UCL DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS AND ASTRONOMY
PHYSICS AND ASTRONOMY
Annual Review
2010 – 11
Contents
1
Introduction
2
Student Highlights and News
6
Alumni Matters
8
Careers with Physics and Astronomy Degrees
10 Physics and Astronomy Outreach
12 Staff Highlights and News
18 RESEARCH GROUPS
18 Atomic, Molecular, Optical and Position Physics (AMOPP)
21 High Energy Physics (HEP)
24 Astrophysics (Astro)
28 Condensed Matter and Materials Physics (CMMP)
31 Biological Physics (BioP)
33 Grants and Contracts
35 Publications
44 Staff
Cover image:
Structure of the light-harvesting antenna (LH2) isolated from photosynthetic purple bacteria Phaeospirillum
molischianum. Pigments (in red and blue) are attached to a protein backbone (ribbons) and cooperate to absorb and
transfer sunlight efficiently. Dr Alexandra Olaya-Castro and graduate student Edward O’Reilly are investigating the
impact of variations in the protein composition on the energy transfer properties within and between LH2 complexes.
PHYSICS AND ASTRONOMY ANNUAL REVIEW 2010–11
1
Introduction
2010 has been an exciting year for the
Department of Physics and Astronomy
due to a number of long-term, highprofile experiments beginning to
harvest data. In some cases, members
of the Department have been involved
in the projects for many years: from the
initial proposals to their current fruition.
Among these include the HEP involvement
in the ATLAS experiment on the Large
Hadron Collider (LHC) at CERN; the Astro
group’s participation in the Planck and
Herschel satellites, jointly launched in
2009; and the discovery of ‘magnetricity’
by members of the CMMP group in late
2009. These projects are explained in
detail in the research section of this review
(starting page 18) and are indicative of
the scientific excitement which has been
maintained across the disciplines. This
flow of results is set to continue with first
light on the Dark Energy Survey (DES),
in which the Astro group are playing
pivotal roles in both the science and the
instrumentation. These results are due late
2011, along with a number of other major
developments in the pipeline.
Every year I seem to report that our
student recruitment remains buoyant;
we received a record number of
undergraduate applicants last year which
resulted in our largest ever first year
cohort. This is further swollen both by
the significant fraction of Natural Science
students choosing majors from within the
Department and students from outside
the Department taking our courses,
particularly those studying Physics
with Medical Physics, now admitted by
Engineering. While it is very pleasing to
welcome so many able and enthusiastic
physics students, it undoubtedly puts a
strain on our resources. UCL has very
few large lecture theatres and those it
has are heavily used; furthermore our
undergraduate laboratories are now
catering for numbers significantly larger
than they were designed for. Similarly
extra students also places more demands
on staff time.
The number of PhD students we recruited
during 2010 was also, by some distance,
a record. This was, in part, helped by the
College’s Impact Studentship scheme
mentioned in last year’s Annual Reviewalumni may recall our appeal for cofunding of supplementary PhD places,
which is still in place. It is pleasing that
we have been able to offer places to
more of the well-qualified applicants who
approach us each year, PhD training is
an activity in which we would like to grow
further.
I am delighted to congratulate Prof
Gabriel Aeppli, Quain Professor of
Physics in the Department and Director
of the London Centre of Nanotechnology
(LCN), on his election as a Fellow of the
Royal Society (see page 9). It is gratifying
that after a gap of twenty years, two
members of the Department have been
elected FRS in successive years. I am
optimistic that our research successes
will lead to further elections in the not too
distant future.
On a personal level, I have been
fortunate enough to be awarded a
European Research Council Advance
Investigator Grant to run a project
entitled ‘ExoMol: molecular linelists for
exoplanets and other atmospheres’. This
is due to start in 2011 for 5 years. If you
are interested, a flavour of the project
can be obtained from www.exomol.com.
This is a major opportunity for me and
I have therefore decided to stand down
as Head of the Department of Physics
and Astronomy at the end of the 2010/11
academic year. As I write, the process of
appointing a new Head of Department
is well underway. I wish my successor
the best of luck with what can be a very
exciting job.
Professor Jonathan Tennyson FRS
Head of Department
2
PHYSICS AND ASTRONOMY ANNUAL REVIEW 2010–11
Student Highlights and News
Student Prizes 2010
Student Entry and Pass Figures for 2010
UNDERGRADUATE PRIZES
Intake
Oliver Lodge Prize
(Best performance 1st year Physics)
Kaijian Xiao
32
Cert. in Astronomy
49
PhD
Halley Prize
(Best performance 1st year Astronomy)
Marco Rocchetto
153
BSc/MSci
C.A.R. Tayler Prize
(Best 2nd Year Essay)
Pierre Deludet
Wood Prize
(Best performance 2nd year Physics)
Arnold Mathijssen
17
MSc/PgDip
Huggins Prize
(Best performance 2nd year Astronomy)
Shaghayegh Parsa
Awards
3:3
Ord:1
David Ponter Prize
(Most improved performance in
Department, 2nd year)
Carmen Thompson
2ii:3
1:12
2ii:10
1:22
2i:15
Corrigan Prize
(Best performance in experimental work,
2nd year – joint winners)
Jonathan Pilcher & Giulio Pepe
Best Performance 3rd Year Physics
Maximilian Genske
2i:10
Bachelor of Science (BSc)
Master in Science (MSci)
5
Distinction
3
Distinction
2
Pass
Additional Sessional Prize for Merit
(3rd Year) (Most improved 3rd Year)
Alexander Glen
Burhop Prize
(Best performance 4th year Physics)
Solimon Edris
Herschel Prize
(Best performance 4th year Astronomy
Luke Peck
10
Pass
Master of Science (MSc)
Best Performance 3rd Year Astronomy
Carl Salji
Certificate of Higher
Education in Astronomy
Brian Duff Memorial Prize
(Best 4th Year project in the Department
Alexander Dunning
PHYSICS AND ASTRONOMY ANNUAL REVIEW 2010–11
William Bragg Prize
(Best overall undergraduate)
Sidney Tanoto
Tessella Prize for Software
(Best use of software in final year
Physics/Astronomy projects)
Jake Stinson
POSTGRADUATE PRIZES
Harrie Massey Prize
(Best overall MSc student)
Sadi Ahmed
Zainab Awad
The Chemistry of Warm Cores in Low
Mass Star Forming Regions
(Supervisor: Dr S Viti)
Mandakranta Banerji
Galaxies in the Distant Universe:
Colours, Redshifts & Star Formation
(Supervisor: Prof. O Lahav)
Catrin Bernius
Investigation of the Discovery Potential
of a Higgs boson in the tt-H, H→bbChannel with the ATLAS experiment
(Supervisor: Dr N Konstantinidis)
Jon Darius Prize
(Outstanding Postgraduate Research,
Astronomy)
Shaun Thomas
Wisdom Beyhum
Investigation of the Role of Magnetic
Materials in Neurodegenerative Diseases
(Supervisor: Prof. Q Pankhurst)
Carey Foster Prize
(Postgraduate research, physics AMOPP)
Hannu Wichterich
Sarah Boutle
Beauty in Photoproduction at HERA II
with the ZEUS Detector
(Supervisor: Prof. M Wing)
HEP Group
(Postgraduate research, physics HEP)
Adam Davison
Marshall Stoneham Prize
(Outstanding postgraduate research,
physics CMMP)
Tom Headen
Christiane Losert-Valiente Kroon
DEPARTMENTAL
TEACHING PRIZE
Professor Ian Ford
PhD’S AWARDED
Sabina J A Abate
Measuring Cosmology from Dark
Universe
(Supervisor Dr S Bridle)
Benjamin Bryant
Scanning Tunnelling Microscopy of
Bilayer Manganites
(Supervisor: Dr C Renner)
3
Filimon Gournaris
A Study of the Top Quark Production
Threshold at a Future Electron-Positron
Linear Collider
(Supervisor: Prof. M Wing)
Thomas Headen
Asphaltene Aggregation on the
Nanoscale (Supervisor: Prof. N Skipper)
Anna Holin
Electron Neutrino Appearance in the
MINOS Experiment
(Supervisor: Prof. J Thomas)
Bethan James
An Optical and Infrared Analysis of
Blue Compact Dwarf Galaxies
(Supervisor: Prof. M Barlow)
Matthew Kauer
Search for Double Beta Decay of Zr-96
with NEMO-3 and Calorimeter Development
for the SuperNEMO Experiment
(Supervisor: Dr R Saakyan)
David Koskinen
MINOS Sterile Neutrino Search
(Supervisor: Prof. J Thomas)
David Cooke
Positron Impact Ionization of Atoms and
Molecules
(Supervisor: Prof. G Laricchia)
Jennifer Lardge
Investigation of the Interaction of Water
with the Calcite {10 Ī4} Surface Using
Ab-Initio Simulation
(Supervisor: Dr D Duffy)
Daniel Credgington
Nano-scale Lithography and Microscopy
of Organic Semiconductors
(Supervisor: Prof. F Cacialli)
Stephen Leake
Coherent X-ray Diffraction Imaging
of Zinc Oxide Crystals
(Supervisor: Prof. I Robinson)
Thomas Forrest
Ordering and Dynamics of Strongly
Correlated Transition Metal Oxides
(Supervisor: Prof. D McMorrow)
Vyacheslav Lebedev
AC Driven Ratchets for Cold Atoms:
Beyond 1D Rocking Ratchets
(Supervisor Prof. F Renzoni)
Robert Aldus
Neutron Scattering Studies of
Frustrated Magnets
(Supervisor: Prof. S Bramwell)
Lilly Asquith
Using ATLAS to Investigate the
Associated Production of a Higgs
Boson with a Pair of Top Quarks
(Supervisor: Dr N Konstantinidis)
Carolyn Atkins
Active X-ray Optics for the Next
Generation of X-ray Space Telescopes
(Supervisor: Dr A P Doel)
2010 prize winners
4
PHYSICS AND ASTRONOMY ANNUAL REVIEW 2010–11
Christiane Losart-Valiente
Stochastic Population Dynamics in
Astrochemistry and Aerosol Science
(Supervisor: Prof. I Ford)
External Research Awards
Observation of Ultrahigh-Energy
Cosmic Rays with the ANITA
Balloon-Borne Radio Interferometer
Sarah Malik
Precision Measurement of the Mass
and Width of the W Boson
(Supervisor: Prof. M Lancaster)
A. Connolly, R.J. Nichol & co-workers
Physical Review Letters 105, 151101
(2010)
Dara McCutcheon
Open Quantum Systems in Spatially
Correlated Regimes
(Supervisor: Prof. A Fisher)
Simon Purcell
Laser Induced Molecular Motion in
Strong Nonresonant Laser Fields
(Supervisor: Prof. P Barker)
Alessandro Sena
Density Functional Theory Studies
of Surface Interactions and
Electron Transfer in Porphyrins
and Other Molecules
(Supervisor: Dr. D Bowler)
Rajeevan Sivasubramanian
Chemomagnetism: The Influence of
Applied Magnetic Fields on Solid
State Combustion Reactions
(Supervisor: Prof. Q Pankhurst)
Dr Justin Evans, was awarded The
Alvin Tollestrup Award for Outstanding
Postdoctoral Research, conferred by
Fermilab.
“For his work on the measurement of
the muon neutrino and antineutrino
oscillation parameters with the MINOS
experiment. Dr Evans made significant
contributions to the measurement of the
muon neutrino mass-squared splitting
at the atmospheric scale, and to the
first direct measurements of the muon
antineutrino oscillations parameters.
Dr. Evans is recognized as an expert
and a leader in the experimental
analysis and comparison of the neutrino
and antineutrino oscillation parameters.”
Shaun Thomas
Probing Gravity and the Neutrinos
with Cosmology
(Supervisor: Prof. O Lahav)
Magda Vasta
Modelling Ionised and
Photodissociated Regions
(Supervisor: Dr S Viti)
Lars G Winroth
Physical Characterisation of
Interfaces in Organic Devices
(Supervisor: Prof. F Cacialli)
Rui Zhang
R-matrix Calculations of Polarisation
Effects in Low-energy
Positron-molecule Collisions
(Supervisor: Prof. J Tennyson)
The Antarctic Impulsive Transient
Antenna (ANITA) is a long-duration
balloon experiment that has spent
over two months circling 37 km above
Antarctica searching for ultrahigh energy
neutrinos interacting in the ice below.
The international team of scientists had
a surprise when they analysed data
from the first 35 day flight. Instead of
measuring radio pulses from neutrinos,
the team found 16 signals that came
from very energetic cosmic rays
interacting in the atmosphere. Most of
these radio signals were detected after
they had reflected off the ice, so in some
sense ANITA can be thought of as a
gigantic radio telescope with the ice as
the mirror.
The origin of the energetic cosmic rays
that continuously bombard the Earth
is one of the great questions. The third
ANITA flight is planned for 2013 and
will be capable of detecting some of the
highest energy particles ever measured.
One hundred years after cosmic rays
were discovered, ANITA is keeping
scientific ballooning at the cutting edge
and may help solve the question of
where the cosmic rays come from.
Hemal Varambhia
R-Matrix Calculations on Molecules of
Astrophysical Interest Using Quantemol-N
(Supervisor: Prof. J Tennyson)
Hannu Wichterich
Entanglement Between
Noncomplementary Parts of
Many-body Systems
(Supervisor: Prof. S Bose)
Research Highlight
Dr Matthew Kauer, was the recipient
of the Institute of Physics (IOP)
Astroparticle Physics Thesis Prize.
Matthew’s work contained two major
results; the world’s most accurate
measurement of the two-neutrino
double beta decay of the Zirconium
96 isotope, and the development and
characterisation of a plastic scintillator
calorimeter with unprecented energy
resolution for low energy electrons,
required for the SuperNEMO experiment.
Both of the award recipients were
members of the High Energy Physics
(HEP) group
PHYSICS AND ASTRONOMY ANNUAL REVIEW 2010–11
Exclusive tours of the
world’s largest laboratory
for UCL staff and students
Research Highlight
Upper Bound of 0.28 eV on
Neutrino Masses from the Largest
Photometric Redshift Survey
S.A. Thomas, F.B. Abdalla, O. Lahav
Physical Review Letters,
105, 031301 (2010)
Evidence has been found that the mass
of the neutrino particle is less than 0.28
electron volts- a billionth of a hydrogen
atom. These findings are arguably the
lowest and most robust upper bound
estimated to date.
Neutrinos tend to smooth out the clumpy
and clustered nature of matter in the
Universe, with the effect being stronger,
the larger their mass. Therefore, to place
the above mentioned upper bound, the
researchers constructed a map of the
distribution of 700,000 luminous red
galaxies, which trace the underlying
distribution of matter, using data from the
Sloan Digital Sky Survey.
UCL’s President and Provost, Professor Malcolm Grant (second from left) in the
CERN control room
Exploiting their research connections with the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at
CERN (Geneva), the HEP group organised two separate tours of the CERN
laboratories. UCL’s President and Provost, Professor Malcolm Grant was the
guest of honour for one tour, whilst 50 Physics and Astronomy undergraduates
were the lucky recipients of the second tour.
The CERN laboratory is the largest laboratory in the world and the tours
allowed participants to experience the exciting period of the LHC startup.
