the
hypothesis No.13 “There will be no significant difference between
home science, arts and commerce respondents regarding political
empowerment” was accepted.
14. The difference between home science respondents of Jamnagar,
Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar city was not significant so the
hypothesis no.14 “There will be no significant difference between home
science respondents of Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar
regarding political empowerment” was accepted.
15. The difference between arts respondents of Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot
and Surendranagar city was not significant so the hypothesis no.15
“There will be no significant difference between arts respondents of
Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar regarding political
empowerment” was accepted.
16. The difference between commerce respondents of Jamnagar, Morbi,
Rajkot and Surendranagar city was significant which was 9.024 & was
significant at 0.05 level so the hypothesis no.16 “There will be no
significant difference between commerce respondents of Jamnagar,
Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar regarding political empowerment”
was rejected.
17. The difference between urban respondents of Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot
and Surendranagar city was not significant so the hypothesis no.17
“There will be no significant difference between urban respondents of
Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar regarding political
empowerment” was accepted.
18. The difference between rural respondents of Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot
and Surendranagar city was not significant so the hypothesis no.18
“There will be no significant difference between rural respondents of
Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar regarding political
empowerment” was accepted.
19. The difference between nuclear respondents of Jamnagar, Morbi,
Rajkot and Surendranagar city was not significant so the hypothesis
no.19 “There will be no significant difference between nuclear family
respondents of Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar regarding
political empowerment” was accepted.
20. The difference between joint family respondents of Jamnagar, Morbi,
Rajkot and Surendranagar city was not significant so the hypothesis
no.20 “There will be no significant difference between joint family
respondents of Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar regarding
political empowerment” was accepted.
391
21. The difference between urban and rural respondent was not significant
so the hypothesis No.21 “There will be no significant difference
between urban & rural respondents regarding social empowerment”
was accepted.
22. The difference between nuclear and joint family respondent was not
significant so the hypothesis No.22 “There will be no significant
difference between nuclear and joint family respondents regarding
social empowerment” was accepted.
23. The difference between home science, arts and commerce
respondents was significant which was 21.017 & was significant at 0.05
level so the hypothesis No.23 “There will be no significant difference
between home science, arts and commerce respondents regarding
social empowerment” was rejected.
24. The difference between home science respondents of Jamnagar,
Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar city was significant which was 18.569
& was significant at 0.05 level so the hypothesis no.24 “There will be
no significant difference between home science respondents of
Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar regarding social
empowerment” was rejected.
25. The difference between arts respondents of Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot
and Surendranagar city was not significant so the hypothesis no.24
"There will be no significant difference between arts respondents of
Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar regarding social
empowerment" was accepted.
26. The difference between commerce respondents of Jamnagar, Morbi,
Rajkot and Surendranagar city was not significant so the hypothesis
no.26 “There will be no significant difference between commerce
respondents of Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar regarding
social empowerment” was accepted.
27. The difference between urban respondents of Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot
and Surendranagar city was significant which was 11.563 & was
significant at 0.05 level so the hypothesis no.27 “There will be no
significant difference between urban respondents of Jamnagar, Morbi,
Rajkot and Surendranagar regarding social empowerment” was
rejected.
28. The difference between rural respondents of Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot
and Surendranagar city was not significant so the hypothesis no.28
“There will be no significant difference between rural respondents of
Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar regarding social
empowerment” was accepted.
29. The difference between nuclear family respondents of Jamnagar,
Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar city was significant which was 10.132
392
& was significant at 0.05 level so the hypothesis no.29 “There will be
no significant difference between nuclear family respondents of
Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar regarding social
empowerment was rejected.
30. The difference between joint family respondents of Jamnagar, Morbi,
Rajkot and Surendranagar city was not significant so the hypothesis
no.30 “There will be no significant difference between joint family
respondents of Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar regarding
social empowerment” was accepted.
31. The difference between urban and rural respondent was significant
which was 3.253 & was significant at 0.01 level so the hypothesis
No.31 “There will be no significant difference between urban & rural
respondents regarding Economic empowerment” was rejected.
32. The difference between nuclear and joint family respondent was
significant which was 2.006 & was significant at 0.05 level so the
hypothesis No.32 “There will be no significant difference between
nuclear and joint family respondents regarding Economic
empowerment” was rejected.
33. The difference between home science, arts and commerce
respondents was significant which was 47.493 & was significant at 0.05
level so the hypothesis No.33 “There will be no significant difference
between home science, arts and commerce respondents regarding
Economic empowerment” was rejected.
34. The difference between home science respondents of Jamnagar,
Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar city was not significant so the
hypothesis no.34 “There will be no significant difference between home
science respondents of Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar
regarding Economic empowerment” was accepted.
35. The difference between arts respondents of Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot
and Surendranagar city was not significant so the hypothesis no.35
“There will be no significant difference between arts respondents of
Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar regarding Economic
empowerment” was accepted.
36. The difference between commerce respondents of Jamnagar, Morbi,
Rajkot and Surendranagar city was not significant so the hypothesis
no.36 “There will be no significant difference between commerce
respondents of Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar regarding
Economic empowerment” was accepted.
37. The difference between urban respondents of Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot
and Surendranagar city was significant which was 11.107 & was
significant at 0.05 level so the hypothesis no.37 “There will be no
significant difference between urban respondents of Jamnagar, Morbi,
393
Rajkot and Surendranagar regarding Economic empowerment” was
rejected.
38. The difference between rural respondents of Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot
and Surendranagar city was not significant so the hypothesis no.38
“There will be no significant difference between rural respondents of
Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar regarding Economic
empowerment” was accepted.
39. The difference between nuclear family respondents of Jamnagar,
Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar city was not significant so the
hypothesis no.39 “There will be no significant difference between
nuclear family respondents of Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and
Surendranagar regarding Economic empowerment” was accepted.
40. The difference between joint family respondents of Jamnagar, Morbi,
Rajkot and Surendranagar city was significant which was 9.043 & was
significant at 0.05 level so the hypothesis no.40 “There will be no
significant difference between joint family respondents of Jamnagar,
Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar regarding Economic empowerment”
was rejected.
41. The difference between urban and rural respondents which was not
significant so the hypothesis No.41 “There will be no significant
difference between urban & rural respondents regarding Cultural
empowerment” was accepted.
42. The difference between nuclear and joint family respondent was not
significant so the hypothesis No.42 “There will be no significant
difference between nuclear and joint family respondents regarding
Cultural empowerment” was accepted.
43. The difference between home science, arts and commerce
respondents was significant which was not significant so the
hypothesis No.43 “There will be no significant difference between
home science, arts and commerce respondents regarding Cultural
empowerment” was accepted.
44. The difference between home science respondents of Jamnagar,
Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar city was significant which was 13.350
& was significant at 0.05 level so the hypothesis no.44 “There will be
no significant difference between home science respondents of
Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar regarding Cultural
empowerment” was rejected.
45. The difference between arts respondents of Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot
and Surendranagar city was not significant so the hypothesis no.45
“There will be no significant difference between arts respondents of
Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar regarding Cultural
empowerment” was accepted.
394
46. The difference between commerce respondents of Jamnagar, Morbi,
Rajkot and Surendranagar city was not significant so the hypothesis
no.46 “There will be no significant difference between commerce
respondents of Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar regarding
Cultural empowerment” was accepted.
47. The difference between urban respondents of Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot
and Surendranagar city was not significant so the hypothesis no.47
“There will be no significant difference between urban respondents of
Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar regarding Cultural
empowerment” was accepted.
48. The difference between rural respondents of Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot
and Surendranagar city was not significant so the hypothesis no.48
“There will be no significant difference between rural respondents of
Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar regarding Cultural
empowerment” was accepted.
49. The difference between nuclear respondents of Jamnagar, Morbi,
Rajkot and Surendranagar city was not significant so the hypothesis
no.49 “There will be no significant difference between nuclear family
respondents of Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar regarding
Cultural empowerment” was accepted.
50. The difference between joint family respondents of Jamnagar, Morbi,
Rajkot and Surendranagar city was not significant so the hypothesis
no.50 “There will be no significant difference between joint family
respondents of Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar regarding
Cultural empowerment” was accepted.
51. The difference between urban and rural respondents was not
significant so the hypothesis No.51 “There will be no significant
difference between urban & rural respondents regarding Psychological
empowerment” was accepted.
52. The difference between nuclear and joint family respondent was not
significant so the hypothesis No.52 “There will be no significant
difference between nuclear and joint family respondents regarding
Psychological empowerment” was accepted.
53. The difference between home science, arts and commerce
respondents was significant which was 41.550 & was significant at 0.05
level so the hypothesis No.53 “There will be no significant difference
between home science, arts and commerce respondents regarding
Psychological empowerment” was rejected.
54. The difference between home science respondents of Jamnagar,
Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar city was significant which was
12.107& was significant at 0.05 level so the hypothesis no.54 “There
395
will be no significant difference between home science respondents of
Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar regarding Psychological
empowerment” was rejected.
55. The difference between arts respondents of Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot
and Surendranagar city was not significant so the hypothesis no.55
“There will be no significant difference between arts respondents of
Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar regarding Psychological
empowerment” was accepted.
56. The difference between commerce respondents of Jamnagar, Morbi,
Rajkot and Surendranagar city was not significant so the hypothesis
no.56 “There will be no significant difference between commerce
respondents of Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar regarding
Psychological empowerment” was accepted.
57. The difference between urban respondents of Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot
and Surendranagar city was significant which was 17.662 & was
significant at 0.05 level so the hypothesis no.57 “There will be no
significant difference between urban respondents of Jamnagar, Morbi,
Rajkot and Surendranagar regarding Psychological empowerment”
was rejected.
58. The difference between rural respondents of Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot
and Surendranagar city was not significant so the hypothesis no.58
“There will be no significant difference between rural respondents of
Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar regarding Psychological
empowerment” was accepted.
59. The difference between nuclear family respondents of Jamnagar,
Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar city was not significant so the
hypothesis no.59 “There will be no significant difference between
nuclear family respondents of Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and
Surendranagar regarding Psychological empowerment” was accepted.
60. The difference between joint family respondents of Jamnagar, Morbi,
Rajkot and Surendranagar city was significant which was 8.862 & was
significant at 0.05 level so the hypothesis no.60 “There will be no
significant difference between joint family respondents of Jamnagar,
Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar regarding Psychological
empowerment” was rejected.
61. The difference between urban and rural respondents of Jamnagar was
not significant so the hypothesis No.61 “There will be no significant
difference between urban & rural respondents of Jamnagar regarding
women empowerment” was accepted.
62. The difference between nuclear and joint family respondent of
Jamnagar was significant which was 2.120 & was significant at 0.05
level so the hypothesis No.52 “There will be no significant difference
396
between nuclear & joint family respondents of Jamnagar regarding
women empowerment” was rejected.
63. The difference between home science, arts and commerce
respondents of Jamnagar was not significant so the hypothesis No.63
“There will be no significant difference between home science, arts and
commerce respondents of Jamnagar regarding women empowerment
was” was accepted.
64. The difference between home science, arts and commerce
respondents of Jamnagar was not significant so the hypothesis No.64
“There will be no significant difference between home science, arts and
commerce respondents of Jamnagar regarding women empowerment”
was accepted.
65. The difference between home science, arts and commerce
respondents of Jamnagar was not significant so the hypothesis No.65
“There will be no significant difference between home science, arts and
commerce respondents of Jamnagar, regarding social empowerment”
was accepted.
66. The difference between home science, arts and commerce
respondents of Jamnagar was not significant so the hypothesis No.66
“There will be no significant difference between home science, arts and
commerce respondents of Jamnagar, regarding economic
empowerment” was accepted.
67. The difference between home science, arts and commerce
respondents of Jamnagar was not significant so the hypothesis No.67
“There will be no significant difference between home science, arts and
commerce respondents of Jamnagar, regarding cultural empowerment”
was accepted.
68. The difference between home science, arts and commerce
respondents of Jamnagar was not significant so the hypothesis No.68
“There will be no significant difference between home science, arts and
commerce respondents of Jamnagar, regarding Psychological
empowerment” was accepted.
69. The difference between urban and rural respondents of Jamnagar was
not significant so the hypothesis No.69 “There will be no significant
difference between urban & rural respondents of Jamnagar regarding
political empowerment” was accepted.
