Ramapo College of New Jersey School of Social Science and Human Services Course Information SWRK 327 B : Theory and Practice of Social Work III: Macro Practice- 8 Credits Prerequisites: SWRK 325 & 326. Fall 2013 Monday and Thursday, 11:30 AM- 1:00 PM, Rooms B223 and D215 Office hours: Monday and Thursday, 3:40 PM to 4:40 PM– Room G229 Instructor Information Professor Seon Mi Kim G-229, (201) 684-7649; skim14@ramapo.edu Professor Cort Engelken G-224, (201) 684-9953; cengelke@ramapo.edu College Web Address: www.ramapo.edu College Closing Information- (201) 236-2902 COURSE DESCRIPTION This is the third practice course in the social work professional foundation sequence. This course will focus on the dimensions of macro social work practice. Macro practice encompasses agency administration, program planning, policy analysis, community organization, community development, and focuses on planned change in organizations and communities. Case histories of community organization efforts and community organization methods will be analyzed for the purpose of integrating theoretical and practice material with actual cases. In addition students will be involved in a community-planning project which incorporates various aspects of agency administration and planning. Students enrolled in the course will be placed in a two-day-a-week field practicum in a macro social work setting where they are expected to gain a working knowledge of community organization/macro practice methods. This course reinforces the foundation of the college's General Education program and the core of the School of Social Science and Human Services. Prerequisites: Theory and Practice of Social Work I & II. COURSE OBJECTIVES/ MEASURABLE STUDENT LEARNING OUTCOMES At the completion of the course students are expected to: 1. Demonstrate an understanding of the ecological systems framework and the problem-solving model in its application to macro practice. (EPAS 2.1.1a, 2.1.3a-d, 2.1.4a, 2.1.5d) 2. Demonstrate an understanding of community typologies and community change. (EPAS 2.1.7a, 2.1.9a) 3. Demonstrate knowledge of the history of community organization practice in the United States. (EPAS 2.1.1g) 1 4. Demonstrate an understanding of the power structures within the arenas of workplace, community, and government. (EPAS 2.1.5a, 2.1.8a-b, 2.1.10a) 5. Demonstrate knowledge of community organization methods and macro practice skills in conjunction with the problem solving model. (EPAS 2.1.8a-b, 2.1.10a-m) 6. Demonstrate an understanding of social work ethics and values with macro practice. (EPAS 2.1.2a-d) 7. Demonstrate an ability to apply community organization skills in diverse social, cultural, and political settings. (EPAS 2.1.4a-d, 2.1.10a, 2.1.10g) 8. Demonstrate an ability to advocate for social change and social justice on behalf of oppressed groups and populations at risk. (EPAS 1.1, 4.1-4.4, 10.1, 10.5-10.10) 9. Demonstrate an understanding of how macro practice can address problems in the physical environment that impact negatively on individuals and the community. (EPAS 2.1.5a-d, 2.1.10a) 10. Demonstrate the skills of program planning and grant writing. (EPAS 2.1.6a-b, 2.1.10a,d,e,f,g,h,i,j,m) 11. Demonstrate the ability to advocate for changes in organizations and social agencies when necessary. (EPAS 2,1,1a, 2.1.9a-b, 2.1.10a) 12. Demonstrate an understanding of how electoral politics and the legislative process are used in macro practice. (EPAS 2.1.8a-b, 2.1.10a) 13. Demonstrate an understanding of social work research in macro practice to inform skills in the areas of program planning, program evaluation, and grant writing. (EPAS 2.1.3a-b, 2.1.6a-b) 14. Demonstrate effective verbal, written and computer communication skills. (EPAS 2.1.3c-d) 15. Demonstrate critical thinking. (EPAS 2.1.3a-b) 16. Demonstrate an understanding of the importance of social justice as evidenced through participation in activities that promote social justice locally, nationally, or globally. This objective furthers the experiential pillar of Ramapo College's mission (EPAS 2.1.5a-d). 