Ordinarily waiting lists of more than one year are common, especially for large
groups such as the 50 undergraduates attending the second tour. However we
are fortunate enough to have two qualified CERN guides within the HEP group
and they were able to arrange the tours.
Although visits to underground installations are no longer possible due to the
first beams being circulated in the machine, the visitors were able to see the
ATLAS visitor centre (including the control room, some illustrative videos and
some prototypes of the detector). As well as the Microcosm exhibition and
some other parts of the laboratory not usually seen by the visitors.
More detail about CERN and the LHC is given in the HEP research pages.
The distances to these galaxies
were derived from their colours using
a technique developed by UCL’s
cosmologists. The team expects
projects such as the international Dark
Energy Survey (DES), in which the UCL
Astrophysics Group plays a major role, to
improve the results. As shown in another
study by the team (Lahav et al., MNRAS,
405, 168, 2010) DES combined with
Cosmic Microwave Background Planck
data may detect the total neutrino mass if
its value is significantly larger than 0.1 eV.
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PHYSICS AND ASTRONOMY ANNUAL REVIEW 2010–11
Alumni Matters
By Professor Tegid Wyn Jones
I find it hard to imagine that I shall have a more memorable year as the
departmental Alumni Co-ordinator than the year gone by.
Professor Marshall
Stoneham FRS (1940-2011)
The UCL Honorary Degree Ceremony, attendees included (from left to right, seated)
Peter Higgs, Roger Penrose and Dimitri Vassiliev (standing) Mark Lancaster,
Frank Warren, Ceiri Griffiths, Tegid Jones, Jonathan Butterworth and Dave Miller.
The Annual Alumni Dinner was held
on the 7 May and was attended by 29
guests. This was a welcome increase
compared to last year and may reflect our
efforts to reduce the cost of the dinner.
We were particularly fortunate to be
addressed by Prof. Roger Davies, the
Philip Welton Professor of Astrophysics
(Oxford). He graduated from UCL
Physics in 1975 and recounted his
international career since then, where
he seemed to encounter UCL Physics
and Astronomy graduates at every turn.
Once again the dinner turned out to be a
thoroughly enjoyable experience.
On September 6 the prestigious UCL
Honorary Degree Ceremony took place,
one of the Honorary Doctorates was Prof.
Tim Killeen who graduated in Physics in
1972. In 1975 he was awarded a PhD for
work he did in the positron group under
Prof. Ceiri Griffiths, who also attended
the ceremony.
Tim Killeen is now the Assistant Director
for Geoscience at the US National
Science Foundation and is one of
President Obama’s advisors on Climate
Change. Other notable Physics and
Astronomy Alumni attendees included
Jose-Marie Griffiths (BSc Physics
1972), now a Vice President at Bryant
University; Tim Penman (BSc Physics
1972, PhD 1976) who is currently ‘Head
of Evidence’ at the Department of Energy
and Climate Change and Frank Warren
(BSc Physics 1949), a regular attendee
at our Annual Alumni Dinners.
An Honorary Doctorate was also
conferred on Prof. Peter Higgs who
had been a temporary lecturer in the
UCL Maths Department 1959/60. He is
famous for proposing, with several other
researchers, that spontaneous symmetry
breaking may be the mechanism by
which the W and Z bosons of the
weak interaction acquire mass. He
predicted that this mechanism should be
associated with a particle now being the
subject of an extraordinary search at the
LHC, and called the Higgs Boson (see
the HEP research section).
I hope that many of you will come to our
next alumni dinner on Friday 6 May 2011,
the after dinner speaker will be Prof. Mike
Charlton (BSc Physics 1978, PhD 1980).
He left UCL in 1999 to become the Head
of the Physics Department at Swansea
University.
After a short illness, Professor
Marshal Stoneham sadly
passed away on 18 February
2011.
He joined UCL in 1995 as the
first Massey Professor of Physics
and Director of the Centre for
Materials Research. Though
nominally retired from UCL, he
remained highly active both within
the Department and the LCN. He
was also President of the Institute
of Physics from October 2010.
Professor Richard Catlow,
a longstanding colleague
and Dean of Mathematical
and Physical Sciences said
“Marshall Stoneham was one
of the outstanding physicists
of his generation, who made a
huge contribution to condensed
matter physics. He will be greatly
missed by the UK and indeed the
international physics community”.
A full obituary will follow in the
2011–12 Annual Review.
PHYSICS AND ASTRONOMY ANNUAL REVIEW 2010–11
In memoriam
Research Highlight
BLAST-pol has Landed!
BLAST-pol (Balloon-borne LargeAperture Sub-millimeter Telescope) was
successfully launched on 27 Dec 2010
from the McMurdo base in Antarctica,
on the coast opposite New Zealand. The
telescope landed on 5 Jan 2011, 500km
away on the Ross ice shelf, after almost
circumnavigating the South Pole thanks
to high altitude wind currents.
Professor Gerald Vann Groves
(1928–2010)
We are sad to report the death of an ex-colleague,
Prof. Gerald (Gerry) Vann Groves.
Gerry was one of the post-war generation of scientists who ‘invented’ space
science as the new ‘sounding rockets’ reached previously unobtainable
altitudes. In parallel with the work of Harrie Massey and others, Gerry’s
atmospheric physics group in the UCL Physics Department (now Physics
and Astronomy), began launching grenades into the upper atmosphere,
measuring the sound waves that came back to the ground and from that
deducing the density structure of the upper atmosphere. Later he moved
to working on models of the upper atmosphere and contributed to the early
CIRA model (COSPAR International Reference Atmosphere), particularly
trying to characterise the dynamics, tides and planetary waves of the middle
and upper atmospheres.
Gerry grew up in Northampton, and received a Scholarship to the
Northampton Town and County Boys School. From there he gained entry
aged 17, to Peterhouse, Cambridge (1945–48), where he graduated with an
MA in the Maths Tripos. He worked in the scientific civil service for a while,
then came to UCL where he received his PhD in 1957 and joined the staff
soon after. There are several senior people in the field today who will have
been introduced to Space Science by doing his Diploma in Space Science,
or hearing him lecture on space topics. A quiet, undemonstrative man, his
enthusiasm for the subject nevertheless shone through.
Gerry retired from UCL in 1984, but continued working with the British
Interplanetary Society as a space advocate, becoming its President for a
number of years. At the age of 78 he undertook the task of managing the
construction of a new house on the plot next to where he lived, he moved
into it in spring 2010, just a few months before he died. His wife Joyce died in
2002, he is survived by his son Jonathan.
by Professor Alan Aylward
The original experiment, launched
in 2006 was featured in the movie
documentary ‘BLAST!’. BLAST-pol is the
second generation experiment. Flown
from a Long Duration Balloon platform,
the telescope and its instruments have
been pointed at a number of star forming
regions and molecular cloud targets
in the galaxy to measure the infrared
polarised emission from cold dust in the
presence of magnetic fields.
The data will be analysed in the coming
year and will help us to understand
the role of magnetic fields in the star
formation process. The international
consortium of universities working on the
experiment includes Dr G. Savini.
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PHYSICS AND ASTRONOMY ANNUAL REVIEW 2010–11
Careers with Physics and Astronomy Degrees
Parveen Akther
Managing Director of TUV
Rheinland, Australia
(BSc Physics 1992)
industrial machines are in compliance
with EU regulations. For me, EMC testing
was wonderful and I loved the variety
of products we had to test. In particular
I enjoyed it when products failed and
then you had to apply your technical
background to identify and resolve the
problems; although not so much fun for
the manufacturers who had to go back to
the drawing board to eliminate the issues!
From testing, I went on to manage the
EMC Group in Japan, and in 2004
became the Branch Manager for the
regions Kyushu, Hiroshima and Okinawa.
This meant developing business from
inspection services in food to safety
testing, as well as EMC. I then moved to
Melbourne to take up my current position
as Managing Director of TUV Rheinland
Australia.
I joined UCL in 1989 to study for a BSc in
Physics with Medical Physics but after two
years I decided to change to a straight
Physics degree. I have never been a keen
writer and looking back, I think it was the
thought of having to write essays that put
me off doing one more year of medical
physics! For me, Physics was always my
first love, inspired by a great teacher who
challenged us to think out of the box.
Upon graduation, I embarked on a PhD in
atomic and molecular physics. However
by the time I had finished my research, I
was already living and working in Japan,
and somehow writing up my thesis fell to
the wayside.
I don’t know if this is our final destination,
my daughter would love to return to Japan
but who knows. All I learned at UCL,
including my PhD research has helped
me become the person I am today. In my
spare time I work out and my future goal
is to run a marathon and raise money for
charity along the way.
Jon Gingell
Co-founder and CTO of IT
consultancy firm OpenSymmetry
(BSc Physics with Space Science
1994, PhD Physics 1998)
Many things have happened in my life
since leaving UCL; I have been married
(also to a UCL student), divorced, and
had two children along the way, Sophie
(10) and Marc (4). After spending 13
years in Japan, I moved to Melbourne in
2009.
After my PhD research I taught English
for a while, but after a year and half
found I was missing science. So in
1999 I began working for a German
engineering company, TUV Rheinland
doing Electromagnetic Compatibility
testing (EMC). This brought back
memories of Prof Corrigan’s lessons
on electromagnetic waves and those
squiggly little worms (those of you who
were fortunate to have been in his lectures
will remember the worms!).
Hence my career started as an engineer
inspecting, reporting and showing
products from hairdryers to large scale
it was indeed a pioneering experience at
times; as I’m sure my colleagues would
also testify! During the final two years of
my degree I was given the opportunity
to work closely with the AMOPP group
where, under the expert guidance of
Nigel Mason, I developed a love for
experimental physics and chemistry which
led me to take a PhD studentship in the
group.
My PhD studies at UCL provided me with
huge opportunities to travel and learn
from the best minds in the field. I often
look back at my time studying with great
fondness and am acutely aware of the
benefits that such an education has given
me in my subsequent career. The nature
of PhD studies is a great foundation for
future life, providing problem solving
skills and, as is certainly the case for
experimentalists, the ability to make swift
decisions in the heat of the moment.
Anyone who has experienced handling
explosive gases in a system of glassware
that is rapidly disintegrating in front of
their eyes will find such skills tested and
honed to the full!
After completing my PhD I worked as a
post-doc in the Chemistry Department. In
conjunction with Physics and Astronomy,
I designed and built the equipment for a
major experiment to study the formation
of molecular hydrogen in simulated
interstellar conditions. The PhD student
that was entrusted to my day-to-day
management and care was James Perry.
James went on to complete his PhD
using this equipment and he took on my
old post doc position after I left UCL, as
you will read later on.
After 10 years at UCL, I decided that the
time had come for me to broaden my
horizons beyond scientific research. I was
offered a job as an IT consultant during
the tail end of the .com boom, athough
with no proven track record of experience
in the field, I had to start near the bottom
of the ladder.
I graduated from UCL with a degree in
Physics with Space Science. This was the
first year that UCL had run this course
and although meeting the challenges
presented by it was thoroughly rewarding,
Over the next 4 years I found myself
working for FTSE 100 and Fortune 500
sized companies around the world,
and finally decided to form my own
IT company (OpenSymmetry) with a
colleague in the USA. Shortly afterwards,
we expanded to Europe and set up
OpenSymmetry in the UK. We hired
James Perry and Philip Holtom as our
first two employees, and have never
looked back since. Despite the failing
PHYSICS AND ASTRONOMY ANNUAL REVIEW 2010–11
global economy, the business has grown
and we are now proud to have opened
further offices in Sydney, Australia and
Johannesburg, South Africa. The business
has recently been restructured to allow us
to pursue business opportunities in Asia,
and as Chief Technology Officer (CTO) I
will remain actively involved in all technical
operations of a global company that I
helped to grow from scratch.
It is without doubt that I owe my ability
to have done this, to my training and
education at UCL. I can also say that,
without doubt, the best and most versatile
employees I have ever hired have had an
education in a physics based subject; both
James and Phil are testament to this. The
problem solving abilities and transferrable
skills instilled by such a course are second
to none, far outstripping those of any
computer-science graduate that I have ever
encountered. So, if you are reading this
as an undergraduate or graduate of the
Physics and Astronomy Department then
well done – you’ve chosen the best course
possible… want a job?!
Radio Network Design team. In 2006
Jon Gingell, who I’d worked with at UCL,
contacted me about working for his new
IT consultancy and it seemed an exciting
opportunity.
Since joining OpenSymmetry I have
worked on projects for clients across a
wide range of industries, in 10 countries
and across 4 continents. The job is
never routine and poses many technical
challenges. The skills a physics degree
provides, especially in complex problem
solving, and the self-sufficiency learned
doing a PhD are extremely beneficial in
our industry.
Fellowship of the
Royal Society (FRS)
Philip Holtom
Principle Consultant for
OpenSymmetry
(MSci Physics 1998,
PhD Chemistry 2001)
Professor Gabriel Aeppli
was elected to a Fellow of the
Royal Society (FRS). Gabriel is
Director of the LCN and Quain
Professor of Physics.
James Perry
Principle Consultant for
OpenSymmetry
(MSci Physics 1998,
PhD Chemistry 2001)
Since finishing my PhD at UCL I have
worked in IT, my first job was at EDS
working on the London Underground
Oystercard ticketing system. After
working there for 12 months, I moved into
IT Consulting at OpenSymmetry.
After finishing my PhD I worked at UCL
for two years as a post-doc. I left UCL
in 2003 to work for Vodafone, where
I spent the majority of my time in the
Research Highlight
My consulting role at OpenSymmetry has
led me to work all over the world with a
number of large clients and has provided
almost as many technical challenges and
opportunities for travel as my PhD at UCL
did. The experiences I gained at UCL
have given me a huge boost working at
OpenSymmetry.
Calling all Alumni
We would love to hear about your career and life since leaving UCL, with a
view to possibly including your story in the next Annual Review.
If you would be willing to write a piece for the next Annual Review,
please contact Kate Heyworth via email k.heyworth@ucl.ac.uk
Election for this fellowship is one
of the highest honours a scientist
working in the UK can attain.
“Aeppli is one of the world’s leading
condensed matter physicists, a
winner of the American Physical
Society’s major Oliver Buckley
Prize. He identified magnets with
tunable quantum fluctuations
using them to study the cross-over
between the classical and quantum
behaviour. His work demonstrated
that magnetic quantum fluctuations
could not be described by
otherwise successful 20th century
theory. His team showed such
fluctuations as particularly strong
in exotic superconductors, such as
high transition temperature copper
oxides, providing key evidence
that quantum spin fluctuations,
rather than the atomic vibrations of
standard theory, are at the root of
exotic superconductivity.”
9
10
PHYSICS AND ASTRONOMY ANNUAL REVIEW 2010–11
Physics and Astronomy Outreach
Science for the Public
The Department runs a number of
school and public science events
annually, the full list of lectures and
events can be found in the ‘Science for
the Public’ section of our website.
contrast agents. These have great
ingredients such as lemon juice, salt
potential for anti-cancer therapy and
and eggs. The team demonstrated
drug delivery.
colour changes in nanoparticles, and
Visitors to the exhibit saw
nanoparticles in action and took
part in making them using cooking
how heating magnetic nanoparticles
on human tissue can provide powerful
localised therapy for cancer.
One event of particular interest this
year was the Royal Society Summer
Exhibition 2010. The exhibition ran for
two weeks at the Royal Festival Hall
and proved to be a great success,
inspiring children and adults alike.