70. The difference between urban and rural respondents of Jamnagar was
not significant so the hypothesis No.70 “There will be no significant
difference between urban & rural respondents of Jamnagar regarding
social empowerment” was accepted.
397
71. The difference between urban and rural respondents of Jamnagar was
not significant so the hypothesis No.71 “There will be no significant
difference between urban & rural respondents of Jamnagar regarding
economical empowerment” was accepted.
72. The difference between urban and rural respondents of Jamnagar was
not significant so the hypothesis No.72 “There will be no significant
difference between urban & rural respondents of Jamnagar regarding
cultural empowerment” was accepted.
73. The difference between urban and rural respondents of Jamnagar was
not significant so the hypothesis No.73 “There will be no significant
difference between urban & rural respondents of Jamnagar regarding
psychological empowerment” was accepted.
74. The difference between nuclear and joint family respondent of
Jamnagar was not significant so the hypothesis No.74 “There will be no
significant difference between nuclear & joint family respondents of
Jamnagar regarding political empowerment” was accepted.
75. The difference between nuclear and joint family respondent of
Jamnagar was not significant so the hypothesis No.75 “There will be no
significant difference between nuclear & joint family respondents of
Jamnagar regarding social empowerment” was accepted.
76. The difference between nuclear and joint family respondent of
Jamnagar was significant which was 2.028 & was significant at 0.05
level so the hypothesis No.76 “There will be no significant difference
between nuclear & joint family respondents of Jamnagar regarding
economical empowerment” was rejected.
77. The difference between nuclear and joint family respondent of
Jamnagar was not significant so the hypothesis No.77 “There will be no
significant difference between nuclear & joint family respondents of
Jamnagar regarding cultural empowerment” was accepted.
78. The difference between nuclear and joint family respondent of
Jamnagar was significant which was 2.157 & was significant at 0.05
level so the hypothesis No.78 “There will be no significant difference
between nuclear & joint family respondents of Jamnagar regarding
psychological empowerment” was rejected.
79. The difference between urban and rural respondents of Morbi was not
significant so the hypothesis No.79 “There will be no significant
difference between urban & rural respondents of Morbi regarding
women empowerment” was accepted.
80. The difference between nuclear and joint family respondent of Morbi
was not significant so the hypothesis No.80 “There will be no significant
398
difference between nuclear and joint family respondents of Morbi
regarding women empowerment” was accepted.
81. The difference between home science, arts and commerce
respondents of Morbi was not significant so the hypothesis No.81
“There will be no significant difference between home science, arts and
commerce respondents of Rajkot regarding women empowerment”
was accepted.
82. The difference between home science, arts and commerce
respondents of Morbi was not significant so the hypothesis No.82
“There will be no significant difference between home science, arts and
commerce respondents of Morbi regarding political empowerment” was
accepted.
83. The difference between home science, arts and commerce
respondents of Morbi was not significant so the hypothesis No.83
“There will be no significant difference between home science, arts and
commerce respondents of Morbi, regarding social empowerment” was
accepted.
84. The difference between home science, arts and commerce
respondents of Morbi was not significant so the hypothesis No.84
“There will be no significant difference between home science, arts and
commerce respondents of Morbi, regarding economic empowerment”
was accepted.
85. The difference between home science, arts and commerce
respondents of Morbi was not significant so the hypothesis No.85
“There will be no significant difference between home science, arts and
commerce respondents of Morbi, regarding cultural empowerment”
was accepted.
86. The difference between home science, arts and commerce
respondents of Morbi was not significant so the hypothesis No.86
“There will be no significant difference between home science, arts and
commerce respondents
of
Morbi,
regarding Psychological
empowerment” was accepted.
87. The difference between urban and rural respondents of Morbi was
significant which was 2.197& was significant at 0.05 level so the
hypothesis No.88 “There will be no significant difference between
urban & rural respondents of Morbi regarding political empowerment”
was rejected.
88. The difference between urban and rural respondents of Morbi was not
significant so the hypothesis No.88 “There will be no significant
difference between urban & rural respondents of Morbi regarding social
empowerment” was accepted.
399
89. The difference between urban and rural respondents of Morbi was not
significant so the hypothesis No.89 “There will be no significant
difference between urban & rural respondents of Morbi regarding
economical empowerment” was accepted.
90. The difference between urban and rural respondents of Morbi was not
significant so the hypothesis No.90 “There will be no significant
difference between urban & rural respondents of Morbi regarding
cultural empowerment” was accepted.
91. The difference between urban and rural respondents of Morbi was not
significant so the hypothesis No.91 “There will be no significant
difference between urban & rural respondents of Morbi regarding
psychological empowerment” was accepted.
92. The difference between nuclear and joint family respondent of Morbi
was not significant so the hypothesis No.92 “There will be no significant
difference between nuclear & joint family respondents of Morbi
regarding political empowerment” was accepted.
93. The difference between nuclear and joint family respondent of Morbi
was not significant so the hypothesis No.93 “There will be no significant
difference between nuclear & joint family respondents of Morbi
regarding social empowerment” was accepted.
94. The difference between nuclear and joint family respondent of Morbi
was not significant so the hypothesis No.94 “There will be no significant
difference between nuclear & joint family respondents of Morbi
regarding economical empowerment” was accepted.
95. The difference between nuclear and joint family respondent of Morbi
was not significant so the hypothesis No.95 “There will be no significant
difference between nuclear & joint family respondents of Morbi
regarding cultural empowerment” was accepted.
96. The difference between nuclear and joint family respondent of Morbi
was not significant so the hypothesis No.96 “There will be no significant
difference between nuclear & joint family respondents of Morbi
regarding psychological empowerment” was accepted.
97. The difference between urban and rural respondents of Rajkot was
significant which was 4.281 & was significant at 0.01 level so the
hypothesis No.97 “There will be no significant difference between
urban & rural respondents of Rajkot regarding women empowerment”
was rejected.
98. The difference between nuclear and joint family respondent of Rajkot
was not significant so the hypothesis No.98 “There will be no significant
difference between nuclear and joint family respondents of Rajkot
regarding women empowerment” was accepted.
400
99. The difference between home science, arts and commerce
respondents of Rajkot was significant was not significant so the
hypothesis No.99 “There will be no significant difference between
home science, arts and commerce respondents of Rajkot regarding
women empowerment” was accepted.
100. The difference between home science, arts and commerce
respondents of Rajkot was not significant so the hypothesis No.100
“There will be no significant difference between home science, arts and
commerce respondents of Rajkot regarding political empowerment”
was accepted.
101. The difference between home science, arts and commerce
respondents of Rajkot was not significant so the hypothesis No.101
“There will be no significant difference between home science, arts and
commerce respondents of Rajkot, regarding social empowerment” was
accepted.
102. The difference between home science, arts and commerce
respondents of Rajkot was not significant so the hypothesis No.102
“There will be no significant difference between home science, arts and
commerce respondents of Rajkot, regarding economic empowerment”
was accepted.
103. The difference between home science, arts and commerce
respondents of Rajkot was not significant so the hypothesis No.103
“There will be no significant difference between home science, arts and
commerce respondents of Rajkot, regarding cultural empowerment”
was accepted.
104. The difference between home science, arts and commerce
respondents of Rajkot was not significant so the hypothesis No.104
“There will be no significant difference between home science, arts and
commerce respondents of Rajkot, regarding Psychological
empowerment” was accepted.
105. The difference between urban and rural respondents of Rajkot was
significant which was 2.577 & was significant at 0.05 level so the
hypothesis No.105 “There will be no significant difference between
urban & rural respondents of Rajkot regarding political empowerment”
was rejected.
106. The difference between urban and rural respondents of Rajkot was
significant which was 3.204 & was significant at 0.01 level so the
hypothesis No.106 “There will be no significant difference between
urban & rural respondents of Rajkot regarding social empowerment”
was rejected.
401
107. The difference between urban and rural respondents of Rajkot was
significant which was 3.688 & was significant at 0.01 level so the
hypothesis No.106 “There will be no significant difference between
urban & rural respondents of Rajkot regarding economical
empowerment” was rejected.
108. The difference between urban and rural respondents of Rajkot was
not significant so the hypothesis No.108 “There will be no significant
difference between urban & rural respondents of Rajkot regarding
cultural empowerment” was accepted.
109. The difference between urban and rural respondents of Rajkot was
significant which was 3.656 & was significant at 0.01 level so the
hypothesis No.106 “There will be no significant difference between
urban & rural respondents of Rajkot regarding psychological
empowerment” was rejected.
110. The difference between nuclear and joint family respondent of Rajkot
was not significant so the hypothesis No.110 “There will be no
significant difference between nuclear & joint family respondents of
Rajkot regarding political empowerment” was accepted.
111. The difference between nuclear and joint family respondent of Rajkot
was not significant so the hypothesis No.111 “There will be no
significant difference between nuclear & joint family respondents of
Rajkot regarding social empowerment” was accepted.
112. The difference between nuclear and joint family respondent of Rajkot
was not significant so the hypothesis No.112 “There will be no
significant difference between nuclear & joint family respondents of
Rajkot regarding economical empowerment” was accepted.
113. The difference between nuclear and joint family respondent of Rajkot
was not significant so the hypothesis No.113 “There will be no
significant difference between nuclear & joint family respondents of
Rajkot regarding cultural empowerment” was accepted.
114. The difference between nuclear and joint family respondent of Rajkot
was not significant so the hypothesis No.114 There will be no
significant difference between nuclear & joint family respondents of
Rajkot regarding psychological empowerment” was accepted.
115. The difference between urban and rural respondents of
Surendranagar which was not significant so the hypothesis No.115
“There will be no significant difference between urban & rural
respondents of Surendranagar regarding women empowerment” was
accepted.
116. The difference between nuclear and joint family respondent of
Surendranagar was not significant so the hypothesis No.116 “There will
402
be no significant difference between nuclear and joint family
respondents of Surendranagar regarding women empowerment” was
accepted.
117. The difference between home science, arts and commerce
respondents of Surendranagar was not significant so the hypothesis
No.117 “There will be no significant difference between home science,
arts and commerce respondents of Surendranagar regarding women
empowerment” was accepted.
118. The difference between home science, arts and commerce
respondents of Surendranagar was not significant so the hypothesis
No.118 “There will be no significant difference between home science,
arts and commerce respondents of Surendranagar regarding political
empowerment” was accepted.
119. The difference between home science, arts and commerce
respondents of Surendranagar was not significant so the hypothesis
No.119 “There will be no significant difference between home science,
arts and commerce respondents of Surendranagar, regarding social
empowerment” was accepted.
120. The difference between home science, arts and commerce
respondents of Surendranagar was not significant so the hypothesis
No.120 “There will be no significant difference between home science,
arts and commerce respondents of Surendranagar, regarding
economic empowerment” was accepted.
121. The difference between home science, arts and commerce
respondents of Surendranagar was not significant so the hypothesis
No.121 “There will be no significant difference between home science,
arts and commerce respondents of Surendranagar, regarding cultural
empowerment” was accepted.
122. The difference between home science, arts and commerce
respondents of Surendranagar was not significant so the hypothesis
No.122 “There will be no significant difference between home science,
arts and commerce respondents of Surendranagar, regarding
Psychological empowerment” was accepted.
123. The difference between urban and rural respondents of
Surendranagar was not significant so the hypothesis No.123 “There will
be no significant difference between urban & rural respondents of
Surendranagar regarding political empowerment” was accepted.
124. The difference between urban and rural respondents of
Surendranagar was not significant so the hypothesis No.124 “There will
be no significant difference between urban & rural respondents of
Surendranagar regarding social empowerment” was accepted.
403
125. The difference between urban and rural respondents of
Surendranagar was not significant so the hypothesis No.125 “There will
be no significant difference between urban & rural respondents of
Surendranagar regarding economical empowerment” was accepted.
126. The difference between urban and rural respondents of
Surendranagar was not significant so the hypothesis No.126 “There will
be no significant difference between urban & rural respondents of
Surendranagar regarding cultural empowerment” was accepted.
127. The difference between urban and rural respondents of
Surendranagar was not significant so the hypothesis No.127 “There will
be no significant difference between urban & rural respondents of
Surendranagar regarding psychological empowerment” was accepted.