17. See Fieldwork Evaluation for expected field competencies and practice behaviors. ELECTRONIC FORMS OF COMMUNICATION 2 In accordance with College policy we will use your Ramapo College email address to communicate with you about all course-related matters. In addition you may receive email through Luminus, and through receiving emails, accessing course information, and group work on Moodle. COURSE REQUIREMENTS, GRADING, & ATTENDANCE POLICY The expected educational outcomes for this course will be measured through two exams and three assignments (See below for the weight of each assignment and the competencies each will measure). Copies of each assignment are attached to this syllabus. Papers are to be written in APA style. Fieldwork will be graded on a Pass/Fail basis. Exceptional and/or inadequate fieldwork will be determined by the course instructor and may result in an incremental difference (positive or negative) to the student's final grade. Students are expected to come to class prepared to discuss the reading assignments. Students are expected to complete all class and fieldwork assignments in a timely manner. In no case will a student receive a passing grade if there are outstanding incomplete assignments. The following are the assignments for this course and further elaboration of them appear at the end of this syllabus. Exams There will be two in-class exams based on course readings, lectures, and class discussions. These exams will constitute 25 % of your final grade. 1st exam: September 30th at 11:30 AM. 2nd exam: December 16th at 11:30 AM. Assignment #1 Community Needs Assessment will require students to write an analysis of a case study that addresses a series of questions related to course readings and class discussions. The assignment is due on October 28th (Monday). This will constitute 30% of your final grade. This assignment will measure your competence in understanding the ecological systems framework and community typologies, community power structures, community organizational methods, macro practice with culturally diverse populations, social work values and ethics, writing skills, and critical thinking. Assignment #2 Grant Writing Project will require students to write a grant proposal that is due on December 9th (Monday). This will constitute 35% of your final grade. This “signature” assignment will measure your understanding of the problem solving model, needs assessment skills, advocacy on behalf of an oppressed group or population-at-risk, program planning, program evaluation, the application of social work research in macro practice, and skills in writing and critical thinking. Assignment #3Curriculum Enhancement Component (CEC): Ramapo College Social Work Program Commitment to Social Justice Ramapo College requires each course include a minimum of five (5) hours of unmonitored, relevant, and appropriate experience outside of the classroom. All Ramapo College Social Work courses require that satisfaction of the 5 hour CEC be focused on efforts towards social justice. As stated in the NASW Code of Ethics, social workers should pursue social change, particularly with and on behalf of vulnerable and oppressed individuals and groups of people. These activities should promote sensitivity to and knowledge about oppression and cultural and 3 ethnic diversity. Social workers should strive to ensure access to needed information, services, and resources; equality of opportunity; and meaningful participation in decision making for all people. For this particular course, the professors will make available to students appropriate opportunities throughout the semester. Ramapo College Social Work students will catalog their Social Justice CEC participation as directed by the faculty. Students are required to submit a CEC application form and a video file showing their CEC activities to skim14@ramapo.edu by December 12th (Thursday). This will constitute 10% of your final grade. Class Assignments % of grade Due Date Exam 1 & 2 Course Objective/ Practice Behaviors 1,2,4,5,7-9,12,14 &15 25% Assignment #1 Assignment #2 Assignment #3- CEC Field Evaluation 1, 6-11, 13-15 1-9, 12, 14-15 2, 6-8, 14-16 1-44 Evaluation III 30% 35% 10% Pass-Fail 1st: Sept 30th 2nd: Dec 16th October 28th December 9th December 12th December 9th OVERALL COURSE PERFORMANCE EVALUATION Assignment grades will be posted and available on Compass. The following scale will be used to evaluate student performance in