Physics and Astronomy was involved in
two stalls, with the ‘Nanoscale Science:
A Giant Leap for Mankind’ stand
selected by New Scientist as one of the
three best stalls at the event!
Nanoscale Science:
A Giant Leap for Mankind
Organised and run by members of
UCL as part of The Davy Faraday
Research Laboratory from The Royal
Institution, the team consisted of
Dr Nguyen TK Thanh demonstrating how to change the colour of gold nanoparticles by
adding salty water and how to stabilise them using egg white.
chemists, doctors, physicists and
engineers exhibiting their work on
nanoparticles in the advancement
of healthcare diagnostics and
therapeutics.
Nanotechnology is the science of
the very small, working on a scale
one-billionth of a metre. The Davy
Faraday researchers are exploring
how nanoparticles can be used in
healthcare, from disease diagnosis
to cancer treatment. Their research
focuses on two specific particles;
gold nanoparticles, and magnetic
colloids. Gold nanoparticles can be
used in pregnancy tests, blood sugar
monitoring and anti-cancer therapy,
and magnetic colloids are used as MRI
An interactive display demonstrating the targeted delivery of magnetic nanoparticles to
certain part of the body using a hand held magnet.
PHYSICS AND ASTRONOMY ANNUAL REVIEW 2010–11
A Molecule’s Eye View of Water
11
Research Highlight
Electron-Like Scattering
of Positronium
S. J. Brawley, J. Beale, D. E. Leslie,
A. I. Williams, G. Laricchia
Science, 330, 6005, 789 (2010)
The ‘Supercool Ice Show’, where water was frozen instantly in the hands of brave volunteers.
The UCL team consisted of members
hands of brave visitors and heavy-water
from the departments of Chemistry, and
ice cubes sinking in normal water.
Physics and Astronomy, the London
Centre for Nanotechnology and the
Thomas Young Centre. Their stand
showcased some of the world-leading
research at UCL into water and ice on
the nanoscale.
Support for the exhibition stalls came
from EPSRC, STFC, UCL Chemistry,
Physics and Astronomy, London Centre
for Nanotechnology and the Thomas
Young Centre.
Water is one of the fundamental
elements to our existence, topics such
as ice nucleation, water and climate
change, and high pressure phases of
ice were explained to the public. The
earth’s climate process is dominated
by the role of water vapour, additionally
virtually all chemical reactions take
place in water.
One of the highlights of the exhibition
was the ‘Supercool Ice Show’, with
crowds of up to 40 people gathering
to watch, the show was designed to
display some of the more unusual
properties of water. Demonstrations
included water freezing instantly in the
The bespoke stand was designed to have
the look and feel of an iceberg. It was
built in collaboration with the UCL Bartlett
School of Architecture.
The observed imbalance between
matter and antimatter in our universe
is one of the greatest outstanding
mysteries in science. Positrons are
the antimatter counterpart to electrons
with which they eventually annihilate
releasing gamma-rays. However, prior
to this, a positron often combines with
an electron to form Positronium (Ps),
the lightest known atom, analogous to
hydrogen with the positron replacing
the proton.
The Department houses the only
operational Ps beam in the world
(see picture) which is used to look
at how Ps interacts with ordinary
matter. Recently, the UCL team
has unexpectedly discovered that
positronium scatters from a wide
variety of atomic and molecular targets
in a similar manner to that of a bare
electron at the same collision velocity.
Guided by this discovery, the team has
now observed the first manifestation of
Ps resonant scattering.
Whilst the physical reason for the
similarity is not yet understood, it
looks like the positron in Ps is heavily
screened from the target by its partner
electron. From a practical viewpoint,
this finding may yield significant
benefits for advancing simulations of
positron-transport in matter, ranging
from interstellar clouds to radiationdosimetry for Positron-EmissionTomography (PET).
12
PHYSICS AND ASTRONOMY ANNUAL REVIEW 2010–11
Staff Highlights and News
Promotions
Promoted to Professor
Professor Tony Harker
Professor Robert Thorne
Professor Matthew Wing
Promoted to Reader
Dr Ryan Nichol
Dr Giovanna Tinetti
Academic Appointments
Prof. Bruce Swinyard
Prof. Bruce Swinyard joined the
Department in July 2010 as a joint
appointment between UCL and the
Science Technology and Facilities
Council’s Rutherford Appleton
Laboratory (RAL), His research
focuses on the development of
astronomical instrumentation
and observing techniques in the
far infrared wavelength band,
especially in space based systems.
He is currently working on the analysis of astronomical
data from the ESA Herschel Space Observatory SPIRE
sub-mm instrument which he has been deeply involved in
developing over the past decade (see p24).
Artist in Residence joins
Astrophysics Group
Artist Katie Paterson joined the Astrophysics group
as their first Artist in Residence for the academic year
2010-11. She is supported by a special grant from the
Leverhulme Trust.
Katie is a young artist who graduated from the
Slade School of Fine Art, UCL, in 2007 and has
since participated in important exhibitions, including
Modern Art (Oxford), The Power Plant (Toronto), and
Altermodern (Tate Britain).
Her work focuses on nature, geology and cosmology.
Her artwork repertoire includes: ‘Earth–Moon–Earth’,
which involved the transmission of Beethoven’s
Moonlight Sonata to the moon and back; ‘Vatnajökull’,
a live phone line to an Icelandic glacier; and ‘All the
Dead Stars’, a large map documenting the locations
of all known dead stars (27,000), a collaboration with
UCL astronomers and others throughout the world.
During the residency, Katie will investigate ideas
of ancient darkness and early light in the Universe,
involving dark energy, dark matter, and very distant
objects.
Long-term Fellowships
Dr Gavin Hesketh
(Royal Society University Research Fellowship)
Retirements
Prof. Keith McEwen
Resignations
Dr Barbara Ercolano
(to the University of Exeter, then a Professorship at the
Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich)
Dr Amy Connolly
(to take up an academic position at Ohio State University)
All the Dead Stars, 2009
Dr Thorsten Kohler
(to return to Germany)
Photo credit: MJC © 2009
Laser etched anodised aluminium, 2000x3000mm
PHYSICS AND ASTRONOMY ANNUAL REVIEW 2010–11
The Cosmic Enigma
Research Highlight
First Light for Remotely-Conducted
Observations at ULO
The University of London Observatory (ULO) is
developing the capability of remotely operating
telescopes from off-site. A milestone in this
process was passed on 21 July 2010, when
undergraduate student Jakub Bochinski
On 22–23 June 2010, the Astro group hosted the Weizmann-UK
Symposium, for a conference entitled ‘The Cosmic Enigma’. This
brought together cosmologists and high-energy physicists from the
Weizmann Institute and UK universities, some of the participants are
pictured here at the Gala Dinner held at London’s Science Museum.
The symposium host was Prof. Ofer Lahav (second from left), coorganisers were Joe Silk (Oxford, first from left), Eli Waxman (WIS,
fifth from left) and Moti Milgrom (third from right). The guests at the
dinner included the President of the Weizmann, Daniel Zeifman (third
from left) and historian Simon Schama (sixth from right).
controlled a C14 telescope and its CCD
camera from his home in central London,
using a web-based interface – the first remote
observation to be conducted at ULO.
As well as test and calibration frames, the
accompanying ‘first light’ images of the
planetary nebula M27 were obtained. The
hot, blue tinted, white dwarf star visible at the
centre is all that remains of a red giant that
shed its outer envelope to form the nebula.
Royal Society Pairing Scheme
A number of operational matters have yet
to be resolved, but further trials continue
to be encouraging. The success of these
experiments, attributable to the combined
efforts of all the technical and academic staff at
the Observatory, demonstrates great promise
for future progress in this direction, and the
goal is that fully unattended observing should
be routine some time in 2011.
Dr Emily Nurse with Croydon central MP, Gavin Barwell, her
partner in the Royal Society’s pairing scheme for scientists and
MPs/civil servants
Organised by the Royal Society, the aim was to build bridges
between parliamentarians, civil servants and some of the best
science research workers in the UK. The first part of the scheme
consisted of a week in Westminster, including two days shadowing
their respected pair. The second part involved a reciprocal visit
where the MPs/civil servants shadowed the scientist.
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14
PHYSICS AND ASTRONOMY ANNUAL REVIEW 2010–11
Staff Prizes and Awards
Institute of Physics (IOP) Awards
UCL Awards
Holweck Medal and Prize
Franklin Medal and Prize
UCL Business Award
Prof. Steve Bramwell
(CMMP/LCN)
Prof. Thomas Duke
(CMMP/ LCN)
Prof. Quentin Pankhurst
(CMMP/ Royal Institution)
This award is conferred jointly
between the Institute of Physics (IOP)
and the French Physical Society.
“For the application of physical
principles to the development of
elegant molecular sorting devices,
for providing new insights into the
organising principles of cells and
for his primary contributions to a
new generation of theories of how
the inner ear works”.
“[F]or his endeavors in the establishment
of Endomagnetics Limited, which aims
to improve healthcare through magnetic
sensing technology.”
“For pioneering new concepts in the
experimental and theoretical study of
spin systems”.
Prof. Bramwell was also cited as
number 99 in The Times 100 most
important people in science and
engineering.
Thomson Medal
and Prize
Business and Innovation Medal
of the Institute of Physics
Prof. Gaetana Laricchia
(AMOPP)
Prof. Sir Michael Pepper
(CMMP/LCN/Electrical Engineering)
“For her contributions to the
development of the world’s only
positronium beam and its use to
probe the properties of atoms and
molecules”.
“For translating advances in
semiconductor physics into the
commercial arena, including key roles
in founding Toshiba Research Europe,
Cambridge Laboratory, and TeraView”.
MAPS Faculty Teaching Award
Prof. Raman Prinja (Astro)
“Raman is a teacher who goes out
of his way to engage with students
both in and outside of lectures
and is always readily available to
provide feedback. His friendliness,
approachability and sheer enthusiasm
for the subjects he teaches are
well known in the faculty and to the
students who have been fortunate
enough to have been taught by him”.
(Prof. M Lancaster)
PHYSICS AND ASTRONOMY ANNUAL REVIEW 2010–11
Royal Astronomical Society (RAS) Awards
Oxford Instruments
The Fowler Prize
2010 Nicholas Kurti
European Science Prize
Dr Barbara Ercolano
(Astro)
Dr Christian Rüegg (CMMP/ LCN)
The Fowler Prize is awarded “to
individuals who have made a
particularly noteworthy contribution
to the astronomical and geophysical
sciences at an early stage of their
research career”.
Harold Jeffreys Lecture
Prof. Steven Miller
(Astro/ Science and
Technology Studies)
Selected to give this prestigious
lecture, “Professor Miller combines
research into the atmospheres
of other planets (aeronomy)
with a deep interest in the public
communication of science…”
“…Christian Rüegg has pioneered
experimental work on a number of
prototypical magnetic model materials,
including low-dimensional arrays of
quantum spins, so called spin dimer
and ladder systems…”
RAS Vice-President
The Times Higher Education Awards
Research Project of the Year
Dr Andrew Wills (Chemistry / LCN), Profs Gabriel Aeppli,
Steve Bramwell and Des McMorrow (CMMP / LCN)
The project pioneered new types of materials magnetism, and included the
discovery of ‘magnetricity’, the magnetic equivalent of electricity.
The judges said
this breakthrough
has changed our
understanding of
magnetic force in a
way that “crosses
the disciplinary
boundaries of
chemistry and
physics, and has
the potential for
wider application”.
Prof. Ofer Lahav (Astro) was elected as
Vice-President of the Royal Astronomical
Society (RAS) and the chair of its
International Committee. In addition
to this, he was appointed as the sole
chair of the Science Committee of the
international Dark Energy Survey (DES).
In this role he is coordinating the work
of over 100 scientists from 5 countries.
The ‘first light’ at the telescope in Chile is
expected in October 2011, and members
of the Astro group are heavily involved in
both the instrumentation and the science
of the DES project.
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PHYSICS AND ASTRONOMY ANNUAL REVIEW 2010–11
Staff Profile
Prof. Tania Monteiro discusses how a meteorite in her grandparent’s
farm inspired a lifelong interest in quantum theory.
Prof. Tania Scheel Monteiro joined UCL
It is the unknown and unpredictable which
expected to play a very important role and
in 1995 as an EPSRC Advanced Fellow
Tania most relishes in her work. She sees
quantum ratchets are potentially useful in
in the AMOPP Group. Her research
each new different project as a “treasure
a number of technological applications. A
activity resides primarily in quantum
hunt”; no matter how meticulously a
key question, answered in the affirmative
theory, including applications to future
project or related experiment is planned,
by her work is whether the effects of
quantum-based technologies.
“nature has a way of behaving differently
deterministic chaos could replace the
than one expects: surprises invariably turn
random thermal noise which drives usual
Born in Mozambique, Tania Monteiro’s
up and this is what makes science most
ratchets.
interest in science begun at an early
exciting”.
age. Inspired by the fact that the
Tania’s future research plans involve,
largest known meteorite on the Earth’s
During her career she proposed the first
amongst many things, a new collaboration
surface, the Hoba Meteorite, lay on her
ever mechanism for a chaotic quantum
with an experimental team at UCL working
grandparents’ farmland in Namibia! A
ratchet with cold atoms. This was then
towards the development of a quantum
University of London Research Overseas
demonstrated in an experiment at UCL.
computer. Although this remains a distant
scholarship enabled her to study for
There is a lot of interest in the design and
goal at present, the UCL team of Gavin
a PhD in Astrophysics at Queen Mary
construction of microscopic devices and
Morley and others, recently discovered
College London.
motors that can drive directed motion,
that bismuth atoms in silicon could form
while powered only by thermal and other
the building blocks of a quantum computer
Despite her early career foundations in
noise. Driving such ratchet motion is
(see the Research Highlight opposite).
Astrophysics, she soon developed an
what protein motors, perfected over the
This is a recently begun collaboration and
interest in the interface between chaos
course of millions of years by evolution,
Tania now plans to investigate theoretically
and quantum theory. Chaos theory
do in the cells in our bodies. As modern
the so-called ‘forbidden transitions’ of
studies the behaviour of dynamical
technologies go down to smaller and
bismuth atoms in siliconto store quantum
systems that are highly sensitive; an
smaller scales, quantum effects are
information.
effect which is popularly referred to as
the butterfly effect. Small differences
in initial conditions (such as those
due to rounding errors in numerical
computation) yield widely diverging
outcomes for chaotic systems,
generally rendering long-term prediction
impossible. Quantum theory on the other
hand, cannot resolve behaviours on
scales finer than Planck’s constant- this
is small but still places a limit on the
complicated chaotic dynamics. Thus
quantum theory tends to suppress
chaos, but the interesting aspect is
that quantum systems, whether atoms,
molecules or small electronic devices,
behave very differently in the chaotic
regime.
Prof. Tania Monteiro by the grave of Charles Babbage, considered by many to be the
‘father of the computer’ and buried not far from UCL. His ‘analytical engine’, long predating
the microchip, had to rely on heavy brass cogs and levers and was of limited use. Quantum
computers are probably at a similar stage at present.
PHYSICS AND ASTRONOMY ANNUAL REVIEW 2010–11
Public Lectures in 2010
The Department organises a number of public lectures throughout
the year, aimed at an undergraduate physics level of understanding.