128. The difference between nuclear and joint family respondent of
Surendranagar was not significant so the hypothesis No.128 “There will
be no significant difference between nuclear & joint family respondents
of Surendranagar regarding political empowerment” was accepted.
129. The difference between nuclear and joint family respondent of
Surendranagar was significant which was -2.856 & was significant at
0.01 level so the hypothesis No.129 “There will be no significant
difference between nuclear & joint family respondents of
Surendranagar regarding social empowerment” was rejected.
130. The difference between nuclear and joint family respondent of
Surendranagar was significant which was -2.580& was significant at
0.05 level so the hypothesis No.130 “There will be no significant
difference between nuclear & joint family respondents of
Surendranagar regarding economical empowerment” was rejected.
131. The difference between nuclear and joint family respondent of
Surendranagar was significant which was -2.037 & was significant at
0.05 level so the hypothesis No.131 “There will be no significant
difference between nuclear & joint family respondents of
Surendranagar regarding cultural empowerment” was rejected.
132. The difference between nuclear and joint family respondent of
Surendranagar was not significant so the hypothesis No.132 “There will
be no significant difference between nuclear & joint family respondents
of Surendranagar regarding psychological empowerment” was
accepted.
5.3 CONCLUSION
1. The role of education on women empowerment of joint & nuclear family
respondents were almost same. The role of education on women
empowerment of arts and commerce respondents of Jamnagar, Morbi,
404
Rajkot and Surendranagar city were almost same. The role of
education on women empowerment of nuclear family respondents of
Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar city were almost same.
The role of education on women empowerment of rural respondents of
Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar city were almost same.
Urban respondents scored more than rural respondents. Home science
respondents scored more than arts & commerce respondents.
Commerce respondents scored more than arts respondents. Home
science respondents of Rajkot scored more than Morbi, Jamnagar and
Surendranagar respondents. Home science respondents of Jamnagar
scored more than Morbi, and Surendranagar respondents. Home
science respondents of Morbi scored more than Surendranagar
respondents. Urban respondents of Rajkot city scored more than
Jamnagar, Morbi and Surendranagar city. Urban respondents of Morbi
city scored more than Jamnagar and Surendranagar city. And urban
respondents of Jamnagar city scored more than the Surendranagar
city. Nuclear family respondents of Rajkot city scored more than
Jamnagar, Morbi and Surendranagar city. Nuclear family respondents
of Morbi city scored more than Jamnagar and Surendranagar city. And
Nuclear family respondents of Surendranagar city scored more than
the Jamnagar city.
2. The role of education on political empowerment of joint & nuclear
family respondents were almost same. The role of education on
political empowerment of arts, commerce and home science
respondents were almost same. The role of education on political
empowerment of arts and home science respondents of Jamnagar,
Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar city were almost same. The role of
education on political empowerment of urban respondents of
Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar city were almost same.
The role of education on political empowerment of rural respondents of
Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar city were almost same.
The role of education on political empowerment of nuclear family
respondents of Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar city were
almost same. The role of education on political empowerment of joint
family respondents of Jamnagar, Morbi, Rajkot and Surendranagar city
were almost same. Urban respondents scored more than rural
respondents regarding political empowerment. Commerce respondents
of Morbi scored more than Rajkot, Jamnagar and Surendranagar
respondents regarding political empowerment. Commerce respondents
of Rajkot scored more than Jamnagar and Surendranagar respondents
regarding political empowerment. Commerce respondents of Jamnagar
scored more than Surendranagar regarding political empowerment.
3. The role of education on social empowerment of urban & rural
respondents was almost same. The role of education on social
empowerment of joint & nuclear family respondents were almost same.
The role of education on social empowerment of arts & commerce
respondents of Rajkot, Morbi, Jamnagar and Surendranagar was
almost same. The role of education on social empowerment of rural
405
respondents of Rajkot, Morbi, Jamnagar and Surendranagar was
almost same. The role of education on social empowerment of joint
family respondents of Rajkot, Morbi, Jamnagar and Surendranagar
was almost same. Home science respondents scored more than arts
& commerce respondents regarding social empowerment. Commerce
respondents scored more than arts respondents regarding social
empowerment. Home science respondents of Rajkot scored more than
Morbi, Jamnagar and Surendranagar respondents regarding social
empowerment. Home science respondents of Morbi scored more than
Jamnagar and Surendranagar respondents regarding social
empowerment. Home science respondents of Jamnagar scored more
than Surendranagar regarding social empowerment. Urban
respondents of Rajkot scored more than Morbi, Jamnagar and
Surendranagar respondents regarding social empowerment. Urban
respondents of Morbi scored more than Jamnagar and Surendranagar
respondents regarding social empowerment. Urban respondents of
Jamnagar scored more than Surendranagar regarding social
empowerment. Nuclear family respondents of Rajkot scored more than
Morbi, Jamnagar and Surendranagar respondents regarding social
empowerment. Nuclear family respondents of Morbi scored more than
Jamnagar and Surendranagar respondents regarding social
empowerment. Nuclear family respondents of Jamnagar scored more
than Surendranagar regarding social empowerment.
4. The role of education on economical empowerment of Home science,
arts & commerce respondents of Rajkot, Morbi, Jamnagar and
Surendranagar was almost same. The role of education on economical
empowerment of rural respondents of Rajkot, Morbi, Jamnagar and
Surendranagar was almost same.
The role of education on
economical empowerment of nuclear family respondents of Rajkot,
Morbi, Jamnagar and Surendranagar was almost same. Urban
respondents
scored more than rural respondents regarding
economical empowerment. Nuclear family respondents scored more
than joint family respondents regarding economical empowerment.
Home science respondents scored more than arts & commerce
respondents regarding economical empowerment. Commerce
respondents scored more than arts respondents regarding economical
empowerment. Joint family respondents of Rajkot city scored more
than Jamnagar, Morbi and Surendranagar city regarding economical
empowerment. Joint family respondents of Morbi city scored more than
Jamnagar
and
Surendranagar
city
regarding
economical
empowerment. And Joint family respondents of Surendranagar city
scored more than the Jamnagar city regarding economical
empowerment. Urban respondents of Rajkot city scored more than
Jamnagar, Morbi and Surendranagar city regarding economical
empowerment. Urban respondents of Morbi city scored more than
Jamnagar
and
Surendranagar
city
regarding
economical
empowerment. And urban respondents of Surendranagar city scored
more than the Jamnagar city regarding economical empowerment.
406
5. The role of education on cultural empowerment of urban & rural
respondents was almost same. The role of education on cultural
empowerment of joint & nuclear family respondents were almost same.
The role of education on cultural empowerment of home science, arts
& commerce respondents of Rajkot, Morbi, Jamnagar and
Surendranagar was almost same. The role of education on cultural
empowerment of urban respondents of Rajkot, Morbi, Jamnagar and
Surendranagar was almost same. The role of education on cultural
empowerment of rural respondents of Rajkot, Morbi, Jamnagar and
Surendranagar was almost same. The role of education on cultural
empowerment of nuclear family respondents of Rajkot, Morbi,
Jamnagar and Surendranagar was almost same. The role of education
on cultural empowerment of joint family respondents of Rajkot, Morbi,
Jamnagar and Surendranagar was almost same. Home science
respondents of Jamnagar scored more than Morbi, Rajkot and
Surendranagar respondents regarding cultural empowerment. Home
science respondents of Rajkot scored more than Morbi and
Surendranagar respondents regarding cultural empowerment. Home
science respondents of Morbi scored more than Surendranagar
regarding cultural empowerment.
6. The role of education on psychological empowerment of urban & rural
respondents was almost same. The role of education on psychological
empowerment of joint & nuclear family respondents were almost same.
The role of education on psychological empowerment of arts &
commerce respondents of Rajkot, Morbi, Jamnagar and
Surendranagar was almost same. The role of education on
psychological empowerment of rural respondents of Rajkot, Morbi,
Jamnagar and Surendranagar was almost same. The role of education
on psychological empowerment of nuclear family respondents of
Rajkot, Morbi, Jamnagar and Surendranagar was almost same. Home
science respondents scored more than arts & commerce respondents
regarding psychological empowerment. Arts respondents scored more
than Commerce respondents regarding psychological empowerment.
Home science respondents of Jamnagar scored more than Morbi,
Rajkot and Surendranagar respondents regarding psychological
empowerment. Home science respondents of Rajkot scored more than
Morbi and Surendranagar respondents regarding psychological
empowerment. Home science respondents of Morbi scored more than
Surendranagar regarding psychological empowerment. Urban
respondents of Rajkot scored more than Morbi, Jamnagar and
Surendranagar respondents regarding psychological empowerment.
Urban respondents of Morbi scored more than Jamnagar and
Surendranagar respondents regarding psychological empowerment.
Urban respondents of Jamnagar scored more than Surendranagar
regarding psychological empowerment. Joint family respondents of
Rajkot scored more than Morbi, Jamnagar and Surendranagar
respondents regarding psychological empowerment. Joint family
respondents of Morbi scored more than Jamnagar and Surendranagar
respondents regarding psychological empowerment. Joint family
407
respondents of Surendranagar scored more than Jamnagar regarding
psychological empowerment.
7. The role of education on women empowerment of urban & rural
respondents of Jamnagar city was almost same. The role of education
on political, social, economical, cultural and psychological
empowerment of urban & rural respondents of Jamnagar city was
almost same. The role of education on women empowerment of home
science, arts and commerce respondents of Jamnagar city was almost
same. The role of education on political, social, economical, cultural
and psychological empowerment of home science, arts & commerce
respondents of Jamnagar city was almost same. Nuclear family
respondents of Jamnagar city scored more than joint family
respondents. The role of education on political, social, and cultural
empowerment of nuclear and joint family respondents of Jamnagar city
was almost same. Nuclear family respondents of Jamnagar city scored
higher than the joint family respondents regarding psychological and
economical empowerment.
8. The role of education on women empowerment of urban & rural
respondents of Morbi city was almost same. The role of education on
social, economical, cultural and psychological empowerment of urban
& rural respondents of Morbi city was almost same. Urban respondents
of Morbi city scored higher than the rural respondents regarding
political empowerment. The role of education on women empowerment
of Nuclear family respondents and joint family respondents of Morbi
city was almost same. The role of education on political, social,
economical, cultural and psychological empowerment of Nuclear family
respondents and joint family respondents of Morbi city was almost
same. The role of education on women empowerment of home
science, arts and commerce respondents of Morbi city was almost
same. The role of education on political, social, economical, cultural
and psychological empowerment of home science, arts & commerce
respondents of Morbi city was almost same.
9. Urban respondents of Rajkot city scored more than rural respondents.
The role of education on cultural empowerment of urban & rural
respondents of Rajkot city was almost same. Urban respondents of
Rajkot city scored higher than the rural respondents regarding political
social, economical and psychological empowerment. The role of
education on women empowerment of Nuclear family respondents and
joint family respondents of Rajkot city was almost same. The role of
education on political, social, economical, cultural and psychological
empowerment of Nuclear family respondents and joint family
respondents of Rajkot city was almost same. The role of education on
women empowerment of home science, arts and commerce
respondents of Rajkot city was almost same. The role of education on
political, social, economical, cultural and psychological empowerment
of home science, arts & commerce respondents of Rajkot city was
almost same.
408
10. The role of education on women empowerment of urban & rural
respondents of Surendranagar city was almost same. The role of
education on political, social, economical, cultural and psychological
empowerment of urban & rural respondents of Surendranagar city was
almost same. The role of education on women empowerment of home
science, arts and commerce respondents of Surendranagar city was
almost same. The role of education on political, social, economical,
cultural and psychological empowerment of home science, arts &
commerce respondents of Surendranagar city was almost same. The
role of education on women empowerment of Nuclear family & joint
family respondents of Surendranagar city was almost same. The role of
education on psychological and political empowerment of nuclear and
joint family respondents of Surendranagar city was almost same. Joint
family respondents of Surendranagar city scored higher than the
Nuclear family respondents regarding social empowerment. Nuclear
family respondents of Surendranagar city scored higher than the joint
family respondents regarding cultural and economical empowerment.
5.4 SUGGESTIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS.
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
Role of education on personality development can be studied.
Role of education on women empowerment of undergraduate students
of Saurashtra University or Gujarat University with compare to different
faculty can be studied.