the course. A+ = 97-100 A = 94-96 A- = 90-93 B+ = 87-89 B = 84-86 B- = 80-83 C+ = 77-79 C = 74-76 C- = 70-73 D+ = 66-69 D = 60-65 F = 59 or less A: Represents excellent work. The student demonstrates exceptional mastery of course material and meets or exceeds expectations. B: Represents good/very good work. The student demonstrates competency and consistently meets course expectations. C: Represents average work. The student demonstrates satisfactory understanding of the course material and meets most course expectations at an acceptable level. D: Represents passing work. The student demonstrates minimal skills in meeting the course expectations considered necessary to pass the course. Course expectations are not met at an acceptable level and/or are inconsistent. F: Represents failure. The student has demonstrated inadequate knowledge and/or has performed inadequately. SOCIAL WORK PROGRAM ATTENDANCE Three unexcused absences are permitted. More than three unexcused absences will result in a final grade reduction of one increment (ex: from A to A-) for each extra-unexcused absence. If you miss 4 class, you are required to email or leave a voice mail message for the professor prior to class, whenever possible, but not later than the same day. Punctuality is required. Lateness is a factor in your class participation grade. Absences will be excused at the discretion of the professor. No text messaging or instant messaging in class. Phones should be off during class. If an important call is expected during class time, advise professor before class begins and answer call in hall. Laptops are for note taking only. ACADEMIC INTEGRITY “Students are expected to read and understand Ramapo College’s academic integrity policy, which can be found in the Ramapo College Catalog. Members of the Ramapo College community are expected to be honest and forthright in their academic endeavors. Students who violate this policy will be referred to the Office of Provost.” Students are expected to maintain a high level of academic integrity. Cheating, plagiarism, or fabrication of research will yield a grade of “F” and disciplinary action as determined by the Office of Provost in consultation with the faculty. STUDENTS WITH DISABILITIES If any student needs course adaptation or accommodations because of a documented disability, please make an appointment with your instructors during his/her office hours. RECOMMENDED TEXTS Fauri, D., Wernert, S.P., & Netting, F.E. (2008). Cases in macro social work practice. Boston: Allyn and Bacon. Netting, F.E., Kettner, P. M. & McMurtry, S. (1998). Social work macro practice. New York: Longman. REQUIRED AND RECOMMENDED ARTICLES and BOOK CHAPTERS Abell, M. (2004) The Guatemalan stove project. In Fauri, Wernet and Netting, Cases in macro social work practice. Boston: Allyn and Bacon. Ahrens, L. (1990, May-June). Battered women's refuges: Feminists cooperative vs. social service institutions. Radical America, 14 (3). Barry, J. and Williams, B. Toxic Legacy. Retrieved from: www.toxiclegacy.com Berger, R. M., & Kelly, J. J. (1993). Social work in the ecological crisis. Social Work, 38 (5). Big Online USA; Writing Resources - Guide to Proposal Writing http://www.bigdatabase.com/index.html Brooks, F. (2005) Resolving the dilemma between organizing and services: Los Angeles ACORN’s welfare advocacy. Social Work, 50 (3). 5 Fisher, R. (1984). Chaps 4-5 in Let the people decide . Boston: Twayne. Fisher, R. (2003). Book Review of M. Warren’s Dry bones rattling: Community building to revitalize American democracy. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press. In the Journal of Community Practice, 11 (4). Fisher, R. & Karger, H. (1997). Chap.6 Macro Practice: Putting social change and public life back into social work practice. From Social work and community in a private world. New York: Longman. Fisher, R., & Kling, J. (1995). Community organization and new social movement theory. Journal of Progressive Human Services, 5 (2). Foundation Center. (2005). Proposal writing short course. Retrieved from: http://fdncenter.org/learn/shortcourse/prop1.html Grossman, K. (1991, April). Environmental racism. Crisis. Hardcastle, D., Wenocur,S., & Powers, P.R. (2011). Force Field Analysis in Community practice: Theories