For details of the 2011 lectures please check the Physics and
Astronomy website (www.phys.ucl.ac.uk).
Lectures will be advertised roughly one month prior to the event.
Physics Colloquium
Professor Gregory Scholes (Toronto),
‘Quantum-coherent solar energy capture by marine algae’
17
Research Highlight
The Initialization and Manipulation
of Quantum Information Stored in
Silicon by Bismuth Dopants
G.W. Morley, M. Warner, A.M. Stoneham,
P.T. Greenland, J. van Tol, C.W.M. Kay,
G. Aeppli. Nature Materials, 9, 725–729 (2010)
January 2010
The Elizabeth Spreadbury Lecture
Professor James Hough (Glasgow),
‘The detection and cosmological significance
of gravitational waves’
March 2010
The Bragg Lecture
Professor Andre Geim (Manchester),
‘Graphene: Magic of Flat Carbon’
October 2010
The Massey Lecture
Professor Paul Corkum (Ottawa University/National Research
Council Canada), ‘Attosecond-Angstrom Science’
November 2010
The Bragg Lecture
The Bragg Lecture is
given annually by a
distinguished scientist
working in the field
of condensed-matter
and materials physics.
Professor Andre Geim
(Manchester) was the
guest speaker for the
2010 lecture.
The lecture proved to
Artist’s impression of a corrugated graphene sheet
be timely as he had
recently been jointly
Illustration: Jannik Meyer,
Science vol 324, 15 May 2009
awarded the 2010
Nobel Prize in Physics.
The award was shared with his colleague, Prof. Konstantin Novoselov
‘for their pioneering work on Graphene’. A record number of staff, students
and members of the public arrived, filling two large lecture theatres.
Focusing on Graphene, Andre described it as the thinnest and strongest
material ever measured. It is a single atomic plane pulled out of graphite
and can sustain current densities a million times higher than copper. It
shows a record thermal conductivity, stiffness, and is impermeable to
gases or liquids.
Quantum computing aims to solve problems
that would take longer than the lifetime of
the universe on a normal computer. A major
advance in this field occurred when a team
of UCL-US scientists discovered that bismuth
atoms in silicon could form the building blocks
for a quantum computer.
Despite being compatible with silicon chips,
bismuth atoms were previously overlooked
by quantum computing researchers in
favour of phosphorus atoms. However, the
team discovered that bismuth atoms can
store quantum information for longer than
phosphorus. Bismuth is the heaviest stable
atom and has a large nuclear ‘spin’. Its
quantum spin is like a tiny compass needle that
can exist in one of ten states, corresponding
to different tilts (see illustration by Manuel
Voegtli) instead of the two directions available
to a phosphorus nucleus. This allows bismuth
nuclei to store more quantum information
because the quantum state space is now tenrather than two-dimensional.
In the future, bismuth atoms could be used
to store quantum information while nearby
phosphorus atoms control the information flow.
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PHYSICS AND ASTRONOMY ANNUAL REVIEW 2010–11
Research Groups
Atomic, Molecular, Optical and Positron Physics (AMOPP)
The Atomic, Molecular, Optical and Positron Physics (AMOPP) group perform high precision measurements
coupled with theoretical work, aimed at improving our understanding of fundamental processes. The
applications of their research are diverse and cover areas such as the development and structure of the
exoplanets, environmental change, and the behaviour of biological systems.
Project in Focus: Ultrafast laser physics
Aim
To understand electron dynamics in atoms and
molecules using very short pulses of high intensity light.
Results to Date
From multielectron effects in high-harmonic generation
to some of the most comprehensive studies of strongfield electron-electron correlation so far.
class of physics where measurements on the attosecond
(10-18s) timescale become possible. This is the timescale in which
electrons move within an atom or molecule.
In recent years, understanding these processes has led to the
possibility of using ultrashort laser pulses to image simultaneously:
molecular processes on the attosecond timescale- the timescale in
which electrons move; and the Angstrom length scale- the distance
between neighboring atoms in a molecule.
UCL Involvement
Developing both classical and quantum theoretical
models for a wide range of strong-field phenomena, and
participation in leading experiments.
Modern lasers can deliver huge quantities of energy to very
focused regions on extremely short timescales. When atoms
and molecules are exposed to these extremely strong laser
fields, novel and exciting processes can take place. Within the
AMOPP group at UCL there is an active research programme
in this area, encompassing experimental and theoretical work,
with four staff members, and a fast growing number of research
students and research fellows. This research programme is
described below.
Light in Short Flashes
Femtosecond laser pulses, with durations of the order 10-15s,
provide a very powerful tool for examining atomic and molecular
processes. The high laser intensities that can be achieved with
short laser pulses allows the interaction of atoms and molecules
with strong laser fields to be studied, opening the door to a new
Figure 1: Femtosecond laser pulses, allow us to examine rapid
atomic and molecular processes. This diagram shows two
possible outcomes for electron recollision. The top image depicts a
phenomenon referred to as high-order harmonic generation (HHG)
in which the laser field may remove an electron from an atomic
or molecular target and accelerate it back towards the target with
high energy. Upon return, the electron may either re-collide with
the target or recombine to reform one of its bound states emitting
a high energy photon. Alternatively the bottom image shows
that extra electrons may be produced or non-sequential double
ionisation
PHYSICS AND ASTRONOMY ANNUAL REVIEW 2010–11
The strong oscillating electric field associated with such laser
pulses exceeds the electric field binding electrons to nuclei,
and important new phenomena result. For example, the laser
field may remove an electron from an atomic or molecular
target and accelerate it back towards the target with high
energy. Upon return, the electron may either re-collide with
the target or recombine to reform one of its bound states.
If recombination occurs, the energy of the returning electron
is liberated as a high-energy photon in the extreme ultraviolet
part of the spectrum. This phenomenon is known as highorder harmonic generation (HHG). Such photons are emitted
with pulse durations on the attosecond timescale, and have
encoded within them, detailed information about the structure
of the atom or molecule.
aspects of HHG science. In these experiments on atomic
and molecular gases driven, they were able to observe the
attosecond electron dynamics occurring between ionisation
and recollision in CO2 molecules. In addition, by combining
two laser fields at wavelengths of 800 nm and 1300 nm they
were able to enhance the HHG efficiency by more than two
orders of magnitude as well as significantly extending the
maximum energy of the X-ray photons produced.
Alternatively, the electron may either elastically scatter or
even knock out additional electrons from the target, causing
multiple ionisation. The former and the latter process are the
physical mechanisms that lead to above-threshold ionisation,
and non-sequential double ionisation (NSDI), respectively.
The photoelectrons generated in these ways also provide
structural information about the target.
A detailed understanding of these processes may bring
answers to very fundamental questions. For instance: how
does an electron migrate in a photosynthetic molecule? How
does a proton rearrange itself when an electron is ripped
off an atom? Can we create compact X-ray light sources by
driving high-order harmonic generation in a more efficient
way?
Understanding these processes requires sophisticated
theoretical models and experiments such as those ongoing
at UCL. A topic lying centrally to the research is that of
the correlated motions of the electrons within an atom or
molecule. The attosecond tools described above hold the key
to unravelling the detailed synchronized dance that electrons
undergo in matter.
High-order Harmonic Generation (HHG)
HHG has attracted a huge amount of interest in recent years.
On the one hand, if made sufficiently efficient, HHG will
lead to a new generation of X-ray laser sources producing
high-brightness attosecond pulses at extreme ultraviolet and
X-ray energies. On the other hand, as explained above, HHG
is a powerful attosecond imaging tool. Understanding how
multiple electron interactions influence HHG is fundamental
to this latter goal.
Dr Jonathan Underwood, PhD student Imma Procino
and co-workers have recently used the Artemis Facility at
the Rutherford Appleton Laboratory to explore both of these
Figure 2: The allene C3H4 molecule is one of the targets
employed by Jonathan Underwood and co-workers in order
to generate high-order harmonics.
In related theoretical work, Dr Carla Faria and PhD student
Brad Augstein developed analytical many-electron models
for HHG in diatomic molecules. This model goes beyond most
analytical approaches, which consider that only the electron in
the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) is active. They
found that different orbitals are mapped into different regions in
the spectra.
Pathways to Non-sequential
Double Ionisation
Electron-electron correlation has a huge influence on multiple
ionisation processes including laser-induced nonsequential
double (NSDI). ‘Nonsequential’ means that the active
electrons act in concert as they leave the atom or molecule,
and cannot be disentangled.
NSDI is caused by an inelastic rescattering mechanism
involving an electron and its parent ion, this can happen
along several pathways. Both electrons may, for instance,
leave simultaneously. This route is known as ‘electronimpact ionisation’. There are also the so-called ‘time-delayed
pathways’, where one of the electrons gets temporarily
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PHYSICS AND ASTRONOMY ANNUAL REVIEW 2010–11
trapped in the atomic potential. Hence, they reach the
continuum at different times. A key challenge is tracing back
these different pathways from the observed electron momentum
distributions.
As a result of these investigations, the two-electron streak
camera was formulated which allowed them to look at when
the ionising electrons collide following an XUV attosecond
pulse. This work was developed in collaboration with Dr Paul
Corkum and Dr Andre Staudte in Ottawa.
This general scheme allows for processes triggered by XUV
attosecond pulses to be probed using weak infrared laser
fields. It will be applied in the future to time-resolve multielectron ionisation in many electron atoms and molecules,
problems at the forefront of attosecond science.
Figure 3: Electron momentum distributions in helium. These
distributions are computed for the recollision and excitation
of the He+ ion to its 2s or 2p state. The electron-momentum
components are perpendicular to the laser-field polarization for
the Helium atom in a field of intensity 2.16 x 1014 W/cm2
In 2010, Carla Faria and PhD students Tahir Shaaran, Brad
Augstein and Tom Nygren performed a detailed study of the
NSDI pathway in which the first electron, upon return, may
promote the second electron to an excited state, from which it
subsequently ‘tunnels’ out. They performed some of the most
comprehensive analytic studies of this mechanism, which
ranged from rigorous kinematic constraints to potential imaging
applications. They showed that the bound state to which the
second electron was excited can be clearly discerned in the
measured electron-momentum distributions.
The Two-Electron Streak Camera
Dr Agapi Emmanouilidou and her group have developed
three-dimensional classical models where the Coulomb
singularities, which occur when charged particles get very
close to each other, are fully accounted for. Such models
provide a very clear physical picture of often complex
processes and complement fully quantum mechanical (QM)
approaches, allowing questions to be asked for which QM
calculations would be too difficult.
For example, Agapi Emmanouilidou and PhD student Hugh
Price have looked at how multi-electron ionisation takes place
and how intra-atomic collision processes via two electron
ionisation can be probed.
Figure 4.
Figure 4a) Illustrates the concept of the two electron streak
camera. When an XUV-attosecond pulse (single photon) is
absorbed, the two electrons ionize with an inter-electronic angle
of∞escape θ12 and momenta p1 and p2. To infer the time the two
electrons collide, we drive the system with a weak infrared laser
field (streaking field). This field changes the momenta of the
two electrons by ∆p(φ) the momentum change depends on the
phase of the field.
Thus depending on whether the electron that absorbs the
single photon escapes in the same / opposite direction as the
streaking field, the two electrons escape with a smaller / larger
angle.
This accounts for the splitting of θ12 as a function of φ, shown
in Figure 4b), for two different photon excess energies. If no
collision was present, the maximum split in θ12(φ) would be at
φ=90°; the shift of the maximum split by ∆φ corresponds to the
collision time.
PHYSICS AND ASTRONOMY ANNUAL REVIEW 2010–11
21
High Energy Physics (HEP)
High energy particle physics is about looking at extremely small sizes, or equivalently at extremely high energies.
It teaches us about the underlying nature of the physical universe, and the forces and laws that govern its
development, from the first moments of the big bang, through to the present day, and far into the future.
Project in Focus: The ATLAS experiment at the LHC
Aim
To understand the fundamental theory describing the
building blocks of our Universe and the interactions
between them by smashing together subatomic particles
known as protons.
Results to Date
Rediscovery of most known processes in an
unprecedented energy regime : low energy particles, high
energy ‘jets’ of particles, the W and Z bosons responsible
for the weak nuclear force and the massive ‘top’ quark (a
fundamental particle with the mass of a gold nuclei!). We
have also placed limits on the existence of new particles.
UCL Involvement
UCL has been heavily involved in the early day
measurements, in particular the low energy particles and
the high energy ‘jets’ of particles.
One project which has recently stirred much public interest is
the Large Hadron Collider (LHC), based at CERN in Geneva,
Dr Emily Nurse describes the HEP involvement in the LHC
project, more specifically the ATLAS experiment.
ATLAS is a large international experiment which makes
measurements in the LHC. The HEP group made essential
hardware and software contributions to the experiment and
its first results were released on Weds 21st April 2010. The
experiment is enabling scientists to search for new particles,
forces and dimensions in completely new territory.
The Large Hadron Collider (LHC)
The Large Hadron Collider (LHC) is a huge particle accelerator
that began colliding two circulating beams of protons together
at a centre-of-mass energy of 7 TeV (one TeV is a 1012
electron-volts) in March 2010. When the protons collide, they
break up and produce a whole host of different particles. The
most common occurrence is the production of well-known
particles, however there is also the exciting possibility of
undiscovered particles being produced.
Figure 1: The ATLAS detector, which consists of several subcomponents shown in different colours. Particles are created
when the protons collide and pass through the detector.
The ATLAS experiment
ATLAS (shown pictorially in figure 1) is a particle detector
which surrounds one of the points on the LHC ring where
the circulating proton beams are focused together to collide.
It detects the particles that are produced when the protons
interact, identifies them and measures their kinematic
properties.
The aim of the approximately 3,000 scientists in the ATLAS
collaboration (including about 20 from UCL) is to discover
new particles and to make precise measurements of known
particles, in an attempt to understand how our Universe
works at a fundamental level. Our current best theory of the
building blocks of matter and their interactions is known as the
Standard Model (SM) of particle physics, which was developed
in the 1960s. While the successes of the theory have been
remarkable, there are some weaknesses and experimentalists
at ATLAS are working hard to scrutinise it further.
Early Measurements
One of the aims of the LHC is to discover, or exclude, the
existence of an elusive particle known as the Higgs boson.
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PHYSICS AND ASTRONOMY ANNUAL REVIEW 2010–11
This particle is pivotal to the success of the Standard Model
– without it all particles would be massless. If the Higgs
exists, the LHC experiments will find it; this is ensured by the
unprecedented energy of the proton collisions. As well as the
Higgs, many other particles predicted by theories beyond the
SM are being searched for at the LHC.
In order to discover new particles, or to study known ones,
it is necessary to record and analyse the detector’s data
from as many collisions of the beams (events) as possible.
The number of events of a certain type of process ‘seen’
by the ATLAS detector is given by multiplying together the
cross-section of that process and the integrated luminosity
of the colliding beams. The cross-section is a measure of the
likelihood of a certain interaction, and is given in units of barns
(1 barn = 10-28m2). The integrated luminosity is a measure
of the number of potentially interacting protons in the beams;
it depends on the number of times the beams pass through
each other and the density of protons, and is given in units of
inverse barns.