The education & vocational ability can be studied.
The education & value inculcation can be studied.
The curriculum development can be done based on these types of
studied.
409
BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. Abdalla Gergis,( July 1999) : "Citizen Economic Empowerment in
Botswana: Concepts and Principles," (Gabarone: BIDPA).
2. Abraham, Taisha (2002) : Women and the “Politics of violence,
Shakti Books, Har Anand Publications, New Delhi.
3. Abrams,Philip (1988) : “Notes on the Difficulty of Studying the
State” Journal of Historical Sociology.
4. Adams, R. H. Jr., and J. page (2003) : “International migration,
remittances and poverty in developing countries”, World Bank policy
Research Working paper . Washington ,D. c.: World Bank.
5. Adams,R (1990) : self-help,Social work and Empowerment,
Basingstoke, Macmillan.
6. Adiseshiah, Malcolm s. (1989) : ‘Women: The Economics
Discipline and the Labour Market’ in Women and Development
Edited by R.K. Sapru, Ashish Publishing House, New Delhi.
7. Agarwal, Anju and D.R. Arora (1988) : Women in Rural Society,
Allahabad: Vohra Publishers and Distributors.
8. Agarwal, Yesh (2000) : ‘Monitoring and Evaluation Under District
Primary Education Programme: Measurement of Social Impact’,
Draft. Delhi: NIEPA.
9. Agnes, Flavia (1992) : "Protecting women against violence. Review
of a decade of Legislation, 1980-89," Economic and Political
Weekly.
10. Agnihotri, I. and V. Mazumdar (2005) : Changing Terms of
political Discourse: Women’s Movement in india, 2000s –
2004s,Economic and Political Weekly.
11. Ahmed, Karuna, (1985) : “The Social Context of Women’s
Education in india. 1921-1981: Tentative Formulations”, New
Frontiers in Education.
12. Aibrecgt, L and Brewer,R M (eds.) (1990) : Bridges of power:
Women’s Multicultural Alliances, Philadelphina, New Society
publishers.
13. A.Kumar (2006) : Women Empowerment
Change,Anmol Publications PVT.LTD.,New Delhi.
and
Social
14. Alexander, K.C. and K.P. Kumaran, (1992) : Cultural and
Development : Mittal Publications.
15. Amar Jesani, (1990) : ‘Limits of
Health Care’:EPW, May 19.
Employment-Women in Rural
16. Amin Rahul , Becker Stan and Byes Abdul (1998) : NGO –
Promoted Micro credit Programs and Women’s Empowerment in
rural Bangladesh:Quantitative and qualitative Evidence,” The
Journal of Developing Area, Winter.
17. Amin, Shahid (1984) : “Gandhi as Mahatma: Gorakhpur District,
Eastern UP1921-2.” In Subaltern Studies: Writings on South Asian
History and Society,New Delhi: Oxford University Press.
18. Amnesty International. Empowerment of Women. 2008.
19. Anand,Suchitra (1986): “Women at
Publications.
work in India”, Saga
20. Annual Report of the U.N. Special Rapporteur on Education.2000.
21. Anju Malhotra, et al.(2002):"Measuring Women's Empowerment
as a Variable in International Development," (Washington, D.C.:
The World Bank, June 28).
22. Antrobus, P (1989): ‘The Empowerment of Women’.
23. Araki, M (1991): ‘Towards Empowerment of Women in the Third
World’.
24. Asha Das,(1997): “Child Development and Empowering Women in
India”. The Indian Journal of public Administration.
25. Asia Pacific forum on Women Law and Development ‘Women’s
right Human –Asian Women’s Profile’, Kuala Lampur, Malaysia
1993.
26. Asian Development Bank.(2003) : Policy on Gender and
Development.
27. Augustine, P.A.(1991): Social Equality in Indian Society : the
Elusive Goal,Concept publishing Comapny.
28. Ausaid (2006) : Gender Guidelines for Peacebuilding, Australian
Agency for International Development.
29. Bachrach,P and Baratz, M S. (1970): Power and poverty: Theory
and practice, New York, Oxford University Press.
30. Balasubramanyan, Vimal (1986) : “Towards a Women’s
Perspective in Family Planning.” Economic and Political Weekly.
31. Balk, Deborah, (1997) : “ Individual and Community Aspect of
women’s status and Fertility in rural India” Population Studies.
32. Barnet, E. H. (1991) : ‘The Development of Personal Power for
Women.
33. Barrett, M. Women’s Oppresion Today, London: Verso.
34. Batliwala, S (1993): Empowerment of Women in South Asia:New
Delhi.
35. Batliwala, (1994): The meaning of women’s Empowerment: New
Concepts from Action.” Population polices Reconsidered: Health,
Empowerment and right. G. sen, A. Germain, and L.C. Chen, eds.
Cambridge, MA: Harvard University press.
36. Basu, A. (2006): The Growth of Education and Political
Development in india: 1999-2004 , Oxford University Press, Delhi.
37. Bajraktari, Ylli (2006): Economic Empowerment of Women in Iraq:
The Way Forward. Washington, DC: United States Institute of
Peace.
38. Bell, (2007) : Christine and Catherine Orourke. Does Feminism
Need a Theory of Transitional Justice? An Introductory Essay.
International Journal of Transitional Justice 1.
39. Bhasin, K (1995) : Towards Empowerment, New Delhi.
40. Bhatia,S.C.(1982) : Education and Social Cultural Disadvantages,
Delhi Xeres Publication.
41. Bhattacharya, Sibnath (1989) : Rural Poverty In India, ashish
Publishing House.
42. Bhende, Asha A. (1975): “Demographic Changes and the Status of
Women”: Journal of Family Welfare.
43. Bhowmik, K.L.
Publications.
(1988)
:
Urban
Development
,Inter
India
44. Bipin Chandra et al (2000) : India After Indendence 1947-2000,
New Delhi, Penguin Books.
45. Bloom s.s, Bloom D.W, Das Gupta M. (2001) : “Dimensions of
women’s autonomy and the in. uence on maternal health care
utilization in north India city”, Demography.
46. Boserup, Ester (1970) : Women’s Role in Economic Development,
Lodon.
47. Bookman, A and Morgen, S (eds.) (1998) : Women and the
Politics of Empowerment, Philadelphia, Temple University press.
48. Boserup, E (1970) : Women’s Role in Economic Development,
New York, St.Martin’s Press.
49. Braig, Marianne (2000) : Womens Interests in Development
Theory and Policy from Women in Development to Mainstreaming
Gender. Development and Cooperation 3 .
50. Brydon L. and Chant s. (1993): Women in the Third World Gender
Issues In Rural and Urban Areas,Edward Elgar PublishingEngland.
51. Burnham, Gilbert and Courtland Robinson (2007) : Ethical
issues in Conducting Research with Conflict- Affected and Hidden
Populations. Seminar in Research Ethics, Center for Refugee and
Disaster Response.
52. Bush, Diane Mitsch (1992) : "Women's Movements and State
Policy Reform Aimed at Domestic Violence against Women: A
Comparison of the Consequences of Movement Mobilization in the
U.S. and India." Gender & society: official publication of
Sociologists for Women in Society.
53. Butler, William, 1818-1899. The land of the Veda: being personal
reminiscences of India; its people, castes, thugs, and fakirs; its
religions, mythology, principal monuments, palaces, and
mausoleums. Edition: 5th ed. New York.
54. Buvinic Marya Buvinic Nadia Youssef & Barbara Von Film,Women
Headed Households: The Ignored Factor in Development Planning,
ICRW, Washington D.C.- 1978.
55. Bystydzienski, Jill M.Ed (1996):Women Transforming politics:
Worldwide Strategies for Empowerment, Bloomington, IN, Indiana
University press.
56. Calman, Leslie J. (1992) : Toward empowerment: women and
movement politics in India. Boulder: Westview Press.
57. Callamard, Agnes.( 1999) : Refugee women: a gendered and
political analysis of the refugee experience. In Refugees:
Perspectives on the Experience of Forced Migration,edited
byAlastair Ager ,(London: Cassell).
58. CARE.(2005): Womens Empowerment.
59. Carey, Henry. (2002) : "Women and Peace and Security: The
Politics of Implementing Gender Sensitivity Norms in
Peacekeeping. International Peacekeeping.
60. CENDIT ,(1988) : Indian Social and Economic Development, An
Index to the Literature, New Delhi.
61. Chadha, G.K. (1992) : “Non – farm Sector in India’s Rural
Economy: Policy, Performance and Groth Prospects,” mimeo,
Centre for Regional Development, Jawaharlal Nehru University,
Delhi.
62. Channana, Karuna (1988) : socialisation, Education and Women,
Exploration in Gender Identity, New Delhi.
63. Charlesworth, Hilary (2000): The Gender of International Law. In
On Violence, Money, Power and Culture Washington: American
Society for International Law.
64. Chakravarthy et.al, Women Scientists at work-An International
Comparative study six country, NISTADS,New Delhi.
65. Chatterjee, Meera, (1990) : “Indian Women; Their Health and
Economic Productivity”, World Bank Discussion Papers109,
Washington, DC.
66. Chatterjee, Jyotsna, (1990) : “Education and Training of Girl
Child:Some Suggestions”, Kurukshetra.
67. Chaudhary, Pratima Kumari, (1988) : Changing Value among
Young Women,Mittal Publications.
68. Chattopadhyay, Kamala Devi, (1983) : Indian Women’s Battle for
Freedom, New Delhi, Abhinav Publications.
69. Chhabra, Satbeer. (2006) : Gender Perspectives in Peace
Initiatives: Opportunities and Challenges. New Dehli.
70. Chopra,J.K. (1993) : Women in Indian Parliament, Mittal
Publications,New Delhi.
71. Choudhary, D. paul (1990) : Volumtary Efforts in Social Welfare
and Development,Sidhhartha Publishers New Delhi.
72. Choudhary, D. paul, Volumtary, (1992) : Women Welfare and
Development, A Source Book, Inter India Publications New Delhi.
73. Citizens for Democracy, Education for our People: A Policy Frame
for the Development of Education, New Delhi - 1978.
74. Clark, Colin (1958) :“ The Economics of Housework”, Bulletin of
the Oxford University Institute of Statistics.
75. Cole, Jonathan (1979) :Fair Science:Women in the Scientific
Comminity, Free Press,New York .
76. Complete Works of Swami Vivekananda (Mayavati Memorial
Edition, Advaita Ashram, Calcutta)-1979.
77. Crowley, E. (1998) : “Women’s right to land and natural resources:
Some implications for a human-rights based approach.” Workshop
on “Rights-based approach to women’s empowerment and
advancement and gender equality.” Rome, Italy.
78. Custers, peter, (1999) : Women in the Tebhaga Uprising: rural
poor women and revolutionary Leadership 1990-95, Calcutta: Naya
Prokash.
79. Das, Somen, (1989) : Women in India: Problem and Prospects,
Delhi.
80. Das, Veena (1995) : Critical events: an anthropological perspective
on contemporary India. Delhi; New York: Oxford University Press.
81. Destrée, T.P., and E.F. Babbitt (1998) : "Women and the Art of
Peacemaking: Data from Israeli-Palestinian Interactive ProblemSolving Workshops".
82. Desai, A.R. (1985) : “Women’s Movement in India: An Assessment”
Economic and Political Weekly.
83. Desai, N. (1968) : “Educated Women: Some problems of her role
perception and role performance”, in Golden Jubilee
Commemorative Volume (1965-1980), eds. Sardar, Mehta and
Desai, SNDT:BOMBAY.
84. Desai, N.and Krishnaraj M. (1987) : Women and Society in
India,Ajanta Publications, New Delhi.
85. De’ Souza, A. (2004) : Women in Contemporary India and South
Asia, Indian Social Institute, New Delhi.
86. Devasia, Leelamma and V.V.Devasia (1990) : Women in India:
Equality, Social Justice and Developmrnt, Indian Social Institute:
New Delhi.
87. Devdas, Rajammal P. (1986) : “Status of Women in India: Equality
of Development” Bangalore.
88. Dhruvarajan, Vanaja (1989) : Hundu Women and the Power of
Ideology, New Delhi.
89. Dietrich, Gabriele (1986) : “Women’s Movements and Religion.”
Economic and Political Weekly.