and skills for social workers, 3rd Ed. N.Y.: Oxford University Press. Heisey, I. (2004). Building Stronger Communities Through Mediation. Shelterforce, July/August. Homan, M.S. (2011). Promoting community change: Making it happen in the real world, 5th Ed. Belmont, CA: Brooks/Cole Hyde, C. (2004). The Women’s Co-op: The clash of two organizational cultures. In Fauri, Wernet and Netting, Cases in macro social work practice. Boston: Allyn and Bacon. Kahn, M. (1994). Organizing for structural reform: The case of the New Jersey Tenants Organization. Journal of Community Practice, 1 (2). Kahn, M. (2003). Book Review of P. Osterman’s Gathering power: The future of progressive politics in America. Boston: Beacon Press. In the Journal of Community Practice, 11 (4). Kaminstein, D. (1995). A resource mobilization analysis of a failed environmental protest. Journal of Community Practice, 2 (2). Kauffman, S.E. (1995). Conflict and conflict resolution in citizen participation programs: A case study of the Lipari Landfill superfund site. Journal of Community Practice, 2 (2). Klein, N. (2010). A hole in the world. The Nation, July 12, 2010, Retrieved from: http://www.thenation.com/article/36608/hole-world Meenaghan, T.M. and Gibbons, W.E. (2000). Chap.4. Working with communities. From Generalist practice in larger settings. Chicago: Lyceum Books, Inc. 6 Montague, P. (1998). Sustainable development. Rachel’s Environmental and Health News, #624-627. Moyers, B. (2004, May). Our story. The Progressive. NASW. (1999, March). Environmental Policy Statement. NASW News. Netting, F., Kettner, P., Mcmurtry, S., and Thomas, M., (2011). Social Work Macro Practice (5th edition). Pearson. O’Donnell, S.M. (2003). Book Review of M. Gecan’s Going public. Boston: Beacon Press. In Journal of Community Practice, 11 (4). Pincus, A. & Minahan, A. (1973). The four basic systems in social work practice. From Social work practice: Model and method. Itasca, Illinois: F.E. Peacock. Pitcoff, W. (1999). Sustaining community power: Interview with Greg Watson. Shelterforce, Jan.-Feb. 1999. Presthus, R. (1964). Community power structure. From Men at the top. New York: Oxford University Press. Robinson, B. and Hanna, M.G. (1994). Lessons for academics from grassroots community organizing: A case study-the Industrial Areas Foundation. Journal of Community Practice, 1 (4). Scher, S. (2006). Grant writing manual. Ramapo College. Staples, L. (1984). The 7 D’s of defense. From Roots to power: A manual for grassroots organizing. New York: Praeger. INTERNET RESOURCES The Community Toolbox is an Internet-based support system for building healthier communities. The Community Tool Box has over 200 sections of practical and detailed information about how to do the work of community building, including strategic planning, advocacy, coalition building, and many others. http://ctb.ku.edu/en/tablecontents/index.aspx Community How-to Guides. The 9 books in this tool kit include: Needs Assessment & Strategic Planning; Evaluation; Prevention and education; Enforcement; Public Policy; Media Relations; Self Sufficiency; and Resources. http://www.nhtsa.dot.gov/people/injury/alcohol/Community%20Guides%20HTML/Guides_inde x.html 7 Collaboration/Coalition Self-Assessment Tool from the guidebook "Strategic Partnerships: How to Create and Maintain Inter-organizational Collaborations and Coalitions" by Beth Rosenthal and Terry Mizrahi. http://www.acosa.org/assessment01.pdf Complete Toolkit for Boards http://www.managementhelp.org/boards/boards.htm Dudley Street Neighborhood Initiative www.dsni.org Electronic Policy Institute http://www.movingideas.org/ Environment and Social Work http://web.utk.edu/~merogge Influencing State Policy Influencing State Policy (ISP) Information for Practice http://www.nyu.edu/socialwork/ip/ Inter University Consortium for Social Development New Social Worker Online http://www.iucisd.org/ http://www.socialworker.com/home/index.php PRAXIS provides access to a vast array of archival resources on international and comparative social development. The intellectual commitment of PRAXIS is to the promotion of positive social change through informed action. http://caster.ssw.upenn.edu/~restes/praxis.html Self-Help Resources for Community Groups, including