There is a huge variation in the size of the cross-section of
different possible processes. As an example the total crosssection (i.e. that for any type of interaction to occur) is around
10 orders of magnitude larger than the predicted cross-section
for the production of a Higgs boson! In general, potential new
particles are produced much less often than many known
SM processes; in order to dig out the rare and interesting
processes from this large background, it is necessary to first
have a good understanding of all these SM processes. During
2010 the LHC delivered 45 x 109b-1 (45 pb-1 (1 pb-1 = 109b-1))
of data to ATLAS, and the collaboration has made many
measurements of these SM processes and has already
performed searches for new particles.
The total cross-section is dominated by soft (low momentum)
interactions, mediated by the strong nuclear force. ATLAS
has made measurements of the kinematic distributions of the
particles produced in these processes, providing vital input to
theoretical models that aim to simulate them.
Rediscovering Known Particles and
Searching for New Ones
ATLAS has also studied some rare processes. When the
protons collide it is possible that two of the constituent
particles interact to momentarily produce one of the massive
bosons responsible for the weak nuclear force. These particles
(known as W and Z bosons) decay almost instantaneously
(within about 10-25 seconds) and it is their decay products that
are seen in ATLAS. They decay either to jets, or to particles
known as leptons (lepton is a generic word for electron, muon,
tau and neutrino). These leptonic decays leave a striking
signature, figure 2 shows a graphical display of a candidate
Z boson event, decaying to a muon and an antimuon (the
antimatter partner of the muon). Measurements of the crosssection for W and Z production have been performed, which
are in excellent agreement with the SM prediction.
Figure 2: A graphical display of a candidate Z event decaying into
a muon and an antimuon. The (anti)muons are shown as red lines.
Unlike most other particles, which get absorbed in the calorimeters
shown in figure 1, muons pass through the entire ATLAS detector.
They can be identified by their presence in the outer most subcomponents, known as the muon detectors.
Less frequently, the strong force is responsible for the
production of higher energy particles. Many particles are
produced, which cluster together to form a collimated ‘jet’.
Such jets are among the decay products of many interesting
processes, and must be well understood. ATLAS has
performed measurements of the kinematic distributions
and cross-sections of jets. Encouragingly, the current best
theoretical prediction of these distributions is very good.
UCL scientists were among the key authors for these early
measurements that are important for laying the groundwork
for the rest of the LHC program.
Figure 3: A graphical display of a candidate top quark-antiquark
pair. With the top decaying to a jet, an antielectron (positron) and
an electron-neutrino, and the antitop decaying to a jet, a muon and
an antimuon-neutrino. The muon is indicated by the red line, the
antielectron by the green line and the jets by the pink cones. Neutrinos
are not directly detected in ATLAS and are therefore not shown.
PHYSICS AND ASTRONOMY ANNUAL REVIEW 2010–11
An even rarer process is the production of a top quark and its
antimatter partner. The top quark is the heaviest known SM
particle (roughly 200 times the mass of the proton!).
Both the top quark and antiquark decay almost instantaneously
to a W boson and a jet. The W boson then decays as
discussed above. A graphical display of a candidate for such
a process is shown in figure 3, the event is very striking, with
many high-energy particles. The cross-section for this process
has been measured and again, the results are in excellent
agreement with the SM prediction.
As well as re-discovering the known SM particles produced
at the unprecedented energy of the LHC, limits have been
placed on the existence of potential new particles. It is possible
that new particles produced at the LHC could decay into two
high-energy jets, their existence would be apparent as bumps
in the invariant mass distribution of the jet-pair, centred at the
mass of the new particle (the invariant mass of a system of
final state particles is a combination of the particle energies
and momenta that corresponds to the mass of the decaying
particle). Figure 4 shows that the invariant mass distribution
contains no such bumps, leading to an exclusion of particles
known as ‘excited-quarks’ with masses less than 1.5 TeV. The
existence of excited-quarks would indicate that quarks are not
fundamental particles as is currently believed, but rather an
agglomeration of as yet unknown constituent particles. ATLAS
has also searched for quark compositeness by looking at the
angular distribution of the jets – so far no evidence has been
found there either.
23
Switching from Proton to Ion Collisions
Towards the end of 2010 the LHC switched from proton collisions
to lead ion collisions, at a reduced centre-of-mass energy of 2.76
TeV. When the lead ions collide, many thousands of particles
are produced. ATLAS has investigated the production of jets
in these events and observed an interesting phenomenon.
Events containing two jets show a very significant imbalance
in their momentum component in the direction transverse to
the incoming beams (naively one would expect the modulus
of the momenta of the jets to be similar due to momentum
conservation). The most likely interpretation of this phenomenon
is that the lower energy jet has lost most of its momentum
through interactions with a hot dense medium formed when the
ions collide. This medium is known as a quark-gluon plasma,
where quarks and gluons behave like free particles, rather than
being confined into protons, neutrons or other ‘hadrons’. Figure 5
shows a schematic view of this ‘jet-quenching’ effect.
Figure 5: A schematic view of a heavy ion collision. A hot dense
medium is indicated by the large circle. The production of a di-jet
is shown at the top edge of the medium. One jet enters the ATLAS
detector without passing through the medium, the other passes
through it and therefore looses a lot of its energy (this process is
known as ‘jet-quenching’).
The Future
Figure 4: The di-jet invariant mass distribution. The ATLAS
data is shown as black points, it is consistent with a smooth
distribution and does not contain any bumps. The coloured lines
indicate what the distribution would look like if excited quarks
existed with various masses.
In 2010 the ATLAS collaboration performed a successful
exploration of many of the known SM processes at the LHC’s
unprecedented centre-of-mass energy, and is already sensitive
to very rare processes. The LHC will continue to run at even
higher energies and the next steps will be to re-discover
even rarer known processes and to discover, or exclude, the
existence of new hypothetical particles. Putting the possible
theories of our Universe through thorough experimental tests.
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PHYSICS AND ASTRONOMY ANNUAL REVIEW 2010–11
Astrophysics (Astro)
The Astrophysics group at UCL is one of the largest and most active in the UK. Their activities cover a wide
range of topics, with subgroups in Atmospheric Physics (APL), Extrasolar Planets, Circumstellar and Interstellar
Environments, Massive Stars and Clusters, Galaxies and Cosmology, Star Formation and Astrochemistry,
Astronomical Instrumentation (Optical Science Laboratory) and the University of London Observatory (ULO).
First Results from the Herschel Satellite
stars (up to 8 times the solar mass) after their main nuclear
energy source (hydrogen) is exhausted through a transition
Project in Focus: Herschel
to what is called the Asymptotic Giant Branch (AGB) phase.
Aim
To observe the Universe in the far-infrared (where both
stars and galaxies which are forming can be discovered)
original size, into a red giant that expels most of its mass
Results to Date
Many, among which the discovery of warm water vapour
around a hot carbon star.
UCL Involvement
A number of UCL staff (see main text) have been
involved in both the hardware development and current
data analysis.
Last year it was reported on how the Planck and Herschel
satellites had been successfully launched, reaching the
second Lagrangian point L2 at 1.5 million km from Earth, and
had started to send back some amazing pictures. The year
2010 saw the three instruments on board the Herschel Space
During this period, the star inflates, to hundreds of times its
via a stellar wind containing dust and molecules. Leaving a
carbon-rich core which contracts to become a hot white dwarf
that can ionize the ejected material, creating what is known
as a planetary nebula.
The closest and brightest (in the infrared) AGB star is the
carbon star CW Leonis, which has been observed with
Herschel’s SPIRE and PACS spectrometers. They detected
hundreds of emission lines belonging to more than 18
different molecule species, along with an unexpectedly
large number of water vapour lines. The first time water was
detected from CW Leo was in 2001, when a single transition
at around 60 Kelvin had been interpreted as indicating the
presence of water only in the outer and cooler layers of the
star.
Observatory producing a large number of images and spectra
However, the vastly improved data from Herschel has allowed
of objects varying from planets, comets and asteroids in our
the identification of more than 60 emission lines from water,
own solar system; star forming regions, massive stars and
with excitation temperatures of up to 1000 Kelvin, implying
supernova remnants in our Milky Way galaxy; out to distant
that water is also present in the hotter inner and intermediate
clusters of galaxies at high redshifts. UCL is largely involved
envelope of the star. The detection of water vapour lines from
with the observation programs of the Herschel satellite. Prof.
the out-flowing wind of a carbon star has required a complete
Mike Barlow, Prof. Bruce Swinyard and Dr Roger Wesson
re-evaluation of models for the chemical processes in such
are among the lead authors of the first scientific papers
flows and testifies to the exceptional capabilities of the
published on the early scientific results from the observatory.
spectrometers on-board the Herschel Space Observatory.
Dr Serena Viti, Dr Jeremy Yates, Dr Mikako Matsuura and
Dr Giorgio Savini are also involved in the data analysis and
science exploitation.
Water Vapour found in Carbon Star
Dust Found in Young, Distant Galaxies
Another important result published by members of the
Herschel Team at UCL regards new evidence of cold dust
in the supernova remnant Cassiopeia A. Observations
One of the main results published was the observations of
from ground-based sub-millimetre telescopes have shown
warm water vapour in the wind from a highly evolved carbon
evidence of large amounts of dust in young distant galaxies
star. The advanced evolution of low and intermediate mass
at very high redshifts. Due to their young ages, it has been
PHYSICS AND ASTRONOMY ANNUAL REVIEW 2010–11
Figure 1: Six images of Cassiopeia A. Precise measurements have been conducted of the thermal dust emission components in the
remnants of the supernova, Cassiopeia A. The Herschel PACS and SPIRE photometers were used. The top row shows the three PACS
bands at 70, 100 and 160 μm, respectively, the bottom row displays the three SPIRE bands at 250, 350 and 500 μm.
(Reprinted courtesy of Astronomy and Astrophysics)
proposed that the only efficient way of producing dust
Observations conducted by Herschel with the PACS and
quickly enough (for the amounts observed) is through the
SPIRE photometers led by members of the Astro group have
presence of a specific type of supernova caused by the core
allowed a remarkable improvement, yielding a more precise
collapse of massive stars. Theoretical models predict that
quantification of the thermal dust emission components
each supernova could produce an amount of dust equal to
present. A bright ring of warm (about 80 Kelvin) dust emission
between 0.1 and 1 times the mass of our Sun. To study this
is identified, corresponding to the reverse shock of the SNR.
problem, a relatively young supernova remnant (SNR) needs
By combining these observations with near-infrared images
to be observed, so that the amount of interstellar dust swept
from the Spitzer Space Telescope and radio maps from the
up by the expanding shock is insignificant compared with that
Very Large Array radio-interferometer, an underlying non-
generated by the supernova itself. With an age of just over
thermal component was identified and removed. With the
300 years, Cassiopeia A is one of the youngest SNR’s known
subtraction of the warm dust component and a foreground
in our galaxy. Previous studies based on ground-based
cold dust component from the PACS and SPIRE maps, a
observations and earlier satellite observations (IRAS, ISO)
resulting ‘cool’ (roughly 35 Kelvin) dust component was
did not succeed in constraining the total dust mass content
measured, accounting for 0.08 solar masses of dust.
of Cassiopeia A, for which dust mass estimates had ranged
from 0.02 – 4 solar masses.
25
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PHYSICS AND ASTRONOMY ANNUAL REVIEW 2010–11
The First Year of Planck Results
calibrated the optics for the High Frequency Instrument,
and Dr Hiranya Peiris, who is involved with preparing and
The Planck satellite, in orbit close to Herschel at the second
interpreting the cosmological data that Planck will harvest in
Lagrangian point, has completed its first all sky map in 9
the coming years.
different wavelengths spanning from the radio band (1cm) up
to the far-infrared (300 μm). A composite image of the sky,
obtained by combining some of these ‘colours’, can be seen in
figure 2a. The satellite, which has also an improved resolution
with respect to previous satellites, has released a catalogue
identifying more than 15,000 point sources at these long
wavelengths.
Project in Focus: Planck
Aim
To perform the most accurate measurements of the
cosmic microwave background and learn about the
initial conditions of the Universe.
Results to Date
The Early Release Compact Source Catalog contains an
all-sky list of point sources found in 9 wavelengths from
the far-infrared to radio wavelengths.
UCL Involvement
The high frequency optics on board the satellite were
selected and calibrated by Dr G Savini. Cosmological
data analysis will be performed at UCL.
Figure 2a: The first all sky image measured by the Planck satellite.
Released by the European Space Agency, it is obtained by
combining 9 different wavelengths. The yellow and red channels
are the lower frequencies (longer wavelengths), showing the radio
emission from the cosmic microwave background. The bluewhite colours represent the shorter wavelength thermal emission
from the warm and hot dust mainly present in our Galaxy. This
emission clearly identifies our Galactic plane at the centre (the
image is in Galactic coordinates).
Some show the infrared emission of objects known previously
from observing at visible or X-ray wavelengths, the catalogue
also contains some of the most distant objects ever observed.
As a result, many ground-based telescopes have been
following up this all-sky coverage by trying to observe optical
or radio counterparts to these previously unknown objects.
The X-ray telescope XMM-Newton has also been employed
to point at very distant (hence very young) clusters of
galaxies. Confirming that the excess of far-infrared and radio
signatures in localised areas, corresponds to the presence
of large quantities of thermal electrons which also emit at
X-ray wavelengths. These electrons ‘boost’ the underlying
Figure 2b: The compact sources measured by the Planck
microwave background signal (which Planck is designed
satellite are superimposed on a greyscale image of the whole
to accurately measure) and allow us to obtain important
sky observed by Planck (by combining 9 different wavelengths,
information on these objects forming in the first stages of
shown here in Galactic coordinates). The horizontal central line,
evolution of our universe.
representing the projected disk of our own Galaxy, also shows
how most compact sources observed in our Galaxy are cold
Planck is a multi-national collaboration involving 16 countries,
clumps of dust which are concentrated in the Galactic plane.
including seven UK institutions. The UCL participation in
At higher and lower Galactic latitudes, sources are mainly
Planck includes Dr Giorgio Savini, who selected and
extragalactic and relatively uniformly distributed.
PHYSICS AND ASTRONOMY ANNUAL REVIEW 2010–11
The Cassini Spacecraft
27
These observations are consistent with the presence of a
vortex or `whirlpool’ at the inner edge of the boundary layer
where the growth of the Kelvin-Helmholtz (KH) instability is
Project in Focus: Cassini/ Saturn
Aim
To advance our understanding of the physical
connections between Saturn’s atmosphere, moons,
magnetosphere and interplanetary space.
expected to occur. This is the same instability which produces
waves on the Earth’s ocean in response to strong winds
blowing across the water. The size of this observed vortex
was about half the radius of Saturn, or ~30000 km.
The Solar Wind is a stream of protons and electrons which
continually moves outwards from the Sun past all of the
Results to Date
Discovering that the ‘water plume’ of the icy moon
Enceladus is is the main source of material for the
planet’s E ring. Along with detecting a quasi-periodic
‘signal’ in the field and particle data whose origin,
probably linked to planetary rotation, remains elusive.
planets. When this material flows around a magnetosphere,
UCL Involvement
Scientists at UCL Physics and Astronomy and MSSL
are involved in mission science and planning, and
in operating the electron spectrometer onboard the
spacecraft.
happen at Saturn.
it can become caught up on the ripples or bumps of the
Kelvin-Helmholtz vortices. In extreme cases, this process
has led to individual ‘blobs’ of solar plasma breaking off from
the flow and penetrating into Earth’s magnetosphere, future
investigations will look into whether the same thing can
The Cassini-Huygens Spacecraft is one of the most ambitious
missions ever launched into space. Loaded with an array of
powerful instruments and cameras, the spacecraft is capable
of taking accurate measurements and detailed images in a
variety of atmospheric conditions and light spectra.