90. Dietrich, Gabriele (1992) : Reflections on the Women’s Movement
in India: Religion, Ecology and Development, Horizan Books New
Delhi.
91. Dighe,A. (1995) : ‘Women Literacy and Empowerment : The
Nellore Experience in women, Education and Empowerment:
Pathways towards Autonomy Humsburg: UNESCO Institute for
Education.
92. Dr.Anita Arya (1968) : Indian Women Educational Empowerment’
New Delhi.
93. Dr.(Mrs.) V. Mohini Giri (1998) : Emancipation and Empowerment
of Women, Gyan Publishing House, New Delhi.
94. Duvvury, Richard Strickland and Nata (2003) : Gender Equity
and Peacebuilding: From Rhetoric to Reality: Finding the Way.
Washington DC: International Center for Research on Women.
95. Economic and social Commision for Asia and the Pacific. U.N.,
Jakarta Declaration for Advancement of Women in Asia,and the
Pacific.U.N. New york-1993.
96. ECOSOC. (1997) : Mainstreaming the gender perspective into all
policies and programmes in the United Nations system.
97. Education Commission (2006) : Education and National
Development, Ministry of Education, government of India, New
Delhi.
98. El Bushra, J. and C. Mukarubuga (1995) : "Women, War, and
Transition" .
99. Everrett, J.M. (1971) : Women and Social Change in India, New
Delhi: Heritage Publishers.
100. Fernandes, M.(1984) : “Development of Women’s Education:
Problems and Suggestions”, Indian Journal of Adult Education.
101. Fransella F and Frost K. (1982) : Womens on Being a Woman
Tavistock Publications, London.
102. Friedmann, J (2004) : Empowerment: The Politics of Alternative
Development, Oxford, Blackwell.
103. Fogel,A (2003) : Developing through Relationship: Origins of
Communication, Self and Culture, Chicago, University of Chicago
Press.
104. Forbes, Geraldine. (1984) : “In Pursuit of Justice:Women’s
Organisation and Legal Reform.” Samya Shakti.
105. Forms and Processes, (ed.) (1993) : Women in Politics Har
Anand Publications, New Delhi.
106. Forsythe, N., R.P. Korzeniewicz and V. Durrant V.(2000) :
‘Gender inequalities and economic Development and Cultural
Change.
107.
Foucault, M (1998) : ‘The Subject and Power’.
108. Fuller, Marcus B. (1900) : The wrongs of Indian womanhood.
New York.
109. Gadgil, D.R. (1997) : Women in the Working Force in india, New
Delhi, Asia.
110. Gail Omvedt, Chetna Gala, Govind Kelkar Nari Mukti
Sangharsh Sammelan (1988) : Women and struggle: a report of
the Nari Mukti Sangharsh Sammelan, Patna.
111. Galey,M. (1999) :
International Publishers.
‘Women
and
Education’,New
112. Gedam, Ratnakar M. (1989) : Facets of
Development, New Delhi: Ashish Publishing House.
York:
Economic
113. George Abraham, ( April 2001) : “Empowerment of Women in
Rural India”, paper presented at the Conference of Empowerment
of Women in Developing Countries, Action Alliance on Women’s
Health, Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA..
114. Ghadially, Rehana (1988) : Women In Indian Society, New
Delhi. Sage Publication.
115. Ghosh, S.K. (1989) : Indian Women Through The Ages, New
Delhi: Ashish Publishing House.
116. Ghosh, S.K. (1990) : Social Order in India (1948-1988) New
Delhi: Ashish Publishing House.
117. Giriappa, S. (1988) : Role of Women in Rural Development,
New Delhi: Daya Publishing House.
118. Goi (2001) : Mahila Samakhya – Education for Women’s
Equality, Department of education, MHRD, New Delhi.
119. Golden, Hilda H. (1990)
Encyclopaedia of social Science.
:
“Literacy”
in
International
120. Gordon, C (ed.) (1990) : Power/Knowledge: Brighton, Harvester
Press.
121. Gore, M.S. (1987) : “Education for Women’s Equality.”
University News. (April 20).
122. Gore, M.S., Girijesh Pant and N.P.Chaubey (1990) : Social
Implications Of Development : The Asia Experience, Allahabad :
Vidya Prakashan.
123. Gosal, G.s. (1992) : “Literacy in india: An Interpretative Study”,
Rural Sociology.
124. Govt. of India, (1974) : Department of Social Welfare.
Towoards Equality: Report of the Committee on the Status of
Women In India. New Delhi.
125. Govt. of India (1988) : National Perspective Plan for Women
1983-2000 A.D.,Min.of HRD, Deptt. Of Women & Child
Development, New Delhi.
126. Govt. of India. (2001) : Selected Educational Statistics (as on
30 September 1999)-1999-2000. New Delhi:Department os
Secondary Education and Higher Education,Planning, Monitoring
and Sttatistics Division, Ministry of Human Resources
Development.
127. Gothoskar, Sujata (1992) :
Delhi: Vikas Publication House.
Struggles of Women at Work.
128. Gulhati, Kaval (feb1990) : “Attitudes toward Women and
Managers”, Economic and political Weekly.
129. Gupta, A.K. (1986) : Women and Society : The Development
Perspective; Criterion : Delhi: Criterion Publications.
130. Gupta, S.C. (1989) : Sociology of Planning in India, New Delhi:
Grown Publications.
131. Gutierrez, L M (1990) : ‘Ethnic Consciousness, Consciousness
Raising and the Empowerment Process in latinos’, Michigan.
132. Gutierrez, L M (1990) : ‘Working with Women of Colour: an
Empowerment Perspective’ in Social Work, March1990
133. Hansen, Cindy and Kate McInturff : Gender Training in Fragile
States: Recommendations . Oxfam 2008.
134. Hamber, Brandon. (2007) : Masculinity and Transitional
Justice: An Exploratory Essay. International Journal of Transitional
Justice.
135. Harstock, Nancy (1981) : Political Change: Two Perspectives
on Power, New York: Longman
136. Hall, R. (1993) : “Alternative Means by which Women in the
Changing Economy of midnapur,” Social Scientist.
137. Heredero, J.M. (1989) : Education for Development, New Delhi:
Manohar Book Services.
138. Heptulla, Najam (ed.) (1972) : Reforms for Women: Future
options, New Delhi: Oxford and IBH Publishers.
139. Heyzer Noleleen (1988) : ‘Women’s Organisations and
Mobilisation’ in Ashok Bapna (ed) ‘Gender and Equity’-1988.
140. Holl, C. M. (1992) : Women and Empowerment: Strategies for
Increasing Autonomy, Washington, Hemisphere Publishing
Corporation.
141. Hooja, G.B.K. (1987) : Women’s Status, Family Life Education
and Media.” University News.(April 6)
142. Hooks, B (1994) : Yearning: Race, Gender and Cultural Politics,
Boston, South End Press.
143. House-Midamba, B (1999) : ‘The United Nations Decade:
Political Empowerment or Increased Marginalisation for Women?’
144. Hughes, Mary and Kennedy, Mary, (1985) : New Futures:
Changing Women’s Education, Routledge and Kegan Paul.
145. Hunts Alternatives Fund (2004) : Inclusive Security,
Sustainable Peace: A toolkit for advocacy and action. 2004.
146. Hunt, D (1997) : Theories of Economic Development : An
Analysis of Competing Paradigms, Lodon, Harvester Wheastsheaf.
147. ICRC. (2001) : Study on the Impact of Armed Conflict on
Women.
148. I.C.S.S.R. (1975) : Status of Women in India, New Delhi: Allied
Publishers.
149. IDEA. (2003) : Women in Parliament: Beyond Numbers.
Stockholm: IDEA, 2005. India, Government of ‘ National Policy of
Education 2003, Ministry of Human Resources Development,
Department of Education, New Delhi.
150. India, Government of, Towards Equality, Report of the
Committee on the Status of Women In India, Ministry of Education
and Social Welfare, New Delhi,2000
151. India, Government of, Education in india :2001, Ministry of
Education. New Delhi,2003.
152. Indu Prakash Singh,(1990) : Indian Women: The Captured
Beings.:Intellectual Publishing House New Delhi.
153. Inter-Agency Network on Women and Gender Equality. National
Implementation of Security Council resolution 1325 (2000).
Taskforce on Women, Peace and Security, 2008.
154. International Alert and Women Waging Peace. Inclusive
Security, Sustainable Peace: A Toolkit for Advocacy and Action.
London: London Hunt Alternatives Fund and International Alert,
2004.
155. International Center for Transitional Justice. Liberia is not just a
man thing: Transitional Justice Lessons for Women Peace and
Security,2008.
156. IRC. (2003) : Traditional Justice and Gender Based Violence:
Research Report. Submitted by Ainsling Swaine.
157. Irving, Helen. (2008) : Gender and the Constitution: Equity and
Agency in Comparative Constitutional Design. Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press.
158. I.U.A. (1989) : “Empowerment of Women: Multidisciplinary
Perspective.” XXIII Annual Conference of Indian Universities
Association for Continuing Education, Bombay, SNDT Women’s
University.
159. Jackins, H (1995) : The Reclaiming of Power, Seattle, Rational
Island Publishers.
160. Jacobson, Doranne, (1998) : “Indian Women in processes of
Development”, Winter.
161. Jain, Devaki (ed.) (1975) : Indian Women, New Delhi, Ministry
of Information and Broad-casting.
162. Jain Shashi (1988) : ‘Status and Eole Perception of Middle
Class Women ,Puja Publishers Delhi .
163. Jain, Sharda and Anil Mathur,(1996) : Shiksha Karmi Project:
Attempting Non-formalisation of Formal Education, Sadhan Shod
Kendra, Jaipur.
164. Jesani, A (1990) : ‘Limits of Empowerment: Women in Rural
Health Care’ in Economic and Political Weekly.
165. Joshi, B.M. (1989) : Infrastructure and Economic Development
in India, New Delhi: Ashish Publishing House.
166. Johnson, H (1992) : ‘Women’s Empowerment and Public
Action: Experiences from Latin America’ in Wuyts et al(eds.).
167. Kabeer, N. (1994) : ‘Empowerment from Below: Learning from
the Grassroots’.London,Verso.
168. Kabeer, N. (1999) : The conditions and consequences of
choice: Reflections on the measurement of women’s
empowerment,UNRISD.
169. Kalabamu, F. (1998) : “Effects of gendered land rights on urban
housing by women in Botswana.” International Conference and
Workshop on Land Tenure in the Developing World. Cape Town,
South Africa.
170. Kandwalla, Pradip N.(ed) (1989) : Social Development: A New
Role for the Organizational Sciences, New Delhi: Sage
Publications.
171. Kardam, N (1999) : Bringing Women in: Women’s Issues in
International Development Programmes, Boulder, Lynne Rienner.
172. Karlekar,Malvika (2002) : “Education” in Women and Society in
India, eds. Neera Desai and Maithreyi Krishnaraj, New Delhi: Ajanta
Publications.
173. Kasturi L. (2001) : ‘Greater political representation for women:
The case of India.’ Asian Journal of womens Studies .
174. Kaur,Manmohan, (1968) : Women
Struggle,Sterling Publishers, New Delhi.
in
india’s
Freedom
175. Kelly, L (2002) : ‘The Contradiction of Power for Women’: Paper
given to the NFHA Women and Housing Conference, April. Mimeo.
176. King, Ursula (1989) : Women and Spirituality: Voices of Protest
and Promise, London: Macmillan Education Ltd.
177. Kishwar, Mandu and Ruth Vanita. In search of answers:
Indian women's voices from Manushi. London: Zed, 1984. Note:
"This is a collection of articles from the first five years of Manushi,
1979-1983".
178. Klot, Jennifer F. (2007) : Women and Peacebuilding.
Independent Expert Paper. Commissioned by UNIFEM and PBSO.
179. Krishnaraj, M. (1988) : Women and Development. SNDT
Monograph on Sociology, Puna: Shubhada Saraswati Prakashan.
180. Komjathy, K. (1999) : “Women’s access to benefits from land
and natural resources. A bibliography.” Land Tenure Service, FAO,
Rome.
181. Kowalski, K M (2001) : The Components of Empowerment
from the Perspective of Successful Leaders In Education.
Pittsburgh.