Decision-making Toolkit, Force Field Analysis, and a Step-by-Step Approach to Facilitating Groups http://www.extension.iastate.edu/communities/tools.html Social Activism http://www.eff.org/pub/Activism/ SWAN Social Work Access Network http://cosw.sc.edu/swan/ The Foundation Center www.fdncenter.org 8 Macro Practice Bibliography Alinsky, S. (1969). Reveille for radicals. New York: Vintage. ________. (1971). Rules for radicals. New York: Random House. Altshuler, A. (1970). Community control: The black demand for participation in large American cities. Indianapolis, IN: Bobbs-Merrill. Anderson, T. (1995). The movement and the sixties: Protest in America from Greensboro to Wouned Knee. New York; Oxford University Press. Austin, M., & Lowe, J. I. (Eds.) (1994). Controversial issues in community organization. Boston: Allyn and Bacon. Bellah, R.N., Sullivan, W. M., Swidler, A., & Tipton, S. M. (1985). Habits of the heart: Individualism and commitment in American life. New York: Harper & Row. _____. (1992). The good society. New York: Vintage. Bender, T. (1978). Community and social change in America. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. Berger, P. L., & Neuhaus, R. J. (1977). To empower people: The role of mediating structures in public policy. Washington, D.C.: American Enterprise Institute. Bethel, S. (1990). Making a difference: Twelve qualities that make you a leader. New York: Putnam. Betten, N., & Austin, M. (1990). The roots of community organizing, 1917-1939. Philadelphia: Temple University Press. Blau, P. (1964). Exchange and power in public life. New York: Wiley and Sons. Blythe, R. (1969). Akenfield: Portrait of an English village. New York: Dell. Bobo, K., Kendall, J., & Max, S. (2001). Organizing for social change: A manual for Activists.. Maryland: Seven Locks Press. Boyte, H. (1980). The backyard revolution: Understanding the new citizen movement. Philadelphia: Temple University Press. _____. (1984). Community is possible: Repairing America’s roots. New York: Harper Colophon. Boyte, H., Booth, H., & Max, S. (1986). Citizen action and the new populism. 9 Philadelphia: Temple University Press. Brager, G., Specht, H., & Torczyner, H. (1987). Community organizing. New York: Columbia University Press. Brill, H. (1971). Why organizers fail: The story of a rent strike. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. Brody, R., & Nair, M. (1998). Macro practice: A generalist approach. Wheaton, IL: Gregory Publishing Co. Brophy, P.C. and Shabecoff, A. (2001). A guide to careers in community development. Washington, D.C.: Island Press. Brown, M. (2006). Building powerful community organizations: A personal guide to creating groups that can solve problems and change the world. Arlington, MA: Long Haul Press. Burghardt, S. (1982). The other side of organizing. Cambridge, MA: Schenkman. _________. (1982). Organizing for community action. Beverly Hills, CA.: Sage. Cnaan, R., Boddie, S., McGrew, C., & Kang, J. (2006). The other Philadelphia story: How local congregations support quality of life in urban America. Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press. Carlton-LaNey, I., & Burell, N.Y. (Eds.) (1986). African-America community practice models: Historical and contemporary responses. New York: Haworth Press. Clifton, R., & Dahms, A. (1980). Grassroots administration. Prospect Heights: IL: Waveland Press. Cloward, R. & Piven, F.F. (1977). Poor people’s movements: Why they succeed, how they fail. New York: Pantheon. Coser, L. A. (1964). The functions of social conflict. New York: Free Press. Dahl, R. A. (1961). Who governs? Democracy and power in an American city. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. Delgado, G. (1986). Organizing the movement. Philadelphia: Temple University Press. Delgado, M. (2000). Community social work practice in an urban context: The potential of a capacity-enhancement perspective. New York: Oxford University Press. Duberman, M. (1972). Black mountain: An exploration in community. New York: E. P. Dutton. ___________. (1993). Stonewall. New York: Dutton. 