The spacecraft comprises of two elements. The Cassini
orbiter and the Huygens probe. In 2004, Cassini-Huygens
reached Saturn and its moons. There, the spacecraft began
orbiting the system. Huygens entered the murky atmosphere
of Titan, Saturn’s biggest moon, and descended via parachute
onto its surface.
In recent months the Cassini orbiter observed a ‘whirlpool’ in
Saturn’s outer magnetosphere. This observation is significant
as it indicates that these kinds of vortices, which are also seen
at the Earth, seem to be a common mechanism throughout
the Solar System. Dr Nick Achilleos is involved in analysing
this data.
When the Cassini spacecraft travelled towards Saturn it
crossed the boundary of the planet’s magnetosphere multiple
times. The motion of charged particles in this region is
dominated by Saturn’s magnetic field. During the transition
from interplanetary space (the Solar Wind - see below) into
the magnetosphere itself, the instruments on board observed
a twisted magnetic field topology, and high energy (>20keV,
equivalent to >240 million Kelvin) populations of electrons.
Figure 3: Saturn’s whirlpool. A schematic illustration of the
‘whirlpool’ detected in Saturn’s outer magnetosphere by the
Cassini obiter. This is a significant observation as it indicates
that these kinds of vortices, also seen at the Earth, may be a
common mechanism throughout the Solar System.
The labelled regions are: (1) Boundary layer, with mixed
solar wind and planetary ion populations; (2) and (3) The
‘rolling’ vortex structure containing ‘twisted up’ solar and
planetary plasmas and magnetic fields – Cassini observed
strong rotations of the field in this region; (4) Saturn’s interior
magnetosphere.
(Reproduced by permission of American Geophysical Union.
A. Masters et al., ‘Cassini observations of a Kelvin-Helmholtz
vortex in Saturn’s outer magnetosphere’, J. Geophys. Res., 115,
A07225, 2010. Copyright 2010 American Geophysical Union)
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PHYSICS AND ASTRONOMY ANNUAL REVIEW 2010–11
Condensed Matter and Materials Physics (CMMP)
Exotic physics is not confined to atomic nuclei or black holes. The materials around us support extraordinary
properties that cannot be anticipated by considering fundamental physics. These so-called ‘emergent’ properties
are an increasing focus of attention for materials physicists.
like a giant bar magnet and that the sources and sinks of
Project in Focus: Magnetricity
Aim
To characterise the magnetic equivalent of electricity
carried by magnetic monopoles in spin ice.
its magnetism are close to the north and south poles.
Gilbert regarded magnetism as a great force of nature, while
he regarded static electricity, which he studied in amber
(Latin electricus, ‘like amber’) as a related, but less important
phenomenon. For a while, other physicists, including Kepler,
Results to Date
Measurement of the charge and current of magnetic
monopoles.
shared this view.
Measurement of free and bound magnetic currents and
observation of a capacitor effect.
allowed physicists like the Danish Professor Hans Christian
UCL Involvement
Spin ice was discovered at UCL in 1997 and UCL has
been the leader in this project for the last 16 years.
The ascendency of magnetism came to an end in the early
19th century. The voltaic pile had been developed, which
Oersted, to study electric currents. On 21st April 1820, he
noticed during a lecture that a compass needle moved when
a nearby electric current was switched off. Further study
revealed that magnetism was a by-product of electricity, a
property associated with the motion of electrical charge.
Although electromagnetism proved to be an extremely useful
The CMMP group at UCL covers the whole spectrum of
property; a crucial component of the electric motor (1821),
materials physics from the important and practical (radiation
transatlantic telegraph (1866), and the radio wave (1887),
damage, energy research) to the strikingly exotic (emergent
magnetism itself no longer appeared so fundamental.
quasiparticles). Experimental work on emergent properties
involves many techniques, both in-house, and at large
central facilities, such as ISIS in the UK or the Institut LaueLangevin in Grenoble.
The ‘emergent’ property of magnetism has been studied
by Prof. Steve Bramwell. The following describes how
his research has served to partly restore magnetism’s
equivalence with electricity.
Magnetism versus Electricity
Magnetism has found technological applications for
thousands of years. The ancient Chinese used magnetic
rocks in compasses for navigation, and by medieval times
such devices were in widespread use across Europe, India
and Arabia. Some of the earliest physics of magnetism is
traced to the work of William Gilbert of Colchester, who
published a great work on the subject, De Magnete (‘On the
Magnet’), in 1600. He recognised that the earth behaves
Nature seemed a distinctly electrical phenomenon and as
the properties of matter were gradually elucidated, it became
clear that properties of electricity were more versatile and.
ultimately, more useful than those of magnetism.
In particular Maxwell’s Laws (1861) made it clear that
electrical charge is essentially monopolar (individual packets
of positive or negative charge can pass through any medium
and so conduct electricity), while magnetism is essentially
dipolar (they cannot). Furthermore, by the early 20th century,
it was realised that magnetic dipoles (which occur in magnetic
atoms) are not even a true pair of positive and negative
magnetic particles, but merely look like that. An illusion caused
by circulating or spinning electrical charges in the atom.
Magnetic poles, or charges, can never be separated and it
was concluded that there can be no magnetic monopoles,
hence no ‘magnetricity’ to rival the electricity that has become
so important in physics, as in our everyday lives.
PHYSICS AND ASTRONOMY ANNUAL REVIEW 2010–11
Dirac’s Monopoles
29
new properties are said to emerge from the many-body
interactions between atoms, this includes new particle-like
One physicist who did not give up on the possibility of
objects, called emergent quasiparticles. In every practical
magnetic monopoles was Paul Dirac. He knew that, even if
sense these quasiparticles are real; one example is so-called
the ends of magnets are not real magnetic monopoles, then
‘holes’ in semiconductors, positively charged quasiparticles
they can behave like them. For example, the ends of long
used in silicon electronics, that enable computers or mobile
thin magnets precisely obey Coulomb’s law, as proved by
phones to function as they do.
Coulomb himself a century earlier. Dirac realised that the new
method of quantum mechanics, of which he was a principal
architect, could offer a lifeline to the magnetic monopole.
Spin Ice Monopoles
In 1931 he showed that magnetic monopoles could exist if
In 1997 a remarkable type of magnetic material called ‘spin
the electron charge is quantised, and we know that it is! If
ice’ was discovered at UCL. Spin ice is a simple oxide
you consider a long thin bar magnet as a line of magnetic
containing magnetic atoms of ‘rare earth’ elements such as Dy
dipoles (a ‘Dirac string’), then the magnetic fields of these
(dysprosium) or Ho (holmium). For many years it was known
dipoles sum to make a monopole at each end (figure1). If the
that spin ice displayed many intriguing analogies with a well-
electron charge is quantised, this string may become invisible
known electrical material; ice, or solid water, which contains
to electrons and effectively ceases to exist, leaving only the
mobile protons (the analogy with ice accounts for the ‘ice’ in
monopoles.
the name spin ice, the ‘spin’ refers to the electron motion that
produces magnetism). However it was only in 2008 that it
was realised that spin ice could produce emergent magnetic
monopoles, precisely analogous to the protons in ice.
Figure 1: Dirac’s vision of the magnetic monopole. (a) A long thin
bar magnet consists of a string of magnetic dipoles (pink) whose
magnetic fields sum to make a magnetic monopole at either end.
(b) The string of dipoles effectively disappears to an orbiting
electron if the electron charge and the monopole charge are
appropriately quantised.
Today it is believed that Dirac’s argument was basically
correct and that magnetic monopoles should exist somewhere
in the universe. However, they have never been found in
experiment, which is said to have left Dirac disillusioned.
Although Dirac’s insight somewhat restored the balance
between electricity and magnetism, until very recently the
prospect of creating magnetic phenomena to rival the diverse
properties of electricity seemed very bleak. Nevertheless a
ray of hope was offered by American Nobel Laureate Phil
Anderson, who’s maxim “more is different” can be interpreted
as meaning that large assemblies of atoms can produce
properties that have no counterpart whatsoever at the
microscopic level. Another word for this is ‘emergence’,
Figure 2: Emergent magnetic monopoles in spin ice. Top: a tiny
fragment of the nearly infinite lattice occupied by atomic magnetic
dipoles or ‘spins’ in spin ice. Bottom: (a) the spin ice ground state
has two spins in, two out on every tetrahedron. (b) A thermal spin
flip generates a pair of defective tetrahedra that behave as magnetic
monopoles. (c) The monopoles separate. Although apparently
connected by a ‘Dirac string’ of flipped spins, the strings do not
uniquely pair the monopoles, which are therefore free to roam the
spin ice crystal, and can even carry current like electrical charges.
30
PHYSICS AND ASTRONOMY ANNUAL REVIEW 2010–11
What the existence of spin ice proves is that although you
substituting the electric field for the magnetic field. For good
can’t create magnetic monopoles by chopping magnets
measure, classic electrical data for acetic acid is also shown.
in half, you can create them by adding multiple magnets
This curve proves that an extraordinary symmetry between
together, a perfect illustration of Anderson’s “more is
electricity and magnetism may be restored by the many-body
different”.
effects of condensed matter.
The many-body trick is shown in figure 2. The atomic
magnetic dipoles (‘spins’) of spin ice lie on a tetrahedral
lattice. In the ground state, two spins point into, and two out
of every tetrahedron. The monopoles are three-in/one-out,
or three-out/one-in defects, which are generated thermally
like the charge carriers in a semiconductor. Two monopoles
of opposite charge appear to be connected by a string of
dipoles, but as in Dirac’s argument, the string ‘disappears’.
However, in this case, this is not due to quantum mechanics
but as a result of the topology (connectivity) of the problem
in three dimensions renders the strings non-unique, thus
meaning that the emergent monopoles have no natural
partners (formally they are said to be ‘deconfined’). The
monopoles are thus free to move independently and behave
like electrical charges. The charge of the magnetic monopole
can be measured in Coulombs and it is found to be about
1/100 of the electron charge.
‘Magnetricity’
Recent experimental work at UCL has shown that spin ice
supports currents of these magnetic monopoles: a magnetic
equivalent of electricity or ‘magnetricity’. The monopoles
cannot escape the sample, so these currents eventually die
away, but they have been observed for several minutes,
so are long-lived. Spin ice is found to conduct magnetricity
in the same way that an electrolyte conducts electricity,
which is much different to the more familiar conduction of
a copper wire. In electrolytic conduction, ions hop around
randomly but gradually drift in the direction of the electric
field or potential. Such electrolytic currents form the basis
of important applications in batteries as well as in many
biological processes, such as channels in the cell wall.
The magnetic currents of spin ice, like the electrical currents
of an electrolyte, show deviations from Ohm’s law at strong
field. In electrolyte physics, these deviations are universal.
The Norwegian theoretician Onsager (1934) defined a
dimensionless electric field and showed that when the
relative increase in conductivity is plotted against this
number, all (weak) electrolytes fall onto the same curve.
Onsager’s universal curve is shown in figure 3, where the
magnetic conductivity of spin ice, measured by two different
methods, is shown to collapse onto the curve after simply
Figure 3: A perfect symmetry between electricity and magnetism
revealed by deviations form Ohm’s law. The plot shows the
relative increase in conductivity versus Onsager’s dimensionless
electric or magnetic field. The green points refer to electrical
conductivity in acetic acid while the red/blue points refer to
conductivity of magnetic monopoles in spin ice (measured by
magnetometry and muon spin rotation respectively). There are
no fitting parameters.
PHYSICS AND ASTRONOMY ANNUAL REVIEW 2010–11
31
Biological Physics (BioP)
The BioP group is a virtual research group which aims to form a network between experimental and theoretical
physicists from the different research groups in the department, for whom biological problems are either the main
focus and/or a significant application of their research activities.
Dr Alexandra Olaya-Castro describes research on the role
of quantum phenomena in Biology. This is a question which
has fascinated many scientists since the early developments
on the quantum theory.
Quantum Effects in Biology
It is well known that quantum mechanics explains the
structure and stability of the molecular components of
biological systems, what is unknown is how important
quantum dynamics are for their biological function,
adaptation, fitness and, in general, evolution. In the last
decade, sophisticated experimental and theoretical studies
are indicating that, indeed, some biomolecular units operate
in regimes where quantum dynamics are relevant for their
robust and efficient function.
Photosynthetic light-harvesting antennae are biological
assemblies where signatures of quantum dynamics such
as collective sharing and transfer of electronic excitation,
have been detected. These light-harvesting antennae are
pigment-protein units present in some bacteria, algae,
and higher plants. They are responsible for very efficiently
performing the first step in the photosynthesis process,
whereby sunlight is absorbed and the associated electronic
excitation is transferred to molecular reaction to initiate
chemical energy storage.
Dr Olaya-Castro is building a research group focused
on providing theoretical insights into the way quantum
dynamics may be exploited in biological systems. The group
is currently investigating the quantum character of energy
transfer in photosynthetic complexes. One of the objectives
of this research is to explore quantum information metrics
that can help elucidate the biological relevance of quantum
phenomena for light-harvesting processes in nature.
The targeted outcome is a set of quantitative indicators that
allow systematic comparison of quantum traits in different
light-harvesting antennae. An example of such indicators
is how strongly different pigments share an electronic
excitation just before energy is transferred from a lightgathering antenna to a reaction centre. In collaboration
with Prof. Gregory D Scholes at the University of Toronto,
this framework will be used to compare quantum dynamics
in light-harvesting antennae that are closely related from
an evolutionary perspective. The work will help to assess
whether such quantum features may have been selected
through biological evolution.
A specific project currently developed by Dr Olaya-Castro
along with postdoctoral research associate Dr Avinash Kolli
is a theoretical comparison of photoexcitation dynamics
in different cryptophyte antennae proteins found in marine
algae. The results indicate important differences according
to how pigments are organised and the energy they can
absorb (spectral properties). To unravel such differences
the group collaborated with a former UCL research fellow,
Dr Ahsan Nazir to implement a theoretical approach that
allows description of quantum dynamics beyond standard
approximations.
One of the most interesting biological aspects of some
photosynthetic bacteria is their ability to adapt spectral
properties of their light-harvesting antennae according to
illumination conditions during growth. Currently, very little
is known about differences in the energy transfer dynamics
associated to such spectral changes. Under the supervision
of Dr Olaya-Castro, PhD student Edward O’Reilly is
currently conducting a theoretical study on the variations of
the energy transfer properties that go along with spectral
adaptation of light-harvesting antennae in photosynthetic
purple bacteria.
Understanding the wider implications of quantum
phenomena in biology has the potential both to revolutionise
our knowledge of the foundations of life as known on Earth
and to advance the development of future bio-mimetic
quantum technologies with impact to the energy, sensing,
and health sectors.
32
PHYSICS AND ASTRONOMY ANNUAL REVIEW 2010–11
Quantum mechanics explains the structure and stability of the
molecular components of biological systems, but it is currently
unknown how important quantum dynamics are for their
biological function, adaptation and fitness.