182. Krishnakumar and ross kidal, (1981) : ‘Co-opting the ideas of
Paulo Freire’ Economic and Political Weekly.
183. Kroeker, C J (2004) : ‘Empowrment Programs for the Severely
Disadvantaged: Agricultural Co-operative’ California.
184. K.Shanthi (1998)
Publications PVT.LTD.
:
Empowerment
of
Women,
Anmol
185. Kumar, Radha. : The history of doing: an illustrated account of
movements for women's rights and feminism in India 1800-1990.
New Delhi.
186. Kumar, Radha, : "From Chipko to Sati: The Contemporary
Indian Women's Movement," in Basu, Amrita, ed., The Challenge
of Local Feminisms. Boulder: Westview Press, 1995.
187. Kumari, Rajna (1989) : Women-Headed Household in Rural
India, New Delhi: Radiant Publications.
188. Lamphere, Rosaldo M. (1975) : Women Culture and Society
Stanford: Stanford University Press.
189. Laplante, Lisa (2007) : Women as Political Participants:
Psychosocial Post conflict Recovery in Peru. Peace and Conflict:
Journal of Peace Psychology.
190. Lakshmi, s.(1992) : Challenges in Indian Education.(Revised
Edition), Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi, India .
191. Leelamma Devasia, V.V.Devasia (1994) : Empowering Women
for Sustainable Development, Ashish Publishing house, New Delhi.
192. Lewis, Reina. (1996) : Gendering Orientalism: race, feminity
and representation. London; New York: Routledge.
193. Lok Jumbish (1998) : The Seventh Report, Lok Jumbish
Parishad Government of Rajasthan, Jaipur .
194. Lorde, Audre.(1983) : In This bridge called my back: writings by
radical women of color.
195. Mahajan, V.S. (1988) : Studies in Indian Planning New Delhi:
Deep and Deep Publications.
196. Maitra, Priyatosh (1991) : Indian Economic Development. New
Delhi: Ashish Publishing House.
197. Mandel, Ruth, B. (1981) : In the Running: The New Women
Candidate, Ticknor and Fields.
198. Manikyamba Women and Panchayati Raj, Dissertation 1990,
University of Hyderabad, India.1990.
199. Marsden, D and Oakley, P (eds.) (1999) : Evaluating Social
Development Project, Oxford,Oxfam.
200. Marshall, Ramsey Donna (2000) : Women in War and Peace:
Grassroots Peacebuilding United States Institute of Peace.
201. Martha Nussbaum and jonathan Glover (1995): Women,
Culture and Development, Oxford: Clarendon press .
202. Mathew, P.M. and M.S.Nair (1986) : Women’s Organizations
and Women’s Interests, New Delhi: Ashish Publishing House.
203. Maurya, S.D. (1998) : Women in india, Allahabad: Chugh
Publications.
204. May, R (1997) : Power and Innocence, New York, W W Norton
and co.
205. Meintjes, Sheila.(2000): "The Aftermath: Women in Post-War
Reconstruction." Agenda.
206. Menon, Nandita, (1997) : ‘Reservations and Representation’,
Seminar Special Issue on ‘ Empowering Women’.
207. Menon-Sen, Kalyani, and A.k. Shiva Kumar (2001) : Women
in india- How Free? How Equal? New Delhi: United Nations
Development Programme.
208. Mertus, Julie (2002-2003) : "Improving the Status of Women
after War." Columbia Journal of Transnational Law .
209. Merton, Robert, K.(1981) : Social Theory and Structure,
Amering Publishing co.New Delhi .
210. Ministry of Human Resource Development, Government of
India, New Policy on Education ,New Delhi-1986.
211. Mitra,V., Education in Ancient India, Arya Book Depot, New
Delhi-2002.
212. Mridula,(2000): Educational Statistics at a Glance. New Delhi:
Association of Indian Universities.
213. McWhirter, E H (1999): ‘Empowerment in Counselling’ Journal
of Counselling and Development. London.
214. Menon, Ritu Menon and Kamla Bhasin.(1993): "Recovery,
Rupture, Resistance: Indian State and Abduction of Women during
Partition," Economic and Political Weekly.
215. Mira Sheth,( 2001) : Women and Development, New
Delhi:Sage Publication.
216. Miralda, R (1990) : ‘Oraganising Peasant Women In Honduras’
in Levy, M F (1990) Each in Her Own Way: Five Women Leaders of
the Developing World, Lynne Rienner.
217. Mohanty, C T, Russo, A and Torres, L (eds) (1999) : Third
World Women and the political of Feminism Bloomington, Indiana
University Press.
218. Moser,C (1993) : Gender Planning and Development: Theory,
Practice and Training, London, Routledge.
219. Naik, Chitra, (2003) : “An Action Research Project on universal
Primary Education-The Plan and the Process” in Wamen’s
Education in the Third World: Comparative-Perspectives, eds. Gail
Kelly and Carolyn Elliot. Albany: New York Press.
220. Naik, J.P.(2002) : Policy and Performance in Indian, Education:
2002, Orient Longman, New Delhi.
221. Narasimhan, Sakuntala, (2006) : Empowering Women: An
Alternative Strategy from Rural India, Sage Publications.
222. Narayan, S. (1989) Rural Development Through Women
Programme, New Delhi: Inter-india Publishers.
223. N.C.E.R.T.(2002) : Review of Education in india1997- 2001,
ministry of Education, New Delhi.
224. Nesiah, Vasuki. (2006) : Truth Commissions and Gender:
Principles, Policies and Procedures. International Center for
Transitional Justice.
225. New Zealand International Aid and Development Agency.
Taking Action in Achieving Gender Equality and Womens
Empowerment. 2007.
226. NGO Working Group on Women Peace and Security. From
Local to Global, Making Peace Work for Women. Ed. Krista Lynes
and Gina Torry. New York: NGO Working Group, 2005.
227. NGO Working Group on Women Peace and Security and
International Alert. Enhancing Security and the Rule of Law2007.
228. Nirmala Sharma (2006): Women and Education: Issues &
Approaches. Alfa Publications, New Delhi.
229. Norwegian Ministry of Foreign Affairs and UNIFEM. Towards
Achieving the Mdg's in Sudan: Centrality of Women's Leadership
and Gender Equality. PDC Tangen, 2005.
230. OECD. (2006) : Women, Endogenous Government and Conflict
Prevention in West Africa. Workshop organized by Sahel and West
Africa Club. France.
231. Okello, Moses Chrispus and Lucy Hovil. (2007) : Confronting
the Reality of Gender-based Violence in Northern Uganda.
International Journal of Transitional Justice. 1.
232. Oldenburg, Veena Talwar. (1993) : In Women's lives and
public policy: the international experience.
233. Omvedt, Gail.(2006) : We will smash this prison!.: Indian
women in struggle. London: Zed Press.
234.
OSAGI.(2008) : Concept and Definitions.
235. Oxaal, Zoe and Sally Baden.(1997) : Gender and
Empowerment: definitions, approaches and implications for policy.
Briefing paper prepared for SIDA, Development and gender,
Brighton, Institute of Developmental Studies.
236. Pandey G & Siva Mohan M.V.K.(1990): ‘Strategies for
Voluntary agencies in rural development’ in (ed) Chandramouli v.,
‘Role of Voluntary Organisations in Rural Development’ Sterling
Publishers .
237. Parsons, R J (2003) ‘Empowerment : Purpose and Practice
Principal in Social Work’ In Social Work with Groups- London.
238. Partners in Grass-roots Democracy, Report of the Workshop on
Panchayati Raj and Women, CWDS, New Delhi-1989.
239. Patrica Uberoi,Feminine Identity and National Ethos in Indian
Calender Art, ‘Economic & Political Weekly, April28,(1990).
240. Permanent Mission of the UK to the UN. Peacebuilding: Is it a
Womans Job? International Action Network on Small Arms, 2008.
241. Pheterson, G (1990)’ Alliances between Women: Overcoming
Internalised Oppression and Internalised Domination’ in Albrecht, A
and Brewer.R M (eds).
242. Pillai, J.K. Readings in Women’s Education, Kodaikanal,
Mother Teresa Women’s University,1988.
243. Prakasha Rao V.V., and V.Nandini Rao,(1995): Marriage: The
family and Women in india, Heritage, Publishers, New Delhi.
244. Price, J (n.d.) ‘Women’s Development: Welfare Projects or
Political Empowerment?’ Amsterdam conference. Mimeo.
245. Polsby, N W (1998) : Community power and Political Theory,
New Haven and London, Yale University Press.
246. Potter, Michael. (2004) : Women,
Peacebuilding. Training for Women Network.
Civil
Society
and
247. Purushothaman, Sangeetha, (1998) : The Empowerment of
women in india: grassroots women’s networks and the state, New
Delhi: Sage.
248. Raj, Maithreyi Krishna,(1986) : Women’s Studies in India
SomePerspectives, Poppppular Prakashan, Bombay.
249. Ramabai Sarasvati, Pandita, 1858-1922. The high-caste Hindu
woman. Edition: 3d ed. Philadelphia.
250. Ramachandran, Vimla, (2001) : “Bridging the Gap Between
Intention and Action: Girls and Women’s Education in india”,
UNESCO-PROAP and ADPBAE, Mumbai.
251. Ramaley, j .(1978) : Covert Discrimination and Women in the
Sciences, AAAS selected symposum14, Washington USA.
252. Ramazanoglu, C (1992) : ‘Empowerment of Women and
Democracy in Madagascar’ in Review of Asion Political Economy.
253. Raza, M.and Yash Aggarwal, (1995) : “ Inequities in Literacy
and Economic base characteristics: The vicious circle of
underdevelopment,” in Education in Indian: Some critical issues,
eds. R.L. Sapra and yash Aggarwal, New Delhi: National Book
Organisation.
254. R.C.Mishra (2006) : Women
Equality,Authors Press-New Delhi.
in
India:Towards
Gender
255. Refai, Shahid. American Women's Activism and Indian
Women's Response, 1869-1922.London.
256. Republic of Zambia.(2004): "Women's Participation in Peace
Building and Mechanism for Their Involvement in Conflict
Resolution, Peace Promotion and Humanitarian Assistance." In
First Ladies Forum at the International Conference on the Great
Lakes Region. Nairobi.
257. Richard D. Lambert, ‘The Impact of Urban Society Upon
Village life in Roy Turner(ed.),India’s Urban Future, Delhi, Oxford
University Press.
258. Riencourt, Amaury de (1989) Women and Power in History,
New Delhi: Sterling Publishers.
259. Rogers,B (1990) : The Domestication of Women: Discrimination
in Development Scocieties, London.
260. Roopa, V. and Sen. A.K.(1998) : Education and problems of
Indian Women. Akshat Publication, Delhi, second Edition.
261. Rose, K (1992) : Where Women are Leaders: The SEWA
Movement in India, London, Zed Books.
262. Ross Aileen (1961) : ‘Hindu Family in Urban setting’ Oxford
University Press London .
263. Ross, Fiona. (2002): Bearing Witness: Women and the Truth
and Reconciliation Commission in South Africa. London: Pluto
Press.
264. Roopa, V. and Sen. A.K (1998) : Education and problems of
Indian Women. Akshat Publication, Delhi, second Edition.
265. Rothschild, Joan (1982) : Women,Technology and Innovation,
Pergamon Press.Oxford .
266. Rubio-Marin, Ruth and Pablo de Grieff.(2007) : Women and
Reparations. International Journal of Transitional .
267. Sahay, Sushma, (1998) : Women and Empowerment:
Approaches and strategies, New Delhi, Discovery Publishing
House.
268. Sakesena, Kiran,Ed. (2000) : Women and politics, new Delhi:
Gyan Publications House.
269. Sakuntala Narasimhan, (2001) : Empowering Women, New
Delhi:sage.
270.
Saturday Times, New Delhi, 3rd December, 1994.
271. Sachchidananda, (1982) : Women’s Rights- Myth and Reality
A.N. Sinha Institute, Patna.
272. Schirch, Lisa. (2004) : Women in Peacebuilding Resource &
Training Manual. Lisa Schirch, East Mennonite University.
273. Schirch, Lisa Sewak. (2005) : The Role of Women in
Peacebuilding.