10 Ecklein, J. (1984). Community organizers. New York: John Wiley and Sons. Ecklein, J., & Lauffer, A. (1972). Community organizers and social planners. New York: John Wiley and Sons. Eichler, M. (2007). Consensus organizing: Building communities of mutual self interest. Thousand Oaks Press, Sage Publications. Erlich, J., Rothman, J., & Teresa, J. (1999). Taking action in organizations and communities. Dubuque, IA: Eddie Bowers Publishing. Etzioni, A. (1963). Modern organizations. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall. ________. (1993). The spirit of community: Rights, responsibilities, and the communitarian agenda. New York: Crown. ________. (Ed.) (1995). New communitarian thinking: Persons, virtues, institutions, communities. Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia. Fabricant, M. & Burghardt, S. (1992). Welfare state crisis and the transformation of social service. Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe. Fabricant, M. & Fisher. R. (2002). Settlement houses under siege: The struggle to sustain community organizations in New York City. New York: Columbia University Press. Fauri, D., Wernert, S. & Netting, F.E. (2000) Cases in macro social work practice. Boston: Allyn and Bacon. Fellin, P. (1987). The community and the social worker. Itasca, IL: F.E. Peacock. Fisher, R. (1994). Let the people decide: Neighborhood organizing in America. New York: Twayne. Fisher, R., & Karger, H. J. (1997). Social work and community in a private world. New York: Longman. Florini, A.M. (Ed). (2000) The third force: The rise of transnational civil society. Washington, D.C.: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. Flynn, J. P. (1985). Social agency policy: Analysis and presentation for community practice. Chicago: Nelson-Hall. Freire, P. (1992). Pedagogy of the oppressed. New York: Continuum. Galper, J. (1975). The politics of social service. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall. Gamson, W. (1990). The strategy of social protest. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth. 11 Gans, H. (1967). The Levittowners: Ways of life and politics in a new suburban community. New York: Columbia University Press. Gill, D. (1998). Confronting injustice and oppression: Concepts and strategies for social workers. New York: Columbia University Press. Gitlin, T. (1980). The whole world is watching: The making and unmaking of the new left. Berkeley: University of California Press. Goodman, P., & Goodman, P. (1947). Communitas. New York; Vintage. Goodwyn, L. (1978). Democratic promise: The populist movement. New York: Oxford University Press. Green, J. (Ed.) (1983). Workers’ struggle past and present: A “radical America” reader. Philadelphia: Temple University Press. Grosser, C. (1973). New directions in community organization: From enabling to advocacy. New York: Praeger. Hardcastle, D., Wenocur, S., & Powers, P. (1997). Community practice: Theories and skills for social workers. New York: Oxford University Press. Halpern, R. (1995). Rebuilding the inner city: A history of neighborhood initiatives to address poverty in the U.S. New York: Columbia University Press. Hanna, M. G., & B. Robinson, B. (1994). Strategies for community empowerment. Lewiston, ME: Edwin Mellon Press. Haynes, K., & Mickelson, J. (1991). Affecting change: Social workers in the political arena. New York: Longman. Homan. M. (1999). Promoting community change: Making it happen in the real world. Pacific Grove, CA: Brooks/Cole. Horwitt, S.D. (1992). Let them call me rebel: Saul Alinsky- his life and legacy. New York: Vintage. Hunter, F. (1953). Community power structure. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina. Jenkins, J.C. (1985). The politics of insurgency: The farm worker movement in the 1960’s. New York: Columbia University Press. Kemmis, D. (1990). Community and the politics of place. Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press. Kramer, R. M. & Specht, H. (Eds.) (1969). Readings in community organization 12 practice. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall. Kahn, S. (1970). How people get power: Organizing oppressed communities for action. New York: McGraw-Hill. ______. (1991). Organizing: A guide for grassroots leaders. Washington, DC: NASW. Klein, K. (2000). Fundraising for social change: Oakland, CA: Chardon Press. _______. (2001). Fundraising for the long haul. Oakland, CA: Chardon Press. Kotler, M. (1969). Neighborhood government: The local foundations of political life. Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill. Kotz, N., & Kotz, M. L. (1977). A passion for equality: George Wiley and the national welfare rights movement. New York: W.W. Norton. Kretzman,J. & McKnight.J. (1993). Building communities from the inside out. Chicago: ACTA Publications. Lee, J. A. B. (1994). The empowerment approach to social work practice. New York: Columbia University Press. Levy, J. (1975). Cesar Chavez: Autobiography of La Causa. New York: Norton. Lockridge, K. (1970). A New England town: The first hundred years. New York: Norton. Lynd R., & Lynd, H. (1929). Middletown. New York: Harcourt Brace. _________________. (1937). Middletown in Transition. New York: Harcourt Brace. Martinez-Brawley, E. E. (1990). Perspectives on the small community: Humanistic views for practitioners. Washington, DC: NASW. Mary, N. (2008). Social work in a sustainable world. Chicago: Lyceum Books, Inc. McFarland, A. S. (1984). Lobbying in the public interest. Chatham, NJ: Chatham House. Meehaghan, T.M. & Gibbons, W.E. (2000). Generalist practice in larger settings. Chicago: Lyceum Books. Mills, C. W. (1956). The power elite. New York: Oxford University Press. Minkler, M. and Wallerstein, N. (2003). Community-based participatory research for health. Mizrahi, T., & Morrison, J. (Eds). (1993). Community organization and social 13 administration: Advances, trends, and emerging principles. Binghamton, NY: Haworth Press. Mondros, J. B., & Wilson, S. M. (1994). Organizing for power and empowerment. New York: Columbia University Press. Murphy, P.W. and Cunningham, J.V. (2003). Organizing for community controlled development: Renewing civil society. Thousand Oaks, CA.: Sage Publications. Nader, R., & Ross, D. (1971). Action for a change: A student’s manual for public interest organizing. New York: Grossman. Netting, F. E., Kettner, P. M., & McMurtry, S. L. (1993). Social work macro practice. New York: Longman. Oppenheimer, M., & Lakely, G. (1964). A manual for direct action: Strategy and tactics civil rights and all other nonviolent protest movements. Chicago: Quadrangle. Osterman, P. (2002). Gathering power: The future of progressive politics in America. Boston: Beacon Press. Ott, J.S (ED). (2001). Understanding nonprofit organizations: Governance, leadership, and management. Boulder: Westview. Perlman, R., & Gurin, A. (1972). Community organization and social planning. New York: John Wiley and Sons. Polsby, N. (1980). Community power and political theory. New Haven: Yale University Press. Putnam, R. D. (2000). Bowling alone: America’s declining social capital. New York: Simon & Schuster. Pyles, L. (2009). Progressive community organizing: A critical approach for a globalizing world. New York: Routledge. Reitzes, D. C., & Reitzes, D. C. (1987). The Alinsky legacy: Alive and kicking. Greenwich: CT: JAI. Richan, W. C. (1991). Lobbying for social change. Binghamton, NY: Haworth Press. Ristock, J.L. & Pennell, J. (1996). Community research as empowerment: Feminist links, postmodern interruptions. Don Mills, ON : Oxford University Press. Rivera, F., & Erlich, J. L. (Eds.) (1992). Community organizing in a diverse society. Boston: Allyn and Bacon. Rothman, J. (Ed.) (1999). Reflections on community organization: Enduring times and 14 critical issues. Itasca, IL: F. E. Peacock. Rubin, H. J., & Rubin, I. S. (1992). Community organizing and development. New York: MacMillan. Shaw, R. (1996). The activist’s handbook: A primer for the 1990’s and beyond. Berkeley: University of California Press. Shepard, B. & Hayduk, R. (2002). From ACT-UP to the WTO: Urban protest and community building in the era of globalization. Brooklyn, N.Y.: Verso. Shirley, D. (2003). Valley Interfaith and school reform: Organizing for power in South Texas. Austin, TX.: University of Texas Press. Simon, B. L. (1994). The empowerment tradition in social work practice: A history. New York: Columbia University Press. Simon, H. (1976). Administrative behavior. New York: Free Press. Sneider, R.L. & Lester, L. (2001). Social work advocacy: A new framework for action. Belmont, CA: Brooks/Cole. Soloman, B. B. (1976). Black empowerment: Social work in oppressed communities. 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