Left: Structural model of phycoerythrin 545. A light-harvesting
antenna isolated from the unicellular cryptophyte marine algae
Rhodomonas CS24 whose bilin pigments (black) typically absorb
blue to green light (wave lengths from 450nm to 640nm) and are
strongly coupled to four protein subunits (blue, yellow, red and
green ribbons).
Right: Structural model of a light-harvesting antenna II (LH2).
Isolated from purple bacteria Rhodospilirum molischianum.
An LH2 contain a large number of densely packed pigments
(red and blue) attached to a protein (green and yellow ribbons)
and interacting optimally for absorption of light in the blue and
red region (800-850 nm). The absorption properties of these
LH2’s can change according to the light conditions the
photosynthetic organism was exposed to while growing.
These pigment-protein complexes work collectively to absorb
sunlight and rapidly transfer light energy to other proteins and
eventually to molecular reaction centers where conversion into
chemical energy for life processes begins.
PHYSICS AND ASTRONOMY ANNUAL REVIEW 2010–11
33
Active Grants and Contracts
(Jan 2010 – Dec 2010)
Astrophysics
Dark Energy Survey Collaboration (University of
Nottingham) £300,000 PI: Lahav, Prof Ofer
Smart X-Ray Optics (EPSRC) £2,806,334 PI:
Doel, Dr Peter
The Dust Enrichment of Galaxies (STFC)
£326,268 PI: Barlow, Prof Michael
Investigating Neutrino Oscillations with MINOS
and Neutrino Astronomy with ANITA (Royal
Society) £447,868 PI: Nichol, Dr Ryan
A Wide-Field Corrector for the Dark Energy
Survey (STFC) £1,762,660 PI: Lahav, Prof Ofer
Understanding Cosmic Acceleration: Connecting
Theory and Observation (European Commission
FP7) £37,500 PI: Peiris, Dr Hiranya
Experimental High Energy Particle Physics
Research at UCL (STFC) £5,724,080 PI:
Lancaster, Prof Mark
University Research Fellowship (Royal Society)
£473,093 PI: Abdalla, Dr Filipe
MCNET – Monte Carlo Event Generators
for High Energy Particle Physics (European
Commission) £171,986 PI: Butterworth, Prof
Jonathan
Integrated Knowledge Centre in Ultra Precision
and Structured Surfaces (EPSRC) £391,852 PI:
Walker, Prof David
On-Machine Metrology for Surface Fabrication
(STFC) £298,258 PI: Walker, Prof David
Detecting Biosignatures from Extrasolar Worlds
(STFC) £274,039 PI: Tinetti, Dr Giovanna
The E-Merlin Radio Astronomy Revolution:
Developing the Science Support Tool
(Leverhulme Trust) £124,272 PI: Prinja, Prof
Raman
Observing Dark Energy (Royal Society) £100,000
PI: Lahav, Prof Ofer
Modelling and Observations of Planetary
Atmospheres: The Solar System and Beyond
(STFC) £700,631 PI: Aylward, Prof Alan
Cosmology: From Galaxy Surveys to Dark Matter
and Dark Energy (STFC) £829,993 PI: Lahav,
Prof Ofer
Ultra Precision Surfaces - Translation Grant
(EPSRC) £670,810 PI: Walker, Prof David
Universe Today: Cosmology, Astrophysics and
Technology in Your Classroom (STFC) £7,500 PI:
Howarth, Prof Ian
Quantifying the Dark Universe Using Cosmic
Graviational Lensing (Royal Society) £268,740
PI: Bridle, Dr Sarah
Clusters, Starbursts and Feedback into the
Environments of Galaxies (STFC) £495,913 PI:
Barlow, Prof Michael
KTP with Zeeko Ltd (Zeeko Ltd) £82,261 PI:
King, Dr Christopher
Cosmic Acceleration: Connecting Theory and
Observation (STFC) £304,205 PI: Peiris, Dr
Hiranya
The Miracle Consortium: Modelling the Universe
- from Atomic to Large Scale Structures (STFC)
£557,483 PI: Miller, Prof Steven
Large Aperture Telescope Technology (European
Space Agency (ESA)) £22,921 PI: Doel, Dr Peter
Astronomy in the Classroom: School and
Observatory Visits (STFC) £7,465 PI: Howarth,
Prof Ian
Molecules in Extrasolar Planet Atmospheres
(Royal Society) £12,000 PI: Tinetti, Dr Giovanna
PATT Linked Grant (STFC) £13,294 PI: Howarth,
Prof Ian
UCL Astrophysics Short-Term Visitor Programme
2010-2012 (STFC) £44,489 PI: Savini, Dr Giorgio
PI: Konstantinidis, Dr Nikolaos
Development and Maintenance of ATLAS Run
Time Tester (STFC) £182,207 PI: Butterworth,
Prof Jonathan
ATLANTIS Event Display (STFC) £138,166 PI:
Konstantinidis, Dr Nikolaos
GRIDPP Tier-2 Support (STFC) £128,480 PI:
Waugh, Dr Ben
GRIDPP Tier-2 Support (STFC) £35,700 PI:
Waugh, Dr Ben
Search for a Vector Boson Fusion Produced
Higgs Boson at ATLAS (Royal Society) £395,133
PI: Nurse, Dr Emily
Deputy Chair of Science Board and PP&N KE
Coordinator (STFC) £209,644 PI: Thomas, Prof
Jennifer
EUCLID Definition Phase (STFC) £53,758 PI:
Abdalla, Dr Filipe
PNPAS Knowledge Exchange Award: CREAM
TEA – Phase 1 (STFC) £125,000 PI: Nichol, Dr
Ryan
COGS – Capitalizing on Gravitational Shear
(European Commission FP7) £1,050,000 PI:
Bridle, Dr Sarah
Electroweak Symmetry Breaking and
Jet Physics with ATLAS at the LHC (Royal
Society) £85,000 PI: Butterworth, Prof Jonathan
Artist in Residence: Ms K Paterson (Leverhulme
Trust) £12,500
PI: Lahav, Prof Ofer
Studentship for SuperNEMO Design Study
(STFC) £15,808 PI: Saakyan, Dr Ruben
The E-Merlin Legacy CYG OB2 Radio Survey:
Massive Star Feedback and Evolution (STFC)
£400,466 PI: Prinja, Prof Raman
IPPP Associateships 2009-10 (University of
Durham) £8,000 PI: Thorne, Prof Robert
HIGGS-ZAP – Understanding the Origin of Mass
with the ATLAS Experiment at the Large Hadron
Collider (European Commission FP7) £33,750
PI: Konstantinidis, Dr Nikolaos
KTP with Zeeko Ltd (AEA Technology Plc)
£126,409 PI: King, Dr Christopher
Investigating the Formation of Glycolaldehyde in
Space (Leverhulme Trust) £117,898 PI: Viti, Dr
Serena
Europlanet RI – European Planetology Network
Research Infrastructure (European Commission
FP7) £222,209 PI: Miller, Prof Steven
3D Radiative Transfer Studies of Hii/pdr
Complexes in Star-Forming Galaxies (STFC)
£381,854 PI: Viti, Dr Serena
Exploring Extrasolar Worlds: From Terrestrial
Planets to Gas Giants (Royal Society) £416,740
PI: Tinetti, Dr Giovanna
Philip Leverhulme Prize (Leverhulme Trust)
£70,000 PI: Peiris, Dr Hiranya
European XFEL Clock and Control System
(European X-Ray Free-Electron Laser Facility
GmbH ) £645,926 PI: Wing, Prof. Matthew
Chemistry in Galaxies at Low and High Redshifts
(STFC) £302,053 PI: Viti, Dr Serena
High Energy Physics
Experimental Particle Physics at UCL (STFC)
£1,403,342 PI: Konstantinidis, Dr Nikolaos
Effects of Radiation Feedback on Star and Planet
Formation (STFC) £410,179 PI: Barlow, Prof
Michael
EUDET- Detector Research and Development
Towards the International Linear Collider (European
Commission) £272,000 PI: Wing, Prof Matthew
New Frontiers in Neutrino Physics - Wolfson
Research Merit Award (WRMA) (Royal Society)
£75,000 PI: Thomas, Prof Jenny
Comets as Laboratories: Observing and
Modelling Cometary Spectra (STFC) £185,912
PI: Miller, Prof Steven
Investigation of the Electroweak Symmetry
Breaking and the Origin of Mass Using the
First Data of the ATLAS Detector at the LHC
(European Commission) £293,000
SuperNEMO Demonstrator Module Construction
(STFC) £297,427 PI: Saakyan, Dr Ruben
Nanofibre Optical Interfaces for Ions, Atoms and
Molecules (EPSRC) £197,819 PI: Jones, Dr
Philip
Theoretical Particle Physics Rolling Grant (STFC)
£191,476 PI: Thorne, Dr Robert
34
PHYSICS AND ASTRONOMY ANNUAL REVIEW 2010–11
Photonic Force Microscopy with Nanostructures
(Royal Society) £12,000 PI: Jones, Dr Philip
GRIDPP3 Tranche 2 Londongrid UCL Grant
(STFC) £8,100 PI: Waugh, Dr Ben
Royal Society Leverhulme Trust Senior
Fellowship (Royal Society) £20,705 PI: Thomas,
Prof Jennifer
Research Associate to Work on MINOS (STFC)
£114,442 PI: Thomas, Prof Jennifer
Experimental Particle Physics at UCL (STFC)
£3,249,880 PI: Konstantinidis, Dr Nikolaos
Higgs Physics and the Mystery of Particle
Masses (Royal Society) £521,334 PI: Hesketh,
Dr Gavin
Atomic, Molecular, Optical
and Positron Physics
Manipulating Molecules with Optical Fields
(EPSRC) £237552 PI: Barker, Prof Peter
Fellowship: Dr S Bose: Spin Chain Connectors,
Entanglement by Measurements and Mesoscopic
Quantum Coherence (EPSRC) £776411 PI:
Bose, Prof Sougato
Joint Appointment for Dr Jonathan Underwood
(STFC) £184,743 PI: Underwood, Dr Jonathan
Continuum Absorption at Visible and Infrared
Wavelengths and its Atmospheric Relevance
(CAVIAR) (NERC) £396,342 PI: Tennyson, Prof
Jonathan
Pairing and Molecule Formation in Cold Atomic
Bose and Fermi Gases (EPSRC) £855,267 PI:
Kohler, Dr Thorsten
Positron Reaction Microscopy (EPSRC)
£604,471 PI: Laricchia, Prof Gaetana
Quantum Information Uses of Complex Systems
and Limits of the Quantum World (Royal Society)
£75,000 PI: Bose, Prof Sougato
Suppressing Decoherence in Solid-State
Quantum Information Processing (EPSRC)
£258,549 PI: Nazir, Dr Ahsan
Bridging the Gaps Across Sustainable Urban
Spaces (EPSRC) £14,902
PI: Olaya-Castro, Dr Alexandra
Brownian Motors, Disorder and Synchronization
in an Optical Lattice (Leverhulme Trust) £21,600
PI: Renzoni, Prof Ferruccio
Creating Ultra-Cold Molecules by Sympathetic
Cooling (EPSRC) £1,252,039 PI: Barker, Prof Peter
Renewal of Collaborative Computational Project
2 (EPSRC) £64,858 PI: Monteiro, Prof Tania
Developing Coherent States as a Resource
in Quantum Technology (EPSRC) £79,725 PI:
Bose, Prof Sougato
Fundamental Issues in the Aerothermodynamics
of Planetary-Atmosphere (re) Entry (European
Space Agency (ESA)) £27,843 PI: Tennyson,
Prof Jonathan
A Database of Water Transitions (NERC)
£185,336 PI: Tennyson, Prof Jonathan
Pairing and Molecule Formation in Ultracold
Atomic Gases (Royal Society) £268,740 PI:
Kohler, Dr Thorsten
Development of Simultaneous DiffractionConductance Measurements at ISIS (STFC)
£29,000 PI: Skipper, Prof Neal
Exploiting Quantum Coherent Energy Transfer in
Light-Harvesting Systems (EPSRC) £721,930
PI: Olaya-Castro, Dr Alexandra
Advanced Gate Stack and Dielectric in Resistive
Memory Material (International Sematech)
£38,333 PI: Shluger, Prof Alexander
Understanding the Spectrum of Ammonia (Royal
Society) £12,000 PI: Tennyson, Prof Jonathan
Threaded Molecular Wires as Supramolecularly
Engineered Multifunction Materials (European
Commission) £569,585 PI: Cacialli, Prof Franco
VAMDC – Virtual Atomic and Molecular Centre
(European Commission FP7) £329,960 PI:
Tennyson, Prof Jonathan
Quantum Networks Dynamics (Royal Society)
£84,000 PI: Bose, Prof Sougato
Ionization of Multi-Electron Atomic and Molecular
Systems Driven by Intense and Ultrashort Laser
Pulses (EPSRC) £808,016 PI: Emmanouilidou,
Dr Agapi
UK R-Matrix Atomic and Molecular Physics HPC
Code Development Project (UK-RAMP) (EPSRC)
£300,012 PI: Tennyson, Prof Jonathan
Dynamics of Information in Quantum Many-Body
Systems (Royal Society) £378,192 PI: Anders,
Dr Janet
Metrology in Cold Atoms (British Council) £3,240
PI: Renzoni, Prof Ferruccio
Phys4entry – Planetary Entry Integrated Models
(European Commission FP7) £139,200
PI: Tennyson, Prof Jonathan
Efficient Silicon Multi-Chip System-In-Package
Intergration – Reliability Failure Analysis and
Test (Technology StrategyBoard) £283,488
PI: Tennyson, Prof Jonathan
Plasmonic Nanostructures for Enhanced
Sensitivity in Sensors and Biosensors (British
Council) £4,000 PI: Cacialli, Prof Franco
DIAMOND: Decommissioning, Immobilisation
and Management of Nuclear Wastes for
Disposal (EPSRC) £72,233 PI: Skipper, Prof
Neal
Bio-Inspired Materials for Sustainable Energy
(University of Cambridge) £119,580 PI: Bowler,
Dr David
Support for the UK Car-Parrinello Consortium
(EPSRC) £5,716 PI: Pickard, Prof Chris
Nanomaterials for Biomolecular Sciences and
Nanotechnology (Royal Society) £136,008 PI:
Nguyen, Dr Thanh
ONE-P – Organic Nanomaterials for
Electronics and Photonics: Design, Synthesis,
Characterization, Processing Fabrication and
Applications (European Commission FP7)
£301,788 PI: Cacialli, Prof Franco
Ex Nihilo Crystal Structure Discovery (EPSRC)
£1,338,601 PI: Pickard, Prof Chris
Bell Inequalities and Quantum Computation
(Leverhulme Trust) £36,525 PI: Browne, Dr Dan
Bio-Functional Magnetic Nanoparticles: Novel
High-Efficiency Targeting Agents for Localised
Treatment of Metastatic Cancers (EPSRC)
£12,635 PI: Pankhurst, Prof Quentin
Cavity Optomechanics: Towards Sensing at the
Quantum Limit (EPSRC) £814,269 PI: Barker,
Prof Peter
Computer Simulation of Redox and Hydrolysis
Reactions in Enzymatic Systems (Royal
Society) £197,606 PI: Blumberger, Dr Jochen
Many-Body Dark States: From Quantum Dot
Arrays to Interacting Quantum Gases (Royal
Society) £12,000 PI: Renzoni, Prof Ferruccio
Computational Modelling of Two- and
One-Dimensional Electron Gas in Oxide
Heterostructures (Tohoku University) £7,500
PI: Sushko, Dr Peter
Modelling Condensed Matter Systems with
Quantum Gases in Optical Cavities (EPSRC)
£806,753 PI: Renzoni, Prof Ferruccio
Electron Correlation in Strong Laser Fields: A
Time-Dependent Density Functional Treatment
(Daresbury Labs) £17,937 PI: Figueira De
Morisson Faria, Dr Carla
Fellowship: Alternative S-MATRIX Approaches
for Matter in Strong Laser Fields (EPSRC)
£310,014 PI: Figueira De Morisson Faria, Dr
Carla
Condensed Matter and
Materials Physics
Development of Structural Coherent X-Ray
Diffraction (Royal Society) £9,988 PI: Robinson,
Prof Ian
Laser Materials Interaction: Ashley Garvin
(Pacific Northwest National Laboratory) £42,400
PI: Shluger, Prof Alexander
Superior – Supramolecular Functional
Nanoscale Architectures for Organic
Electronics: a Host-Driven Network (European
Commission FP7) £314,284 PI: Cacialli, Prof
Franco
Electron Gas in Reduced Ionic Insulators and
Semiconductors (Royal Society) £473,769
PI: Sushko, Dr Peter
Learning to Control Structure and Properties
of Nano-Scale Ferroelectrics using Defects
(EPSRC) £264,337 PI: Sushko, Dr Peter
Modelling Correlated Electron-Ion Diffusion in
Nano-Scale Tio2: Beyond Periodic Model and
Density Functional Theory (EPSRC) £101,530
PI: Sushko, Dr Peter
Modelling Electron Transport in Multi-Heme
Proteins (Pacific Northwest National Laboratory)
£10,673 PI: Blumberger, Dr Jochen
PHYSICS AND ASTRONOMY ANNUAL REVIEW 2010–11
35
Publications 2010
Astrophysics
1. Ladjal D, Justtanont K, Groenewegen MAT, Blommaert JADL, Waelkens C,
Barlow MJ, 870 µm observations of evolved stars with LABOCA, Astronomy &
Astrophysics (A&A), 513, A53 (2010)
2. Swain MR, Deroo P, Griffith CA, Tinetti G, Thatte A, Vasisht G, Chen P, et
al, A ground-based near-infrared emission spectrum of the exoplanet HD
189733b.,Nature, 463, 637-639 (2010)
3. Barlow MJ, Krause O, Swinyard BM, Sibthorpe B, Besel MA, Wesson R,
Ivison RJ, et al, A Herschel PACS and SPIRE study of the dust content of the
Cassiopeia A supernova remnant, A&A, 518, L138 (2010)
4. Cernicharo J, Waters LBFM, Decin L, Encrenaz P, Tielens AGGM, Agundez
M, Beck ED, et al, A high resolution line survey of IRC+10216 with Herschel.