274. Sharma, Radha Krishna,(1981) : Nationalism Social Reform
and Indian Women.Janaki Prakasan, New Delhi.
275. Shanthi,k.(1992) : ‘Economics of Female Headed Households
Incidence Characteristics and Level of Living in Kerala and Tamil
Nadu-A Comparative Study’.
276. Shetty, s. (1991) : Development Projects in assessing
Empowerment, Occasional Paper Series No.3, New Delhi, Socity
for Praticipatory Research in Asia.
277. Sida & UN Habitat. (1995) : Proceedings of the International
Workshop on Women’s Access, Control, and Tenure of Land,
Property, and Settlement. Preparation for Habitat 2, Swedesurvey:
Gavle, Sweden.
278. Singh, Indu Prakash, Indian Women (1978) : The poser
Trapped, New Delhi, Oxford University Press.
279. Sinha, Ram Vichar (1989): Economic Development of India,
New Delhi:Ashion Publishion House.
280. Sirleaf, Elisabeth Rehn and Ellen Johnson (2002) : Women
War Peace: The Independent Experts' Assessment on the Impact of
Armed Conflict on Women and Women's Role in Peace-Building.
New York: UNIFEM.
281. Slipman, Sue, (1986) : Helping Ourselves to Power, Oxford.
Pergamon Press.
282. Smart,B (1995) : Michael Foucault, London, Tavistock..
Staples, L (1999) ‘Powerful Ideas about Empowerment’ mimeo.
283. Sorensen, Birgitte. (1998) : Women and Post-Conflict
Reconstruction: Issues and Sources. United Nations Research
Institute for Social Development Programme for Strategic and
International Security Studies, WSP Occasional Paper No. 3.
284. Srinivas, M.N.(1978) : Changing Position of Women in
India,Oxford University Press, New Delhi.
285. Status of Women Canada. Gender-based analysis: A guide for
policy-making. 2006.
286.
Storrow, Edward.(1999) : Our sisters in India. New York.
287. Strauss, A L (1987) : Qualitative Analysis for Social Scientists,
Cambridge, Camridge University press.
288. Sultana,M (1992) : ‘Participation, Empowerment and Variation
in Development Projects for Rural Women’.
289. Sumanata Banerjee (1989) : ‘Marginalisation of Women’s
Popular Culture in Nineteenth Century Bengal’,New Delhi.
290. Sunder Rajan, Rajeswari. (1993) : Real and imagined women:
gender, culture, and postcolonialism. London; New York:
Routledge.
291. Sushma Sapru, (1989) : “Socio-economic Status of Women:
Problems and Perspectives,’ in edited book of R.K. Sapru, Women
and Development, Ashish Publishing House, New Delhi.
292. Swaminathan , Padmini,(1998) : “State and subordination of
women” Economic and political Weekly.
293. Tinker. I and Bramsen, M (1990) : ‘ The Adverse Impact of
Development On Women’ & Women and Word development,
Washington DC, Overseas Development Council.
294. Tossi, Licia, (1975) : Women’s Scientific Creativity,Impact
Science on Society.
295. Towards Equality (1988) : Report of the Committee on the
Status of Women in India, Government of India,Department of
Women and Child Development, Ministry of Human Resources
Development, Government of India.
296. UNAC. (2007): Gender, Peacekeeping and Peacebuilding:
Background on Gender and UN Peace Operations
297. UN Commission on the State of Women. Womens Equal
Participation in Peace Processes, Mens Role in Achieving Gender.
2004..
298. UNCTAD, NGO Task force on the Roles of Women for the Third
Preparatory Conference, 1978.
299. UNDP. (2006) : Can Conflict Analysis Processes Support
Gendered Visions of Peace Building. New York: UNDP.
300. UNDP. (2007) : Donor Proposal for the Eight Point Agenda for
Womens Empowerment and Gender Equality in Crisis Prevention
and Recovery. New York: UNDP.
301.
UNDP.(1995) : Human Development Report. New York: UNDP.
302. UNDP.(2007) : Empowered and Equal: Gender Equality
Strategy. New York: UNDP.
303. UNDP (2005) : The Eight Point Agenda: Practical, Positive
Outcomes for Girls and Women in Crisis.
304. UNDP (2003) : A Division on the Advancement of Women.
Peace agreements as a means for promoting gender equality and
ensuring participation of women - A framework of model provisions.
Report of the Expert Group Meeting.
305. UNHCR (2005) : Handbook for Self-reliance. The Office of the
United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees.
306. UNHCR (2008) : Handbook for the Protection of Women and
Girls.
307. UNIFEM. (2005): Securing the Peace: Guiding the International
Community Towards Women's Effective Participation Throughout
Peace Processes. Edited by Camille Pampell Conaway Klara
Banaszak, Anne Marie Goetz, Aina Iiyambo and Maha Muna. New
York: UNIFEM.
308. UNIFEM. (2007) : Gender Sensitive Police Reform in Post
Conflict Societies. New York: UNDP.
309. UNIFEM.(2005): Womens Essential Role in Peacebuilding. 2005
World Summit.
310. United Nations Economic and Social Council. Gender Equality
Tool. 1997.
311. United Nations, (2002) : “Women 2000: Gender Equality,
Development and peace”, Special Session of the General Assembly
5-9 June.
312. United Nations, (1993) : Internal Migration of women in
Developing Countries: Proceedings of the United Nations Expert
Group meeting on the Feminization of internal Migration.
313. United Nations, (1995): "The United Nations Youth Agenda:
Empowering Youth for Development and Peace," Youth and the
United Nations.
314. United Nations (December 7-8, 1999) : ACC Inter-Agency
Committee on Women and Gender Equality and Organisation for
Economic Cooperation and Development/Development Assistance
Committee Working Party on Gender Equality, "Women's
Empowerment in the Context of Human Security".
315. United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs,
"Guidelines on Women's Empowerment," United Nations Population
Information Network (POPIN) 2004.
316. United States Agency for International Development. Women
and Conflict: An Introductory Guide for Programming 2007.
317. Valasek, Kristin. (2008) : Gender and SSR Toolkit : Security
Sector Reform and Gender. Geneva : United Nations.
318. Valentine m. Moghadam,(2000) : Modernizing women: gender
and social change in the Middle East.
319. Vilma R.(1974) : “Political Implications of Gender Holes: A
review of the Literature”. The American Political Science review .
320. Vohra, Roopa, and Arun Sen, (1996) : Status Education and
problems of Indian Women, Ashat Publications, New Delhi.
321. Ward.D and Mullender, A (1991) ‘Empowerment and
Oppression: An indissoluble pairing’ in Critical Social Policy.Oxford,Oxfam.
322. Warder, Valerie (1995) : "The Gendered Subaltern at the Side
of Sati." Humanity & society. 01 August.
323. Weber, M (1999) : The Theory of Economic and Social
Organisation, London, Routledge and Kegan Paul.
324. WHO (2002) : International Ethical Guidelines for Biomedical
Research Involving Human Subjects. Geneva, 2002.
325. Wieringa, S (1994) : ‘Women’s Interests and Empowerment:
Gender Planning Reconsidered’ in Development and change.
London Zed press.
326. Wieringa.s. (1994) : ‘Women’s Interests and Empowerment:
Gender Planning Reconsidered’, in development and change.
327. Young, K (2000) : Women and Economic Development: Local,
Regional and National Planning Strategies, Oxford, Berg.
328. Youssef Nadia & Carol Hetler (2004) : ‘Rural Households
Headed by Women: A Priority Issue for Policy Concern’,ILO
Geneva.
329. IDEA and Stockholm University (2000) : Global Database of
Quotas for Women.
Related Websites:
A Working Definition of Empowerment - NEC Article - www.power2u.org
Definition: Women Empowerment - www.selfgrowth.com
Economic Empowerment for Sustainable Development www.nasarawastate.org
Economic & Cultural Empowerment - www.volunteerindia.org
Economic Empowerment of Women in India www.easternbookcorporation.com
Education as a means of empowerment - www.slyoz.net
Empowerment: Definition from Answer.com - www.answers.com
Empowerment Women - www.nabuur.com
Empowering Women in India - www.AADITYA.org/Women_Empowerment
Govt. committed to women's empowerment - timesofindia.indiatimes.com
India: Women's empowerment - www.ifad.org
INDIA: Women's Political Empowerment - ipsnews.net
Political Empowerment Of Women - www.countercurrents.org
Political Empowerment of Women in Rural India - www.devactivism.org
POLITICAL EMPOWERMENT OF WOMEN IN INDIA www.essays.se/.../political+empowerment+of+women+in+india/
Towards the empowerment of Indian women - www.ambedkar.org
UNDP - Gender Equality and Women's Empowerment - Gender ...www.undp.org
United Nation's Definition of Women Empowerment - www.fanpop.com
United Nation’s Definition of Women Empowerment - www.fanpop.com
Women’s Economic Empowerment - advancingeconomics.blogspot.com
Women's Education in India - www.indiaedu.com
Women Empowerment — India - www.indg.in
Women Empowerment - www.thp.org
Women Empowerment - angul.nic.in
Women's Empowerment - www.care.org
Women And Empowerment - www.unitedprosperity.org
Women And Empowerment - www.WomensCollective.net
Women Empowerment — India Development Gateway www.indg.in/.../women-empowerment/women-empowerment
Women Empowerment In India - www.thinkchangeindia.org
Woman Empowerment In India,Economic Empowerment www.azadindia.org
Women's empowerment in rural India - www.istr.org
Women in India - india.mapsofindia.com
Women in India - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women_in_India
APPENDIX
1. Questionnaire for English version
2. Photographs.
3. Permission letter.
1.Questionnaire for English version
“QUESTIONNAIRE’’
“A comparative study of under graduate students on role of education on
women empowerment.”
* Guide *
Dr, Daxaben Mehta
(M.Sc. Ph.D.)
Principal,
Smt.S.C.U.Shah Home Science,
And C.U.Shah Arts & Commerce,
Mahila College.
Wadhwan city.
*Researcher*
Hemangi D.Mehta
(M.Sc.Gen.HomeSci.)
Dear students,
My self – Miss Hemangi Mehta, I am studying Ph.D in “Smt.
Sadguna C.U.Shah Home Science & C.U.Shah Arts & Commerce
women’s college, Vadhavan” of Saurashtra University for this concern. I
need some specific information’s regarding “study of impact of
education for women empowerment.” Whose format is as under. I
assure you that the information’s provided from you will definitely used
for this study only. I strongly hope that you will help me by giving
answer of under given questions perfectly.
Thanks……
*Personal Information*
Name
:
_________________________________________
Address
:
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
Age
:
_________________________________________
Religion
:
_________________________________________
Cast
:
_________________________________________
Region
:
___________ Rural __________ Urban _________
Family
:
Joint ___________
Education
:
Home Science ____ Arts _____ Commerce _______
Nuclear ______________
QUESTIONNAIRE FOR TYPES OF WOMEN EMPOWERMENT
1. Political Empowerment
*Tick out [√] whichever is Appropriate.
Sr.
Statement
No.
1
I am aware of the government’s
scheme for women.
2
I am aware of the laws for
women and children.
3
I have the knowledge regarding
census.
4
I have the understanding of the
rights and duties.
5
I am well informed about the
human rights of children and
women.
6
I
have
information
regarding
adulteration of edible goods.
7
I have information about the
disposal of urban waste.
8
I have information about the
rights enjoyed by the consumers.
9
I can get profitable activities done
towards the development of our
nation.
10
I can solve the problems of the
consumers.
11
I can information of the steps to
Totally
Partly
Agreed
Agreed
Neutral
Partly
Totally
Disagreed
Disagreed
le taken to solve problems like
population
explosion
and
unemployment.
12
I am trying to create awareness
amongst the people by taking
active interest in removing the
problems like illiteracy.
13
I have information regarding the
prevailing
politics
and
every
political off air in the present.
14
I have information of all the
services within the country like
banking,
aviation,
brokerage,
transport and communication.
15
I have the information regarding
the government’s policy of bank
rates, how it is decided and what
effect it has on the economy.
16
I am aware of the sales of
various surety bonds by the
government in the open market.
17
I know under what conditions the
government increase does or
decrease the value of a rupee.
18
I am aware of the export policies
framed by the government for
foreign role of exchange.