First results: Detection of warm silicon dicarbide SiC2, A&A, 521, L8 (2010)
5. Evans CJ, Walborn NR, Crowther PA, Henault-Brunet V, Massa D, Taylor
WD, Howarth ID, et al, A massive runaway star from 30 doradus, Astrophysical
Journal Letters (AJL), 715, L74-L79 (2010)
6. Achilleos N, Guio P, Arridge CS, A model of force balance in Saturn’s
magnetodisc, Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society (MNRAS), 401,
2349-2371 (2010)
7. Fridlund M, Eiroa C, Henning T, Herbst T, Kaltenegger L, Léger A, Liseau
R, et al, A roadmap for the detection and characterization of other Earths.,
Astrobiology, 10, 113-119 (2010)
8. Stock DJ, Barlow MJ, A search for Ejecta Nebulae around Wolf-Rayet Stars
using the SHS Hα survey, MNRAS, 409, 4, 1429-1440 (2010)
9. Barnes JR, Barman TS, Jones HRA, Barber RJ, Hansen BMS, Prato L, Rice
EL et al, A search for molecules in the atmosphere of HD 189733b, MNRAS,
401, 445-454 (2010)
10. Bockelée-Morvan D, Hartogh P, Crovisier J, Vandenbussche B, Swinyard
BM, Biver N, Lis DC et al, A study of the distant activity of comet C/2006 W3
(Christensen) using Herschel and ground-based radio telescopes, A&A, 518,
L149 (2010)
11. Ita Y, Onaka T, Tanabe T, Matsunaga N, Matsuura M, Yamamura I, Nakada Y
et al, AKARI near- to mid-infrared imaging and spectroscopic observations
of the small magellanic cloud. I Bright Point Source List, Publications of the
Astronomical Society of Japan (Pub. Ast. Soc. Jpn.), 62, 273-286 (2010)
22. Cypriano ES, Amara A, Voigt LM, Bridle SL, Abdalla FB, Refregier A, Seiffert
M et al, Cosmic shear requirements on the wavelength-dependence of
telescope point spread functions, MNRAS, 405, 494-502 (2010)
23. Pontzen A, Peiris H, Cosmology’s not broken, New Scientist, 207, 22- 23 (2010)
24. Calder L, Lahav O, Dark energy: how the paradigm shifted, Physics World,
23, 1, 32-37 (2010)
25. Martins F, Donati JF, Marcolino WLF, Bouret JC, Wade GA, Escolano C,
Howarth ID et al, Detection of a magnetic field on HD108: clues to extreme
magnetic braking and the Of?p phenomenon, MNRAS, 407, 1423-1432, (2010)
26. Cernicharo J, Decin L, Barlow MJ, Agundez M, Royer P, Vandenbussche B,
Wesson R et al, Detection of anhydrous hydrochloric acid, HCl, in IRC+10216
with the Herschel SPIRE and PACS spectrometers Detection of HCI in
IRC+10216, A&A, 518, L136 (2010)
27. Ossenkopf V, Müller HSP, Lis DC, Schilke P, Bell TA, Bruderer S, Bergin E
et al, Detection of interstellar oxidaniumyl: abundant H2O+ towards the starforming regions DR21, Sgr B2, and NGC6334, A&A, 518, L111 (2010)
28. Bewsher D, Brown DS, Eyles CJ, Kellett BJ, White GJ, Swinyard B,
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18. Bishop AI, Wang L, Barker PF, Creating cold stationary molecular gases
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21. Lan ZH, Zhao YK, Barker PF, Lu WP, Deceleration of molecules in a
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PHYSICS AND ASTRONOMY ANNUAL REVIEW 2010–11
44. Wang XT, Bayat A, Bose S, Schirmer SG, Global control methods for
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48. Campbell ET, How to exploit local information when distilling
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49. Teschendorff AE, Severini S, Increased entropy of signal transduction in
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50. Bayat A, Bose S, Information-transferring ability of the different phases
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51. Tennyson J, Bernath PF, Brown LR, Campargue A, Csaszar AG, Daumont
L, Gamache RR,et al, IUPAC critical evaluation of the rotational-vibrational
spectra of water vapor. Part II Energy levels and transition wavenumbers for
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52. Sodano P, Bayat A, Bose S, Kondo cloud mediated long-range
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53. Shabbir S, Anders J, Hilt S, Lutz E, Landauer’s principle in the quantum
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55. Shaaran T, Faria CFDM, Laser-induced nonsequential double ionization:
kinematic constraints for the recollision-excitation-tunneling mechanism,
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56. Settimi A, Severini S, Linking the Quasi-Normal and Natural Modes of an
open cavity, J. Mod. Opt., Vol. 57, 1513-1525 ( 2010)
57. El Gawhary O, Severini S, Localization and paraxiality of pseudonondiffracting fields, Optics Communications, 283, 2481-2487 (2010)
58. Wei TC, Severini S, Matrix permanent and quantum entanglement of
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more than one active orbital: Quantum interference effects, Phys. Rev. A, 81,
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70. Maragò OM, Saija R, Borghese F, Denti P, Jones PH, Messina E, Compagnini
G et al, Plasmon-enhanced optical trapping of metal nanoparticles: force
calculations and light-driven rotations of nanoaggregates , Proceedings of SPIE
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J, R-band light curve of Comet 9P/Tempel 1 during the Deep Impact event,
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Rev. A, 81, 032312 (2010)
83. Urru A, Kozin IN, Mulas G, Braams BJ, Tennyson J, Ro-vibrational spectra
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Excitation of Molecules by Positron Impact, Phys. Rev. Lett., 104, 073201
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Entanglement Swapping through Coherent Evolution of a Single Quantum
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62. Bayat A, Sodano P, Bose S, Negativity as the entanglement measure to
probe the Kondo regime in the spin-chain Kondo model, Phys. Rev. B, 81,
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40
PHYSICS AND ASTRONOMY ANNUAL REVIEW 2010–11
High Energy Physics
For the purposes of this review, only UCL authors are named. Publications are
arranged according to collaboration.
ATLAS
Baker S, Bernat P, Bieniek S, Butterworth J, Campanelli M, Chislett R, Christidi I,
Cooper B, Crone G, Hesketh G, Jansen E, Konstantinidis N, Lambourne L, Monk
J, Nash M, Nurse E, Ozcan E, Prabhu R, Richards A, Robinson J, Sherwood P,
Simmons B, Taylor C, Waugh B, Wardrope D, Warren M, Wijeratne P
1. Readiness of the ATLAS liquid argon calorimeter for LHC collisions, The
European Physical Journal C (Eur. Phys. J. C), 70, 723-753 (2010)
2. Performance of the ATLAS Detector using first collision data, Journal of
High Energy Physics (JHEP), 1009, 056 (2010)
3. The ATLAS inner detector commissioning and calibration, Eur. Phys. J.
C, 70, 787-821 (2010)
4. Charged-particle multiplicities in pp interactions at sqrt(s) = 900 GeV
measured with the ATLAS detector at the LHC, Phys. Lett. B, 688, 21-42,
(2010)
5. Drift time measurement in the ATLAS liquid argon electromagnetic
calorimeter using cosmic muons, Eur. Phys. J C, 70, 755-785 (2010)
CALICE
Postranecky M, Warren M, Wing M
6. Study of the interactions of pions in the CALICE silicon-tungsten
calorimeter prototype, Journal of Instrumentation (JINST), 5, P05007 (2010)
7. Construction and Commissioning of the CALICE Analog Hadron
Calorimeter Prototype, JINST, 5, P05004 (2010)
CDF
Bizjak I, Lancaster M, Riddick T, Waters D
8. Observation of single top quark production and measurement of |Vtb|
with CDF, Phys. Rev. D, 82, 112005 (2010)
9. Top quark mass measurement in the lepton+jets channel using a matrix
element method and in situ jet energy calibration, Phys. Rev. Lett., 105,
252001 (2010)
26. Search for pair production of supersymmetric top quarks in dilepton
events from pp– collisions at √s=1.96 TeV, Phys. Rev. Lett., 104, 251801 (2010)
27. Search for WW and WZ resonances decaying to electron, missing ET,
and two jets in pp– collisions at √s=1.96 TeV, Phys. Rev. Lett., 104, 241801
(2010)
28. Measurement of the W+W- production cross section and search for
anomalous WWγ and WWZ couplings in pp– collisions at √s=1.96 TeV, Phys.
Rev. Lett., 104, 201801 (2010)
–
29. Measurement of the tt production cross section in pp– collisions at
√s=1.96 TeV using soft electron b-tagging, Phys. Rev. D, 81, 092002 (2010)
30. Search for single top quark production in pp– collisions at √s=1.96 TeV
in the missing transverse energy plus jets topology, Phys. Rev. D, 81, 072003
(2010)
31. Search for the Higgs Boson using neural networks in events with
missing energy and b-Quark jets in pp– collisions at √s=1.96 TeV, Phys. Rev.
Lett., 104, 141801 (2010)
32. First Measurement of the b-Jet cross section in events with a W boson
in pp– Collisions at √s=1.96 TeV, Phys. Rev. Lett., 104, 131801 (2010)
–
33. Measurement of the top quark mass and pp– → tt cross section in the
all-hadronic mode with the CDF II detector, Phys. Rev. D, 81, 052011 (2010)
34. Search for technicolor particles produced in association with a W boson
at CDF, Phys. Rev. Lett., 104, 111802 (2010)
35. Study of the associated production of photons and b-quark jets in pp–
collisions at √s=1.96 TeV, Phys. Rev. D, 81, 052006 (2010)
36. Measurement of the Λb0 lifetime in Λb0→Λc+π- Decays in pp– collisions
at √s=1.96 TeV, Phys. Rev. Lett., 104, 102002 (2010)
37. Measurement of the WW+WZ production cross section using the
lepton+jets final state at CDF II, Phys. Rev. Lett., 104, 101801 (2010)
–
)( W±) in
38. Search for new bottomlike quark pair decays QQ →(tW
same-charge dilepton events, Phys. Rev. Lett., 104, 091801 (2010)
 t
39. Measurements of branching fraction ratios and CP asymmetries in
B±→DCPK± decays in hadron collisions, Phys. Rev. D, 81, 031105 (2010)
40. Measurement of the top quark mass in the dilepton channel using mT2
at CDF, Phys. Rev. D, 81, 031102 (2010)
10. Improved search for a Higgs Boson produced in association with Z→l+lin pp– Collisions at √s=1.96 TeV, Phys. Rev. Lett., 105, 251802 (2010).
41. Inclusive search for standard model Higgs Boson production in the ww
decay channel using the CDF II Detector, Phys. Rev. Lett., 104, 061803 (2010)
11. Diffractive W and Z production at the Fermilab tevatron, Phys. Rev. D, 82,
112004 (2010)
42. Measurements of the top-quark mass using charged particle tracking,
Phys. Rev. D, 81, 032002 (2010)
12. Direct top-quark width measurement at CDF, Phys. Rev. Lett., 105, 232003
(2010)
43. Search for supersymmetry with gauge-mediated breaking in diphoton events
with missing transverse energy at CDF II, Phys. Rev. Lett., 104, 011801 (2010)
13. Measurement of the WW+WZ production cross section using a matrix
element technique in lepton+jets events, Phys. Rev. D, 82, 112001 (2010)
14. Updated search for the flavor-changing neutral-current decay D0→μ+μin pp– collisions at √s=1.96 TeV, Phys. Rev. D, 82, 091105 (2010)
15. Search for R-parity violating decays of sneutrinos to eμ, μτ, and eτ pairs
in pp– collisions at √s=1.96 TeV, Phys. Rev. Lett., 105, 191801 (2010)
16. Search for the supersymmetric partner of the top quark in pp– collisions
at √s=1.96 TeV, Phys. Rev. D, 82, 092001 (2010)
17. Search for anomalous production of events with two photons and
additional energetic objects at CDF, Phys. Rev. D, 82, 052005 (2010)
18. Measurement of the top pair production cross section in the dilepton
decay channel in pp– collisions at √s=1.96 TeV, Phys. Rev. D, 82, 052002
(2010)
19. Search for new physics with a dijet plus missing ET signature in pp–
collisions at √s=1.96 TeV, Phys. Rev. Lett., 105, 131801 (2010)
20. Exclusion of an exotic top quark with -4/3 electric charge using soft
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44
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