19
I am aware of the statistics of the
income
and
the
expenditure
related to the import and export
in the country.
20
I am aware of trading and import
export policy and its deficit of
country.
21
I
know
at
which
situation,
government decides to print new
notes for deficit-completion.
22
I have information of the loans
and the instalments taken by the
government
from
the
foreign
banks.
23
I have information regarding the
freight,
customs
duty
and
carriage levied on the coming
and going of goods.
2. Social Empowerment
24
I am aware of the clothing
according to the occasion.
25
I am aware of the clothing to suit
the age.
26
I
am
aware
of
consumer
protection.
27
I am aware of the problems,
solution and responsibilities of
the Indian consumers regarding
textile goods.
28
I have information regarding the
various devices for tailoring.
29
I know to draw sketches.
30
I know the relation between
needle
and
thread
and
the
stitches.
31
I know to make different kinds of
toys.
32
I
am
aware
of
the
art
of
conversation.
33
I know the difference between
guaranty and warranty.
34
I am aware of I.C.D.S.
35
I have visited pre-school and
primary school.
36
I
can
run
a
play-house
of
I.C.D.S.
37
I know to frame the syllabus.
38
I am aware of the methods of
teaching.
39
I am aware of all the devices
used in cooking.
40
I
know
to
prepare
lake,
condiments, ice-cream, jam, jelly,
marmalade,
drink,
pickles,
papad, and soup.
41
I am aware of the cooking
method and materials.
42
I can do diet counselling.
43
I know to organise the diet
according to the income, labour,
and community.
44
I am aware of health, food and
balanced diet.
45
I know how to store edible goods.
46
I know how to set the table.
47
I know to give dietary guidelines
for different diseases.
48
I am aware of the energy in-put
and out-put.
49
I am aware of nutrition and water
balance.
50
I am
aware of
the various
methods of contacting people.
51
I am aware of the necessary
devices of education.
52
I know the various ways of
communication
devices
through
the
in
tele-
used
communication.
53
I am aware of audio- visual aids.
54
I am aware of different types of
media.
55
I have information regarding a
microscope.
56
I
have
information
regarding
fuse, earthlings and electrical
devices
57
I have seen the slides of various
algal and drugs.
58
I am aware of the use of
cosmetics and jewellery and its
effect on the body.
59
I am aware of the use of
thermometer.
60
I know to count R.B.C and
W.B.C.
61
I am aware of the effects of
alcohol, cigarette smoking, and
drugs on health.
62
I have information about fire
extinguisher.
63
I have good personality.
64
I know the principles of primary
treatment.
65
I am aware of the illnesses like
T.B., jaundice, stone, cancer,
high blood pressure, thal.
66
I can luring out my strengths
through education.
67
I can reach to the topmost
position of my career through
education.
68
The
inspiration
of
self-
development has taken Birth in
me.
69
I have information about new
inventions
in
science
and
technology.
70
I have the capacity to solve the
problems.
71
I am aware of the modern
technology of recent times.
72
I
have
basic
knowledge
of
computer education.
73
I can easily understand prose
and poem.
74
I have expertise in ‘pranayama’,
exercise and various sports.
75
Virtues like sympathy, respect
and
courtesy
inculcated
in
have
me
been
through
education.
76
I have information about the lives
of great leaders of country.
77
I am aware of the behaviour with
towards the society.
78
I
can
explain
the
concept,
“cleanliness is godliness” to other
people.
79
I can give inspiring guidance to
the people.
80
I am working towards irradiation
of epidemics spreading in the
society.
81
I can help in bringing about a
change in the customs, rules and
conventional
thinking
of
the
society.
82
I have gained an insight to have
an holistic view of life by learning
arts.
83
I have the knowledge of the art of
living with excellence.
84
I can write gagals.
85
I know how to establish a new
company or a partnership form.
86
I an aware of the services of all
means of communication.
87
I can easily and speedily get
information in any field through
the use of internet.
88
I am always trying to luring
novelty.
89
As a businessman, I have the
knowledge of how to behave and
give satisfactory services to the
customer.
90
I am aware of a partnership firm.
91
I am also well informed about the
registration of role proprietorship.
92
I am aware of the rights of the
workers working in a company.
93
I have the information of how to
dissolve a company.
3.Economic Empowerment
94 I can work as an
interior
decorator.
95
I know where and how to save
and invest money.
96
I know to prepare a budget.
97
I know gift-wrapping and saripacking.
98
I know to make different kinds of
cards.
99
I know to open a new account in
a bank.
100 I know to get a bank draft.
101 I know tax planning.
102 I
have
information
regarding
savings and investments for the
future.
103 I have information of various
loans
offered
by
bank
and
different companies.
104 I have information about various
taxes.
105 I have information about how to
get loan for a four- wheeler.
106 I know how to get loan for a
house.
107 I know how a financial company
is helpful in purchasing T.V.,
refrigerator.
108 I know to draw plans of houses.
109 I have information about building
materials and their prices.
110 I am aware of various services
provided by banks.
111 I can work as a fashion designer.
112 I know computer, eight-headed
textile and apparel design.
113 I know how to wash , iron and
starch clothes depending upon
the type of cloth.
114 I can work as a teacher to teach
searing.
115 I know dying, batik, tie & dye.
116 I know to print clothes.
117 I, very
well,
understand the
importance of self- reliance.
118 I
have
information
about
insurance plans.
119 I have primary information of
hotel management.
120 I can run a crèche.
121 I can run cottage industry.
122 I know how to do food packaging.
123 I am aware of meal services in
various states.
124 I am aware of the ‘ready-to-eat’
food available in the market.
125 I can plan the diet according to
different diseases.
126 I know to prepare a menu card.
127 I know to prepare a ready play
script.
128 I can find a blood group.
129 I know to measure haemoglobin.
130 I am well informed about things
made out
of
cement, glass,
ceramic.
131 I have the knowledge of the
instruments used in a laboratory.
132 I can teach science up to class
10th .
133 I know to tie various types of land
ages.
134 I know to measure B.P.(Blood
pressure)
135 I have the knowledge of how and
when to launch a product, what
price to be fixed, its marketing
and its advertisement.
136 I can explain to the people
regarding
agricultural
development of the country and
how
to
bring
about
green
revolution in the country.
137 I can solve all kinds of financial
crises .
138 I have the knowledge about the
market of the country.
139 I have the knowledge of savings
and investments.
140 I can run cottage industries
related
sewing.
to
embroidery
and
141 I have an understanding about
the economy of the country.
142 I can write journal entries of any
kinds of transactions.
143 I can how to conchoids remaining
cash from cash income and cash
expenditure
144 I can do ledger posting from any
kinds of journal entries or primary
note.
145 I know how to compare cash
book
balance
with
bank’s
passbook’s remaining amount.
146 I can prepare accounts of income
and expenditure related to my
home and business.
147 I
can
prepare
the
annual
accounts of year ending from
ledger posting or trial balance
sheet.
148 I know in what proportion it is
necessary and beneficial to keep
properties and debts in business.
149 I know to prepare all types of
accounts of any company or a
150 I know how to audit the prepared
accounts.
151 I have the knowledge of the
proceedings
of
an
insurance
company, its all types of policies
and the interest and bonus got
on them.
152 I have the knowledge regarding
the
documents,
finance,
properties and legal procedure
required in establishing a new
company.
153 I know , which type of capital
structure
is
required for the
company with proper proportions
of owners capital and borrowers
capital.
154 I know how to create perfect
capital structure with the proper
combination of equity shares,
preference
shares
and
debentures.
155 I have the idea of the attitude of
the investors investing in any
from or a company.
156 I have the knowledge regarding
investment and the interest got
through investment in institutions
and mutual funds.
157 I have the knowledge about the
present inflation in the economy
and the factors that can control it.
158 I can advice the people as to
where to invest and how much
interest will be got.
159 I have the knowledge of how to
avail
money
order
related
services and courier services.
160 I have the knowledge of the
limitations of the reserve bank
over other banks.
161 I have the knowledge regarding
the payment of income tax.
162 I know to calculate the amount of
raw materials for production.
163 I know to calculate the income
tax of Indians and non-residential
Indians
by
deciding
their
residential status.
164 I know to calculate the amount of
semi finished goods.
165 I have the knowledge about
marketing.
166 I am aware of the method of
sustaining the quality of the
commodities and gaining more
profit on them.
167 I know how to enlist the shares of
the company.
4.Cultural Empowerment
168 I can prepare different types of
rangolis.
169 I
have
information
regarding
clothes in accordance with the
appearance of yoga.
170 I
have
knowledge
regarding
fashion.
171 I know what material to be used
in clothing in various reasons.
172 I know the embroidery works of
different states.
173 I have the knowledge of how
cloth is manufactured.
174 I
have
the
scientific
understanding of the marriage
system.
175 I know jingles and extempore
song and poems.
176 I
have
the
knowledge
of
ayurveda, yoga, meditation.
177 I can easily compose a drama.
178 I am aware of the wailings of the
great writers of India.
179 I am aware of the knowledge
imparted
by
different
philosophers.
180 I have greater understanding of
how to maintain relationships in
marriage and in a family.
181 I have information of the various
living styles of the people living in
a society.
182 I am aware of our magnanimous
past and the knowledge inherited
by us.
183 I can create poems.
184 I have the insight of considering
all religions as equal.
185 Values have been inculcated in
me through education.
186 I
have
information
regarding
‘Vedas’ and ‘Purans’.
187 I have the knowledge about our
ancient temples and
188 I have the knowledge of the
grammar of English, Hindi and
Guajarati languages.
189 I have information about the
poets
like
Paramanand,
Dayanand and Narsinh Mehta.
190 I am aware of the novels of
Zaverchand Medhani.
5. Psychological Empowerment
191 I can make various types of pots.
192 I know how house hold work can
be done more
efficiently
making
use
proper
of
by
our
strength.
193 I know how arrange any kind of
party.
194 I know flowers decoration.
195 I know to make artificial flowers.
196 I
have
information
regarding
interior decoration.
197 I know what is cloth-weaving.
198 I know how to test a thread.
199 I know about the basic stitches of
machine and hands.
200
I know the elements, principles
and
inspirational
aspects
of
design.
201 I know AutoCAD and Coral draw.
202 I
know
to
do
all
work
scientifically.
203 I have information regarding the
growth
and
development
of
children.
204 I have the knowledge regarding
physical,
behavioural,
intellectual, linguistic, personality
developments of children.
205 I know when children become
matured.
206 I
know
how
heredity
environment
influence
and
the
development of children.
207 I can teach children.
208 I know the problems faced by
handicapped,
hearing
and
speech impaired children.
209 I have visited an old age home.
210 I have the knowledge of the
physical changes taking place
during the various stages of life
and the nutritional requirements.
211 I have the knowledge about the
importance
of
a
mother’s
nutrition.
212 I have the knowledge of the
difficulties faced by a woman
during
pregnancy
and
after
pregnancy.
213 I have the knowledge of the
physical and hormonal changes
taking place during pregnancy.
214 I know about the exercises to be
done during pregnancy.
215 I know how to take care of a rick
person.
216 I have the knowledge of research
methodology.
217 I
can
be
helpful
in
the
development of mentally retarded
children.
218 I know how to behave with the
mentally retarded children.
219 I can easily think logically on any
subject.
220 I can easily accomplish cordial
relations with other person.
221 I
can
adjust
interests
and
to
the
varied
likings
of
individuals.
222 I can understand the psychology
of children.
223 I can get done such activities
which help in the development of
children.
224 I can understand the personality
of individual.
225 I can easily get work done by
other people.
Best of luck
2.Photographs
3.Permission letter
HEMANGI D. MEHTA
Smt.Sadguna C.U.Shah
HomeScience & C.U.Shah
Arts & CommerceMahila
College , Wadhwan city
Date: / /
/
To,
Principal,
Subject: Permission for filling the questionnaire from girls Students.
Respected Sir,
I Miss Hemangi Mehta , doing my research in Smt.Sadguna C.U.Shah
Home Science & C.U.Shah Arts & Commerce Mahila College Wadhawan city
Surendranagar , As per my educational requirements, I need to fill up
questionnaire from girls students. So please give me permission for this. I
assure you that this gathered information will only be used for educational
purpose.
With the expectation of your heartily support.
Yours faithfully
Hemangi Mehta.